迅速攻克高中语法——虚拟语气和特殊句式

第四讲虚拟语气和特殊句式
作者：颜晚照
一、虚拟语气
1. 非真实条件虚拟语气
表示条件从句假设的动作客观上未发生，只是主观虚拟在这个动作发生的情况下主句动作的反馈。

主句从句同时后推一个时态（站在之前的一个时间考虑之后的事情）。

（1）对现在的虚拟
表示与现在事实相反。

从句：过去式（一般过去时）
主句：would/could/should/might+动词原形（过去将来时）
If I had enough money, I would buy myself a computer.
（2）对过去的虚拟
表示与过去事实相反。

从句：had done（过去完成时）
主句：would/could/should/might+ have done（过去将来完成时）
If you had worked hard, you would have easily passed the exam.
（3）对将来的虚拟
表示与将来事实相反。

从句：过去式，should+动词原形，were to+动词原形（一般过去时、过去将来时）主句：would/could/should/might+动词原形（过去将来时）
If I saw/should see/were to see him tomorrow, I would invite him home.
If it were/ should be fine tomorrow, I would go on a trip.
（4）混合虚拟语气
从句谓语动词表示的动作与主句谓语动词表示的动作发生的时间不一致时，根据各自发生的时间来确定。

If I were you, I wouldn’t have missed the concert last night.
If you had told me the news yesterday, I wouldn’t be so worried now.
If you hesitated this moment, you might suffer in the future.
（5）含蓄虚拟语气
隐含在某些介词短语（without, but for）、副词（otherwise）、连词（or, but, but that）或上下文中的虚拟语气。

But for your advice, I would have failed.
Without your help, I wouldn’t have succeeded anyway.
I’m really busy, otherwise I would certainly go with you.
（6）非真实条件虚拟语气省略if的情况
有should, had, were时
Had I worked hard, I would have surly succeed.
Were she my daughter, I wouldn’t allow her to study abroad.
Had it not been for you, I would have lost my way.
Were it not for your help, I would never be a good manager.
2. 含有责备及批评语气的虚拟语气
should/ought to/ could/ might+ have done表示“本该…却没有”。

You are late again. You could have come earlier.
I ought to have got a better price for the car but I’m not a very good businessman.
It’s so near. We need n’t have taken a taxi.
I ought to have got a higher grade in the exam.
3. 其他从句中的虚拟语气
（1）主语从句
凡是含有“应该”意思的，用(should+)动词原形。

It is very important that everyone (should) master the skill of computer.
It is a rule that everyone (should) obey the laws.
It is advised that one (should) take plenty of boiled water.
（2）宾语从句
表示不切实际的希望。

凡是含有“应该”意思的，用(should+)动词原形。

I wish I were ten years old younger.
I wish I could fly to the moon one day.
I wish you had come to the lecture.
I’d rather you came tomorrow than today.
I’d rather you hadn’t told me about it.
My father suggests that I (should) take enough sleep before the final examination.
（3）表语从句
As if/though引导的表语从句表示与事实相反的情况。

凡是含有“应该”意思的，用(should+)动词原形。

It seems as though it were spring already.
It looks as if she had seen a ghost.
It seems as if he has no worries. （不是虚拟语气）
It seems as if he had no worries.
My suggestion is that we (should) get start as soon as possible.
（4）同位语从句
凡是含有“应该”意思的，用(should+)动词原形。

English teachers give advice that we (should) make good use of every chance to speak English.
（5）定语从句
凡是含有“应该”意思的，用(should+)动词原形或过去式。

It is high time that I should go to pick up my daughter at school.
I t’s high time we went to school.
（6）状语从句
As if/though引导的状语从句表示与事实相反的情况。

The young man with long hair walks as if he were a girl.
The injured man acted as if nothing had happened.
4. 只保留从句的虚拟语气
口语中经常省略主句只保留从句。

What if I should fail?
If only I were 20 years younger!
习题：
D 1.(2014北京卷) We __________ back in the hotel now if you didn’t lose the map.
A. are
B. were
C. will be
D. would be
A 2. _____ no modern telecommunications, we would have to wait for weeks to get news from around the world.(2014福建卷)
A. Were there
B. Had there been C .If there are D. If there have been
B 3.If Mr. Dewey _____ present, he would have offered any possible assistance to the people there.(2014湖南卷)
A. were
B. had been
C. should be
D. was
C 4. We would rather our daughter ________ at home with us, but it is her choice, andshe is not a child any longer.(2014陕西卷)
A. would stay
B. has stayed
C. stayed
D. stay
D 5. ________ the morning train, he would not have been late for the meeting.(2014天津卷)
A. Did he catch
B. should be catch
C. has he caught
D. Had he caught
6. They were abroad during the months when we were carrying out the investigation, or they _____ to our help.(2014浙江卷)
A. would have come
B. could come
C. have come
D. had come
7.It was John who broke the window. Why are you talking to me as if I ____ it?(2014重庆卷)
A. had done
B. have done
C. did
D. am doing
A 8. - It rained cats and dogs this morning. I’m glad we took an umbrella.
- Yeah, we would have got wet all over if we ________. (2013重庆)
A. hadn’t
B. haven't
C. didn't
D. don't
D 9. I __________to my cousin’s birthday party last night, but I was not available. (2013安徽) A. went B. had gone C. would go D. would have gone
D 10. Harry is feeling uncomfortable. He _____ too much at the party last night.(2013辽宁)
A. could drink
B. should drink
C. would have drunk
D. must have drunk
A 11. The children__________ lost in the woods; otherwise, they would have been at thelakeside camp as scheduled.(2013陕西)
A. must have got
B. must get
C. should have got
D. should get
A 12. —Why are your eyes so red?You _______ have slept well last night.
—Yeah, I stayed up late writing a report. (2013四川)
A. can’t
B. mustn’t
C. needn’t
D. won’t
D 13. If we__________ a table earlier, we couldn’t be standing here in a queue.(2013北京)
A. have booked
B. booked
C. book
D. had booked
C 14. -Do you think George has passed the driving test?
-No. If so, he ______his car to our college yesterday.(2013福建)
A. would drive
B. drove
C. would have driven
D. had driven
C 15. I should not have laughed if I __________you were serious. (2013江苏)
A. thought
B. would think
C. had thought
D. have thought
A 16. My mom suggests that we__________ eat out for a change this weekend. (2013陕西)
A. should
B. might
C. could
D. would
B 17. 14. If he had spent more time practicing speaking English before, he __________able to speak it much better now.(2013天津)
A. will be
B. would be
C. has been
D. would have been
B 18. Eye doctors recommend that a child’s first eye exam ______ at the age of six months
old.(2013浙江)
A. was
B. be
C. were
D. is
C 19. Had they known what was coming next, they________ second thoughts.(2012浙江)
A. may have
B. could have
C. must have had
D. might have had
D 20.We would have called a taxi yesterday if Harold_______ us a ride home. (2012天津)
A. didn’t offer
B. wouldn’t offer
C. hasn’t offered
D. hadn’t offered
B 21.We ________ have bought so much food now that Suzie won't be with us for dinner.(2012江西)
A. may not
B. needn’t
C. can’t
D. mustn’t
D 22. Grace doesn’t want to move to New York because she thinks if she_______ there, she wouldn’t be able to see her parents very often.(2012安徽)
A. lives
B. would live
C. having asked
D. were to live
D 23. Sorry, I am too busy now, if I _____ time, I would certainly go for an outing with you.(2012湖南)
A. have had
B. had had
C. have
D. had
D 24.If we ______ adequate preparations, the conference wouldn't have been so successful.(2012山东)
A. haven’t made
B. wouldn’t make
C. didn’t make
D. hadn’t made
C 25.We ______ the difficulty together, but why didn’t you tell me?(2012北京)
A. should face
B. might face
C. could have faced
D. must have faced
B 26.Don’t handle the vase as if it ____ made of steel.(2012北京)
A. is
B. were
C. has been
D. had been
D 27.We lost our way in that small village, otherwise we________ more places of interest yesterday.(2012福建)
A. visited
B. had visited
C. would visit
D. would have visited
二、特殊句式
1. There be
（1）基本句式
There is…
There are…
（2）变式
①用stand, live, remain, exist等词代替be动词表示静止、存在。

There lives a family of five upstairs.
There remains nothing more to be done.
②seem to, appear to, happen to, used to等情态动词+be
There seemed to be no one who really understood me.
There happened to be no one in your office when I phoned.
（3）There be+名词+非谓语动词
常用的固定句式，动名词或不定式修饰前面的名词，表示“有…”。

There are some children swimming in the river.
There is no time to lose.
2. 倒装
（1）语法倒装（必须倒装）
①疑问句中的倒装
be动词、助动词或情态动词置于主语之前。

Are you a student?
Have you tried planting flowers?
How soon will the tourists be back to China?
注意：特殊疑问句中如果疑问词作主语或修饰主语时无需倒装。

Who invented the telephone?
How many tourists will be back to China?
②There/Here…句中的倒装
系动词或实义动词置于主语之前。

There rose a red sun over the hills.
Here comes the bus.
注意：主语为代词时不能倒装。

Here you are.
③so, neither, nor作“也（不）”时
He has made up his mind to continue with his studies, and so have I.
He made up his mind to continue with his studies, and so didI.
He likes living in the city, and sodoes his wife.
He hadn’t learned English before high school, neither had I.
He doesn’t like living in the city, neither/nordoes his wife.
I don’t know his name, nor doI want to.
④省略虚拟条件句中if引起的倒装
were, had, should提前。

⑤may表示祝愿时的倒装
May置于句首。

May all of you succeed in the coming examinations!
May you have a pleasant journey!
（2）修辞倒装（出于强调或平衡目的）
①否定词和一些表示否定意义的词或短语引起的倒装
包含该词或短语的部分置于句首时，谓语置于主语之前。

Not a single book did I read this week.
Little did I dream of hearing such exciting music.
Never had I seen such a splendid building.
By no means will this method be satisfactory.
In no case have I noticed that phenomenon.
Seldom had I seen such a big snake.
②not…until…引起的倒装
Not until置于句首时，谓语置于主语之前。

Not until all the fish died in the river did the farmer realize how serious the pollution was.
③no…sooner than…, hardly…when…引起的倒装
No sooner, hardly置于句首时，谓语置于主语之前。

No sooner had we got there than it became dark.
Hardly had I picked up the phone when he hung up.
③not only…but (also)…引起的倒装
Not only置于句首时，谓语置于主语之前。

Not only did the prices increase, but their wages were raised as well.
④only引起的倒装
被该状语修饰的部分置于句首，谓语置于主语之前。

Only after the war is over can people live a peaceful life.
Only in this way can we solve the problem on time.
⑤so…that…结构引起的倒装
So置于句首时，谓语置于主语之前。

So small was the mark that I could hardly see it.
So quickly did the workmen finish their work that they were given extra money.
⑥表语引起的倒装
表语置于句首时，主语是名词时，谓语置于主语之前。

Gone are the days when we had to be at mercy of the weather.
⑦方式、频度状语引起的倒装
方式、频度状语置于句首时，谓语置于主语之前。

Many a time has he offered me good advice on how to make use of the Internet.
Long did we wait before we hear from him.
Often have I warned him not to go swimming alone.
⑧主语的修饰语较长而谓语较短时
为平衡句子结构，将谓语置于主语之前。

Ahead sat the old man who told us the stories about the Long March.
Present at the conference were experts from all over the world.
⑨How引起的感叹句的倒装
主语较长时，谓语置于主语之前。

How beautiful are hills with clouds against them!
（3）直接引语中的倒装（可以倒装也可以不倒装）
“How is the patient feeling today?” the doctor asked/ asked the doctor.
3. 强调
（1）It is/was…that/who
可以强调句子的主语、表语、宾语、同位语、状语等，达到突出信息的目的。

引导词that/who没有实际意义。

be的时态要依原句时态而定。

（2）do/does/did+动词原形
只出现在一般现在时和一般过去时中，只对肯定的谓语动词进行强调。

She did tell me about her address.She told me about…
She likes drinking water. She does like…
I like drinking water. I do like drinking water.
Do be careful next time.
（3）What…is/was
用来强调主语或宾语。

What I am going to tell you is that you are already admitted.
What John did last night was to prepare a long report.
习题：
2012高考英语特殊句式
C 1.【2012重庆】The headmaster will not permit the change in the course, nor ______it a thought.
A. does he even give
B. he even gives
C. will he even give
D. he will even give
A 2.【2012天津】Only after Mary read her composition the second time ____ the spelling mistake.
A. did she notice
B. she noticed
C. does she notice
D. she has noticed
C 3.【2012江西】Never before _____ seen anybody who can play tennis as well as Robert.
A. had she
B. she had
C. has she
D. she has
B 4.【2012辽宁】Not until he retired from teaching three years ago ____ having a holiday abroad.
A. he had considered
B. had he considered
C. he considered
D. did he consider
C 5.【2012四川】This is not my story, nor ______ the whole story. My story plays out differently.
A. is there
B. there is
C. is it
D. it is
A 6.【2012重庆】Before you quit your job, ______how your family would feel about your decision.
A. consider
B. considering
C. to consider
D. considered
A 7.【2012北京】______ at the door before you enter my room, please.
A. Knock
B. Knocking
C. Knocked
D. To knock
B 8.【2012江苏】There is little doubt in your mind that he is innocent, ____?
A. is there
B. isn’t there
C. is he
D. isn’t he
B 9.【2012重庆】It was 80 years before Christopher Columbus crossed the Atlantic ______Zheng He sailed to East Africa
A. when
B. that
C. after
D. since
A 10.【2012全国】You have to move out of the way _____ the truck cannot get past you.
A. so
B. or
C. and
D. but
A 11.【2012四川】At school, some students are active ______ some are shy, yet they can be good friends with one another.
A. while
B. although
C. so
D. as
A 12.【2012安徽】Walmart, which is one of the largest American supermarket chains, ______ some of its store open 24 hours on Mondays through Saturdays.
A. keeps
B. keep
C. have kept
D. had kept
B 13.【2012陕西】The basketball coach, as well as his team, ______ interviewed shortly after the match for their outstanding performance.
A. were
B. was
C. is
D. are
D 14.【2012湖南】All the scientific evidence ____ that increasing use of chemicals in farming _____ damaging our health.
A. show; are
B. shows; are
C. show; is
D. shows; is
B 15. The famous musician, as well as his students, ____ to perform at the opening ceremony of the 2012 Taipei Flower Expo.
A. were invited
B. was invited
C. have been invited
D. has been invited
A 16. Don’t turn off the computer before closing all programs ______ you could have problems
A. or
B. and
C. but
D. so
A 17.（2013高考英语福建卷）34.Not until he went through real hardship _____the love we have for our families is important.
A. had he realized
B. did he realize
C. he realized
D. he had realized
A 18. Generally, students’ inner motivation with high expectations from others ______ essential to
their development.
A. is
B. are
C. was
D. were
C 19. Shortly after suffering from a massive earthquake and ______ to ruins, the city took on a new look.
A. reducing
B. reduced
C. being reduced
D. having reduced
B 20.Only when he apologizes for his rudeness ____to him again.
A. I will speak.
B. will I speak.
C. do I speak.
D. I speak.
A 21.If _____ to look after luggage for someone else, inform the police at once.
A. asked
B. to ask
C. asking
D. having asked
A 22.________ a proverb aloud several times until you have it memorized.
A．read B．reading C．to read D．reads
A 23.（2013高考英语湖南卷）The university estimates that living expenses for international students ________ around $8,450 a year, which ________ a burden for some of them.。

A are,is B．are，are C．is，are D．is，is
D 24.（2013高考英语湖南卷）Not once ________ to Michael that he could one day become a top student in his class.
A．occurred it B．it did occur C．it occurred D．did it occur
C 25.（2013高考英语辽宁卷）At no time _____ the rules of the game. It was unfair to punish them.
A. they actually broke
B. do they actually break
C. did they actually break
D. they had actually broken
A 26.（2013高考英语上海卷）Among the crises that face humans ______ the lack of natural resources.
A. is
B. are
C. is there
D. are there
B 27. Read this story, ______ you will realize that not everything can be bought with money.
A. or
B. and
C. but
D. so
A 28.（2013高考英语天津卷）It was not until near the end of the letter ______ she mentioned her own plan.
A. that
B. where
C. why
D. when
A 29. I was glad to meet Jenny again, ______ I didn't want to spend all day with her.
A. but
B. and
C. so
D. or
B 30.（2013高考英语全国卷Ⅱ）It was only after he had read the papers ______ Mr. Gross realized the task before him was extremely difficult to complete.
A when B. that C. which D. what
B 31.（2013高考英语全国卷Ⅱ）Only by increasing the number of doctors by 50 percent ______
A. can be treated the patients
B. can the patients be treated
C. the patients can be treated
D. treated can be the patients
B32（2013高考英语浙江卷）There are some health problems that, when ______ in time, can become bigger ones later on.
A. not treated
B. not being treated
C. not to be treated
D. not have been treated
C33. It's not easy to change habits, ______ with awareness and self-control, it is possible.
A. for
B. or
C. but
D. so
B 34.（2013高考英语重庆卷）It was with the help of the local guide ______ the mountain climber
was rescued.
A. who
B. that
C. when
D. how。