Comprehensive course教育部高职高专规划教材(非英语专业用)答辩

home to get rid of the sand. This practice soon spread throughout the group. It became learned behavior, not form humans but form other monkeys. Now almost all monkeys who have not come into contact with this group do not. Thus we have a “cultural” difference among animals. 5 N We have ruled out tool use and invention as ways of telling animal behavior from human behavior. We have also ruled out learning and sharing of behavior. Yet we still have held onto the last feature-language. But even the use of language can no longer separate human culture from animal culture. Attempts to teach apes to speak have failed. However, this is because apes do not have the proper vocal organs. But teaching them language has been very successful if we are willing to accept other forms than just the spoken word. Two psychologists trained a chimpanzee named Washoe to use Standard American Sign Language. This is the same language used by deaf people. In this language, “talk” is made
<S> guard resistance
<A> attack
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handy: a. 1) near: at hand
e.g. The taxi-stop is handy at the next block. 2) useful and simply to use
e.g. There were handy shelves near the kitchen sink. 3) clever in using the hands e.g. My husband is very handy at repairing radios.
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gorilla
The largest of the anthropoid apes (Gorilla gorilla) native to the forests of equatorial Africa, having a stocky body and coarse, dark brown or black hair.
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PraPcrtaiccaticl aEl nEgnglilsishh
Comprehensive course
教育部高职高专规划教材（非英语专业用）
Chongqing Electric Power College
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Content
Unit one Text A Unit Two Text A
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scientist n. defense n. handy a. female n. / a .
Vocabulary
attempt n. command n. abstract a. attitude n.
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scientist n. 科学家 Root word: science n.
e.g. an hostile attitude（敌对的态度） a wait-and-see attitude （观望的态度） an attitude of indifference （冷漠的态度） What’s your attitude to/towards the new plan?
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2 Our culture lets us make up for having lost our strength, claws, long teeth, and other defenses. Instead, we use tools, cooperate with one another, and communicate in language. But these aspects of human behavior, or “ culture”, can also be found in the lives of certain animals.
-ist: Sociologist 社会学家 socialist 社会主义者 economist 经济学家 psychologist 心理学家
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defense: n. the act of defending against attack, danger, or injury.
e.g. self- defense
<S> convenient
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female
male
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attempt: 1) n. a try; an effort made to do something e.g. We failed in our attempt to climb the mountain. <S> effort 2) v. attempt to do sth.
Ⅱ.Vocabulary
Text A
Ⅴ. Summary
Ⅲ.Outline
Ⅳ. Text study
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Chimpanzee
An anthropoid (类人猿） ape of Africa，with black hair and large outstanding ears, it is smaller and less fierce than a gorilla (大猩猩）.
Para.6
Conclusion:
Animals may also have a culture, though it is limited when compared with that of human beings.
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1 Lately social scientists have begun to ask if culture is found just in humans, or if some animals have culture too. When we speak of culture, we mean a way of life a group of people have in common. Culture includes the beliefs and attitudes we learn. It is the patterns of behavior that help people to live together. It is also the patterns of behavior that make one group of people different from another group.
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Apes
The closest living relatives of humans.
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Washoe
Project Washoe ( 1966-1970 ) was the first successful attempt to teach a nonhuman primate (灵长类的动物) to use symbols in communicating. Researchers taught a young chimpanzee more than 130 hand-signs of the American language of the deaf. Since then studies of language use a variety of nonhuman primates indicate that theses animals are capable of using sounds as symbols to exchange information regarding objects in their natural environment.
4 For some time we thought that although human beings learned their culture, animals could not be taught such behavior. Or even if they could learn, they would not teach one another in the way people do. This too has proven to be untrue. A group of Japanese monkeys was studied at the Kyoto University Monkey Centre in Japan. They were given sweet potatoes by scientists who wanted to attract them to the shore of an island. One day a young female began to wash her sweet potatoes
Unit Three Text A
Unit Four Text A
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
Unit Five
Text A Unit Six
Text A Unit Seven
Text A Unit Eight
Text A
Unit 7
Do Animals Have a
Culture?
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Ⅰ.Lead-in
Exercises
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command: an order e.g. at one’s command
随心所欲
<S> control mastery
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abstract
concrete
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home Language Points attitude: a manner or way of feeling and behaving; opinion
home 3 We used to think that the ability to use tools was the dividing line between
human beings and other animals. Lately, however, we have found that this is not the case. Chimpanzees can not only use tools but actually make tools themselves. This is a major step up from simply picking up a handy object and using it. For example, chimps have been seen stripping the leaves and twigs off a branch, then putting it into a termite nest. When the termites bite at the stick, the chimps removes it and eats them off the end—not unlike our use of fork!
Para.1
The Definition of Culture
Para.2-5
Some Aspects of Human Behavior Found in Certain Animals
1. the ability to use tools 2. the ability to teach and learn 3. the ability to use language