倒装和被动语态

倒装
在英语中，主语和谓语的语序通常是主语在前，谓语在后。

但有时由于语法或修辞的需要将谓语的部分或全部提到主语前面，这样的语序叫做“倒装“
倒装的种类：部分倒装---- 助动词\情态动词+主语+谓语的实义动词
全部倒装---- 谓语+主语
一.在特殊句型中：
1.在疑问句中:
eg: Is this your cell phone number? What do you prefer?
2.在感叹句中：
eg: How happy they are! What fun it is!
3.在虚拟条件句中：
eg: If I were a bird, I could fly freely.=……
Had I known it earlier, I wouldn’t have lent him the money.
Long live peace! May our friendship be everlasting!
4.直接引语的一部分或全部放在句首时；
eg: “You should have been here earlier,” said the teache r.
“You,” said his father, “do the housework.”
二.在以下结构中用全部倒装：
1.在there be句型中；
eg: There are thousands of people gathering on the square.
There lived an old fisherman in the village.
2.在“here, there, now, thus, then+动词+主语”的句子中,(动词为be, go, come等);
eg: Now comes my turn. There goes the bell. Then came the order to leave.
3.在“out\ in, up\ down, off\away”以及表示地点的介词词组位于句首时；
eg: Away went the crowed one by one. In came a stranger in black.
Down fell the leaves. On the floor were piles of old books.
注意：若主语是人称代词，则用正常语序---- adv.+主语+谓语；
eg: Out she went. Here we are.
4.有时为了强调表语，构成“表语+连系动词+主语”结构；
eg: Lucky is she who was chosen to be a leader.
Gone are the days when women were looked down upon!
在以下结构中用部分倒装：
1.含有否定意义的adv或conj（not, seldom, little, hardly, never, rarely, nowhere, not until, not only, by no means等）位于句首时；
eg: He cannot speak an English word.----Not an English word can he speak.
I have never seen him before.----Never ……
The mother didn’t leave the room until the baby fell asleep.----Not until the baby fell asleep did the mother leave the room.
注意：not until引导的句子，主句倒装，从句不用倒装。

2.only位于句首，且修饰状语时，主句倒装；
eg: Only in this way can you use the computer well.
只有意识到这门课的重要，我们才能学好它。

Only she can settle this problem.(T\F?)
3.so用在句首，表示另一主语“也”时，用“So + be(have,助动词或情态动词)+主语”结构(有时也用as替代)；若表示
另一主语“也不”时，用“Nor\Neither + be(have,助动词或情态动词)+主语”结构；
eg: She has been to Heifei. So have we.
It is cold today. So it is.(T\F?)
She won’t accept that invitation. Neither\Nor will he.
注意：（1）“So + 主语+ be(have,助动词或情态动词)”表示对前面所说的话加以肯定，译为“的确如此”；
（2）若前面所说的既有肯定又有否定，或前后的谓语动词形式不一致，用“It is the same with + 主语”或“So it is with + 主语”；
eg: He worked hard, but didn’t pass the exam. So it was with his sister.
She is a teacher and she enjoys teaching. So it is with him.
4.在”as (尽管)”引导的让步状语从句中；(可以换成though)
eg: Shortest though she is, she is the richest.(最高级前不用冠词)
Child as he is, he knows a lot.(单数名词前不用a)
Fail as I did, I would try again.(动词提前，助动词留在原位)
Hard as he tried, he couldn’t pass the exam.(副词提前)
5.在”so…that…”和”such…that…”句型中的so和such位于句首时，用”so\such + adj + 主语+谓语”；
eg: So difficult was the exam that more than a half of the students failed.
被动语态
1. “语态”表示主语和谓语动词之间的关系。

英语中有“两态”的说法，即主动语态和被动语态，本单元中反复出现的should be allowed 就是一个含有情态动词（should）的被动语态。

先看几个基本概念：
主语是动作的发出者为主动语态
主语是动作的接受者为被动语态
只有及物动词才有被动语态。

2. 被动语态的构成
（1）请大家看图
The office is cleaned every day .
The office was cleaned yesterday.
Compare active and passive：
动作的接受者the office成了句子的主语，就应该用被动语态。

从上面的例句我们可以总结：
一般现在时的被动语态为：主＋am / is / are （not）＋过去分词
一般过去时的被动语态为：主＋was / were ＋过去分词
如：English is spoken in the world.
This house was built 100 years ago.
如果要特别强调动作或行为的执行者，句子后面需接by ~ ，译为“被（由）……”
如：We were woken up by a loud noise . 我们被嘈杂的声音吵醒。

（2）请看图
从上面的例子中我们可以看出，现在进行时被动语态的构成为：
主语＋is / am / are + being ＋过去分词
再如：My car is being repaired now.
Some new houses are being built near the park.
含有情态动词的被动语态：情态动词＋be＋过去分词
Teenagers should be allowed to wear their own clothes.
The flowers should be watered every day.
Water can be changed into ice by us.
The English homework must be handed in this afternoon.
这里我们列举了几个主要时态，那么其它时态呢？
一般将来时主语＋will ＋be ＋过去分词
现在完成时主语＋have / has ＋been ＋过去分词
过去将来时主语＋would / should + be ＋过去分词
过去进行时主语＋was / were + being ＋过去分词
过去完成时主语＋had + been +过去分词
3. 被动语态的用法：
（1）不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁，不用“by＋动作执行者”的短语Such books are written for children. 这些书是为儿童写的。

I haven’t been told about it . 没有人告诉我这件事。

（2）强调动作的承受者，这时应用by短语。

The cup was broken by David.
（3）作客观说明时，常采用一种被动语态句型
It’s / was said / believed / reported / + that …
It’s reported that about three hundred people were killed in this earthquake.
据报道，这次地震中大约有三百人死亡。

4. 主动语态变为被动语态
把主动语态的句子变为被动语态的方法是：
（1）把原句中的宾语变为主语
（2）动词改为被动形式，即be+过去分词
（3）原来的主语，如果需要的话，放在by后面，如果没必要，可省略。

5. 被动语态的几种类型
（1）有两个宾语的句子的被动语态（直接宾语，间接宾语）
常见的接双宾语的动词有
①间接宾语改为被动语态的主语，直接宾语保留原位。

②直接宾语改为被动语态的主语，间接宾语前加介词to /for。

He gave the boy an apple.
→The boy was given an apple.
→ An apple was given to the boy.
Her father bought her a present.
→She was bought a present by her father.
→A present was bought for her by her father.
（2）不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的主动语态改为被动语态时，省略的to要加上。

常考的动词有make, let, have, see, watch, notice, hear→sb be made/ let/ had/ seen/ watched/ notice/ heard/ to do sth
They heard the children sing that morning.
→ The children were heard to sing that morning.
The teacher made the little boy stand in the classroom.
→ The little boy was made to stand in the classroom by the teacher.
（3）含有短语的主动语态变被动语态
不及物动词没有宾语，因此没有被动语态。

但有的不及物动词后面加上介词及其他一些词类构成短语动词之后，其作用相当于及物动词，可以接宾语，因而也可以变为被动语态。

在变成被动语态时，不能去掉构成短语动词的介词或副词。

They take good care of my child. → My child is taken good care of .
I turned off the radio. →The radio was turned off （by me）.
（4）带复合宾语的动词在改为被动语态时，一般把主动语态的宾语改为被动语态的主语，宾语补足语在被动语态中作主语补足语。

We call him Xiao Wang. → He is called Xiao Wang.
They told him to help me. → He was to ld to help me.
6. 被动语态的几种特殊情况。

（1）不及物动词不能用于被动语态。

常考查的不及物动词有happen, take place, come out,appear 等。

（2）sell, write, wear, wash, open, close 等与副词well, easily 等连用，主动表示被动。

若无well, easily等修饰，则用主动语态。

These books sell well.
This kind of cloth washes well
The door opens （closes）easily.
These books are sold in the bookshop.
（3）look, feel, sound, taste, smell, seem等连系动词后加形容词作表语，主动形式表被动。

The fish tastes nice.
The paper feels soft.
（4）need
The bike needs repairing.
The bike needs to be repaired.
被动语态专项练习
Ⅰ单项选择
1. Good books _ ___ again and again.
A. be read
B. should be read
C. must read
D. should read
2. The children __ __ by the nurse.
A. were looked
B. looked after
C. were looked after
D. looked
3. When__ __ the accident ___ __ ?
A. was, happen
B. did, happen
C. is, happen
D. was, happened
4. The lab ___ _ about five years ago.
A. was build
B. was built
C. builds
D. has been built
5. The picture______ in October, 199
6.
A. was taking
B. had been taken
C. was taken
D. had taken
6. They ______day and night.
A. are made work
B. are made to work
C. made to be worked
D. are making to work
7. This English song _____ often _____ by the children.
A. is, singing
B. is, sung
C. will, sing
D. was, sung
8. Mary’s radio ______ by my brother just now.
A. will be mended
B. has mended
C. was mended
D. mended
9. Your exercise books _____ after class.
A. will hand in
B. must hand in
C. handed in
D. must be handed in
10. Some trees may ______ at other times of the year.
A. be planted
B. plant
C. are planted
D. will be planted
II. 句型转换
11. Sixteen-year-olds should be allowed to drive.（改为一般疑问句）
sixteen-year-olds to drive?
12. Teenagers should be allowed to wear that earring.（改为否定句）
Teenagers allowed to wear that earring.
13. I think the work should be done at once. （改为否定句）
I think the work be done at once.
14. We shouldn’t allow the students to stay up until midnight.（改为被动句）
The students to stay up until midnight.
15. The English homework must be handed in this afternoon. （改为主动句）
We the English homework this afternoon.
答案：1~5 BCBBC 6~10BBCDA 11. Should; be allowed 12. shouldn’t be 13. don’t; should 14. shouldn’t be allowed 15. must hand in。