2015高考语法复习第一讲 句法基础

第一讲英语句法基础
一、英语十大词类
根据其形式特征、词义以及句法作用，英语中的词分为十大类，即名词、代词、动词、形容词、副词、数词、冠词、介词、连词和感叹词。

前六类词可以在句子中独立充当成分，称为实词；后四类词不能在句中独立充当任何成分，称为虚词。

二、句子成分
1、主语：表示句子描述的是“谁”或“什么”，是谓语的陈述对象。

Taking a nap(午休) is necessary in the summer.
When to leave hasn’t been decided.
=It has n’t been decided when to leave.
That he is a rich man is known to all in the city.
=It’s known to all in the city that he is a rich man.
2、谓语：说明主语的动作、状态和特征，通常由动词的各种形式来充当。

He learned some English at school.
She is writing a letter.
You can go now.
Will you have to go tomorrow?
3、表语：位于连系动词后，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。

常见的系动词有：
（1）表示感官：look，smell，taste，sound，feel
（2）表示保持，仍然：remain，stay，keep
（3）表示状态变化：become，get，turn，go，fall，come，grow，make
（4）其他：be，seem，appear，come，fall，prove等
The news is that he will be our headmaster soon.
4、宾语：表示动作、行为的对象，和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。

位于及物动词或介词后（由通常由名词，代词，动名词，不定式，句子充当）。

We enjoy listening to music.
He refused to come to our party.
Whether he comes or not depends on the weather.
I find it (形式宾语)hard to learn English well.（真正宾语）
Holmes asked whether the lady was cold.
注意：直接宾语和间接宾语
1）pass (show, lend, bring, pass, hand, tell, return, pay, teach, owe, offer) sb. sth. (可改写为pass sth. to sb.)
Mary showed us her new dictionary.
2）make (buy, do, fetch, get, save, order, sing) sb. sth. (可改写为make sth. for sb.)
Mother made a coat for me =Mother made me a coat.
3）某些动词不能接双宾语，要用下面的特殊结构：
※动词+to sb+sth或动词+sth+to sb。

这类动词有announce, describe, explain,express, mention, introduce, say, whisper, explain, suggest, report等。

The boy explained his plan to his father.
The boy explained to his father why he was late for school
※动词+sb+for +(doing) sth 。

这类动词有thank, praise, scold, punish, admire, excuse等。

※动词+sb+of +(doing) sth。

这类动词有accuse, convince, cure, inform, remind, rid, rob, suspect, warn等。

5、宾语补足语：某些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语，意思才完整，宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语。

而复合宾语的第一部分通常由名词或代词充当，第二部分表示第一部分的名词或代词发出的动作或身份、特征等，称为宾语补足语。

We made him monitor.
We all consider it beautiful.
He told us to come on time.
Don’t leave me at home.
Please call him in.
Don’t leave the machine running while you are away.
可见，能够充当宾语补足语的大致有：不定式，现在分词，过去分词，形容词，副词，介宾短语等。

一般情况下，宾语补足语通常紧跟在宾语之后。

1)当感官动词，如：see、hear、notice、watch、hear、feel、observe（看到）或使役动词，如：make、have、let接宾语补足语时，不定式的符号to必须省略。

在help后,不定式可以带to,也可不带。

如果宾语和宾语补足语是逻辑上的动宾关系，则宾语补足语须用过去分词形式。

Mr.Smith will suggest a good way to have her written English improved in a short period.
2)还有什么动词后可有宾语补足语？
A．表示心理状态的动词后接宾语补足语，如：consider（认为），think，believe，discover，find，imagine，judge（怀疑），suppose（猜想），prove（证明）等。

这类动词后的不定式通常是“to be+形容词或名词”结构，并且think，consider，find后的to be常可省略。

We consider him (to be) a good teacher.我们认为他是一个好老师。

He proved that theory (to be) very important.那个理论是很重要的。

B. 表示情感状态的动词后接宾语补足语，如：love，like，prefer，hate，want，wish，expect等。

I'd prefer you to leave him alone.我希望你不要打扰他。

I don't want there to be any trouble.我不想有任何麻烦。

注意：hope, demand（要求）, suggest，或agree等动词后面不能接不定式作宾语补足语。

可以使用宾语从句或其他动词替代。

I hope you can give me a hand.我希望你能帮我一把。

I wish you to give me a hand.我希望你能帮我一把。

6、定语：定语修饰名词，置于名词之前或之后。

Lucy is wearing green trousers and a yellow sweater.
We often do morning exercises.
Do you want something to eat?
The woman in the red coat is Mrs. Brown.
The helicopter save those people trapped in the fire.
Do you know the man sitting by my mother?
I will tell you anything that you want to know.
7、状语：修饰动词、形容词或是整个句子。

Every day he went there by bus. （时间地点方式）
He lay in bed, reading newspaper. （地点伴随）
You can make much progress by working hard. （方式）
Not having received his letter, I wrote again. （原因）
Given more time, he would finish the work. （条件）
In order to catch the first bus, he got up early. （目的）
三、句子种类
1、陈述句：说明一个事实或陈述一个看法，有肯定式和否定式，语序是主语在前，谓语
在后，这又叫陈述语序。

注意以下知识点和考点。

1）半否定词hardly，scarcely，barely，little，few，seldom
2）部分否定句与全否定句。

这是一个重要考点。

当含有全体意义的代词或副词如：all, each, every(及其派生词),both, always, often, entirely, wholly 等用语与not连用时，构成部分否定句。

当句子中含有否定词no, none, nobody, nothing, nowhere, neither, never 等表达绝对否定的含义的时候，称为全部否定句。

3）如果句中的某些单词带有表示否定意义的词缀，不能断定是否定句。

如：dis-，un-，-less等。

4）否定转移：I believe, expect, suppose,imagine后接否定宾语从句是，宾语从句的否定词要前移。

I don’t think it will be very cold today.
2、疑问句：有一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反义疑问句。

其中反义疑问句是一个高考考点。

反义疑问句由两部分组成：前一部分是一个陈述句；后一部分是一个简短的疑问句。

两部分的人称时态应保持一致。

1）反义疑问句有两种形式：
a．陈述部分肯定式+疑问部分否定式; b．陈述部分否定式+疑问部分肯定式
2) 反意疑问句回答时，如果情况属实，用Yes，后面用肯定句；若情况不属实，则用No，后面也用否定句。

这一点一定要与汉语习惯进行区别。

You were moved by your students, weren’t you? ）
情况属实：Yes, I were.（是的，我是）情况不属实：No, I weren’t. （不，我没有。

）You aren’t a student, are you?
情况属实：Yes, I am. (不，我是。

) 情况不属实：No, I am not. （是的，我不是。

）3、祈使句：表达命令、要求、请求、劝告等，用动词原形。

注意以下例句。

1）带第二人称的祈使句
You call a taxi. Don’t you forget it.(强调)
2) 祈使句的强调式: Do be on time.
3) Alice, you close your book, will you?
4) --- Let’s go swimming, shall we? 我们去游泳，好吗？
--- Let us go swimming, will you? 请你让我们去游泳，好吗？
5) 祈使句+ and/or + 简单句祈使句表示“条件”
Think hard, and you will find a better way.
Give me bac k my money, or I’ll ring the police.
有时可能不用连词，而用破折号：
Turn down the radio —the baby’s asleep in the next room.
4、感叹句
What + (a/an) + 形容词+ 名词+ 主谓结构
What + 形容词+可数名词复数/不可数名词+主谓结构
How + 形容词或副词+ 主谓结构
How + 形容词+ a/an +单数可数名词+主谓结构
What a lovely day it is today! How clever a boy he is!
What nice music it is! How hard the workers are working!
四、句子结构
（一）简单句：只包含一个主谓结构的句子（可以有并列主语或谓语）
1、主语+谓语（不及物动词）
2、主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语
3、主语+谓语（及物动词）+直接宾语+间接宾语S+V+O+O
4、主语+连系动词+表语S+V+P
5、主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语+宾补S+V+O+C
6、there be 句型。

(1) there be句型与各种情态动词连用。

There must be something wrong here.
(2) there seem to / used to be
There doesn’t seem to be much hope of our beating that team.
(3) there be 句型中的谓语动词be被一些不及物动词代替，如，live，stand，exist，remain等，用来表示“静止、存在、有”。

There lives a family of five in the village.
In front of the cave, there grows a tall pine tree.
There exist different opinions on this question.
（二）并列句
由并列连词将两个或两个以上平等关系的简单句连接在一起构成的句子叫并列句。

其结构是：简单句+并列连词+简单句。

1、联合并列句
常用的连词有and(同，和)，when(=and just at this time就在这时，然后)，not only…but (also)…(不仅……而且……)，neither…nor…（既不……也不……）等。

The dog died and we all felt sad.
The old man has three sons and all of them are doctors.
=The old man has three sons, all of whom are doctors.
The rain lasted about 10 days and it did great harm to our crops.
He not only gave us a lot of advice, but also helped us to study English.
I was just leaving when the telephone rang.。

We were on the point of setting out when it began to rain.
We were about to set out when it began to rain.
2、选择并列句
常用的连词有or(或者，否则)，otherwise(否则)，or else(否则)，either...or(不是……就是)。

Hurry up, or (else) you’ll be late. 快点，否则就会迟到了。

Will he still be there or will he have gone away?
You must go early, otherwise you will miss the bus.。

Either you leave the office or I will call the police.
3、转折并列句
常用的连词有but(但是)，while (而、却)，yet (可是)等。

I like tea while she likes coffee.
She said she would be late, yet she arrived on time.。

She looks very young, but she is already in her 30’s.。

注意：but, while不与although连用，但yet, still可与although连用。

Although she felt ill, she still went to work. 她虽然感觉不舒服，但她仍然去上班。

4、因果并列句
常用的连词有for（因为）和so（所以，因此）等。

The day must have broken for the cock is ringing.
The manager was ill so I went in her place.
（三）复合句
包含一个从句的句子叫复合句。

主要与定语从句，名词性从句（主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）和状语从句。