2020年高考复习：英语五个基本句式详解

英语五个基本句式
从英语的句子结构上说，除了修饰名词的定语和修饰动词的状语外，在千变万化的句子中可归纳为五个基本句式，一般地说，某些动词用在某一句式中，下面笔者把这些句型和常用的动词进行归类,供你参考。

1.S(主）+ Vi（不及物动词）（谓）
Time flies.
1) S + V + adverbial(状语）
Birds sing beautifully.
2) S + Vi+ prep Phrase（介词短语）
He went on holiday.
3) S + Vi+ Infinitive (不定式）
We stopped to have a rest.
4) S + Vi+ Participle (分词）
I'll go swimming.
2. S (主）+ Vt （及物动词）（谓）+ O（宾）
We like English.
1) S + VT + N/Pron
I like music.
I like her.
2) S + VT + infinitive(不定式）
I want to help him.
常用于这句型的动词有：attempt, dare, decide, desire, expect, hope, intend, learn, need, offer, pretend, promise, propose, purpose, refuse, want, wish等。

3) S + VT + Wh-Word + Infinitive
I don't know what to do.
常用于这句型的动词有：ask, consider, decide, discover, explain, find out, forget, guess, inquire, know, learn, observe, remember, see, settle, tell, think, understand, wonder等。

4) S + VT + Gerund
I enjoy living here.
常用于这句型的动词有：admit, advise, avoid, consider, defend, enjoy, excuse, finish, forbid, mind, miss, practise, risk, suggest, give up, can't help等。

5) S + VT + That-clause
I don't think (that) he is right.
常用于这句型的动词有：Admit, believe, command, confess, declare, demand, deny, doubt, expect, explain, feel(觉得）, hear（听说）, hope, imagine, intend, know, mean, mind（当心）, notice, propose, request, report, say, see（看出），show, suggest, suppose, think, understand, wish, wonder(觉得奇怪）。

3. S (主）+ V（谓）（lv)( 系动词）+ P（表）
We are Chinese.
除了be 系动词外，还有一些动词也可以用作系动词，1)表感官的动词，feel, smell, taste, sound,
look, appear, seem 等。

2) 表转变变化的动词，become, get, grow, turn, go,等。

3)表延续的动词remain, keep, seem, hold, stay, rest等。

4)表瞬时的动词come, fall, set, cut, occur等5)其他动词eat, lie, prove, ring, run, shine, sit, stand, continue, hang等。

1) S + Lv + N/Pron(名词/代词）
He is a boy.
This is mine.
2) S + Lv + Adj（形容词）
She is beautiful.
3) S + Lv + Adv (副词）
Class is over.
4) S + Lv + Prep Phrase
He is in good health.
5) S + Lv + Participle(分词）
He is excited.
The film is interesting.
4. S (主）+ VT （谓）+ In O（间接宾）+ D O（直接宾）
I give you help.
1) S + VT + N/Pron + N
I sent him a book.
I bought May a book.
2) S + VT + N/Pron + To/for-phrase
He sent a book to me.
He bought a coat for me.
间接宾语前需要加to 的常用动词有：allow, bring, deny, do(带来），give, grant, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, permit, promise, read, refuse, render, restore, sell, send, show, teach, tell wish, write等。

间接宾语前需要加for 的常用动词有：bring, buy, cash, choose, fetch, get, leave, make, order, paint, play(演奏），save, sing, spare等。

5. S (主）+ VT（谓）+ O（宾）+ O C（宾补）
I make you clear.
1) S + VT + N/Pron + N
We named our baby Tom.
常用于这句型的动词有：appoint, call, choose, elect, entitle, find, make, name, nominate(命名）。

2) S + VT + N/Pron + Adj
He painted the wall white.
常用于这句型的动词有：beat, boil, cut, drive, find, get, hold, keep, leave, like, make, paint, see, set, turn, want, wash, wipe, wish等。

3) S + VT + N/Pron + Prep Phrase
She always keeps everything in good order.
4) S + VT + N/Pron + Infinitive
I wish you to stay.
I made him work
常用于这句型的动词有：a)不定式带to的词：advice, allow, ask, beg, cause, choose, command, decide, encourage, expect, force, get, hate, invite, know, leave, like, love, order, permit, persuade, prefer, remain, request, teach, tell, want, warn, wish等。

b)不定式不带to的词：feel, have, hear, know, let, listen to, look at, make, notice, see, watch等。

5) S + VT + N/Pron + Participle (分词）
I heard my name called.
I feel something moving.
常用于这句型的动词有：catch, feel, find, get, have, hear, imagine, keep, leave, listen to, look at, notice, observe, perceive, see, set, smell, start, watch等。

6) S + VT + N/Pron + Wh-word + Infinitive
He show me how to do it.
常用于这句型的动词有：advise, ask, inform, show, teach, tell等。

7) S + VT + N/Pron + That-clause
He told me that the film was great.
常用于这句型的动词有：assure, inform, promise, remind, teach, tell, warm等。

8) S + VT + N/Pron + Wh-Clause
He asked me what he should do.
常用于这句型的动词有：Advise, ask, inform, show, teach, tell.
倒装
英语最基本的词序“主语部分+谓语部分”通常十分固定。

如果把谓语动词放在主语前面，这就叫做·倒装。

将谓语动词完全移至主语之前，称为完全倒装；如果只是把助动词或情态动词放在主语之前，称为部分倒装。

1)完全倒装(complete inversion)
Pop went the cork!软木塞砰一声开了!
Then came the football players.接着来的是足球运动员。

2)部分倒装(partial inversion)
Is the patient in Room 308 getting better? 308号房间的病人好些了吗?
Has he lived here long?他在这里住得很久吗?
Would you like some tea and toast?你要茶和烤面包片吗?
倒装的原因有二：
1)由于一定语法结构的需要，如：
Have you known Mr. Davis long?你认识戴维斯先生很久了吗?
Where have you been?你刚才到哪里去了?
Was the car damaged by a truck?这辆小轿车是让大卡车给撞坏的吗?
2)由于强调，如：
Never have I heard such a funny story.我从来没听过这样有趣的故事。

Only then did I fully understand what my father said.只有到那时，我才充分理解我父亲讲的话。

倒装结构的基本用法
在下列情况下，通常用倒装句。

.
1)在问句中，如：
what does your father do?你父亲干什么工作?
how are you?你身体好吗?
is he singing of is his brother?是他在唱，还是他弟弟在唱?
was your school setup in 1958? 你们的学校是7958年成立的吗?
2)在“there + be”结构里，如：
there are many tall buildings in hong kong.香港有很多高建筑物。

there is a plane at the airport.飞机场上有一架飞机。

there are different forms of energy.有各种不同形式的能量。

3)在以here(这里)，there(那里)等副词开头的某些句子里(须用现在一般时)，如：
there goes our director.我们的主任走了。

there goes then bell.铃响了。

here is a ticket for you.这儿有张票给你。

here comes the bus.公共汽车来了。

[注]但如果主语是人称代词，主语和谓语动词的词序则不变。

如：
there he comes.他来了。

here it is.在这儿(或这就是)。

4)虚拟结构中的条件从句省去it时这时were，had和should须移至主语之前。

(参看12.6)如：he would do more work were he in your place.如果他是你的话，他会干更多工作。

should i earn more money，i should live better.如果我能赚更多的钱，我会生活得好些。

you would have done well had you taken her advice.你如果听她的意见，你就会干得好些。

were there no steel，there would be no modern industry.没有钢就不会有现代工业。

5)直接宾语如果是直接引语直接引语的全部或一部分往往放在句首，这时主语和谓语动词也可颠倒位置。

如：
“you all made great progress last term，”said the teacher.老师说：“你们上学期都取得了很大的进步。

”
“miss smith，”replied the monitor，“our success is inseparable from your hard work.”“史密斯小姐，”班长回答说，“我们的成绩与你的辛勤劳动是分不开的。

”
6)在某些表达祝愿的句子里，如：
long live the people!人民万岁!
may you all be happy!祝你们大家愉快!
mal you succeed：祝你成功!
7)在用肋表示“我也这样”一类概念的结构里，其公式是：
肯定：so + be，have，助动词或情态动词+ 主语
否定：neither (nor) + be，have，助动词或情态动词+ 主语
he has visited the museum. －so have i.他参观了博物馆。

——我也参观了。

she enjoys literature.－so does every one of us.他喜欢文学——我们每个人也都喜欢。

they can play chess. －so can we.他们会下棋。

——我们也会。

he is a basket-ball fan. －so a mr.他是一个篮球迷。

——我也是。

he isn’t a businessman. －neither am i.他不是商人——我也不是。

they were not thirsty. －nor were we.他们不渴——我们也不渴。

the boy can’t swim across the river. －nor can his brother.这男孩游不到河的对岸——他弟弟也不行。

i did not attend the performance yesterday. －neither did my wife.我昨天没有去看节目——我妻子也没去。

8)在某些副词开头的句子中，在用never(从来不)，hardly(几乎不)，only(只有)，no sooner...than(刚一…就)，nor(也不)，scarcely...when(…就…)，little(很少)等副词开头的句子中。

如：
never before have i seen such a wonderful park.我从未看到过这样好的公园。

hardly did i think it possible.我几乎认为这是不可能的。

no sooner had i gone out than he came to see me.我刚出去，他就来看我来了。

so loudly did he speak that everyone could hear him clearly，他讲话声音很大，每个人都听得清楚。

under no circumstances will we be the first to use nuclear weapons.我们在任何情况下决不首先使用核武器。

9)在表示动作的简短句子里，为了表达生动，有时把副词放在句首，同时把谓语动词(常为实义动词)放在主语之前。

如：
in came the teacher and the lesson began.教师走了进来，接着就开始上课。

away hurried the hunters.猎人们匆忙地走了。

out rushed the boy.那男孩冲了出去。

[注]但如果主语是人称代词，主语和谓语动词的位置则不变，只将副词放在句首。

如：
in he came and the lesson began.他走了进来，接着就开始上课。

away they hurried.他们匆忙地走开了。

out he rushed，他冲了出去。

10)在其他情况下，有时因为句子的主语比较长，或是为了强调表语，或是为了更紧密地与上文衔接，常将表语放在句首，同时颠倒主语和谓语动词的位置。

如：
present at the meeting were president liu，professor wang，professor zhang and others.出席会议的有刘校长、王教授、张教授等人。

shoulder to shoulder，singing and holding banners，people marched along. on the banners were the words “we want peace”人们肩并肩，唱着歌，举着旗子前进。

旗子上写着：“我们要和平。

”among them was a soldier who was wounded in the stomach.他们当中有一个胃部受伤的士兵。

gone forever are the days when the chinese people had to use foreign oil.中国人民用洋油的日子已经一去不复返了。