[整理版]焊接直插式芯片处理方式

焊接直插式芯片处理方式
在我们的电脑中，存在着各种各样不同处理芯片，我们经常听说某某芯片采用什么什么的封装方式，那么，它们又是采用何种封装形式呢?并且这些封装形式又有什么样的技术特点以及优越性呢?在本文中，作者将为你介绍几个芯片封装形式的特点和优点。

In our computer, there are a variety of different processing chip, we often heard that so-and-so what chip is what encapsulation way, so, they form what package? And the packaging form and what kind of technical characteristics and advantages? In this article, the author will introduce you to several characteristics and advantages of chip packaging form.
一、DIP双列直插式封装
First, DIP dual-in-line package
DIP是指采用双列直插形式封装的集成电路芯片，绝大多数中小规模集成电路(IC)均采用这种封装形式，其引脚数一般不超过100个。

采用DIP封装的CPU芯片有两排引
脚，需要插入到具有DIP结构的芯片插座上。

当然，也可以直接插在有相同焊孔数和几何排列的电路板上进行焊接。

DIP封装的芯片在从芯片插座上插拔时应特别小心，以免损坏引脚。

DIP refers to adopt dual in form encapsulation of integrated circuit chips, the vast majority of small and medium scale integrated circuit (IC) all use this kind of packaging, the pin number is generally not more than 100. Use DIP package of CPU chip has two rows of pins, to a DIP structure to be inserted into an outlet on a chip. There are, of course, can be directly inserted in the same hole number and geometric arrangement on the circuit board welding. DIP package of chips from the chip socket should be especially careful about plug, so as not to damage the pins.
DIP封装具有以下特点：(1)适合在PCB(印刷电路板)上穿孔焊接，操作方便。

(2)芯片面积与封装面积之间的比值较大，故体积也较大。

Intel系列CPU中8088就采用这种封装形式，缓存和早期的内存芯片也是这种封装形式。

DIP package has the following characteristics: (1) suitable for perforation soldering on the PCB (printed circuit board), easy to operate. (2) between the chip area and packaging area ratio is bigger, so the volume is bigger also. Intel cpus in 8088 using this form of encapsulation, cache and early memory chips is also on the packaging form.
二、QFP塑料方型扁平式封装和PFP塑料扁平组件式封装
Second, QFP plastic square flat packaging and PFP plastic flat component encapsulation
QFP封装的芯片引脚之间距离很小，管脚很细，一般大规模或超大型集成电路都采用这种封装形式，其引脚数一般在100个以上。

用这种形式封装的芯片必须采用SMD将芯片与主板焊接起来。

采用SMD安装的芯片不必在主板上打孔，一般在主板表面上有设计好的相应管脚的焊点。

将芯片各脚对准相应的焊点，即可实现与主板的焊接。

用这种方法焊上去的芯片，如果不用专用工具是很难拆卸下来的。

PFP
方式封装的芯片与QFP方式基本相同。

唯一的区别是QFP一般为正方形，而PFP既可以是正方形，也可以是长方形。

QFP encapsulation of small distance between the chip pin, pin is very fine, general large or super large integrated circuit using this form of encapsulation, the pin number in more than 100. Encapsulated in the form of chip SMD chip and motherboard welding must be used up. Mounted with SMD chips don't need to punch on the mainboard, generally in the motherboard have designed corresponding pin on the surface of solder joints. Aim the chip each foot corresponding solder joints, welding can be realized and the main board. Welding up chips in this way, if no special tools are difficult to removed. PFP way to encapsulate and QFP way basically the same chip. The only difference is that QFP is square, and PFP can be square, also can is a rectangle.
QFP/PFP封装具有以下特点：(1)适用于SMD表面安装技术在PCB电路板上安装布线。

(2)适合高频使用。

(3)操作方便，可靠性高。

(4)芯片面积与封装面积之间的比值较
小。

Intel系列CPU中80286、80386和某些486主板采用这种封装形式。

QFP/PFP package has the following characteristics: (1) applies to the SMD surface mount technology in PCB wiring installation. (2) suitable for high frequency.
(3) easy to operate, high reliability. (4) the chip area and packaging area between the ratio of the smaller. Intel cpus in 80286, 80386, and some 486 motherboard adopts this kind of packaging.
三、PGA插针网格阵列封装
Third, PGA pin grid array encapsulation
PGA芯片封装形式在芯片的内外有多个方阵形的插针，每个方阵形插针沿芯片的四周间隔一定距离排列。

根据引脚数目的多少，可以围成2~5圈。

液压升降机平台安装时，将芯片插入专门的PGA插座。

为使CPU能够更方便地安装和拆卸，从486芯片开始，出现一种名为ZIF的CPU插座，专门用来满足PGA封装的CPU在安装和拆卸上的要求。

PGA chip packaging form inside and outside of the chip with multiple square shaped pin, each square shaped pin spacing distance around the chip. According to the pin number of how many, can round into 2 ~ 5 times. When installation, insert the chips into special PGA sockets. For the CPU can be more convenient to install and remove, starting from the 486 chip, called ZIF CPU socket, specifically to meet the PGA encapsulation of CPU requirements on installation and disassembly.
ZIF是指零插拔力的插座。

把这种插座上的扳手轻轻抬起，CPU就可很容易、轻松地插入插座中。

然后将扳手压回原处，利用插座本身的特殊结构生成的挤压力，将CPU 的引脚与插座牢牢地接触，酿酒设备绝对不存在接触不良的问题。

而拆卸CPU芯片只需将插座的扳手轻轻抬起，则压力解除，CPU芯片即可轻松取出。

PGA封装具有以下特点：(1)插拔操作更方便，可靠性高。

(2)可适应更高的频率。

Intel 系列CPU中，80486和Pentium、Pentium Pro均采用这种封装形式。

The plug ZIF refers to zero insertion force. Put
the socket wrench gently lift, the CPU can be easily, easily inserted into the socket. Then put the wrench back pressure, using the socket itself extrusion pressure generated by the special structure, the CPU pin and socket contacts firmly and never has the problem of poor contact. And only the socket wrench to remove the CPU chip gently lift, pressure lifting, CPU chip can be removed easily. PGA package has the following characteristics: (1) plug more convenient operation, high reliability. (2) can be adapted to higher frequency. Intel cpus, and Pentium, Pentium Pro 80486 all use this kind of packaging.
四、BGA球栅阵列封装
Fourth, BGA ball grid array packages
随着集成电路技术的发展，对集成电路的封装要求更加严格。

这是因为封装技术关系到产品的功能性，当IC 的频率超过100MHz时，传统封装方式可能会产生所谓的“CrossTalk”现象，而且当IC的管脚数大于208 Pin时，传统的封装方式有其困难度。

因此，混凝土输送泵除使用QFP
封装方式外，现今大多数的高脚数芯片(如图形芯片与芯片组等)皆转而使用BGA封装技术。

BGA一出现便成为CPU、主板上南/北桥芯片等高密度、高性能、多引脚封装的最佳选择。

With the development of integrated circuit technology, integrated circuit packaging requirements more strict. This is because the packaging technology is related to the functionality of the product, when more than 100 MHZ frequency IC, traditional packaging methods may lead to the so-called "CrossTalk" phenomenon, and when the IC Pin number greater than 208 Pin, the traditional way of packaging has its difficulties. Therefore, in addition to the use of QFP encapsulation way, most of today's high number of chips (such as graphics chips and chip sets, etc.) to switch to BGA packaging technology. BGA appeared became CPU, motherboard, south/north bridge chip, such as high density, high performance, multiple pins encapsulates the best choice.
BGA封装技术又可详分为五大类：(1)PBGA基板：
一般为2~4层有机材料构成的多层板。

Intel系列CPU中，Pentium II、III、IV处理器均采用这种封装形式。

(2)CBGA 基板：即陶瓷基板，芯片与基板间的电气连接通常采用倒装芯片的安装方式。

Intel系列CPU中，Pentium I、II、Pentium Pro处理器均采用过这种封装形式。

(3)FCBGA基板：硬质多层基板。

(4)TBGA基板：通风除尘设备基板为带状软质的1~2层PCB电路板。

(5)CDPBGA基板：指封装中央有方型低陷的芯片区。

BGA packaging technology can be accurately divided into five categories: (1) the PBGA substrate: general for sandwich plate composed of 2 ~ 4 layers of organic materials. Intel cpus, Pentium II, III, IV processor adopts this kind of packaging. CBGA substrate (2) : ceramic substrates, electrical connection between chip and substrate usually use flip chip installation method. Series of Intel CPU Pentium I, II, Pentium Pro processors were used this packaging format. FCBGA substrate (3) : rigid multilayer substrates. (4) TBGA substrate: the base plate for ribbon soft 1 ~ 2 layer PCB circuit board. CDPBGA substrate (5) : refers to encapsulate the central square type DiXian chip area.
BGA封装具有以下特点：(1)I/O引脚数虽然增多，但引脚之间的距离远大于QFP封装方式，提高了成品率。

(2)虽然BGA的功耗增加，但由于采用的是可控塌陷芯片法焊接，从而可以改善电热性能。

(3)信号传输延迟小，适应频率大大提高。

(4)组装可用共面焊接，可靠性大大提高。

BGA package has the following characteristics: (1) the number of I/O pin although increased, but the distance between the pins than QFP encapsulation way, improve the yield. (2) although the BGA power increase, but due to welding is controlled collapse chip method, which can improve heating performance. (3) signal transmission delay is small, adaptive frequency is greatly increased. (4) the assembly can be coplanar welding, greatly improve the reliability.
BGA封装方式经过十多年的发展已经进入实用化阶段。

1987年，日本西铁城公司开始着手研制塑封球栅面阵列封装的芯片。

而后，摩托罗拉、康柏等公司也随即加入到开发BGA的行列。

1993年，摩托罗拉率先将BGA应用于移动电
话。

同年，康柏公司也在工作站、PC电脑上加以应用。

直到五六年前，Intel公司在电脑CPU中(即奔腾II、奔腾III、奔腾IV等)，以及芯片组中开始使用BGA，这对BGA应用领域扩展发挥了推波助澜的作用。

目前，BGA已成为极其热门的IC封装技术，其全球市场规模在2000年为12亿块，预计2005年市场需求将比2000年有70%以上幅度的增长。

BGA encapsulation way after 10 years of development has entered a practical stage. In 1987, the Japanese citizen company started to develop plastic sealed ball grid array chip reflector. Then, companies such as MOTOROLA, compaq followed to join to the development of BGA. In 1993, MOTOROLA has BGA was applied to mobile phones. That same year, compaq also apply on the workstation, PC. Until five or six years ago, Intel CPU in the computer (that is, the pentium II, pentium III, pentium IV, etc.), and started to use BGA chip, the BGA application fields extending played an important role. At present, BGA has become extremely popular IC packaging technology, the global market size in 2000 to $2000, 2005, market demand is expected to more than 70% growth than in 2000.
CSP芯片尺寸封装
CSP chip size package
随着全球电子产品个性化、轻巧化的需求蔚为风潮，封装技术已进步到CSP。

它减小了芯片封装外形的尺寸，做到裸芯片尺寸有多大，封装尺寸就有多大。

即封装后的IC 尺寸边长不大于芯片的 1.2倍，IC面积只比晶粒大不超过1.4倍。

With the global electronic products are becoming more popular, and demand individuation, packaging technology has progress to CSP. It reduced the size of chip packaging appearance, bare chip size has how old, big of packaging size. After the packaging of IC size 1.2 times the side length is not more than chips, IC area not more than 1.4 times larger than the grain size only.
CSP封装又可分为四类：(1)传统导线架形式，代表厂商有富士通、日立、Rohm、高士达等等。

(2)硬质内插板型，代表厂商有摩托罗拉、索尼、东芝、松下等等。

(3)软
质内插板型，其中最有名的是Tessera公司的microBGA，CTS 的sim-BGA也采用相同的原理。

其他代表厂商包括通用电气(GE)和NEC。

(4)晶圆尺寸封装：有别于传统的单一芯片封装方式，WLCSP是将整片晶圆切割为一颗颗的单一芯片，它号称是封装技术的未来主流，为解决单一芯片集成度低和功能不够完善的问题，把多个高集成度、高性能、高可靠性的芯片，在高密度多层互联基板上用SMD技术组成多种多样的电子模块系统，从而出现MCM多芯片模块系统。

MCM具有以下特点：(1)封装延迟时间缩小，易于实现模块高速化。

(2)缩小整机/模块的封装尺寸和重量。

(3)系统可靠性大大提高。

CSP packaging can be divided into four categories: (1) traditional wire frame form, on behalf of the manufacturer, Fujitsu, Hitachi, Rohm, Gao Shida and so on. The interpolation type plate (2) hard, on behalf of the manufacturer has MOTOROLA, SONY, Toshiba, panasonic, etc. The interpolation plate (3) soft type, one of the most famous is the microBGA Tessera company, CTS sim - BGA also USES the same principle. On behalf of the other vendors including general electric (GE) and NEC. Wafer size encapsulation: (4) is different from the traditional way of single chip packages, WLCSP
is the entire wafer cutting for each single chip, it claims to be packaging technology for the future of the mainstream, the imperfection of the single chip integration to solve the low and the function of the problem, multiple chips, high integration, high performance, high reliability, the high density multilayer interconnected substrate with a variety of SMD technology electronic module system, resulting in MCM multichip module system. MCM has the following characteristics: (1) the packaging delay time reduced, easy to realize high speed module. (2) reduce the package size and weight of the engine/module. (3) the system reliability is greatly increased.
总之，由于CPU和其他超大型集成电路在不断发展，集成电路的封装形式也不断做出相应的调整变化，而封装形式的进步又将反过来促进芯片技术向前发展。

To sum up, due to the CPU and other large integrated circuit development, integrated circuit packaging form changes make corresponding adjustment constantly too, and encapsulated form of progress will in turn promote
the development of chip technology forward.
CSP封装具有以下特点：(1)满足了芯片I/O引脚不断增加的需要。

(2)芯片面积与封装面积之间的比值很小。

(3)极大地缩短延迟时间。

CSP封装适用于脚数少的IC，如内存条和便携电子产品。

未来则将大量应用在信息家电、数字电视、电子书、无线网络WLAN/GigabitEthemet、ADSL/手机芯片、蓝芽等新兴产品中。

CSP packaging has the following characteristics: (1) meet the chip need to increase the I/O pins. (2) the ratio between the chip area and packaging area is.
(3) greatly shorten the delay time. CSP packaging suitable for the less foot of IC, such as memory sticks and portable electronic products. The future will be a large number of applications in the information home appliances, digital TV, digital, wireless network WLAN/GigabitEthemet, ADSL/mobile phone chips, bluetooth and other emerging products.。