英语教案 句子成分与结构

星海教育2016年暑假双流校区
目标满分班名师培优精讲
第1讲
【教学标题】
英语句子成分
【教学目标】
让学生完全掌握英语句子的成分问题，使学生能够更好的理解句子结构
【教学重点】
1.句子成分的划分
2.句子的主要成分
3.句子的次要成分
4.作各个成分相应的词性
【教学难点】
1.句子的主要成分
2.状语的识别
3.定语的识别
4.宾语补足语
【教学内容】
句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。

句子成分有主要成分和次要成分：主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。

A.主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。

但在therebe结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。

主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。

一句话语法:主语由名词性的词来充当.
例如：
Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmore popular.（名词）
ThestudentsalllovetheirEnglishteacher.
WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.（代词）
Theygotoschoolbybus.
One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.（数词）
Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.（不定式）
Toseeistobelieve.
Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.（动名词）
WatchingTVtoomuchisbadforyoureyes.
It’snouseregrettingit.
Therichshouldhelpthepoor.（名词化的形容词）
WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.（主语从句）
Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）
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B.谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。

动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。

注意动词不定式、动名词、分词为非谓语，不能作谓语。

一句话语法:谓语由动词充当。

有很多同学在写作的时候容易犯的错误就是要么乱用be动词,要么句子没有谓语动词.
1、可作谓语的动词一般为行为动词(表动作)和连系动词(表状态)，行为动词根据其后是否可直接接宾语，又可分为及物动词和不及物动词。

（1）、及物动词作谓语
Weshouldhelpeachother.
Theyrespectoneanother.
Allofthestudentslikethenovel.
Didyouseemanypeoplethere?
（2）、不及物动词作谓语
Helefthereyesterday.
Y ou’redrivingtoofast.
Theteachercamein,bookinhand. HewentabroadintheSeptemberof1988.
（3）连系动词表状态
Heisanexcellentteacher.
Hersonisafriendofours.
Oursisagreatcountry.
Theboxitselfisnotsoheavy.
2、谓语的构成如下：
（1）、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。

如：Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.
（2）、复合谓语：（a）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。

注意:这里面的动词原形非常重要.如：Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.（b）由系动词加表语构成。

如：Wearestudents.
C.表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后。

表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。

一句话语法:表语使用形容词,不用副词!例如：
OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.（名词）
Theyarebrotherandsister.
Johniscaptainoftheteam.
Isityours?（代词）
WhatIwanttosayisthis.
Thepoorboywasmyself.
Theweatherhasturnedcold.（形容词）
Thespeechisexciting.（分词）
Threetimessevenistwentyone?（数词）
Herfatherissixty-five.
HisjobistoteachEnglish.（不定式）
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Allyouneeddoistotakeataxifromtheairport.
Hishobby（爱好）isplayingfootball.（动名词）
Myfavouritesportisswimming.
Themachinemustbeoutoforder.（介词短语）
注意:副词可以做表语的只有几个,非常简单,考试不考,所以上面说:表语使用形容词,不用副词!我们所复习的语法直接针对高考,不是搞语法研究,这点请大家一定要记住。

例如：
Timeisup.Theclassisover.（副词）
Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.（表语从句）
D.宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。

充当宾语的可以是名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式或整个句子。

一句话语法:宾语由名词性的词充当,宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语,分别构成动宾结构和介词结构,这点非常重要,务必要牢记.例如：
Theywenttoseeanexhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词）
Theheavyrainpreventedmeformcomingtoschoolontime.（代词）
Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.（数词）
Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.（名词化形容词）Hepretendednottoseeme.（不定式短语）
Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.（动名词短语）
Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.（宾语从句）
宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lendmeyourdictionary,please.如果同学搞不清楚什么是双宾语,记下下面这
个句子:givemeabook.一人一物做宾语就是双宾语.说得白一点,双就是两个的意思.
（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor. E．宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整，宾语补足语与宾语之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系或动宾关系。

带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。

宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。

一句话语法:宾语补足语使用形容词,不用副词.例如：
HisfathernamedhimDongming.（名词）
Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.（形容词）
Youmustkeepitclean.
Tomfoundtheclimbquiteeasy.
Letthefreshairin.（副词）
Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.（不定式短语）
Ihavealotofworktodo.
Shehasplentyofclothestowear.
Hemademerepeatthestory
Wesawherenteringtheroom.（现在分词）
Ihavethecarwaiting.
Whydon’tyouhaveyourhaircut?（-ed分词）
Wehadthemachinerepaired.
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Ihadmywatchstolenyesterday
Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.（介词短语）
Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.（从句）
（注意：后跟名词作宾语补足语的动词有call,name,think,make,choose等；后跟形容词作宾语补足语的动词有keep,find,get,think,make等;
动词不定式作宾语补足语时，当谓语动词为感官动词如feel,see,hear,notice,watch,observe,listento,lookat等，使役动词如let,have,make等，动词不定式不带to。

）
F.定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语，是句子中的次要成分。

可分为前置定语和后置定语。

一般有形容词，形容词性物主代词、副词、数词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词（短语）或句子充当。

一句话语法:定语使用形容词例如：
Guilinisabeautifulcity.（形容词）
Mr.Greenhastwosons.（数词）
Themandownstairscouldn’tsleepwell.（副词）
Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.（分词）Amangoingtodieisalwayskind-hearted. Thesuggestionsenttothecommitteewasadopted.
Therearethirtywomenteachersisourschool.（名词）Canyoufindouttheanswertothequestion. HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.（代词）
Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.（不定式短语）
Wouldyoulikesomethingtodrink?
Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.（动名词）
Abarkingdogseldombites.
HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.（介词短语）
ThegirlunderthetreeisKate.
DoyouknowthemanwhoisstandingnexttoMr.Green?（从句）
G.状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。

一句话语法:状语用副词,不用形容词，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。

可由副词、名词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词或状语从句来充当。

例如：
Lighttravelsmostquickly.（副词及副词性词组）
Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.（介词短语）
Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.（不定式短语）
Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.（分词短语）
Waitaminute.（名词）
Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.（状语从句）
H.句子结构
(S＝主语；V＝谓语；P＝表语；O＝宾语；O1＝间接宾语；O2＝直接宾语；C＝宾语补足语)
一．S十V主谓结构|（vi.）
Iswim.
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主谓Theylistenedcarefully．Myhomeworkhasfinished.
二．S十V十O主谓宾结构(vt.)
Isawafilmyesterday.
主谓宾
Theyfoundtheirhomeeasily.Theyhavetakengoodcareofthechildren．三．S十V十F主系表结构（系动词）
Be,系动词____________________+形容词
Heisold.
主系动表语
Thestorysoundsinteresting.
主系动词表语
ThedeskfeelshardHebecomesateacher．Thetreesturnyellowintheautumn.
四．S十V十O1十O2主谓双宾结构
give，ask__________________sbsth
Hegavemeabook.
主谓宾1宾2
Hebroughtmeapen.Heofferedmehisseat
Hegotmeachair
五．S十V十O十C主谓宾补结构
Theymadethegirlangry.
主谓宾宾补Theyfoundherhappythatday．Iheardtheglassbrokenjustnow.
【过手练习】
一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：
1.Thestudentsgotontheschoolbus.
2.Hehandedmethenewspaper.
3.Ishallansweryourquestionafterclass.
4.WhatabeautifulChinesepainting!
5.Theywenthuntingtogetherearlyinthemorning.
6.Hisjobistotrainswimmers.
7.HetookmanyphotosofthepalacesinBeijing.
8.ThereisgoingtobeanAmericanfilmtonight.
9.HeistoleaveforShanghaitomorrow.
10.Hiswishistobecomeascientist.
11.Hemanagedtofinishtheworkintime.
12.Tomcametoaskmeforadvice.
13.HefounditimportanttomasterEnglish.
14.Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?
15.Tobehonest,yourpronunciationisnotsogood.
16.Wouldyoupleasetellmeyouraddress?
17.Hesatthere,readinganewspaper.
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18.Itisourdutytokeepourclassroomcleanandtidy.
19.Henoticedamanentertheroom.
20.Theapplestastedsweet.
【拓展训练】
1、选择填空：
()1.____willleaveforBeijing.
A.Nowtheretheman
B.Themanherenow
C.Themanwhoisherenow
D.Themanisherenow
()2.Theweather____.
A.wetandcold
B.iswetandcold
C.notwetandcold
D.werewetandcold ()3.Theappletasted____.
A.sweets
B.sweetly
C.nicely
D.sweet
()4.Hegotup____yesterdaymorning.
tely
te
test
tter
()5.Theactor______attheageof70.
A.dead
B.died
C.dyed
D.deaded
()6.____wereallverytired,butnoneof____wouldstoptotakearest. A.We,,weC.We,ourD.We,we
()7.Hefoundthestreetmuch______.
A.crowd
B.crowding
C.crowded
D.crowdedly
()8.Ithink_____necessarytolearnEnglishwell.
A.its
B.it
C.that
D.thatis
()9.Thedog____mad.
A.looks
B.islooked
C.isbeinglooked
D.waslooked
()10.Iwillneverforgettheday______Ijoinedthearmy.
A.that
B.when
C.inwhich
D.where
2.阅读理解：
LittleTomdownthestreetcallsourdog"Thekeepdog".Zipisasheepdog.ButwhenTomtriestosa y"Seep",itcomesout"keep".AndinawayTomisright.Zipisalwaysbringingthingshoemforustok eep!I'lltellyouaboutsomeofthem.
Zip'sfirstpresentwasashoe.Itwasmadeofgreensilk.
Wedidn'tknowhowZipfoundtheshoe.ButafteramomentMary,mybigsister,toldmethesho ehadastrangesmell.Inodded(点头)andheldmynose."Whatdoyouthinkitis?"
"Itsmellslikesomethingforcleaning.Ithinksomeonetriedtocleanaspot(污点)offtheshoe.Thenheputitatthedoortodry."
"AlongcameZip.Andgood-byeshoe!"Isaid."Weshouldtakeitback."
"Wecan't".saidmysistter.
"MaybelittleTomisright,"Marysaid."MaybeZipisakeepdog!"
1.ThewriterandMarydidn'tknow______.
A.whatZip'sfirstpresentwas
B.howZipcarrieditsfirstpresenthome
C.whoownedZip'sfirstpresent
D.whatZip'sfirstpresentwasmadeof
2.TomcallsZip"thekeepdog"because______.
A.thedoglikeskeepingthings
B.thedoglikesplayingwithshoes
C.hedoesn'tknowthedog'sname
D.hecan'tpronouncetheword"sheep"well
3.Whatmadetheshoestrangewas______.
A.itscolour
B.itssmell
C.itssize
D.thatitwasasilkone
4.Theword"keep"inthelastsentencemeans"_____"
A.keepingthingsforitself
B.bringingthingsforothertokeep
C.notlettingitrunabout
D.takingcareofasmallchild
5.Wecanknowfromthereadingthatthedog_____.
A.likestogivepresentstopeople
B.hasbeenkeptinatthewriter'shome
C.hasbroughtsometrouble
D.likestobecalled"thekeepdog"
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3.阅读短文，根据首字母提示填空，每空一词。

MostAmericanfamiliesaresmallerthanthefamiliesino 81 count ries.MostAmericanfamiliese 82 haveoneortwochildren.
C 83 intheUSwillleavetheirparents'homewhentheygrowup.Theyusua llylivefarf 84 theirparentsbecausetheywanttofindgoodjobs.Th eyoftenw 85 totheirparentsortelephonethem.Andtheyoftengotovis ittheirparentsonh 86 .
Parentsusuallylettheirchildrenchoosetheiro 87 jobs.Amer icansthinkitimportantforyoungpeopletodecideontheirlivesbythemselves.
Childrenareaskedtodosomeworkaroundtheirhouse.Andinmanyfamilies, childrenarepaid(付
钱)ford 88 somehouseworksothattheylearnhowtomakemoneyfortheir ownuse.
Doyouoftenhelpy 89 parentsdohousework?Doyouwanttolivewi thyourparentsw 90 yougrowup?
【课后作业】
一、选择填空
基础题组训练（五题）
1、Theoldmanfeedsfour___.
A.piggs
B.piges
C.pigs
D.pig
2、Pleaseremembertogivethehorsesometree___.
A．leafsB.leavesC.leafD.leave
3、Wouldyoulikesomethingtodrink,___orcoffee?
A．teaB.fruitC.breadD.meat
4、Mr.Whitehasabeautifulgardenwithmany___init.
A.flowers
B.grass
C.villages
D.water
5、Thereareseven___inaweek.
A.dayes
B.days
C.dayies
D.day
拔高题组训练（十题）
1、—Mom,couldyoupassmesome___?It’sdelicious.
—OK,butonlyalittle.
A．butterB.applesC.tomatoesD.sandwiches
2、—What’sinthecupboard?
—Afew___,butlittle___.
A.apples;coffee
B.coffee;apples
C.apple;coffees
D.coffees;apples、
3、Hegaveus___onhowtoprotecteyes.
A.someadvices
B.someadvice
C.anadvice
D.aadvice
4、Thereare___onmydesk.
A.threepaper
B.threepiecesofpapers
C.threepiecesofpaper
D.threepapers
5、Agroupof___willvisitthemuseumtomorrow.
A.Englishman
B.American
C.Australian
D.Chinese
6、Thefarmerraisedten___.
A.sheeps
B.deers
C.horse
D.cows
7、WhynotgiveLindasome___?ShehasfailedinChineseseveraltimes.
A.notice
B.suggestion
C.advice
D.warning
8、WhenwesawLiuXiang’sface,weknew___wasbad.
A.somenews
B.anews
C.thenews
D.news
9、Iwonderwhy___areinterestedinactionfilms.
A.people
B.peoples
C.thepeople
D.thepeoples
10、Thereisgood___foryou.I’vefoundthewatch.
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A.news
B.ideas
C.messages
D.thoughts
疑难题组训练（五题）
1、Ithinktheteenagersshouldtrytoimprovetheirliving___.
A.activities
B.skills
C.memory
D.success
2、—Mum,somethingiswrongwithmyteeth.Ican’t
eatanything.
—Whataboutseeinga___atonce?
A.designer
B.dentist
C.director
D.detective
3、Mikeandhisfriendaregoingtothe___toseethe
newactionmovietonight.
A.bookshop
B.restaurant
C.concert
D.cinema
4、Theygotmuch___fromthosenewbooks.
A.ideas
B.photos
rmation
D.stories
5、Weoftenusethemobilephonetosendtext___toourfriends.
A.menus
B.messages
C.advice
D.warning
2.阅读理解
Anoldladyinaplanehadablanket（毯子）overherheadandshedidnotwanttotakeitoff.Theairhostessspoketoher,buttheoldladysaid,“Ih aveneverbeeninaplanebefore,andIamfrightened.Iamgoingtokeepthisblanketovermyheadu ntilwearebackonthegroundagain!”
Thenthecaptaincame.Hesaid,“Madam,Iam thecaptainofthisplane.Theweatherisfine,therear enocloudsinthesky,andeverythingisgoingverywell.”Butshecontinuedtohide.
Sothecaptainturnedandstartedtogoback.Thentheoldladylookedoutfromundertheblanketwit honeeyeandsaid,“Iamsorry,youngman,butIdon’tlikeplanesandI amnevergoingtoflyagain.Bu tI’llsayonething,”Shecontinuedkindly,“Youandyourwifekeepyourplaneveryclean!”
1.Anoldladyhad_________.
A.glasses
B.ablanketoverherhead
C.acoat
D.abasket
2.A.Shedidn’twantto________.
A.takeitoff
B.turnitoff
C.geton
D.talkaboutit
3._________spoketoher.
A.Theairhostess
B.Themannexttoher
C.herhusband
D.oneofherfriends
4.Theoldladyhadneverbeen_________before.
A.abroad
B.home
C.inaplane
D.inhospital
5.Thewomandidn’tlikeplanesandshewasnevergoing________.
A.toflyagain
B.totravel
C.togoabroad
D.togohome
3、分析下列句子成分
1.Ourschoolisnotfarfrommyhome.
2.Itisagreatpleasuretotalkwithyou
3.Allofusconsideredhimhonest.
4.Mygrandfatherboughtmeapairofsportssh oes.
5.Hebrokeapieceofglass.
6.Hemadeitclearthathewouldleavethecity．
7.---Iloveyoumorethanher，child．8.Teesturngreenwhenspringcomes. 9.Theypushedthedooropen.10.Grandmatoldmeaninterestingstorylastnight.
16。