【尚择优选】20XX年考研英语(一)真题及答案解析

20XX年考研英语(一)真题
SectionIUseofEnglish
Directions:
Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandm ark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)
AncientGreekphilosopherAristotleviewedlaughteras“abodilyexercisep recioustohealth.”But_____someclaimstothecontrary,laughingprobablyhasl ittleinfluenceonphysicalfilnessLaughterdoes_____short-termchangesinth efunctionoftheheartanditsbloodvessels,____heartrateandoxygenconsumpti onButbecausehardlaughterisdifficultto____,agoodlaughisunlikelytohave_ ____benefitstheway,say,walkingorjoggingdoes.
____,insteadofstrainingmusclestobuildthem,asexercisedoes,laughter apparentlyaccomplishesthe____,studiesdatingbacktothe1930’sindicatetha tlaughter.muscles,
Suchbodilyreactionmightconceivablyhelp____theeffectsofpsychologic alstress.Anyway,theactoflaughingprobablydoesproduceothertypesof______ feedback,thatimproveanindividual’semotionalstate.______oneclassicalth eoryofemotion,ourfeelingsarepartiallyrooted_______physicalreactions.I twasarguedattheendofthe19th centurythathumansdonotcry______theyaresadbu ttheybecomesadwhentetearsbegintoflow.
Althoughsadnessalso_______tears,evidencesuggeststhatemotionscanfl ow_____muscularresponses.Inanexperimentpublishedin1988,socialpsycholo gistFritz.
1．[A]among[B]except[C]despite[D]like
2．[A]reflect[B]demand[C]indicate[D]produce
3．[A]stabilizing[B]boosting[C]impairing[D]determining
4．[A]transmit[B]sustain[C]evaluate[D]observe
5．[A]measurable[B]manageable[C]affordable[D]renewable
6．[A]Inturn[B]Infact[C]Inaddition[D]Inbrief
7．[A]opposite[B]impossible[C]average[D]expected
8．[A]hardens[B]weakens[C]tightens[D]relaxes
9．[A]aggravate[B]generate[C]moderate[D]enhance
10．[A]physical[B]mental[C]subconscious[D]internal
11．[A]Exceptfor[B]Accordingto[C]Dueto[D]Asfor
12．[A]with[B]on[C]in[D]at
13．[A]unless[B]until[C]if[D]because
14．[A]exhausts[B]follows[C]precedes[D]suppresses
15．[A]into[B]from[C]towards[D]beyond
16．[A]fetch[B]bite[C]pick[D]hold
17．[A]disappointed[B]excited[C]joyful[D]indifferent
18．[A]adapted[B]catered[C]turned[D]reacted
19．[A]suggesting[B]requiring[C]mentioning[D]supposing
20．[A]Eventually[B]Consequently[C]Similarly[D]Conversely
SectionIIReadingComprehension
PartA
Directions:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosi ng[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)
Text1
ThedecisionoftheNewYorkPhilharmonictohireAlanGilbertasitsnextmusi cdirectorhasbeenthetalkoftheclassical-musicworldeversincethesuddenann ouncementofhisappointmentin20XX.Forthemostpart,theresponsehasbeenfavo rable,tosaytheleast.“Hooray!Atlast!”wroteAnthonyTommasini,asober-side dclassical-musiccritic.
Oneofthereasonswhytheappointmentcameassuchasurprise,however,istha tGilbertiscomparativelylittleknown.EvenTommasini,whohadadvocatedGilbe rt’sappointmentinthe Times,callshim“anunpretentiousmusicianwithnoairof theformidableconductorabouthim.”Asadescriptionofthenextmusicdirectoro fanorchestrathathashithertobeenledbymusicianslikeGustavMahlerandPierr eBoulez,thatseemslikelytohavestruckatleastsome Times readersasfaintprai se.
Formypart,IhavenoideawhetherGilbertisagreatconductororevenagoodon e.Tobesure,heperformsanimpressivevarietyofinterestingcompositions,but itisnotnecessaryformetovisitAveryFisherHall,oranywhereelse,tohearinte restingorchestralmusic.AllIhavetodoistogotomyCDshelf,orbootupmycomput eranddownloadstillmorerecordedmusicfromiTunes.
Devotedconcertgoerswhoreplythatrecordingsarenosubstituteforlivepe rformancearemissingthepoint.Forthetime,attention,andmoneyoftheart-lov ingpublic,classicalinstrumentalistsmustcompetenotonlywithoperahouses, dancetroupes,theatercompanies,andmuseums,butalsowiththerecordedperfor mancesofthegreatclassicalmusiciansofthe20th century.Thererecordingsarec heap,availableeverywhere,andveryoftenmuchhigherinartisticqualitythant oday’sliveperformances;moreover,theycanbe“consumed”atatimeandplaceoft helistener’schoosing.Thewidespreadavailabilityofsuchrecordingshasthus broughtaboutacrisisintheinstitutionofthetraditionalclassicalconcert.
Onepossibleresponseisforclassicalperformerstoprogramattractivenew musicthatisnotyetavailableonrecord.Gilbert’sowninterestinnewmusichasb eenwidelynoted:AlexRoss,aclassical-musiccritic,hasdescribedhimasamanw hoiscapableofturningthePhilharmonicinto“amarkedlydifferent,morevibran torganization.”Butwhatwillbethenatureofthatdifference?Merelyexpanding theorchestra’srepertoirewillnotbeenough.IfGilbertandthePhilharmonicar etosucceed,theymustfirstchangetherelationshipbetweenAmerica’soldestor chestraandthenewaudienceithopstoattract.
21.WelearnfromPara.1thatGilbert’sappointmenthas
[A]incurredcriticism.
[B]raisedsuspicion.
[C]receivedacclaim.
[D]arousedcuriosity.
22.TommasiniregardsGilbertasanartistwhois
[A]influential.
[B]modest.
[C]respectable.
[D]talented.
23.Theauthorbelievesthatthedevotedconcertgoers
[A]ignoretheexpensesofliveperformances.
[B]rejectmostkindsofrecordedperformances.
[C]exaggeratethevarietyofliveperformances.
[D]overestimatethevalueofliveperformances.
24.Accordingtothetext,whichofthefollowingistrueofrecordings?
[A]Theyareofteninferiortoliveconcertsinquality.
[B]Theyareeasilyaccessibletothegeneralpublic.
[C]Theyhelpimprovethequalityofmusic.
[D]Theyhaveonlycoveredmasterpieces.
25.RegardingGilbert’sroleinrevitalizingthePhilharmonic,theauthorf eels
[A]doubtful.
[B]enthusiastic.
[C]confident.
[D]puzzled.
Text2
WhenLiamMcGeedepartedaspresidentofBankofAmericainAugust,hisexplan ationwassurprisinglystraightup.Ratherthancloakinghisexitintheusualvag ueexcuses,hecamerightoutandsaidhewasleaving“topursuemygoalofrunningac
ompany.”Broadcastinghisambitionwas“verymuchmydecision,”McGeesays.With intwoweeks,hewastalkingforthefirsttimewiththeboardofHartfordFinancial ServicesGroup,whichnamedhimCEOandchairmanonSeptember29.
McGeesaysleavingwithoutapositionlinedupgavehimtimetoreflectonwhat kindofcompanyhewantedtorun.Italsosentaclearmessagetotheoutsideworldab outhisaspirations.AndMcGeeisn’talone.InrecentweekstheNo.2executivesat AvonandAmericanExpressquitwiththeexplanationthattheywerelookingforaCE Opost.Asboardsscrutinizesuccessionplansinresponsetoshareholderpressur e,executiveswhodon’tgetthenodalsomaywishtomoveon.Aturbulentbusinessen vironmentalsohasseniormanagerscautiousoflettingvaguepronouncementsclo udtheirreputations.
Asthefirstsignsofrecoverybegintotakehold,deputychiefsmaybemorewil lingtomakethejumpwithoutanet.Inthethirdquarter,CEOturnoverwasdown23%f romayearagoasnervousboardsstuckwiththeleaderstheyhad,accordingtoLiber umResearch.Astheeconomypicksup,opportunitieswillaboundforaspiringlead ers.
Thedecisiontoquitaseniorpositiontolookforabetteroneisunconvention al.Foryearsexecutivesandheadhuntershaveadheredtotherulethatthemostatt ractiveCEOcandidatesaretheoneswhomustbepoached.SaysKorn/Ferryseniorpa rtnerDennisCarey:”Ican’tthinkofasinglesearchI’vedonewhereaboardhasnot instructedmetolookatsittingCEOsfirst.”
Thosewhojumpedwithoutajobhaven’talwayslandedintoppositionsquickly. EllenMarramquitaschiefofTropicanaadecadeage,sayingshewantedtobeaCEO.I twasayearbeforeshebecameheadofatinyInternet-basedcommoditiesexchange. RobertWillumstadleftCitigroupin20XXwithambitionstobeaCEO.Hefinallytoo kthatpostatamajorfinancialinstitutionthreeyearslater.
Manyrecruiterssaytheolddisgraceisfadingfortopperformers.Thefinanc ialcrisishasmadeitmoreacceptabletobebetweenjobsortoleaveabadone.“Thet raditionalrulewasit’ssafertostaywhereyouare,butthat’sbeenfundamentall yinverted,”saysoneheadhunter.“Thepeoplewho’vebeenhurttheworstarethose who’vestayedtoolong.”
26.WhenMcGeeannouncedhisdeparture,hismannercanbestbedescribedasbe ing
[A]arrogant.
[B]frank.
[C]self-centered.
[D]impulsive.
27.AccordingtoParagraph2,seniorexecutives’quittingmaybespurredby
[A]theirexpectationofbetterfinancialstatus.
[B]theirneedtoreflectontheirprivatelife.
[C]theirstrainedrelationswiththeboards.
[D]theirpursuitofnewcareergoals.
28.Theword“poached”(Line3,Paragraph4)mostprobablymeans
[A]approvedof.
[B]attendedto.
[C]huntedfor.
[D]guardedagainst.
29.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat
[A]topperformersusedtoclingtotheirposts.
[B]loyaltyoftopperformersisgettingout-dated.
[C]topperformerscaremoreaboutreputations.
[D]it’ssafertosticktothetraditionalrules.
30.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?
[A]CEOs:WheretoGo?
[B]CEOs:AlltheWayUp?
[C]TopManagersJumpwithoutaNet
[D]TheOnlyWayOutforTopPerformers
Text3
Theroughguidetomarketingsuccessusedtobethatyougotwhatyoupaidfor.N olonger.Whiletraditional“paid”media–suchastelevisioncommercialsandpri ntadvertisements–stillplayamajorrole,companiestodaycanexploitmanyalte rnativeformsofmedia.Consumerspassionateaboutaproductmaycreate“owned”m ediabysendinge-mailalertsaboutproductsandsalestocustomersregisteredwi thitsWebsite.Thewayconsumersnowapproachthebroadrangeoffactorsbeyondco nventionalpaidmedia.
Paidandownedmediaarecontrolledbymarketerspromotingtheirownproduct s.Forearnedmedia,suchmarketersactastheinitiatorforusers’responses.But insomecases,onemarketer’sownedmediabecomeanothermarketer’spaidmedia–f orinstance,whenane-commerceretailersellsadspaceonitsWebsite.Wedefines uchsoldmediaasownedmediawhosetrafficissostrongthatotherorganizationsp lacetheircontentore-commerceengineswithinthatenvironment.Thistrend,wh ichwebelieveisstillinitsinfancy,effectivelybeganwithretailersandtrave lproviderssuchasairlinesandhotelsandwillnodoubtgofurther.Johnson&John son,forexample,hascreatedBabyCenter,astand-alonemediapropertythatprom otescomplementaryandevencompetitiveproducts.Besidesgeneratingincome,t hepresenceofothermarketersmakesthesiteseemobjective,givescompaniesopp
ortunitiestolearnvaluableinformationabouttheappealofothercompanies’ma rketing,andmayhelpexpandusertrafficforallcompaniesconcerned.
Thesamedramatictechnologicalchangesthathaveprovidedmarketerswithm ore(andmorediverse)communicationschoiceshavealsoincreasedtheriskthatp assionateconsumerswillvoicetheiropinionsinquicker,morevisible,andmuch moredamagingways.Suchhijackedmediaaretheoppositeofearnedmedia:anasset orcampaignbecomeshostagetoconsumers,otherstakeholders,oractivistswhom akenegativeallegationsaboutabrandorproduct.Membersofsocialnetworks,fo rinstance,arelearningthattheycanhijackmediatoapplypressureonthebusine ssesthatoriginallycreatedthem.
Ifthathappens,passionateconsumerswouldtrytopersuadeotherstoboycot tproducts,puttingthereputationofthetargetcompanyatrisk.Insuchacase,th ecompany’sresponsemaynotbesufficientlyquickorthoughtful,andthelearnin gcurvehasbeensteep.ToyotaMotor,forexample,alleviatedsomeofthedamagefr omitsrecallcrisisearlierthisyearwitharelativelyquickandwell-orchestra tedsocial-mediaresponsecampaign,whichincludedeffortstoengagewithconsu mersdirectlyonsitessuchasTwitterandthesocial-newssiteDigg.
31.Consumersmaycreate“earned”mediawhentheyare
[A]obscssedwithonlineshoppingatcertainWebsites.
[B]inspiredbyproduct-promotinge-mailssenttothem.
[C]eagertohelptheirfriendspromotequalityproducts.
[D]enthusiasticaboutrecommendingtheirfavoriteproducts.
32.AccordingtoParagraph2,soldmediafeature
[A]asafebusinessenvironment.
[B]randomcompetition.
[C]strongusertraffic.
[D]flexibilityinorganization.
33.TheauthorindicatesinParagraph3thatearnedmedia
[A]inviteconstantconflictswithpassionateconsumers.
[B]canbeusedtoproducenegativeeffectsinmarketing.
[C]mayberesponsibleforfiercercompetition.
[D]deserveallthenegativecommentsaboutthem.
34.ToyotaMotor’sexperienceiscitedasanexampleof
[A]respondingeffectivelytohijackedmedia.
[B]persuadingcustomersintoboycottingproducts.
[C]cooperatingwithsupportiveconsumers.
[D]takingadvantageofhijackedmedia.
35.Whichofthefollowingisthetextmainlyabout?
[A]Alternativestoconventionalpaidmedia.
[B]Conflictbetweenhijackedandearnedmedia.
[C]Dominanceofhijackedmedia.
[D]Popularityofownedmedia.
Text4
It’snosurprisethatJenniferSenior’sinsightful,provocativemagazinec overstory,“IloveMyChildren,IHateMyLife,”isarousingmuchchatter–nothing getspeopletalkinglikethesuggestionthatchildrearingisanythinglessthana completelyfulfilling,life-enrichingexperience.Ratherthanconcludingtha tchildrenmakeparentseitherhappyormiserable,Seniorsuggestsweneedtorede finehappiness:insteadofthinkingofitassomethingthatcanbemeasuredbymome nt-to-momentjoy,weshouldconsiderbeinghappyasapast-tensecondition.Even thoughtheday-to-dayexperienceofraisingkidscanbesoul-crushinglyhard,Se niorwritesthat“theverythingsthatinthemomentdampenourmoodscanlaterbeso urcesofintensegratificationanddelight.”
Themagazinecovershowinganattractivemotherholdingacutebabyishardly theonlyMadonna-and-childimageonnewsstandsthisweek.Therearealsostories aboutnewlyadoptive–andnewlysingle–momSandraBullock,aswellastheusual“J enniferAnistonispregnant”news.Practicallyeveryweekfeaturesatleastonec elebritymom,ormom-to-be,smilingonthenewsstands.
Inasocietythatsopersistentlycelebratesprocreation,isitanywonderth atadmittingyouregrethavingchildrenisequivalenttoadmittingyousupportki tten-killing?Itdoesn’tseemquitefair,then,tocomparetheregretsofparents totheregretsofthechildren.Unhappyparentsrarelyareprovokedtowonderifth eyshouldn’thavehadkids,butunhappychildlessfolksarebotheredwiththemess agethatchildrenarethesinglemostimportantthingintheworld:obviouslythei rmiserymustbeadirectresultofthegapingbaby-sizeholesintheirlives.
Ofcourse,theimageofparenthoodthatcelebritymagazineslikeUsWeeklyan dPeoplepresentishugelyunrealistic,especiallywhentheparentsaresinglemo therslikeBullock.Accordingtoseveralstudiesconcludingthatparentsareles shappythanchildlesscouples,singleparentsaretheleasthappyofall.Noshock there,consideringhowmuchworkitistoraiseakidwithoutapartnertoleanon;ye ttohearSandraandBritneytellit,raisingakidontheir“own”(read:withround-the-clockhelp)isapieceofcake.
It’shardtoimaginethatmanypeoplearedumbenoughtowantchildrenjustbec auseReeseandAngelinamakeitlooksoglamorous:mostadultsunderstandthataba byisnotahaircut.Butit’sinterestingtowonderiftheimagesweseeeveryweekof stress-free,happiness-enhancingparenthoodaren’tinsomesmall,subconscio
uswaycontributingtoourowndissatisfactionswiththeactualexperience,inth esamewaythatasmallpartofushopedgetting“theRachel”mightmakeuslookjusta littlebitlikeJenniferAniston.
36.JenniferSeniorsuggestsinherarticlethatraisingachildcanbring
[A]temporarydelight
[B]enjoymentinprogress
[C]happinessinretrospect
[D]lastingreward
37.WelearnfromParagraph2that
[A]celebritymomsareapermanentsourceforgossip.
[B]singlemotherswithbabiesdeservegreaterattention.
[C]newsaboutpregnantcelebritiesisentertaining.
[D]havingchildrenishighlyvaluedbythepublic.
38.ItissuggestedinParagraph3thatchildlessfolks
[A]areconstantlyexposedtocriticism.
[B]arelargelyignoredbythemedia.
[C]failtofulfilltheirsocialresponsibilities.
[D]arelesslikelytobesatisfiedwiththeirlife.
39.AccordingtoParagraph4,themessageconveyedbycelebritymagazinesis
[A]soothing.
[B]ambiguous.
[C]compensatory.
[D]misleading.
40.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?
[A]Havingchildrencontributeslittletotheglamourofcelebritymoms.
[B]Celebritymomshaveinfluencedourattitudetowardschildrearing.
[C]Havingchildrenintensifiesourdissatisfactionwithlife.
[D]Wesometimesneglectthehappinessfromchildrearing.
PartB
Directions:
Thefollowingparagrapharegiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,youa rerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherenttextbychoosingfromt helistA-Gtofillingthemintothenumberedboxes.ParagraphsEandG havebeencor rectlyplaced.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)
[A]Nodisciplineshaveseizedonprofessionalismwithasmuchenthusiasmas thehumanities.Youcan,MrMenandpointsout,becamealawyerinthreeyearsandam edicaldoctorinfour.Buttheregulartimeittakestogetadoctoraldegreeintheh
umanitiesisnineyears.Notsurprisingly,uptohalfofalldoctoralstudentsinE nglishdropoutbeforegettingtheirdegrees.
[B]Hisconcernismainlywiththehumanities:Literature,languages,philo sophyandsoon.Thesearedisciplinesthataregoingoutofstyle:22%ofAmericanc ollegegraduatesnowmajorinbusinesscomparedwithonly2%inhistoryand4%inEn glish.However,manyleadingAmericanuniversitieswanttheirundergraduatest ohaveagroundinginthebasiccanonofideasthateveryeducatedpersonshouldpos ses.Butmostfinditdifficulttoagreeonwhata“generaleducation”shouldlookl ike.AtHarvard,MrMenandnotes,“thegreatbooksarereadbecausetheyhavebeenr ead”-theyformasortofsocialglue.
[C]Equallyunsurprisingly,onlyabouthalfendupwithprofessorshipsforw hichtheyenteredgraduateschool.Therearesimplytoofewposts.Thisispartlyb ecauseuniversitiescontinuetoproduceevermorePhDs.Butfewerstudentswantt ostudyhumanitiessubjects:Englishdepartmentsawardedmorebachelor’sdegre esin1970-71thantheydid20yearslater.Fewerstudentsrequiresfewerteachers. So,attheendofadecadeoftheses-writing,manyhumanitiesstudentsleavethepr ofessiontodosomethingforwhichtheyhavenotbeentrained.
[D]Onereasonwhyitishardtodesignandteachsuchcoursesisthattheycancu tacrosstheinsistencebytopAmericanuniversitiesthatliberal-artseducatio nsandprofessionaleducationshouldbekeptseparate,taughtindifferentschoo ls.Manystudentsexperiencebothvarieties.AlthoughmorethanhalfofHarvardu ndergraduatesendupinlaw,medicineorbusiness,futuredoctorsandlawyersmus tstudyanon-specialistliberal-artsdegreebeforeembarkingonaprofessional qualification.
[E]Besidesprofessionalizingtheprofessionsbythisseparation,topAmer icanuniversitieshaveprofessionalisedtheprofessor.Thegrowthinpublicmon eyforacademicresearchhasspeededtheprocess:federalresearchgrantsrosefo urfoldbetween1960and1990,butfacultyteachinghoursfellbyhalfasresearcht ookitstoll.Professionalismhasturnedtheacquisitionofadoctoraldegreeint oaprerequisiteforasuccessfulacademiccareer:aslateas1969athirdofAmeric anprofessorsdidnotpossessone.Butthekeyideabehindprofessionalisation,a rguesMrMenand,isthat“theknowledgeandskillsneededforaparticularspecial izationaretransmissiblebutnottransferable.”Sodisciplinesacquireamonop olynotjustovertheproductionofknowledge,butalsoovertheproductionofthep roducersofknowledge.
[F]Thekeytoreforminghighereducation,concludesMrMenand,istoalterth ewayinwhich“theproducersofknowledgeareproduced.”Otherwise,academicswi llcontinuetothinkdangerouslyalike,increasinglydetachedfromthesocietie
swhichtheystudy,investigateandcriticize.”Academicinquiry,atleastinsom efields,mayneedtobecomelessexclusionaryandmoreholistic.”Yetquitehowth athappens,MrMenanddosenotsay.
[G]ThesubtleandintelligentlittlebookT heMarketplaceofIdeas:Reforma ndResistanceintheAmericanUniversity shouldbereadbyeverystudentthinking ofapplyingtotakeadoctoraldegree.Theymaythendecidetogoelsewhere.Forsom ethingcurioushasbeenhappeninginAmericanUniversities,andLouisMenand,ap rofessorofEnglishatHarvardUniversity,captureditskillfully.
G→41.→42.→E→43.→44.→45.
PartC
Directions:
Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegment sintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittencarefullyonANSWERSHEET2.(1 0points)
Withitsthemethat“Mindisthemasterweaver,”creatingourinnercharacter andoutercircumstances,thebook AsaManThinkingbyJamesAllen isanin-depthex plorationofthecentralideaofself-helpwriting.
(46)Allen’scontributionwastotakeanassumptionweallshare-thatbecaus ewearenotrobotswethereforecontrolourthoughts-andrevealitserroneousnat ure.Becausemostofusbelievethatmindisseparatefrommatter,wethinkthattho ughtscanbehiddenandmadepowerless;thisallowsustothinkonewayandactanoth er.However,Allenbelievedthattheunconsciousmindgeneratesasmuchactionas theconsciousmind,and(47)whilewemaybeabletosustaintheillusionofcontrol throughtheconsciousmindalone,inrealitywearecontinuallyfacedwithaquest ion:“WhycannotImakemyselfdothisorachievethat?”
Sincedesireandwillaredamagedbythepresenceofthoughtsthatdonotaccor dwithdesire,Allenconcluded:“Wedonotattractwhatwewant,butwhatweare.”Ac hievementhappensbecauseyouasapersonembodytheexternalachievement;youdo n’t“get”successbutbecomeit.Thereisnogapbetweenmindandmatter.
\PartofthefameofAllen’sbookisitscontentionthat“Circumstancesdonot makeaperson,theyrevealhim.”(48)Thisseemsajustificationforneglectoftho seinneed,andarationalizationofexploitation,ofthesuperiorityofthoseatt hetopandtheinferiorityofthoseatthebottom.
This,however,wouldbeaknee-jerkreactiontoasubtleargument.Eachsetof circumstances,howeverbad,offersauniqueopportunityforgrowth.Ifcircumst ancesalwaysdeterminedthelifeandprospectsofpeople,thenhumanitywouldnev erhaveprogressed.Infat,(49)circumstancesseemtobedesignedtobringoutthe bestinusandifwefeelthatwehavebeen“wronged”thenweareunlikelytobeginaco
nsciousefforttoescapefromoursituation.Nevertheless,asanybiographerkno ws,aperson’searlylifeanditsconditionsareoftenthegreatestgifttoanindiv idual.
ThesoberingaspectofAllen’sbookisthatwehavenooneelsetoblameforourp resentconditionexceptourselves.(50)Theupsideisthepossibilitiescontain edinknowingthateverythingisuptous;wherebeforewewereexpertsinthearrayo flimitations,nowwebecomeauthoritiesofwhatispossible.
SectionⅢWriting
PartA
51.Directions:
Writealettertoafriendofyoursto
1)recommendoneofyourfavoritemoviesand
2)givereasonsforyourrecommendation
Yourshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2
er“LIMING”instead.
Donotwritertheaddress.(10points)
PartB
52.Directions:
Writeanessayof160---200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressa y,youshould
1)describethedrawingbriefly,
2)explainit’sintendedmeaning,and
3)giveyourcomments.
YourshouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)
20XX年考研英语(一)真题参考答案
1-5，ACDBA6-10CADCB11-15BCACA16-20BCADB
21-25DBCAA26-30CCBDB31-35CCBDB36-40CBCCC
41-45BDCAE
翻译：
46、艾伦的贡献在于提供了我们能分担和揭示错误性质的假设--因为我们不是机器人，因此我们能够控制我们的理想。

47、我们可以单独通过意识维持控制的感觉，但实际上我们一直面临着一个问题，为什么我不能完成这件事情或那件事情。

48、这似乎可能为必要时的忽视正名，也能合理说明剥削，以及在顶层的人的优越感及处于后层人们的劣势感。

49、环境似乎是为了挑选出我们的强者，而且如果我们感觉受了委屈，那么我们就不可能有意识的做出努力逃离我们原来的处境。

50、正面在于我们处于这样的位置，知道所有事情都取决与我们自己，之前我们对着一系列的限制，而现在我们成了权威。

51.Directions:
Writealettertoafriendofyoursto
1)recommendoneofyourfavoritemoviesand
2)givereasonsforyourrecommendation.
Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.
e”LiMing”instead.
Donotwritetheaddress.(10points)
小作文范文：
Dearfriends:
Recentlyalotofnewmovies,youconcern?
Irecentlysawamovieisespeciallysuitableforyou.Itsnameis"IfYouAreTh eOne".Firstofallithasverypowerfulcast.Storylineisverytight.Characters 'languageisclassicandthought-provoking.But,Imostlikeitbecauseit'smora ls.Dearfriends,doyoutolovetheunderstandingofwhat?Loveisromantic,iscos tly,issimple,orplain?Ithinkinthismoviecanbereflected.Perhapsnowwestil lcan'tclearlove,butloveisalreadybrimmingwithourlives,isapartoflife.Iw anttowatchthemovie,wecanunderstandalot.Dearfriends,doyoualsoseethismo vie,remembertowriteandtellmehowyoufeel.Missyou!
52、Direction
Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay, youshould
1)describethedrawingbriefly
2)explainitsintendedmeasingand
3)giveyourcomments
YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)
大作文范文：
Oursurroundingsarebeingpollutedfastandman'spresenteffortscannotpr eventit.Timeisbringingusmorepeople,andmorepeoplewillbringusmoreindust ry,morecars,largercitiesandthegrowinguseofman-madematerials.
Whatcanexplainandsolvethisproblem?Thefactisthatpollutioniscausedb yman--byhisdesireforamodernwayoflife.Wemake"increasingindustrializati on"ourchiefaim.Soweareoftenreadytooffereverything:cleanair,purewater, goodfood,ourhealthandthefutureofourchildren.Thereisaconstantflowofpeo plefromthecountrysideintothecities,eagerforthebenefitsofourmodernsoci ety.Butasourtechnologicalachievementshavegrowninthelasttwentyyears,po llutionhasbecomeaseriousproblem.
Isn'tittimewestoppedtoaskourselveswherewearegoing--andwhy?Itmakes onethinkofthestoryabouttheairlinepilotwhotoldhispassengersovertheloud speaker,"I'vesomegoodnewsandsomebadnews.Thegoodnewsisthatwe'remakingr apidprogressat530milesperhour.The
badnewsisthatwe'relostanddon'tknowwherewe'regoing."Thesadfactisth atthisbecomesatruestorywhenspeakingofourmodernsociety.
Inmyopinion,toprotectenvironment,thegovernmentmusttakeevenmorecon cretemeasures.First,itshouldletpeoplefullyrealizetheimportanceofenvir onmentalprotectionthrougheducation.Second,muchmoreeffortsshouldbemade toputthepopulationplanningpolicyintopractice,becausemorepeoplemeansmo repeoplemeansmorepollution.Finally,thosewhodestroytheenvironmentinten tionallyshouldbeseverelypunished.Weshouldletthemknowthatdestroyingenv ironmentmeansdestroyingmankindthemselves
答案解析
1.C
解析：语义逻辑题。

第一句含义是“古希腊哲学家亚里士多德把笑看作是“有益于身体健康的宝贵锻炼”，第二句意思是“但是一些人提出相反的意见，轻笑可能对身体健康影响极小”，两句之间是转折关系，A、B、C、D四个选项中只有C选项表转折“尽管”，故是正确选项。

2.D
解析：语义辨析题。

上下文语境是“笑确实能短期的改变”。

A.reflect“反映”，
B.demand“要求”，
C.indicate“表明，暗示”，
D.produce“产生”，只有D选项符合语境，所以是正确答案。

3.B
解析：语义搭配题。

文中提到“笑能够心律呼吸速率。

”A.stabilizing意思是“安定，稳定”，B.boosting“促进，推进”，C.impairing“损害，削弱”，D.determining“决定”，根据语境应该是“笑能够促进心律呼吸速率”，B为正确答案。

4.B
解析：语义辨析题。

这句话意思是“但是因为大笑很难，一次狂笑不可能……”，四个选项的含义分别是A.transmit“传播”，B.sustain“维持”，C.evaluate“评估”，D.observe“观察”，根据语境，只有B.sustain符合语境。

5.A
解析：语义辨析题。

这句话意思是“一次狂笑不可能像比如走路或者慢跑那样对心血管功能产生益处。

”A.measurable“重大的，重要的”，B.manageable“易控制的”，
C.affordable“负担得起的”，
D.renewable“可再生的”，四个选项中能和“益处”搭配的只有A.measurable，故是正确答案。

6.B
解析：逻辑分析题。

第二段第一句是说“其他的锻炼可以拉紧增强肌肉，很显然笑确是起到了……作用”，对上文有承接还有转折的关系，A.Inturn意思是“轮流”，C.Inaddition 是“另外”，D.Inbrief意思是“简而言之”，都不符合语境，只有B.Infact“事实上”符合上下文语境，是正确选项。

7.A
解析：语义逻辑题。

第二段第二句的意思是说“笑可以放松肌肉，在狂笑平息之后45
分钟内会降低肌肉张力”，跟上文中的“其他的锻炼可以拉紧增强肌肉”是相反的关系，所以A.opposite是正确选项。

8.D
解析：语义搭配题。

空格前后面是“笑肌肉”，A.hardens“使变硬”，B.weakens“减少”，C.tightens“是变紧”，D.relaxes“放松”，因为上文提到了“其他的锻炼可以拉紧增强肌肉，很显然笑确实起到了相反的作用”。

“拉紧”的反义词只有D.relaxes，故正确。

9.C
解析：语义搭配题。

这句话的意思是“这样的身体放松可能会帮助心理紧张状态的影响。

”A.aggravate“加剧，恶化”，B.generate“使形成，发生”，C.moderate“节制，减轻”，D.enhance“增加”，根据上下文语境，只能是“减轻心理压力”，故C是正确选项。

10.A
解析：语义逻辑题。

这句话的意思是“笑的行为毕竟可能会产生其他形式的反馈来提高个体的情绪状态。

”其中提到“笑的行为”，它是一种身体上的行为，后面提到“其他反馈”，应该是和“笑”相呼应的，故正确选项是A。

11.B
解析：词义辨析题。

根据已知信息推测，应该是“根据一个经典的情绪理
论，……”A.Exceptfor表示“除了……”，它引出一个与前面的词相反的原因或者事例；
B.Accordingto“根据，按照”，表示依据，后面常跟表示理论、思想之类的词，是正确答案。

C.Dueto“由于，因为”后面跟一般原因，
D.Asfor“至于，就……方面说”用以转换话题和表现态度，故排除。

12.C
解析：固定搭配题。

berootedin是固定词组表示“来源于……”berooted跟其它选项不搭配使用，故排除。

13.D
解析：逻辑关系题。

这句话的意思是“人们不会他们伤心而哭，但当开始流泪时他们才变得伤心。

”伤心和哭之间是因果关系，所以答案应该是D.because。

14.C
解析：词义辨析/语义逻辑题。

解题关键although。

although表示假设，让步。

由上文提到当人们流泪时才觉得伤心可知，伤心在流泪之后。

这里要说另一种情况“伤心也会在流
泪之前”而A.exhausts“使筋疲力尽；使疲惫不堪”，B.follows“跟随”C.precedes“先于，表示在……之前发生(或出现)”；D.suppresses“压制；阻止；抑制”，语义不符。

15.B
解析：词义辨析题。

由已知信息可知原文要表达“证据显示情绪是肌肉反映的结
果”A.into“进入……中，到……里”B.from“来自”表原因，符合表达需要，故为正确答案。

C.towards向，朝
D.beyond“超出，超过”意思不符合，故排除。

16.D
解析：词义辨析题。

A.fetch“取来”，B.bite“咬，叮”，C.pick“采，摘”，D.hold“拿，抱，握住”，根据上下文信息可知该实验要求志愿者用牙咬住或者用嘴含住一支笔。

hold的意思最符合。

17.A
解析：词义辨析/语义逻辑题。

由已知信息“用嘴含住一支笔”推测，这个动作会产生一种失望的表情A.disappointed“失望的”意思最符合，B.excited“兴奋的”，C.joyful“快乐的”，D.indifferent“漠不关心的”都不符合语境，故排除。

18.D
解析：词义辨析题。

A.adaptedto“变得习惯于……,使适应于……”，B.cateredto“迎合，满足某种需要或要求”，C.turned……to“转向”，D.reactedto“对……作出反应”，根据原文表达需要“在观看有趣的动画片时……”此处正确选项是D.reactedto。

19.A
解析：词义辨析题。

根据前文信息，由前面的实验结果“那些被强制锻炼笑肌的人比那些嘴唇皱着表情失望的人在观看有趣的动画片时反应更加丰富”，我们可以推断出一个结论A.suggesting表明，后接结论的句子，符合要求，故为正确答案。

B.requiring“需要，要求”，C.mentioning“提到”，D.supposing“假定，假设”都不符合上下文语境，故排除。

20.C
解析：逻辑分析题。

上文提到了“表情而不是其他的方式可能会影响情绪”，后文又提到了“笑的生理行为可以使心情好转”，前后句解释的是同一种情况。

A.Eventually和
B.Consequently，都是作为“总结”的副词，D.Conversely表示“相反”，只有
C.Similarly“相似的是”，符合上下文逻辑，是正确选项。

SectionIIReadingComprehension
PartA
TextOne
21.C
解析：推断题。

本题要求根据文章第一段，判断社会对Gilbert的任命有什么回应和反响。

根据原文第一段第二句“Forthemostpart,theresponsehasbeenfavorable,…”和“Hooray!Atlast!”可知回应是积极的，因此正确答案是[C]receivedacclaim(得到称赞)。

干扰项：选项[A]incurredcriticism(招致批评)，选项[B]raisedsuspicion(引起怀疑)，选项[D]arousedcuriosity(引起大众的好奇)，都不符合原文意思。

22.B
解析：细节题。

根据Tommasini在第二段对Gilbert的评论：
callshim“anunpretentiousmusicianwithnoairoftheformidableconductorabouthim”，可知Tommasini认为Gilbert是anunpretentiousmusician。

unpretentious由un(否定前缀)和pretentious构成，考生看到pretentious可以想到pretend(假装，作假)，那么可推出unpretentious是“不做假的，不虚饰或矫揉造作的”，答案[B]modest(谦逊的)意思最为接近，故[B]项为正确答案。

干扰项：文中提到，withnoairoftheformidableconductorabouthim，意思是“他没有指挥家那种强大的、令人敬畏的气势”，据此我们可以排除选项[A]influential(有影响力的)和选项[C]respectable(值得尊敬的)。

选项[D]talented(有才华的)在文中也找不到依据，故排除。

23.D
解析：推断题。

本题考查作者对于现场表演的虔诚追随者的观点态度。

从文章第三段可知，作者自己选择听唱片/录音而不是听现场音乐会。

第四段开头作者提到，devotedconcertgoers认为“录音不能代替现场表演”，但作者认为devotedconcertgoersaremissingthepoint(现场表演虔诚的追随者没有切中要害)，之后是论据支持作者的观点，作者认为
Theserecordingsarecheap,availableeverywhere,andveryoftenmuchhigherinartisticqua litythantoday’sliveperformances，即录音便宜、容易得到，且通常比今天的现场音乐会有更高的艺术品质。

[D]项overestimatethevalueofliveperformances(高估了现场表演的价值)是对作者对于devotedconcertgoers观点的高度概括，故为正确答案。

干扰项：选项[A]意思是“喜欢听现场音乐会的人忽视了现场表演的花销”，原文确实提到Theserecordingsarecheap，但是这个选项片面，没有概括性。

选项[B]意思是“拒绝大多数种类演唱会录音”没有概括出作者对于devotedconcertgoers的观点态度，太浅显，且与原文对devotedconcertgoers的描述Devotedconcertgoerswhoreplythatrecordingsarenosubstituteforliveperformance…存在误差。

选项[C]意思是“夸大了现场表演的多样性”，原文没有提到。