Unit 3 词语选择、引申及褒贬 The Extended and Affactive Meaning of Words

笑： smile, giggle(傻笑), laugh, ridicule, deride, guffaw (laugh very loudly) 走： walk, saunter, stride, trudge, amble （4）words without equivalents 阴: the soft inactive female principle or force in the world

Story
1) The play is really a love story. 2) This war is becoming the most important story of this generation. 3) Some reporters who were not included in the meeting broke the story. 4) The story about him became smaller and by and by faded out from the American TV.
--------------(W.M. Thackeray,Vanity Fair)
不过偶尔也有几个死人当得起石匠
刻在他们朽骨上的好话，真的是虔 诚的教徒，慈爱的父母，孝顺的儿 女，贤良的妻子，尽职的丈夫，他 们家里的人也的确哀思绵绵地追悼 他们 -----（W.M.萨克雷《名利场》， 杨必译
Diction means the proper choice of words and phrases in translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original. A noted linguist said, “the meaning of a word is its use in the language and each word, when used in a new context, is a new word.
teenagers clock-watcher:
老是看钟等下班
的人 alibi: 不在犯罪现场的证据 Yellow publications: 品位较低 的出版物 pornography
2. Choice of the meanings


1) Judging from the part ofcollocation


娇嫩的皮肤 Delicate skin 容易生病的小孩 Delicate child 容易碰碎的花瓶 Delicate vase Delicate difference 微妙的差别 Delicate sense of smell 灵敏的嗅觉 美味的食物 Delicate food
continued


最后一个 He is the last man to come. He is the last man to do it. 绝对不会 He is the last person for such a job.
最不配

He should be the last to blame. He is the last man to consult.
thackerayvanityfair?不过偶尔也有几个死人当得起石匠刻在他们朽骨上的好话真的是虔诚的教徒慈爱的父母孝顺的儿女贤良的妻子尽职的丈夫他们家里的人也的确哀思绵绵地追悼他们wm
Unit 3 词语选择、引申及褒贬 The Extended and Affactive Meaning of Words

人： human being, man, people, person,--犬：


dog, hound, pointer (猎犬) , puppy
3） one word----several equivalents of different meanings cousin: 堂兄，堂弟，表姐，表妹，堂姐，堂妹--president： 总统，总裁，主席，董事长，会长，校长，院长，--carry, 搬，运，提，拎，挑，担，搂，抱，举，端，夹---

5) Don’t tell stories again, Tom. I don’t believe your stories. 6) It is quite another story now.


(故事，事件，内情，报道，谎言，情 况）




A word in different collocations or context. Example: Like charges repel; unlike charges attract. 相同的电荷相斥，不同的电荷相吸。 He likes mathematics more than English. 他喜 欢数学胜于喜欢英语。 Like knows like.英雄识英雄。 The two pictures are very like. Like attracts like. 物以类聚。 Like cures like.以毒攻毒。 Like for like. 以牙还牙。
3. 引申





“Good” 与“好的”

Yet, as it sometimes happens that a person departs his life, who is really deserving of the praises the stonecutter carves over his bones; who is a good Christian, a good parent, a good child, a good wife or a good husband; who actually does have a disconsolate family to mourn his loss.
(忘乎所以；过于操劳，忘我工作)




B. Place The boy is drawing a cart. It’s time to go aboard. C. time His son went to London last autumn. D. topic： Shuttle; carrier E. code (语码：话语所使用的语言变体） First floor (En, 二楼； Am， 一楼） Are you through? (En 接通了吗； Am，打完了吗） F. medium ( 交际方式） He wrote a letter to his friend. Premier Wen wrote a letter to American President.
Continued) Heavy weather; Heavy fog Heavy artillery Heavy sky Heavy storm Heavy road Heavy heart heavy hand Heavy applause Heavy tongue Heavy rain/snow Heavy market
A. “round” There are several round tables in the dinning-room. (adj. 圆的) Come round and see me tomorrow. (adv. 到某处) He had a tour round the world. (prep.在---周围) She rounded up the boys. (v. 集合)
judging from the context

A. Verbal context:


Eg. We hope Mr. White will not forget himself, gone are the days when a representative of a large country in UN may do whatever he likes. We hope that our most respected Secretary General will not forget himself, his poor health is known to everybody.
1. Correspondence at word level


(1) word-for-word correspondence eg. Marxism 马克思主义 激光 laser aspirin 阿 斯匹林 (2) one---multiple equivalents of the same meaning wife: 妻子，爱人，夫人，老婆，老伴，媳妇，堂客，内 人，贱内 potato: 马铃薯，洋芋，土豆、山药蛋


One more example:





B. “but” He knows some methods but he doesn’t know how to apply them. （连词，但是） There are no buts about it. （名词） The word occurs in the last line but one. （介词，除去） There was not a single person there but was moved to tears （关系代词，who not）


王寅，《语义理论与语言教学》，（2001：251），上海外语教育出版社。
exercise



There stands a house on the hill. The cups stand on the top shelf. The room stands idle. The house always has water standing in the backyard. That library will stand into the next century. He stands first in his class. They stand opposed to this act. She stood as the party’s candidate in the election. You should check your answers again and again before you hand in your paper. I have not checked my luggage yet. Mr. Porter did not check in until yesterday. The guest must check out of the room before noon.
heavy crops heavy traffic heavy soil heavy bombardment heavy news heavy fire heavy food heavy smokers heavy look heavy fighting heavy drinking heavy money
怎么也不该 根本不宜

This is the last place where I expected to meet you.
怎么也没想到

This is a question of the last importance.
非常重要
Ambivalent words 对立词
Please pay attention to some ambivalent words: Fireman 消防员；火夫 Cleave 劈开；粘住 Overhear 偷听；偶然听到 Overlook 细看；不看 Ambition 抱负；野心