《李尔王》之结构主义解读——兼与《长生殿》比较

合集下载
  1. 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
  2. 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
  3. 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。

中文摘要
时至今El,国内外关于莎士比亚的评论可谓汗牛充栋。

然而,正如《莎士比亚经典名著丛编》主编阮坤在该丛书总序中所言:“莎士比亚既属于英国,也属于全世界,既属于文艺复兴时期,也属于千秋万代。

”以新的视角和现代眼光解读Ⅸ李尔王》,可以丰富对该剧的理解。

本论文即从这一点出发,以结构主义叙事学理论为依-ig-,探求该剧深层结构,并兼与中国古典名屠1l《长生殿》比较,以期以不同的理论视角和比较的角度采认识《李尔王》。

论文分为五大部分:
第一部分为文献回顾,旨在说明选择结构主叉视角解读Ⅸ李尔王》的原因和该研究的意叉。

回顾表明,以前对该剧结局的评论倾向于乐观与悲观的两个极端,且几乎没有以结构主叉方法对其进行4-i#-尽解读,而结构主叉叙事拳以动态的眼光关照文本的特点,正是避免这种极端的可能之所在.类似的情况也出现在以前对《长生殿》的评论中。

第二部分从三个方面介绍论文所采用的丈学批评理论及方法。

首先介绍文学结构主义的基本理论原则.其次介绍了该理论中的核心概念:二项对立。

对文学结构主叉者来说,它是“表意和叙事的起点”;是“文本结构分析中最为重要的关系”;文本中基本帏二项对立支配其叙事结构.因此,在分析作品结构是,结构主义批评者通常先从探求文本深层的二项对立入手.最后引介并分析了谊论文依用的具体理论方法:格雷马斯和托多洛夫的结构主义叙事理论.格雷马斯认为这种“语意对立中的叙事的起点导致了以同样的对立为特征的情景和行动的对立”.以此为基础,他提出了叙事作品中三对呈现为二项对立的“行动元”:主体/客体,发送者/接受者.辅助者/反对者.与此相对应,“行动元”的叙事功能可以分为三种结构,其中第一类为。

契约型”.但后继的文学结构主义者如卡勒等人则指出,这种固定模式很难适应灵活多变的作品人物,因此论文作者对他的理论采取了批判的运用。

托多洛夫将叙事作品中的人物和他们的行动分别看作句子的主语和谓语,它们形成的叙事构成。

命题”,一系列“命题”相继形成“系列”,这些“系列”组成作品的叙事结构。

这样,托多洛夫使作品结构类同于句子结构.格雷马斯关注的是叙事作品的内容。

而后者的结构主义叙事句法理论侧重叙事作品的形式,将二者结合有助于更好地把握支皋的叙事结构。

谊部分最后在以上分祈的基础上以图表影式呈现了论文的理论框架。

第三部分分析了两剧中的二项对立.首先,作者探悉了两剧双重情节中的二项对立,并反驳了认为《李本王》中葛罗新特情节是对李末情节的简单重复,是全剧累赘的观点.接着探寻了两剧自然意象,服饰意象,和场景中的二项对立。

尽管表现多端,但这些固素中都存在根本和一致的一组对立:秩序与混乱,它是两剧叙事牵表意的起点,支配两剧的叙事结构。

论文第四部分讨论两剧的叙事模式,包括两小节。

第一小节分析两剧情节在纵向上展开的从四个层面一个人、家庭。

国家、和宇宙申的叙事结构。

首先了分析人物功能和他们的叙事结构,并认为,尽管他们的行为不尽相同,但却有相似的叙事结构:由于维护个人之间关系的皋4度被扰乱,个人间以有秩序或者个人自己的有序状态被瓦解并黯入混乱,这一秩序或有序状态随后被恢复.这一叙事结构可归纳如下:
已有秩序重遗混乱』筮美,有序状态
这一深层叙事结构外化为以下表层结构:
贵族/人的本性坚蒸较低的地位/兽性然塞Z墼墨原有身份/死亡
低地位者圭盘较高地位墼墨』隆堡死亡/嵌场
其次,第二个层面。

家庭的叙事鲒构为:长幼关系或夫妻关系的断裂造成家庭混乱或夫妻离
散,以及这一关系的修复使家庭秩序恢复,这个过程是由保持家庭秩序的链带~爱的断裂和修复引起的。

这一结构及其所表征的浅层结构如下所示:
长幼有序/有序状态』址L混乱状态选复有序
团圃塞整分离』监扣解/团聚
再次,就国家而言,维系政治稳定的纽带一一忠诚的断裂引起国家等级关系由有序到混乱,这一关系的重建使原有秩序在更高层次上恢复。

这一深层结构和它所体现的袁层结构如下:
上下等级有序基鲢混乱状态重盔等级有序
和平赶塾.战争』E二坠一和平
最后,宇宙也经历了由以有的秩序或_和谐被打乱再到恢复这一过程,其叙事结构为:
潜在的秩序/和谐盘塾混乱状态选是有序/和谐状态
其显现的表层结构为:
平静扰乱混乱平息平静
第二小节在以上情节分析的基础上,得出了两剧主题结构(因为如卡勒所言,“情节只是主题结构暂时的投射”,“进行情节分晰的目的是为7获得(文本的1主题结构”):个人,家庭,社会,和宇宙经历的由秩序到混乱,再到有序状态的动态过程,这一过程是由于维系秩序的自然关系的瓦解和再恢复造成的。

第五部分是论文结论。

首先,从以上论述得出《李尔王》和《长生殷》的深层结构,即,由于维系个人、家庭、国家以及宇宙秩序的自然关系的瓦解和重建所引起的从有序到混乱,再到有序这一过程。

其次,笔者认为谊研究也许可以说明莎士比亚时期的英国和洪升时代的中国存在着某种相似的文学模式,两剧相似的叙事结构正时由文学系统提供的这种相似模式规定的(但是这一结论还需通过对两国这个时期各自文学传统的研究论证才能够站稳脚跟),因为结构主义者认为“具体的文学作品只能在文学系统提供的模式内得以产生”.最后谈及了本研究的不足之处。

关键蠲:Ⅸ车尔王》:结构主义;二项对立;深层结构;《长生殿》
Abstract
TheworldwidecriticismonShakespeare'sworksisenoughtofillahousetotherafters.Yet,
asthechiefeditorofASeries西TranslationsofShakespeare"sClassics,RanKunsaysinthe
Reoaissanceperiod,butalsoprologuetothemthatShakespearebelongsnotonlytoEnglandand
tothewholeworldandallages.ReadingK/ngLear(hereafterreferredtoas皿)todayfromanewperspective,througheyesofthisagemaycontributetothediversityofitsinterpretation.Therefore,theauthorofthisthesisprobesintothedeepstructureofKLbyapplyingthestrucmralistnarrativetheories,anddrawsacomparisonbetweenitandoneoffamousChineseclassicdramaThePalaceofEternalYouth(hereafterreferredtoas玎堰y),hopingthisnewandcomparativeperspectivemightprovideadifferentvisualangleforunderstandingbothtragedies.Thethesisfallsintofivepar£s,
ThefirstpartisliteraturereviewofKL,aswellasofTPEY,whichaimsatshowingthereasonoftheanthor'schoosingstmcturalistnarrativetheoryasthetheoreticalperspective,andthesignificanceofthisstudy.ItshowsthatthepreviousKLCriticismtendstogotothepessimisticoroptimisticextremesandinwhichstructuralistperspectivehasbeenhardlyappliedindetails.WhilethedynamiccharacteristicofstructuralistnarrativetheoryprovidesthepossibilityofavoidinggoingtopolarityinKLinterpretation.ThesimilarcaseistruetoTPEY.Inthesecondpart,thetheoreticalframeappliedinthethesisispresented.Itincludesthreedivisions:thefirstoneintroducesthegeneralprincipleofliterarystrocturalism,andthesecondone,binaryopposition,which,tostructuratists,is‘‘thestartofsignificationandnarrative'’,“therelationthataremostimportantinstructuralanalysis'’,andgovernsthenarrativestructureofatexLTherefore,whenreading,literarystructuralistsusuallybeginwithexploringintothebasicbinaryoppositionunderlyingatext.Indivisionthree,thestructuralistnarrativetheoriesofGreimasandTodorovarequotedandanalyzed,whichserveastheconcretetheoreticalapproachestothetwoplays.Greimasmaintains,“thisbeginningofnarrativeinasemanticoppositionleadstosituationsandactionswhicharecharacterizedbythissameopposition".Basedonthat,heputsforwardsthreepairsof‘'anctantialmodels”inbinaryopposition:Subjeet/Object,Sender/Receiver,Helper/Opponent,andtheirfunctionscanbegroupedintothreestructures,thefirstoneofwhichis‘‘contractual”.YetsomesucceedingliterarystructuralistssuchasCullerpointsoutthatthis‘‘actantialmodel”ishardlytomeetthediversityofcharactersinawork.Hence,itisappliedwithcriticaleyes,Todomvtakescharactersandtheirfunctionswithinatextrespectivelyasthesubjectandpredicateofasentence,whichforma‘‘proposition”;aseriesof“proposition”makeupa
constitutenarfafivestructureofatext.ThusTodorovdraws‘‘sequence”,which,insuccession
betweensentencestructureandtextualnarrative.Greimas’snarrativetheoryonsemanticanalogy
focusesonthecontentoftext,whileTodorov'stheoryonsyntactic,oilform.Thecombinationofthetwoisbeneficialtograspingthenarrativestructureofatext。

Thetheoreticalframeanalyzed

aboveischartedintoadiagramatlast.
partthreefocusesoothebinaryoppositionsunderlyingKLandTPEY.Firstly,byexploring
intobinaryoppositionsinthetwotragedies,theauthoropposestheideathattheGloucesterplotin
KLisarepetitionoftheLearplotandevenanencumbrancetotheplay.Thenbinaryoppositionsinthenaturalimages,imagesofclothes,andthesettingsareexplicated.Inspiteofthediversityof
them.Thatis,binaryoppositionofthem,afundamentalandconsistentonecanbefoundamong
orderanddisorder,whichisthestartofsignificationandnarrativeofthetwotragediesandgovernstheirnarrativestructures.
Partfourdealswiththenarrativepatternofbothtragedies.It’ssubdividedintotwosections:Thefirstsectiondealswiththenarrativepatternsoffourplanesunfoldedverticallyinplot:characters,family,state,andtheuniverse.Aboveall,theanalogousnarrativestructureof
functions.Thatis,theexistedorderamongandcharactersisfoundOilthebasisoftheirsimilar
withinindividualsfallsintochaos,thenisrestoredagain;thisalterationresultsfromthebreakingupofbondremainingrelationsamongindividualsandorderedstatewithinthemselves.Thisdeep
structureandthesurfacestructurecanbeconcludedasfollowing:
Order』堡虹disorder』盟!Q堡虬order
Nobles/noblenatured型enerate——thehumble/humblestate.r—e—habilitate/destro—yedthenoble/deadThehumbleriseu卫thenobledestroyed/withdrawsthedead/absence
Then,thenarrativestructureofthesecondplane—familyis:theorderinthepositionoffamily
hierarchyororderedstatefallsdown,andthenisrestoredtoorderagain,causedbythedisruptionoflovebondpreservingtheorderwithinafamily.Thisdeepstructureandthesurfacestluctureitmanifestsinnarrativecanbechaaedasfollowing:
Order/orderedstatel世ls8B§吐chaos盟b4bi!i鱼l照order
Integrating4i§盥噬§departing—reun—itesreunion
Thirdly,thethird
plane,stateundergoesthesimilarnarrativestructure,too.Thatis,thestatebreaksfromhierarchicalorderdowntochaos,thenrestorestoordereventually'owingtocuttingoffandrepairingupthebondretainingpoliticalstability.Thisprocessandthesurfacestmcturemanifes6ngitare:
Hierarchicalorderb£§4鲢4Q幽chaos堡s£4order
Peace—distur—bedwarqH£B£h£dpeace
Lastly,thefourthplanetheuniversealsocomesthroughtheanalogousnarrativepaRem:
Existingorder盟!!鸳墨星§anarchy堕§!Q堕4order
Quietness—distur—bedtumultuousnesstra卫g旦i!i堡垒quietnessInsectiontwoofpartfour,throughtheanalysisonthenarrativestructureoftheplotabove,thethematicstructureofthetwotragediesareobtained(ForasCullerhaspointedout,“plotisbutthetemporalprojectionofthematicstructure’’and‘‘thegoaltowardswhichonemovesinsynthesizing
aplotis,ofcourse,notionsofthematicstructures".):individuals,family,state,andtheuniversefalldownfromordertochaos,thenrestoretoorderagain,resultedfromthedismptionand
them.
reparationofthenaturalbondsretainingtheexistingorderwithinandamong
ThelastpartisOconcludingone.TheauthorfirstlyconcludesthedeepstructuresOfKLandTPEYshowadynamicprocessfromordertochaos,andthentoorderagain,resultedfromthe
theuniverse.Then,disruptiOilofnaturalbondswithinandamongindividuals,family,state,andin
thisstudymightsuggesttherearesomeanalogousliteraturepatternsunderlyingbetweenfiteratureinEnglandofShakespeare'sageandinthatofChinainHongsheng’stime(YetthisclaimneedsthefurthersupportfromthestUdyofthoseliteraturetraditions),fortoliterarystructuralists,individualworkscanbutbeproducedwithinthepatternsprovidedbyliteraturesystem.Lastly,thelimitationsofthisstudyarementionedbdefly
KeyWords:K/rigLear;structuralism;binaryopposition;deepstructure;ThePalaceofEternalYouth
独创性声明
本人声明所呈交的论文是我个人在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。

尽我所知,除了文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外,论文中不包括其他人已经发表或撰写过的研究成果,也不包含为获得西北师范大学或其他教育机构的学位或证书而使用过的材料。

与我~同工作的同志对本研究所做的任何贡献均已在论文中作了明确的说明并表示了谢意。

’,、、
签名:4幺碰斗日期-塑£垒:!117
关于论文使用授权的说明
本人完全了解西北师范大学有关保留、使用学位论文的规定,即:学校有权保留送交论文的复印件。

允许论文被查阅和借阅:学校可以公布论文的全部或部分内容,可以采用影印、缩印或其他复制手段保存论文。

(保密的论文在解密后应遵守此规定)
疹拗
睫徘是堕·兰.f艿
垒曼!翌!坐!型型!!堡!竺!苎!竺堕签!苎曼生竺:
1TheLiteraturereview
Theinterpretationsandcriticism,uptothepresentday,fromallovertheworldtoanyoneof
fewShakespeare’splaysaleinsolargeamountthatitseemsimpossibletosummarizethemwithin
pages.Yet,byconsultingsomeimportantShakespeareancriticismmateriais,ahistoricallineof
K/ngLear(hereafterreferredtoas豇、interpretationsandcriticismcanbeclearlytraced,whichwillprovidewiththefoundationofcomposingthisthesisandalsosiguificanceofthisstudy;thecaseistruetoThePalaceot?EternalYouth(hereafterreferredtoasTPZD.Acriticismreviewofbothtragedies,atthesametime,willshowthereasonthattheauthorofthisthesistakesacomparativeperspectivebetweenthem.
Shakespeare’sKLdidn’tdrawpeople’simmediateattentionuponitscomposition,1itwasNahum'Fate’sadaptation2in1681that“enjoyedimmediatepopularityand,infact,dominatedthestageinplaceofShakespeare’splayfornearly150years”.3'rate’ssharpcriticizingandadaptationtoShakespeare'sKLinitiatedanissue—poeticjustice—onitscriticismwhichdominated18“century.Suchprominent18thcenturycriticssuch∞CharlesGidon(essaydate1710),LewisTheobald(essaydate1715),andSamuelJohnson(essaydate1765)maintainedthatwithrespecttothelawsofreasonandpoeticjustice,Shakespeare’sversionwasnotsatisfying,4AnotherwidelydiscussedquestionaboutKLinthisperiodis‘‘thecauseandnatureofLear’5madness”,whichinitiatedbyJosephWarton(es%ydate1753—54)whoclaimedtheking’smentalbreakdownwasduetohis“lossofroyalty,”aninterpretationcounteredbyA-rthurMurphy(essaydate1754),whoattributeditto"filialingratitude”.WhileThomasFitzpatrick(essaydate1754),andWilliamRichardsonressaydate1784)attributedittoboththe‘'filialingratitude'’and“hislossofroyalty”.3The190centurymarkedanabruptturningpointinjizcriticism.‘'AugustWilhelmSchlegel(1ecturedate1808)WasthefirstmajorcommentatortoconsiderShakespeare’Scatastrophicendingbothproperandeffective,statingthat‘aftersurvivingsomanysufferings,Learcanonlydie.卅6Schlegel'sinterpretationofShakespeare’sKLwaswellacceptedandcontinuedbysuch19“centurycriticsasCharlesLamb(essaydate1812),SamuelTaylorColeridge(maydate1813),andWilliamHazlitt(essaydate1817).7Othercriticswhoconlaibutedfurthertothe19“centuryreappraisalofKLincludetheGermanscholarsHermannUlrici(essaydate1839、andQGGervinus(easaydate1849-1950).8。

Other19'“centurycriticswhoareconsideredsignificantto
——垒!!型璺!里坐里堡!!!茎!鲨!竺:
thedevelopmentofLearcriticismincludeEdwardDowden,DentonJ.Solder,and
GeorgeBrandes-”’Dowden(essaydate1881)claimedthatthedramastillaffirms“humanvirtue,fidelity,
andself-sacrificiallove”;Snider(essaydate1887)approachedKLprimarilyasasocial,symboliccreation;Brande'sdiscussionofKL(essaydate1895·96rrepresentsthebiographicalapproachtoShakespeare'splayspopularduringthelatterhalfofthe19“century”.10
Themostinfluentialandthevariousapproachesto豇criticismappearedinthe20t6century.‘‘Duringthefirstdecadeofthe20mcenturythemappearedperhapsthemostinfluentialanalysisofKingLeareverwritten,thatofA.C.Bradley.’7“BradleywasoneofthefirsttosuggestthatLear
diesofjoyinsteadofdespair'underthedelusionthatCordelialives.Hesaidinhis
monographShakespearean蛩口萨由,“thoughheiskilledbyanagonyofpain.theagonyinwhichheactuallydiesisOnenotofpainbutofecstasy….Heissure,atlast,thatshelives.”12Thisclaimadvanced
thedebateoveroptimisticandpessimisticreadingofKLthatinitiatedintheendof
19“centuryandranthmughthe20tbcentury.Optimisticgroups,includingcriticssuchasJ.DoverWilson(mydate1932),OscarJaa2csCampbell(essaydate1948),LcKnights(essaydate1959).andRobertH·West(essaydate1968),interpretedthetragedyascontainingexplicitmessageofhope
andfaithinLear’seventualawat'enessofdivinelove,andas
reflectingthewillofPmvidenceinallmattersofhumansalvation.13TheapproachestoKLin20'6。

enfuryareinvariety.Religiouscriticism,representedby、WilliamR.Elton,generallyspeakingal'ooptimisticandbelievein
redemptionofLearandsalvationofCordelia.t4Whilesomecriticsheldthe
oppositepointofview,
whoseinterpretationof觑manifestphilosophythoughtofexistentialism.Theyregarditasa
thoroughtragedywithoutanyhope.Forinstance,StopfordA.Brooke(essaydate1913)“mgardsKingLear船thedarkestplayinShakespeare’scanon.apmduc£ofitsauthor’s‘personalsuffering,’withitsunderlyingideologyreflectingahopeless,savageworldinwhichthemaren0godsCnlegodshavenotonlyforgottenman;thegodsseemdead.)andnojustice,andhumanbeingsfunctionaccordingtothemostprimitiveprinciplesofbehavior.’’15QWilsonKnight(essaydate1930)andJanKott(essaydate1964)analyzecomicelementSandabsurdity,thelattercalledtheplay‘‘atragedyof‘grotesque…devoidofabsolutesandhopeofredemption,andwhenall
effortstoconfrontoue'sexistencebecomeabsurd.,'16TheirmadmgofKL,toalarge
extent。

canbe
concludedaspessimisticornihilistic.Besides,someShakespeareancriticsinthe20m
centurytry
垒璺!竺!些坠里!竺!堕苎塑曼圭兰竺!
一一一
todeepentheirinterpretationsproceedingwithimagery,symbol,languageintheplayand
E.Spurgeon…sShakespearejImagery(1935)applyingMythandArchetypalCriticism.CarolineE
inauguratedthe‘image-pattern’analysismethodofstudyingShakespeare’splays.””Inthisbook.sheinterprets‘'thethemadcstractareoftheplaythroughexaminationofpettemsintheimagery’’andarguesthatthecen订aiimagein缸,fromwhichallothersdevelop,istheimageof“ahumanbodyinanguishedmovement.””Robert.B.HeilmaninhisbookTh/sGreatStage:ImageandStructurein"KingLear4pointsoutthattheplayismadeoutofaseries‘‘imagepatterns’’orclusterswhichinteractwitheachotherand,whichtogetherdefinethestructureoftheplay.19Incomparisonwiththetwocriticsimageryanalysisabove,WolfgangClemen’S(essaydate1951)imageanalysisinKLisdynamicandstatistic.2。

AlvinB.Keman(essaydate1966)mainlydrawshisattentionsonthetechniqueofsymbolization.“HearguesthattheSceneatDoverCliffs,…,symbolizesthatprecipitousdescentwhichformsthegeneralmovementoftheactionofKingLear:namely,theKing's脚lfromgraceintothedepthsofhumanmisery.’’21TherepresentativecriticwhoanalyzesthelanguageanditsfunctionsinKLisSigurdBurckhardt(essaydate1966).“AccordingtoBurckhardt,Lear’Sfaultisthatheblindlyacceptsthespokenword%somethingwhichcaffiesitsOWl]truth,‘一.WhiletheironyofGloucester’Stragedyisthatheiseventuallyforcedtorelytotallyonthespokenwords.”22WinfredM.TNowottny(essaydate1960),RichardD.Fly(essaydate1972)and,morerecently,MichaelHolahan,thoughtheirargumentationstamouttobedifferent,alsocometotheirconclusionbyanalyzingthelinguistictechniqueinKingLear.”‘'lohnHolloway's(essaydate1961)TheStoryoftheNightincludesperhapsthebestknownandmostcomprehensiveofthemythicorarchetypalinterpretationsofKingLear.’埘InthathearguesthatthedescriptionofLearis“paralleltheJobstory”.2sOthercTiticswhohavetakenanarchetypalapproachtoKLincludeRichardB.Sewell(essaydate1959)andNorthropFrye(essaydate1966).26
AbriefreviewofthehistoryofKLcriticismmanifeststhatcriticsinterestsintheplaymainlylie
inpoeticjusticeandtheconlxoversyovertheexactmeaningofCordelia’SandLear’Sdeathsandtheirrelationtotheremainderoftheplay.ThiscontroversyisembodiedthroughthedebatingOver
above.Theseinterpretationsandcriticism,pessimisticoroptimisticreadingofKLmentioned
althoughreasonableandinfluential,yetsometimesover-emphaSizesomeaspectsintheplayandin
垒!!竺壁!!堡里!!!墨业丝竺
asensereachtoallabsolutepolarity,thus,cannotgrasptheplayasanorganicwhole.JustasMcElroypointedout“boththeoptimisticandpessimisticinterpretationsof嗣愕Learfailtoexplaintheexactnatureoftheplay’Sending.''2TTherefore,thisthesistriestoapproachtotheplay
withasynthesizedmeastLi-e。

Thatis,totakeitasadynamicwholebyrelatingitsendingwithitsbeginninganddevelopingpart,itsmainplot(Learplot)withitssub-plot(Gloucesterplot),
analyzingitscharactersbytreatingtheirinterrelationship,andconnectingitsimagerieswithits
Structure.Theauthorthinksthiswillbeeffectiveonavoidingcomingtopessimisticoroptimisticpolarity.Inordertofulfillthisaimandmoreimportantly,tograspitsdeepstructure,thisthesisapproachestOtheplayfromastmeturalistpempective.Thediachronicalreviewof舰criticismmentionedaboveshowsthosecriticsofthesecondhalfofthe20“centuryhavehardly,yet,notneveLapproachedtheplaywithstmcturalistmethod.MichaelRyandoesanintroductorystructuralistreadingofKLinonesub-chapterofhisbookinwhichheconcludesthatthestructureofKLis:‘‘ifafailuretodifferentiateleadstoalossofpower,differentiationleadstoarestoration
ofpower’.”Thisinterpretationisintroductoryandverybrief.AndyMousley’sconcerningonKLisalsoquotativeandbrief.Inchapter2,“Stmctnralism:K/rigLear;TheDuchessofMalfi;Hamlet;TheSpanishTrage@”,hetriesto“useShakespeare’sKingLear(andseveralotherRenaissance
plays)toattempttoidentifythe‘gramlilar’oftragedy”.ByillustratingKLbriefly,hecomestothe
Learcorresponds,orcanbemadetocorrespond,tothefollowingconclusion:“SoKing
structuralistdefinitionofb'agedyas:thenarrativeof‘man’,usuallyrepresentedby姐elite,maleindividual,pittinghimselfagainstforceswhichbeyondhiscontrolorcomprehension.’’Nevertheless,hepointsoutincloseSUCCeas[on‘‘thisisnottheonlywayofthinkingabouttragedy,andnoteventheonlystructuralistwayofthinkingaboutit.NeitherdoesitexhaustwhatCaUbesaidofKingLear.’’”Sothisisanotherreasonwhytheauthortakesastmcturalistperspectivetoapproachtotheplay.ItisalsowhatthesignificanceofthisstudyliesinasregardtotheindividualinterpretationofKL.
ThePalaceofEternalYouth(hereafterreferredcoasTeL'e)gotagreatfavorassoonasitWascompletedin1688;thentheriches,theownersofalehousesandplayhousesstrivedtobethefirsttoperformit,asaresetactorsbecamemorepopular.”Therefore.itattractedcritics’greatattentionsofHongsheng'stime.However,atthattimetheymainlyfocu∞donitsexquisite
垒!婴壁!!!!翌堡!!竺£!竺!
WuSuniaopointsoutinhisprologueforTPEY:thosewhopoeticaldictionandelegantmelodyas
arefondofliteraturefavoritspoeticaldiction,andthosewholikemusicadoreitsmelody.31
DuringthelateOingdynastyandtheRepubtieofChina,TPEYwasnearlyignoredbyscholars.Itiscalculatedthatfrom1872—1949therealeonly9articlesontheplayandnoneofthem
ManTangRiJibyLiconcentratesonthestructureofit.32OneworthtobementionedhereisYu
Ziminginwhichhepointsoutthattheplotoftheplaywithoneclimaxfollowinganotheradaptstothefeelingtheauthorintendstoexpress,andfromthebeginningtotheendtheplayisintegrateandtightlyconstructed。

”Ingeneral。

thestudyofTPEYinthelateQingandTheRepublicChinaperiodisnotindetailandinfluential···andmainlyfocusesonYinglvandPeichang.34Till50yearslater,anewpagewasturnoverinthestudyofTPEKThisupsurgeofthestudyoftheplaybeganin1954whenGuanDedong’sarticle“HongshengandChangshendian”waspublished,whichinitiatedacountrywidedebatingoverthethemeof刀吼ZhongshanUniversityandPekingUniverSityrespectivelyheldsymposiumsoilthatmatterin1954and1961.”Thecountr)7widediscussionsonthethemeoftheplaylastedfor12yearstill1966whenitwascutshortbyTheCulturalRevolution.DuringthetenyearsofTheCulturalRevolution,thestudyofTPEYcametostagnancy.Inthelast20yearsOf20“century,thestudyofTPEYreachedaprosperousstageandscope*ofthestudyinvolvingHongsheng’slifeandtendencyofthought,thethemeoftheplay,evaluationofLadyYangandEmperorLi’sloveaffairsandlater-halfpartoftheplay,andtheartistryoftheplay.SeveralmonographsonTPEYofthisperiodspendchapter-lengthtodiscussitsartisticachievement.WangYongjiangivesagreatfavortoHongsheng'sartistictechniqueofstructureconstruction.Heprovesoutthat:thedramaticflavorisenhancedbyusingacontrastivetechniqueofplotm'mngement;astotheplotconstructionoftheplay,theplaywrighttakesLadyYangandEmperorLi’sloveaffairasaconsistentthreadandthemuponshunsthediscordanceofmainthreadsthatisacomlnondemeritofChuanqidmma;thestructureoftheplayistightlyknitted.”MenfanshuandXulinbangholdpositivepointofviewssimilartoWangYon萄ianonthestluctureoftheplay.37。

In1987.ZhongshanUniversityheldthethirdtimesymposiumonTPEY,duringthissymposium,debatingover“politicaltheme’’or“lovetheme'’wasstillthedominantvoices39Justasthepessimisticoroptimisticinterpretationof屁.argumentsorel.“politictheirs'’01"“lovetheme'’overTPEYfailtoregardtheplayasadynamic
——垒曼!兰!!竺璺!堡里!竺!皇!!垡墨塑£墨竺!
andorganicwhole.Thisiswhatwillbeavoidedinthewritingofthisthesis.Atthesametime,somenewapproacheswereintroducedtothestudyofTPEYduringtheconferenceandafterwards.NingZhongyiand、妇Changhaiarguedtointerprettheplaybyapplyingfuzzyconceptduringthesymposl‘um.40WangAilingappliesFormalismandStructuralismtheorytoanalyzetheartistryof
theplayincomparisonwithotherEmperorLiandLadyYangwritings.41
“BeginningfromFr.JosephdePramare(1666-1736.aFrenchmissionarywhofirsdyintroducedtheYuantsa-chutotheWest),thewesternsinologists’interestsinChinesedramasmainlylieinYuantsa-chu;theirtranslationsandstudiesofMing-qingChuanqidramascannot
matchthoseofYuantsa--chu.ThosewhofnlupthisfieldisBirchandJeanMulligan,”42However,inAnthologyofChineseLiteraturebyBirch43andThePi-pachiandItsRoleintheDevelopmentoftheChuan.chiGenre”byJeanMulligan,uthereisnotranslationofTPEYorcriticismonthestructureofitandotherChuanqidramas.Athome,thecomparativestudyofShakespeareand
Chineseplaywrightsaremainlyfoundinthelast30yearsof204Centuryinsomemagazines.HuangQiongzheng,aTaiwanscholarinitiatesthecomparativestudybetweenKLandTPEY.In
theessay“AComparativestudyofK/rigLearandThePalace巧EternalYouth”,hefocusesonthe
Wutragicprotagonistsinthetwoplays:LearandEmperorLi,CordeliaandYangYuhuan.45
DianchucariesoutacomparativestudyofcausesleadingtoLear'sandEmperorLi'Sfrancfate.”
Thesestudiesprovideanewangleforunderstandingthetwotragedies.
Inordertoavoidgoingtopolarityinj【Linterpretation.approachtotIledynamicandorganicdeepstructureoftheplay,theauthorofthethesisreadstheplayfromastnlctaralistperspectivethatpreviousKLinterpretationshavehardlyorprofoundlyapplied.BecausefromthestructuralistanthropologistL6Vi-StrausspointofMew,theadvantagesofstructuralismliesfirstlyinitshighregardofthewholenessofandintemaIrelationshipamongthings.”RexGibson,whenmaintainingthatemphasizingstroctureandstructuralanalysisisthecolnmonprincipleofallstructuralists,considersthat“wholeness'’and“relationship'’aletwoofmainfeaturesofstructuratism.”AndcloserstatementsonsttucturalismtotheoriginalattentionofwritingthispaperisfromMousleyAndy,whostatesthat,“ThemisscopewithinstrucmralismtoI_e-conceivetherelationshipintermsofmutualanddynamicinteraction.Thislatterconceptionisperhaps
samtime.acomparisonbetweenKLandespeciallyappropriatetoliterarydiseourse."49Atthe
———————————————竺墅竺竺塑!璺堡堡堕!丝坚!竺!
一一
TPEYisdrawnwiththeintentiontoprovideanewanOeforbetterunderstandingoftheformer,aswellasthelarch
2Theoreticalperspective
2.1Thegeneralprincipleofliterarystrueturalism
TheEnglishword“structure”comesfromLatinwordstrtiera&the
pastparticipleofstruere,meaning“toconstruct"’,inMiddleEnglishitmeans‘‘theprocessofbuilding"’。

AndinmodemEnglish,oneofitsmeaningis"theaction,practiceorprocessofbuildingorconstruction”.50StructuralismisderivedchieflyfromthelinguistictheoriesofFerdinanddeSaussure(1587.1913),
andpartlyfromtheRussianFormalismandtherelatednarratulogyofVladimir
Propp.It
flourishedinFrancein1960s,followingthewideapplicationsofstructural
analysistomythologybytheanthropologistClaudeLrvi-Strauss.“Saussureviewedlanguage勰asetofsigns
determinedbyrelationshipsinaspecificsystem’’”whichwastobe
studied‘'synchronically",ratherthan“diachmnica]ly”andeachsignwastobescen∞beingmadeupofa“signifier'’and“signified”andtherelationbetweenthemisanarbitraryone.Hewasratherinterestedininvestigating“thesystemwhichunderliesanyparticularhumansignifyingpractice”0angne)thanthe“individualutterance”(parole).52LiteraryStructuralistsattempttoapplythislinguistictheorytoliterarystudy.As,fromSaussure’pointofview,languageisasignifyingsysteminwhichtherelationsbetweentheelementsthatmakeupthesystemarecrucial,goliteraturecouldalsobes∞nasembodyingsystematicsetsofruleswhichenableliteratumtosignify.AsRobertScholeshaspointedout:
“Attheheartoftheideaofsttucturalismistheideaof
system:acomplete,aslf-regulatlagentitythatadaptsto
newconditionsbytransformingitsfeature,wMleteminlagitssystematic
stPdcmre.Everylitexaryunitformthe
individualmtclI∞tothewholeorderofwordsearlbcseeninrelationtothe
conoeptofsystem.Inparticular,weCalllookatindividualworks,lltotluygcnres,andthewholeofliterature∞relatedsystem,andatliterators∞asystemwithinthelargHsystemofcultore.‘∞
Thus,inthestudyofliteraryworks,stmctumlismisdistinguishedbyitsrejectionofthose
traditionalnotionsthatliteratureexpressesanauthor’s
meaningorreflectsreality.“Instead,thetextisseen舔anobjectivestructureactivatingvariouscodesandconventionswhichare
——垒皇竺竺!!!!里!!墨垫g!竺:.
independentofauthor,reader,andexternalreality.’’54
“Structuralismcriticism,astheterallsuggests.isconcernedwithstructures,andmore
withexamining
particularlythegenerallawsbywhichtheywork.‘一.Butstructuralismpropercontainsadistinctivedoctrine:thebeliefthat
theindividualunitsofanysystemhavemeaning
onlybyvirtueoftheirrelationst00lleanother,’’55
2.2Thestartofsignificationandnarrative:binaryopposition
Stmcturalismarguesthattheelementscomposinganyculturalphenomenon(fromcookingtodrama)alesimilarly‘relational’:thatis,theyhavemeaningonlybyvirtueoftheircontrastswithotherelementsofthesystem,especiallyinbinaryoppositionsofpairedopposites.’’56ThelinguisticbasisofbinaryoppositionofliterarystructuralismliesinSanssure’Srevolutionaryconceptconcerninglanguage:languageiscomposedofoppositions.57Hcdistinguisheswithinthelanguagesystemparoleandlangue,significr(asoundimageoritsgraphicequivalent)andsignified(theconceptormeaning)withinasign,anddifferencesofrawsoundatthephoneticlevel·InhisVieW,eachsigIlinthesystemhasmeaningonlybyvirtueofitsdifferencefromtheothers,Forinstance,theword‘‘eat'’hasmeaningnotinitself,butbecauseitisnot‘‘bat”,“hat”,or“cap”.58Structuralistsinheritthisideaandsearchfordifferenceswithin8plot,aseriousofimageriesinliteratureinterpretation.Theonginofbinaryoppositionscomes,moredirectly,fromthelastpointmentionedabove.Anillustrationcanmakethelastpointaboveclear:
‘'The/p/soundin‘pin’isevidentlydifferentfromtheIp/soundin‘spin’,butEnglishspeakersdonotrecognizeadifference:thediffcreaccisnotrecognizedintheSC]11Sethatitd㈣not‘distribute’meaningbetweenwordsinthelanguage.Evenifwesaid‘sbin’,wewouldprobablyhearit∞‘spin’.The∞nbalpointaboutthisviewoflanguageisthatunderlyingourIISeoflanguageisasystmn,apatternofpairedoppositaS,b/naryoppositions.“9Atthelevelofthepboneme,theseincludenasalizedVS.non-nasalized,vocalicVS,nou.vocalic,voicedVs·unvoicedetc.ClaudeLdvi-Strauss,thestructuralistanthropologis‘analysestheOedipusmythinamannerwhichistrulystructuralistinitsuseofthelinguisticmodel."They(mythemes)areorganizedinbinaryoppositionslikethebasiclinguisticunites.….Hebelievesthatthislinguisticmodelwilluncoverthebasicstructureofthehumanmind——thestructurewhichgovernsthewayhumanbeingsshapealltheirinstitutions,artifacts,andtheirformsofknowledge.’一RomanJankbson,whoisconsideredthegreatstmcturalistpioneer,endowedwithbinaryoppositionsmoreprominentrole.Hebelievesthat“humanbehaviorisgovernedbyan
垒兰!竺坐!!!!三里堡!!!墨竺曼墨竺:
abstractformalprinciple,namelythebinaryoppositions”.“OneoftheearlyimportantstructuralistswhoappliesthelinguisticbinaryoppositiontoliteratureinterpretationisRoland
Barthes.Barthesdrawsattentiontothis
principleinthetitleofhismostcelebratedbookS/Z,whichpicksoutthetwosibilantsinBalzac’sSarrasine(Sarrazine),whicharedifferentiatedphonemicallyasvoiced∞andunvoiced㈨.”“A.J.Greimassucceeded,developedandspecifiedSaussure,Jackbson,andBarthes’sthoughtofbinaryoppositions:
‘'ForGreimas,workingfromthelinguisticofSaussureandJackbson。

significationslartswithbinaryoppositionsJust∞theelementarysoundsofspeecharedifferentiatedfromong:anotherinthisway,soaretheelementaryconceptsofthought.Upanddown,leftandright,darkandlighta∞definedinrelationtooneanotherbytheirmutualopposition....Butinanycase,thisbeginningofnarrafivcinasemanticoppositionleadstosituationsandactionswhicharecharacterizedbythissameopposition.’,63
ThesignificanceofbinaryoppositionsarealsoembodiedinOreimas’Sconceptof
structure,whichisdefinedasthewayofexistenceofmeaning,characterizedbyjoiningtherelationsbetweentwos6me.“Thewords6metoGreimashasthesamemeaningwith‘‘elementsdifferentials'’ofSaussumand“traitsdistinctions'’ofJackbson,which,actuallyarebinaryoppositionofOreimas.Forinstance,inthisdiagram:
girl(female)r(relation)boy(male)
A(S1)rB(S2)
thesignificationelementsfemaleandmalearesame.Hefurtherclaimsthatelementarystructureliesinthedeeplevelofbinaryopposition(inthisc}%female,male)ratherthanbinaryoppositioninsurfacelevel(inthiscase,girlandboy).“Gremaisconcludesthisintoafour-termstructure’’andendowerswithitmoreuniversalfunction:
InconstructingculturaloWec£s,beargues,themindissubjccIIovariouscoestralnLswhichde6nethe‘conditionsofexistenceforsemioticobjects’.Themostimportantoftheseisthe‘elementarystructureofsignification’whichhastheformofafour-termhomology(A:B::-A:-B)and‘furnishesasemioticmodeldesignedtoaccountfortheinitialarticulationsofmeaningwithinnsemanticmierouniverse’(OuSens,p161).
Sincemeaningisdiacriticalanymeaningdependsonoppositions,andthisfour-termstructurerelates
allitemtobothitsconverseanditscontrary(black:white::non-black:non-white).Thisbasicconfigurationholdsalso,Greimasargne*,forthesimplestrepresentationofthemeaningofa忙xI∞awhole.“。

相关文档
最新文档