华中科技大学同济医学院博一英语考试参考样体
华中科技大学博士研究生入学考试《英语专业综合》考试大纲
华中科技大学博士研究生入学考试《英语专业综合》考试大纲
（科目代码： 3556 ）
一、考试性质
英语专业综合的评价标准是高等学校优秀硕士毕业生能够达到的水平，以保证被录取者具有较为扎实的英语语专业知识。
考试对象为参加全国博士研究生入学考试的准考考生。
二、考试形式与试卷结构
（一）答卷方式：闭卷，笔试，用英语答题。
（二）答题时间：180分钟
（三）题型：论述题
（四）内容比例
1、理论语言学 50%
备注：考察学理论语言学与应用语言学的基本理论、流派及其发展和分析方法。
要求考生熟练掌握语言学理论的基本概念和原理，以及语言学和其他学科的联系，并具备综合运用所学知识分析具体语言现象、解决实际问题的能力。
2、专业方向题 50%
备注：外语教育、翻译与跨文化交际这三个研究方向分别有两道论述题，考生根据报考方向选做2道。
华科2021博士入学英语试题_及参考答案
华科2021博士入学英语试题_及参考答案华科2021博士入学英语试题及参考答案Passage 1Recent years have brought minority-owned businesses in the United States unprecedented opportunities - as well as new and significant risks. Civilrights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics, and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselvesin business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontractsthat are generated by large companies. Now Congress, in apparent agreement,has required by law that businesses awarded federal contracts of more than $500,000 do their best to find minority subcontractors and record theirefforts to do so on forms filed with the government. Indeed, some federal and local agencies have gone so far as to set specific percentage goals for apportioning parts of public works contracts to minority enterprises.Corporate response appears to have been substantial. According to figures collected in 1977, the total of corporate contracts with minority businesses rose from $77 million in 1972 to $1.1 billion in 1977. The projected total of corporate contracts with minority businesses for the early 1980's is estimated to be over 53 billion per year with no letup anticipated in the next decade. Promising as it is for minority businesses, this increased patronage poses dangers for them, too. First, minority firms risk expanding too fast and overextending themselves financially, since most are small concerns and,unlike large businesses, they often need to make substantial investments innew plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them. If, thereafter, their subcontracts are for some reason reduced, such firms can face potentially crippling fixed expenses. The worldof corporate purchasing can be frustrating for small entrepreneurs who get requests for elaborate formal estimates and bids. Both consume valuable time and resources, and a small company's efforts must soon result in orders, or both the morale and the financial health of the business will suffer.A second risk is that White-owned companies may seek to cash in on the increasing apportionments through formation of joint ventures with minority-owned concerns. Of course, in many instances there are legitimate reasons forjoint ventures; clearly, White and minority enterprises can team up to acquire business that neither could acquire alone. But civil rights groups andminority business owners have complained to Congress about minorities being set up as “fronts (a person, group, or thing used to mask the identity or true character or activity of the actual controlling agent)” with White backing, rather than being accepted as full partners in legitimate joint ventures.Third, a minority enterprise that secures the business of one large corporate customer often runs the danger of becoming-and remaining-dependent. Even in the best of circumstances, fierce competition from larger, more established companies makes it difficult for small concerns to broaden their customer bases: when such firms have nearly guaranteed orders from a single corporate benefactor, they may truly have to struggle against complacency arising from their current success.11. The primary purpose of the text is to[A] present a commonplace idea and its inaccuracies.[B] describe a situation and its potential drawbacks. [C] propose a temporary solution to a problem. [D] analyze a frequent source of disagreement.2. The text suggests that the failure of a large business to have its bids for subcontracts result quickly in orders might causes it to[A] experience frustration but not serious financial harm. [B] face potentially crippling fixed expenses.[C] have to record its efforts on forms filed with the government. [D] increase its spending with minority subcontractors.3.The author would most likely agree with which of the following statements about corporate response to working with minority subcontractors?[A] Annoyed by the proliferation of “front” organizations, corporations are likely to reduce their efforts to work with minority-owned subcontractors in the near future.[B] Although corporations showed considerable interest in working with minority businesses in the 1970’s, their aversion to government paperwork made them reluctant to pursue many government contracts.[C] The significant response of corporations in the 1970’s is likely to be sustained and conceivably be increased throughout the 1980’s.[D] Although corporations are eager to cooperate with minority-owned business es, a shortage of capital in the 1970’s made substantial response impossible4 According to the text, civil rights activists maintain that one disadvantage under which minority-owned businesses have traditionally had to labor is that they have[A] been especially vulnerable to government mismanagement of the economy.[B] been denied bank loans at rates comparable to those afforded larger competitors.[C] not had sufficient opportunity to secure business created by large corporations.[D] not been able to advertise in those media that reach large numbers of potential customers.5 The author implies that a minority-owned concern that does the greater part of its business with one large corporate customer should[A] avoid competition with larger, more established concerns by not expanding. 【B】 concentrating on securing even more business from that corporation. [C] use its influence with the corporation to promote subcontracting with other minority concerns.[D] try to expand its customer bases to avoid becoming dependent on the2corporation.Passage 2Years of research had educated me about how sugar, fat, and salt changethe brain. I understood some of the parallels between hyperpalatable foods and drugs of abuse, and about the links among sensory stimulation, cues, and memory. I'd met enough people like Claudia and Maria to understand how eventhe thought of food could cause them to lose control.But I wasn't fully prepared for the discoveries I made aboutirresistibility and whoosh, the Monster Thickburger and Baked! Cheetos Flamin' Hot, about indulgence and purple cows. Without necessarily understanding the underlying science, the food industry has discovered what sells.I was sitting at Chili's Grill & Bar in Chicago's O'Hare Airport waitingfor a late-night flight. At a nearby table a couple in their early forties was deep into a meal. The woman was overweight, with about 180 pounds on her five-foot-four-inch frame. The Southwestern Eggrolls she had ordered were listed as a starter course, but the enormous platter in front of her had been heapedwith food. The dish was described on the menu as \chicken, black beans, corn, jalape?o Jack cheese, red peppers, and spinach wrapped inside a crispy flour tortilla,\and it was served with a creamy avocado-ranch dipping sauce. Despite its name, the dish looked more like a burrito than an egg roll, an only-in-America fusion approach.I watched as the woman attacked her food with vigor and speed. She heldthe egg roll in one hand, dunked it into the sauce, and brought it to hermouth while using the fork in her other hand to scoop up more sauce. Occasionally she reached over and speared some of her companion's french fries. The woman ate steadily, working her way around the plate with scant pause for conversation or rest. When she finally paused, only a little lettuce was left.Had she known someone was watching her, I'm sure she would have eaten differently. Had she been asked to describe what she had just eaten, she probably would have substantially underestimated her consumption. And shewould probably have been surprised to learn what the ingredients in her meal really were.The woman might have been interested in how my industry source, who had called sugar, fat, and salt the three points of the compass, described her entree. Deep-frying the tortilla drives down its water content from 40 percentto about 5 percent and replaces the rest with fat. \is supposed to look, which is crispy and brown on the outside.\The food consultant read through other ingredients on the label, keeping up a running commentary as he did. \. People like smoky flavor ― it's the caveman in them.\\eating something healthy.\\off the chart.\3The hot peppers, he said, \He believed the chicken had been chopped and formed much like a meat loaf, with binders added, which makes those calories easy to swallow. Ingredients that hold moisture, including autolyzed yeast extract, sodium phosphate, and soy protein concentrate, further soften the food. I noticed that salt appeared eight times on the label and that sweeteners were there five times, in the form of corn-syrup solids, molasses, honey, brown sugar, and sugar.\\yes. All of this has been processed such that you can wolf it down fast...chopped up and made ultrapalatable.... Very appealing looking, very high pleasure in the food, very high caloric density. Rules out all that stuff you have to chew.\By eliminating the need to chew, modern food processing techniques allow us to eat faster. \it,\mouth.1. It can be inferred from the author's description of the woman eating in paragraph four that(A) The woman prefers to eat at Chili's vs. other restaurants. (B) The woman truly enjoys the foods that she chooses to eat.(C) The woman's efficiency at cleaning her plate adds to her dining experience. (D) The author is disgusted by the woman's consumption.(E) The author believes the woman should take a course in healthy eating.2. According to the passage, the main reason people overeat is(A) because salt and sweeteners, like corn-syrup solids and brown sugar, are added to the food.(B) because we don't have to chew our food very much (C) because people like smoky flavor(D) because sugar, fat and salt change the brain(E) because we are used to eating quickly in this modern society 3. The following are all ingredients in the egg rolls, EXCEPT(A) salt (B) binders (C) honey (D) spinach (E) dark meat chicken4. Which of the following statements best describes the main idea of the passage?(A) If you eat too much food too quickly, you'll gain weight and become unhealthy.(B) Because refined food is irresistible and easy to eat, it masks how unhealthy it is, leaving people unaware of the poor food choices they're making.(C) Chili's is one of the restaurants in the U.S. serving unhealthy food to consumers today. (D) Food consultants and authors are making Americans aware of their unhealthy eating habits, thus, creating healthier generations for years to come.(E) Refined foods, with salt, sugar, and fat hidden inside, are less nutritious and more damaging than whole foods.5. In the first sentence of paragraph four, the word \ (A) pleasure (B) flamboyance (C) lethargy (D) energy (E) craftiness4Passage 3No very satisfactory account of the mechanism that caused the formation of the ocean basins has yet been given.The traditional view supposes that the upper mantle of the earth behaves as a liquid when it is subjected to small forces for long periods and that differences in temperature under oceans and continents are sufficient to produce convection in the mantle of the earthwith rising convection currents under the mid-ocean ridges and sinkingcurrents under the continent. Theoretically， this convection would carry the continental plates along as though they were on a （conveyer belt） and would provide the forces needed to produce the split that occurs along the ridge.This view may be correct： it has the advantage that the currents are driven by temperature differences that themselves depend on the position ofthe continents.On the other hand， the theory is implausible because convection does not normally occur along lines， and it certainly does not occur long lines broken by frequent offsets or changes in direction， as the ridge is.It has the advantage that the currents are driven by temperature differences that themselves depend on the position of the continents.Such a backoupling， in which the position of the moving plate has an impact on the forces that move it， could produce complicated and varying motionsAlso it is difficult to see how the theory applies to the plate betweenthe Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the ridge in the Indian Ocean.This plate is growing on both sides， and since there is no intermediate trench， the two ridges must be moving apart. It would be odd if the rising convection currents kept exact pace with them.An alternative theory is that the sinking part of the plate， which is denser than the hotter surrounding mantle， pulls the rest of the plate after it. Again it is difficult to see how this applies to the ridge in the South Atlantic， where neither the African nor the American plate has a sinking part.Another possibility is that the sinking plate cools the neighboring mantle and produces convection currents that move the plates. This last theory is attractive because it gives some hope of explaining the enclosed seas， such as the Sea of apan. These seas have a typical oceanic floor， except that the floor is overlaid by several kilometers of sediment. Their floors have probably been sinking for long periods.These seas have a typical oceanic floor， except that the floor is overlaid by several kilometers of sediment. Their floors have probably been sinking for long periods. It seems possible that a sinking current of cooled mantle material on the upper side of the plate might be the cause of such deep basins.The enclosed seas are an important feature of the earth's surface and seriously require explanation because， in addition to the enclosed seas that are developing at present behind island arcs， there are a number of older ones of possibly similar origin， such as the Gulf of Mexico， the Black Sea，and perhaps the North5感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。
华中科技大学英语口语考试素材模板
话题一What is your definition of success?What have you achieved in your life that makes you feel proud?In my submission, success is not to earn a great of money, nor is it to so some so great things. Not to be famous, not to be great, ordinary people also have their own way of success. I think, to make my families, and all the people I love have a happy life, is my own way to be success. Yes, the ancient people said, a man should take the world as his duty. But for me, the most important is to make these people I love happy!As I said, I want to make my love live a happy life. So it' always on the way to success! i want to make myself better and be able to make them feel happy. I remembered once a weekend, my parents are busy working so nobody have time to make a lunch, I tried to make it, but Ididn't learn how to cook before! My little brother and I made an awful lunch after an attempt. I still remember how unsavory it was but the happiness on my parents ' tace is visible. At that moment, the feeling of pride arises spontaneously. I feel I am the most success person in our world. So after that, I tried to learn some cooking skills and I can make some delicious food now.话题二Please describe what is the happiest/mostembarrassing/funniest/scariest thing that has everhappened to you.For me, there is a really scariest thing happened in my life. That was when I had just been in high school for no more than one month! After the military training, we have a long holiday at last. My brother and I went back home together. We are so tired because the intension of the training is so strong! We planned to have a good sleep once we came home. After an hour 's drive and thirty minutes' walk, we finally arrived at our destination. And we found that our parents going out. But, when I was opening the door, he suddenly falls in a faint. I am so scared that I almost fainted too. After realizing what happened, I responded quickly. I dialed a first aid phone and then, call my parents what happened. I put my brother on the sofa to prevent him from catching a cold. And I called his name and asked some questions to see if he was even sober. Just a while, the ambulance arrived. And my parents got back after it. My brother was send to hospital and my heart is still beating fast. I think it 'probably the most scaring thing I have ever experienced.话题三What d o you like about your d ormitory life? What do youdislike? What d o you think can be d one to make your d ormitory a more harmonious community?It has been half a year since we came to our college. And we have already been living in the dorm for several months. I think I like to living in the dorm because I can live with my classmatesand friends. We can study together and play together. But I really don't like the shabby facilities in my dorm. As you know, our dormitory always cut off the water supply, always have a power cut and cut off the internet. And there is no tile in the dorm, it' all cement floors. I can't stand it! We all need to upper bed, I really dislike it! I want to sleep like in my home! And living in the dorm means our parents are not at our side. That' really inconvenient.I think that we all should respect other' habit, seek common ground while reserving differences. We should all endeavor to be more considerate of others. Just like, don't speak loud in the dorm especially when they are having a sleep. And remember; do not unto others as you would not have them do unto you. Doing these means that there would be few conflicts between you and your roommates. If everyone can help each other, respect each one, you dormitory must be a harmonious one!话题四In your eyes, what is the greatest invention of the21st century? Why?There are so many great inventions in this 21st century. The smart phone, artificial intelligence, the virtual reality technology and the augment reality! There is so many inventions in our century. But in my submission, the greatest invention of the 21st century is the nanotechnology. There are so many reasons for why I choose this one to be the greatest.First, the nanotechnology marks the further exploration of the microcosm by human beings. We all know, compared with the micro world; the exploration of the macro world is relatively easy. But the micro world is more representative of the nature of the world.Second,the application of nanotechnology is very extensive. Nanotechnology can be used in various fields, such as medicine, industry, agriculture and so on. In the future, there will be drugs based on nanotechnology to cure people's disease fundamentally. And there will be all kinds of nanobots involved in industrial and agricultural production. It will totally change ourlife!话题五What is your dream job? If you were offered a jobthat was not what you dreamed of but with a decentsalary, would you take it? Why or why not?When I was a little boy, I had so many dream jobs. But now, I am sure what I really want to be. My dream job is to be a chef! Yes, just a chef! No great, no extraordinary. I want to be a chef just because; I want to cook for my families. I always dream about one day, I can make very delicious food for my families and their happiness was on the face. I m sure that at that moment, the feeling of that pride arises spontaneously!But if there is a high salary job, I think I would take it. To be honest, living in our society, every one of us has to have a material well-being life. Just for survive! So I would take the high-salary job in order to make our material life easier. And not to be thechef doesn me a ns I can'cook. I can also learn how to cook delicious food by my studying! At that time, I can also cook for them, and struggle for their happy life!话题六In response to the climate change issue, what d o you think we common peopl e can do to help find out solutions?Yes, it' sure that our daily life has a close relation to the climate change. With the intensification of the greenhouse effect, global warming has seriously affected our daily life. The abrupt change of climate, species extinction, and many natural calamities, all of them is closely related to the greenhouse effect. So it is urgent to improve the greenhouse effect. As an ordinary people, we can do many things!We can start from the small things in life. We should turn the light off once there was no people use it; we ought to turn off the lap after using it. We can ride or work more and drive less, and go to the far place by bus rather than drive our own car. We are supposed to make the garbage classification and make efforts to cyclic utilization. We can do many things in our life to reduce carbon emissions.And we should do more publicity. We should call on our friends and relatives to contribute to reducing the greenhouse effect. Everyone takes part in, the environment will be better soon!话题七What changes do you think have taken place among thedifferent generations in China over the past few d ecad es? What are the reasons for those changes?I think the change is mainly in the ideas. Our generation has totally different ideas from the elder one. For example, our generation always want to be what we want, not limited to others, we always put ourselves in the important position. We will get the job we want, not others. But for the elder generation people, they always take the family in the first position. They work, only to earn for their family, whether you like it or not is the secondary one. And our generation people always look like the international people, while the elder people more like the traditional Chinese people!In my submission,these changes are all based on the rapid development of Chinese society. After the Chinese economic reform, China's economy has grown rapidly. The quality of people's life is increasing. The problem of food and clothing has almost been solved so our generation people care less about the family' finance. And with the integration of China and the international community, our new generation people have a more open vision. So these changes have come into being.话题八What d o you think of the id ol-worshiping behaviorof youngsters around the world? What benefits andnegative influences d o you think this social phenomenonmay bring about?Frankly speaking, I really don 'like this kind of behavior! In my submission, the harm of this kind of behavior is far greater than that of profit. I think as a teenager, the most important work is to study. But the idol-worshiping behavior has bad influence on our study and our health. It 'said that some girls paid her own life for her reasonless action. And this behavior will bring a great burden for the family. Some girls spend a lot of money for their idol, not only abandon her study, but also take some difficulties for their family. But on the other hand, this kind of action has some benefits. In a certain sense, it can promote the economic growth, and it is a way to have a rest.But as a teenager, we should always remember that study is our first duty. We should take study in the most important position. And we should take care of ourselves, don'do anything that is harmful to us. In this way, can we live a happy life!话题九 It is said that peopl e must always be prepared for changes. What is the most difficult change that you have ever had to make? Is there anything that you think you will never change aboutyourself?As we all know, the affairs of the world are inconstant. So we should always prepare for any change! The most difficult change happened in my life was in the high school. Before the high school, I don't take notes in the class; don 'have a preparation or a review after class. And I think I can also get a good grade with fewer efforts. But after the first exam, I am the worst in myclass. I think it is just a bad fortune. But the final exam of the first term, my grade is still slipped. My parents have a talk with me and they told me that I should take more efforts in my study, not just playing computer games. But I really like playing games! I have been thinking for a longtime, so I decided to study harder and play less game. Thanks to my efforts, I got the better and better grade.I think a person 'appearance can be changed, but his heart can t ! So, I believe in my life, I will experiences. A grateful heart makes a happy life. Many teachers teach us these words, but I really understand after I have experienced many things. When I was young, I have a close relationship with one of my classmates. Every time he bought some snacks, he would share some with me. But one day, he didn't! He shared it with the other student. I am really sad with angry! And even I want to break off our friendship! When I get home, I told to my mom. She just smiled to me, I couldn'tunderstand why. She said: You just take it for granted that he should share his snacks with you. But, s not his duty! He has the right to decide who he would share with. If he chose you, you are very happy. But if not, you should not be angry. To maintain a grateful heart, you will have abetter life! After thinking about it, I understand what the meaning is. People always take others kind for granted, but that 's not the case. We should maintain a grateful heart; look at the world with gratitude, the life will be better and better!always try to be a kind person, achanged forever. wise man. A grateful heart and kind mind would not be话题十 To maintaina grateful heart contributes to happiness. Give yourcomments on this statement and illustrate your idea withexamples from your personal。
同济大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析
同济大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析Technically,any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug.Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts.They don't realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs.This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi psychologists. The phrase substance abuse is often used instead of drug abuse to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances(drugs)is pervasive:an aspirin to quiet a headache,some wine to be sociable,coffee to get going in the morning,a cigarette for the nerves.When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses?First of all,most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions.Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance,with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect,and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.Drugs(substances)that affect the central nervous system and alter perception,mood,and behavior are known as psychoactive substances.Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants,depressants,or hallucinogens. Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system, whereas depressants slow it down.Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception,distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations.These are the substances often called psychedelic(from the Greek word meaning mind-manifestation) because they seemed to radically alter one‘s state of consciousness.59.Substances abuse(line5,paragraph1)is preferable to drug abuse in that________.(A)substances can alter our bodily or mental functioning if illegally used(B)drug abuse is only related to a limited number of drugtakers(C)alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaine(D)many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be poisonous60.The word pervasive(line1,paragraph2)might mean________.(A)widespread(B)overwhelming(C)piercing(D) fashionable61.Physical dependence on certain substances results from________.(A)uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of time(B)exclusive use of them for social purposes(C)quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseases(D)careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms62.From the last paragraph we can infer that________.(A)stimulants function positively on the mind(B)hallucinogens are in themselves harmful to health(C)depressants are the worst type of psychoactive substances(D)the three types of psychoactive substances are commonly used in groups答案及试题解析59.（D）意为：除海洛因或可卡因外，许多其他物质也是有害的。
华中科技大学考博英语历年试题题型题量综合分析
华中科技大学考博英语历年试题题型题量综合分析导言：考博英语真题的重要性全国各大院校在制定本校英语专业考试大纲时，对英语的考核基本上不指定参考书，考生在备考时往往感到漫无目的，无所适从，所以对各大院校的考博英语历年真题分析则显得尤为重要。
华慧考博英语教研中心在历时8年的教学研究的过程中，总结国内50多所重点院校的考博英语试题的出题特点与规律，认为考生精研各院校的历年试题对考出良好的成绩有非常大的帮助。
考博英语试题的独特性众所周知，英语类的考试，如高考、大学英语四六级、专业四八级考试、研究生入学考试等均由统一的命题组人员统一命制试题，命题组阵容强大，且耗费的人力、物力也不在少数，其题目基本是原创题目。
而考博英语却并非这样，因此，考博英语有其自身的独特性，考博英语的独特性主要表现在其命题方式与题目来源两方面。
首先，从命题方式来看，博士考试中，要求考生达到英语的最低分数线，这一要求就注定了各大考博院校的英语试题的命题方式，各大考博院校不会花费大量的人力、物力及时间原创一套考博英语试题。
并且各大院校为了保证其试题的准确性，一般会选择已经考过的各类相关难度的试题，这样就可以避免出现大量的因个人学术水平方面而引起的错误和争议。
其次，从题目来源看，各大院校的考博英语试题基本来自专四、专八、六级或其它考博院校的原题，极少出现原创题目。
因其题目来源的独特性，我们研究各大院校的考博英语试题就显得非常有必要且益处极大。
如果考生在考前了解了这一情况，且充分重视这个规律，那么获得考博英语高分不是什么难事。
所以考生考前精研考博英语真题是非常有必要的。
考博英语试题的作用考博英语试题的作用主要有三个，即指导、规划与调控作用。
指导作用。
通过研读历年的考博英语试题，考生可以了解该院校的题目类型、题目来源、题目难度等，指导考生在较短的时间内找到正确的复习方法，获得自己满意的成绩。
规划作用。
考生在宏观把握所报考院校的英语试题的出题规律后，结合自身的英语情况，对自己的英语备考做出一个正确且切合实际的复习规划。
华中科技大学同济医学院博士英语样题
Model TestName St. No. ScoreI. Read the following and answer the questions. (10%)2007 JCR Science Edition Journals from: subject categories MEDICINE, GENERAL & INTERNALSorted by:I m pact Fact orJournals 1 - 20 (of 100)[ 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 ] Page 1 of 5Ranking is based on your journal and sortselections.Rank Abbreviated JournalTitle(linked to journalinformation)ISSNTotalCitesImpactFactorImmediacyIndexArticlesCitedHalf-life1 NEW ENGL J MED0028-4793 186402 52.589 11.962 343 7.02 LANCET0140-6736 135949 28.638 8.636 305 7.73 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC0098-7484 103620 25.547 7.965 229 6.84 ANN INTERN MED0003-4819 40783 15.516 4.056 162 8.65 ANNU REV MED0066-4219 3829 13.415 2.879 33 6.16 PLOS MED1549-1277 3725 12.601 2.705 166 1.97 BRIT MED J0959-8146 62151 9.723 6.210 210 8.28 ARCH INTERN MED0003-9926 30282 8.391 1.734 278 7.29 CAN MED ASSOC J0820-3946 8324 7.067 3.053 94 6.410 ANN MED0785-3890 3143 5.779 0.593 54 6.11.What is the option of this journal citation report?2.What is the subject category?3.How is the list sorted?4.What is the Impact Factor of New England Journal of Medicine?5.What is the full title of BRIT MED J?II. Read the following and answer the questions. (10%)Web of Science®ResultsSubject Heading=(LIFE SCIENCES BIOMEDICINE) AND Author=(WANG SY) AND Institution=(HUAZHONG UNIV SCI TECHNOL)Timespan=All Years. Databases=IC, SCI-EXPANDED, CCR-EXPANDED [back to 1840], SSCI.1. Zhang ZH, Wang SY, Li Q, et al.Capillary leak syndrome in children with C4A-deficiency undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass: a double-blind, randomised controlled studyLANCET 366 (9485): 556-562 AUG 13 2005Times Cited:02. Zhang SH, Wang SY, Yao SLEvidence for development of capillary leak syndrome associated withcardiopulmonary bypass in pediatric patients with the homozygous C4A nullphenotypeANESTHESIOLOGY 100 (6): 1387-1393 JUN 2004Times Cited:43. Zhang SH, Wang SY, Yao SLAntioxidative effect of propofol during cardiopulmonary bypass in adultsACTA PHARMACOLOGICA SINICA 25 (3): 334-340 MAR 2004Times Cited:46.What is the website you can use to find the SCI collection?7.What is the subject heading?8.Where is Wang SY from?9.How many articles of Wang SY are collected by SCI?10.How many times are his articles cited?III. Read the following and answer the questions. (20%)J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 278, Issue 18, 15541-15549, May 2, 2003Induction of Prothrombinase fgl2 by the Nucleocapsid Protein of Virulent Mouse Hepatitis Virus Is Dependent on Host Hepatic Nuclear Factor-4Qin Ning, Sophia Lakatoo, Mingfeng Liu, Weiming Y ang, Zhimo Wang, M. James Phillips, and Gary A. LevyFibrinogen-like protein 2/fibroleukin (Fgl2) plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of both experimental and human fulminant hepatic failure. We have reported recently that the nucleocapsid(N) protein from strains of murine hepatitis virus (MHV-3, MHV-A59),which cause massive hepatocellular necrosis but not from strains(MHV-JHM, MHV-2) which do not produce serious liver disease, induces transcription of fgl2. The purpose of the present study was to characterize both viral and host factor(s) necessary for viral induced transcription of fgl2. Mutation of residues Gly-12, Pro-38,Asn-40, Gln-41, and Asn-42 within domain 1 of the N protein of MHV-A59 to their corresponding residues found in MHV-2 abrogated fgl2 transcription, whereas mutation of other N protein domains,including a protein expressed from an internal reading frame (I protein), did not affect fgl2 gene transcription. We then examined the 372 to 306 sequence within the 1.3-kb fgl2promoter region upstream from the transcription start site that was previously identified as necessary for N protein-induced gene transcription.We demonstrated that the 331/325 HNF4 cis-element and its cognate transcription factor, HNF4, are necessary for virus-induced fgl2gene transcription. In uninfected macrophages and macrophages infected with MHV-2, an unidentified protein occupies the HNF4cis-element. Following stimulation with MHV-A59, it was shown by electrophoretic mobility shift assay that HNF4binds the HNF4 cis-element in the fgl2promoter. We further report the unprecedented presence of HNF4in peritoneal macrophages. Collectively, the results of this study define both viral and host factors necessary for induction of fgl2prothrombinase gene transcription in MHV infection and may provide an explanation for the hepatotrophic nature of MHV-induced fulminant hepatic failure.11.How many parts can you divide the abstract into? each part?13.Which sentence is the purpose of the study?14.Which sentence is the conclusion?IV. Read the following and answer the questions. (20%)15.How many parts can you divide the introduction into? each part?17.Which sentence is the purpose of the study?18.Which sentence is the conclusion?V. Read the following and answer the questions. (20%)References and Notes1. State Council AIDS Working Committee Office, U.N. Theme Group on HIV/AIDS in China, A Joint Assessment of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Treatment and Care in China (Beijing, 2004).2. J. Watts, Lancet362, 1983 (2003).3. Ministry of Health of China, UNAIDS, and WHO, 2005 Update on the HIV/AIDS Epidemic and Response in China[Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, 2006].4. M. J. Rotheram-Borus, P. A. Newman, M. A. Etzel, J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr.25 (suppl.2), S105 (2000).5. The Voluntary HIV-1 Counseling and Testing Efficacy Study Group, Lancet356, 103 (2000).6. S. Allen et al., AIDS17, 733 (2003).7. H. Amaro, A. C. Morrill, J. Dai, J. Health Psychol.10, 287(2005).8. M. E. Bentley et al., AIDS12, 1869 (1998).9. R. Fox, N. J. Odaka, R. Brookmeyer, B. R. Polk, AIDS1, 241 (1987).10. J. A. Inciardi, H. L. Surratt, S. P. Kurtz, J. C. Weaver, AIDS Care17 (suppl. 1), S88 (2005).11. R. R. Robles, T. D. Matos, H. M. Colon, C. A. Marrero, J. C. Reyes, Drugs Soc. (New York) 9,173 (1996).12. A. Erikson et al., Correspondent15, 24 (2006).13.T. Frieden et al., N. Engl. J. Med.353, 2397-2402 (2005).14. R. Bayer, N. Engl. J. Med.334, 1540 (1996).15. L. B. Leveton, H. C. Sox, M. A. Stoto, Eds. HIV and the Blood Supply: An Analysis of CrisisDecision-Making (Institute of Medicine, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 1995).16. Chinese Ministry of Health, U.N. Theme Group on HIV/AIDS in China, The ThirdConference on HIV/AIDS International Cooperation Projects in China, Kunming, 3 to 4 September 2005.17. UNAIDS-WHO, "Policy statement on HIV testing"(www.who.int/entity/rpc/research_ethics/hivtestingpolicy_en_pdf.pdf).18. Ministry of Health Expert Consultation Committee, "Report on HIV screening among keypopulations in Henan province" (Ministry of Health, Beijing, 2005).19. Ministry of Health Expert Consultation Committee, "Report on HIV screening among keypopulations in Yunnan Province" (Ministry of Health, Beijing, 2005).20. HIV-positive mothers are given the options of abortion or ART perinatally, cesarean delivery(where available), and free formula milk for 12 months.21. State Council Regulations on AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Articles 3, 10, 39, 41, 55, 56.22. The Infectious Diseases Control Act of the People's Republic of China, Articles 12, 16, 68, 69.We thank S. Korenman, Associate Dean for Ethics at the UCLA School of Medicine, for reviewing this manuscript, W. W. Cao for review of relevant publications, and W. Aft for editorial assistance.19.What kind of the reference source does the first reference belong to?20.What kind of the reference source does the second reference belong to?21.What kind of the reference source does Reference 15 belong to?22.What kind of the reference source does Item 20 belong to?VI. Read the following and answer the questions. (10%)SCI Impact Factor 1.677Acta Pharmacologica Sinica Information For Authors GENERAL1 Acta Pharmacologica Sinica, published monthly in English, is the official journal of the Chinese Pharmacological Society and Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica is listed in Biological Abstracts, Chemical Abstracts, CSA Medical Biotechnology, CSA Bioengineering, CSA Neuroscience, Current Contents/Life Sciences, Excerpta Medica, FSTA, Global Health, IndexCopernicus, Index Medicus, Kagaku Gijutsu Bunken Sokuho, MEDLINE, Рефератнвныйжурнап, Research Alert, Science Citation Index, SciSearch, Scopus, Tropical Diseases Bulletin, and many other abstracting and indexing services.Acta Pharmacologica Sinica welcomes current Original articles on all aspects of the life sciences and related areas, both experimental and clinical, from any part of the world. Reviews based primarily on authors?own research of internationally important topics are also welcome. Manuscripts should be prepared in accordance with the "Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals: Writing and Editing for Biomedical Publication" as presented at /.2 Prior or duplicate publications are not accepted. All manuscripts, especially data, must not be published or submitted for publication elsewhere. English translations of published articles are not acceptable. The authors should make a full statement on submission about all submissions and previous reports that might be regarded as redundant or duplicate publications of the same or very similar work.The source of financial grants and other funding must be acknowledged, including a frank declaration of the authors' industrial links and affiliations. The contribution of colleagues or institutions should also be acknowledged.…23.What is the SCI Impact Factor of Acta Pharmacological Sinica?24.What kinds of original article are welcomed by Acta Pharmacological Sinica?25.What is the website presenting the "Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted toBiomedical Journals: Writing and Editing for Biomedical Publication"?26.Does Acta Pharmacological Sinica accept English translations of published articles?27.What must be acknowledged if an article is accepted to be published in Acta PharmacologicalSinica?。
同济大学博士研究生入学英语考试样题
同济大学博士研究生入学英语考试样题I V ocabulary （10%）For each of the following sentences there are four choices. Choose the best one to complete the sentence.1. The directions were so ____ that it was impossible to complete the assignment.A) ingenious B) ambitious C) notorious D) ambiguous2. Our ________ host always enjoys having friends to share his Lucullan suppers.A) cursive B)martial C) fractious D) convivial3. Recently a number of cases have been reported of young children ____a violent act previously seen on television.A) modifying B) stimulating C) accelerating D) duplicating4. This kind of material can _____heat and moisture.A) delete B) compel C) repel D) constrain5. The damage to his car was ____; therefore, he could repair it himself.A) considerable B) appreciable C) negligible D) invisible6. The ____of a cultural phenomenon is usually a logical consequence of some physical aspect in the life style of the people.A) implementation B) expedition C) demonstration D) manifestation7. One of the responsibilities of the Coast guard is to make sure that all ships _______ follow traffic rules in busy harbors.A) cautiously B) dutifully C) faithfully D) skillfully8. The Eskimo is perhaps one of the most trusting and considerate of all Indians but seems to be _______ the welfare of his animals.A) critical about B) indignant at C) indifferent to D) subject to9. The chairman of the board _______ on me the unpleasant job of dismissing good workers the firm can no longer afford to employ.A) compelled B) posed C) pressed D) tempted10. Using extremely different decorating schemes in adjoining rooms may result in _______ and lack of unity in style.A) conflict B) confrontation C) disturbance D) disharmony11. Corrupt politicians who condone the activities of the gamblers are equally _______.A) cryptic B)esoteric C)culpable D)occult12. I don’t know the details for I just gave your manuscript only a(n) _______ gl ance.A) cursory B)cumbrous C)onerous D)obscure13.the Red Cross society helped _________ families to survive the war in the Persian Gulf.A) demure B)destitute C)assiduous D)sedate14. the man felt ________ when the girl turned down his proposal of marriage.A) despondent B) fabulous C)dilapidated D)fortuitous15. the boy gave a ______ look at his classmate’s test paper when the teacher turned.A) frivolous B)furtive C)frenetic D)frigid16. Rubber boots are ___________ to water.A) imperious B)impetuous C)impervious D)impeccable17. Missiles were mounted at various points to _______ the enemy aircrafts.A) integrate B)jeopardize C)intercept D)interrogate18. Being careless, she had her arm _____ by the barbed wire.A) lacerated B)lamented C)juggled D)bemoaned19. The wrestler’s _______ maneuvers made it difficult for his opponent to obtain a hold.A) hermetic B)protean C)titanic D)procrustean20. Psychoanalysis can help a patient recall long-forgotten experiences lost in the ______ recess of his mind.A) labyrinthine B)chimerical C)iridescent D)mercurialII Reading Comprehension (50%)Passage 1There is widespread belief that the emergence of giant industries has been accomplished by an equivalent surge in industrial research. A recent study of important inventions made since the turn of the century reveals that more than half were the product of individual invent-ors working alone, independent of organized industrial research. While industrial laboratories contributed such important products as nylon and transistors, independent inventors developed air conditioning, the automatic transmission, the jet engine, the helicopterminsulin, and streptomycin. Still other inventions, such as stainless steel, television, silicons, and plexiglass were developed through the combined efforts of individuals and laboratory teams.Despite these findings, we are urged to support monopoly power on the grounds that such power creates an environment supportive of innovation. We are told that the independent inventor, along with the small firm, cannot afford to undertake the important research needed to improve our standard of living while protecting our diminishing resources; that only the prodigious assets of the giant corporation or conglomerate can afford the kind of expenditures that can produce the technological advances vital to economic progress. But when we examine expenditures for research, we find that of the more than $ 35 billion spent each year in this country, almost two-thirds is spent by the federal government. More than half of this government expenditure is funneled into military research and product development, accounting for the enormous increase in spending in such industries as nuclear energy, aircraft, missiles, and electronics. There are those who consider it questionable that these defense-linked research projects will account for an improvement in the standard of living or, alternately, do much to protect our diminishing resources. Recent history has demonstrated that we may have to alter our longstanding conception of the process actuated by competition. The price variable, once perceived as the dominant aspect of the competitive process is now subordinate to the competition of the new product, the new business structure, and the new technology. While it can be assumed that in a highly competitive industry not dominated by a single corporation, investment in innovation--a risky and expensive budget item--might meet resistance from management and stockholders who might be more concerned with cost-cutting, efficient organization, and large advertising budgets, it would be an egregious error to assume that the monopolistic producer should be equated with bountiful expenditures for research. Large-scale enterprises tend to operate more comfortably in stable and secure circumstances, and their managerial bureaucracies tend to promote the status quo and resist the threat implicit in change. Furthermore, the firm with a small share of the market will aggressively pursue new techniques and different products, since with little vested interest in capital equipment or plant it is not deterred from in-vestment in innovation. In some cases, where inter-industrycompetition is reduced or even entirely eliminated, the industrial giants may seek to avoid capital loss resulting from obsolescence by deliberately obstructing technological progress.The conglomerates are not, however, completely exempt from strong competitive pressures; there are instances in which they, too, must compete, as against another industrial Goliath, and then their weapons may include large expenditures for innovation.16. According to the passage, important inventions of the twentieth century ________.A. are not necessarily produced as a result of governmental support for military weapons research and development.B. came primarily from the huge laboratories of monopoly industries.C. were produced at least as frequently by independent inventors as by research teams.D. have greater impact on smaller firms than on conglomerates.17. It is the author"s belief, as expressed or implied in the passage, that________.A. monopoly power creates an environment supportive of innovation.B. governmental protection for military research will do much to protect our dwindling resources.C. industrial giants, with their managerial bureaucracies, respond more quickly to technological change.D. firms with a small share of the market will aggressively pursue innovations because they are not locked into old capital equipment.18. Management and stockholders might be deeply concerned with cost cutting rather than innovation if _______.A. their company is faced with strong competition in a field not dominated by one of the industrial giants.B. they are very stable and secure and hold a monopoly position in their industry.C. they are part of the military-industrial complex and are the recipients of federal funds for product development.D. they have produced some of the important inventions of this century.19. Which of the following statements is neither expressed nor implied in the passage?A. Important inventions have been produced, in the past, by individuals as well as by corporate teams.B. The federal government"s research funds are funneled into pure research as well as military research.C. The development of the automatic transmission is not credited to organized industrial research.D. Industrial giants may deliberately suppress innovations to avoid capital loss resulting from obsolescence.20. The author"s purpose in this passage is to____.A. advocate an increase in governmental support of organized industrial research.B. point out a common misconception about the relationship between the extent of industrial research and the growth of monopolistic power in industry.C. describe the inadequacies of small firms in dealing with the important matter of research and innovation.D. show that America"s strength depends upon individual ingenuity and resourcefulness.III Translation from English into Chinese (20%)Three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong, have governed my life: the longing for love, the search for knowledge, and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind. These passions, like great winds, have blown me hither and thither, in a wayward course, over a deep ocean of anguish, reaching to the verge of despair.I have sought love, first, because it brings ecstasy---ecstasy so great that I would often have sacrificed all the rest of life for a few hours of this joy. I have sought it, next, because it relieves loneliness that terrible loneliness in which one shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world into the cold unfathomable lifeless abyss. I have sought it, finally, because in the union of love I have seen, in a mystic miniature, the prefiguring vision of the heaven that saints and poets have imagined. This is what I sought, and though it might seem too good for human life, this is what at last I have found.With equal passion I have sought knowledge. I have wished to understand the hearts of men. I have wished to know why the stars shine. A little of this, but not much, I have achieved.Love and knowledge, so far as they were possible, led upward reward the heavens（这句话似乎不完整）. But always pity brought me back to earth. Echoes of cries of pain reverberated in my heart. Children in famine, victims tortured by oppressors, helpless old people a haled burden to their sons, and the whole world of loneliness, poverty, and pain make a mockery of what human life should be. I long to alleviate the evil, but I cannot, and I too suffer.This has been my life. I have found it worth living, and I would gladly live it again if the chance were offered to me.有三种简单却强烈的情感支配着我的生活，它们分别是：对爱的渴望，对知识的探求，以及对人类的苦难不可抑制的怜悯。
全国医学博士英语考试 作文模板
全国医学博士英语考试作文模板IntroductionThe National Medical Doctoral English Exam is an important assessment for medical professionals aiming to become doctors in China. This exam tests candidates' English proficiency, as well as their understanding of medical terminology and practices. In this article, we will discuss a sample essay template that can be used to prepare for the writing section of the exam.Essay StructureIntroduction: Introduce the topic and provide a brief overview of the main points that will be discussed in the essay.Body Paragraph 1: Discuss the first main point in detail, providing examples and explanations to support your argument.Body Paragraph 2: Discuss the second main point in detail, again providing examples and explanations to support your argument.Body Paragraph 3: Discuss the third main point in detail, providing examples and explanations to support your argument.Conclusion: Summarize the main points discussed in the essay and provide a final thought or recommendation.Sample Essay TemplateIntroductionMedical professionals play a crucial role in society by providing healthcare services to those in need. In order to excel in this field, it is important for doctors to have a strong command of the English language. The National Medical Doctoral English Exam is designed to assess candidates' English proficiency, as well as their knowledge of medical terminology and practices.Body Paragraph 1One of the main reasons why English proficiency is important for medical professionals is that it allows them to communicate effectively with patients from diverse backgrounds. In a multicultural society like China, doctors must be able to speak English fluently in order to provide the best possible care to their patients. For example, a doctor who can communicate with a foreign patient in their native language is more likely to establish trust and build a rapport with them.Body Paragraph 2Additionally, English proficiency is essential for medical professionals who wish to pursue further studies or research opportunities abroad. Many prestigious universities and researchinstitutions require candidates to demonstrate a high level of English proficiency in order to be considered for admission. By excelling in the National Medical Doctoral English Exam, candidates can improve their chances of being accepted into these programs and further their career in the medical field.Body Paragraph 3Lastly, English proficiency is important for medical professionals who wish to stay updated on the latest developments in the field. Many medical journals and research papers are published in English, and doctors who can read and understand these publications will be better equipped to provide evidence-based care to their patients. By improving their English proficiency, medical professionals can enhance their knowledge and skills, ultimately improving the quality of care they provide.ConclusionIn conclusion, the National Medical Doctoral English Exam is an important assessment for medical professionals aiming to become doctors in China. By excelling in this exam, candidates can improve their English proficiency, as well as their understanding of medical terminology and practices. This will not only benefit their career in the medical field but also improve the quality of care they provide to their patients.。
全国医学博士外语统一入学考试英语试题
最新版--全国医学博士外语统一入学考试英语试题2015 年全国医学博士外语统-入学考试英语试题1 请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按"考场指令"要求，将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。
2. 试卷一(Paper One)答案和试卷二(PaperTwo)答案都作答在标准答题卡上，不要做在试卷上。
3. 试卷一答题时必须使用28 铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑:如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净。
书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。
4. 标准答题卡不可折叠，同时答题卡须保持平整干净，以利评分。
5. 听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15 秒左右的答题时间。
国家医学考试中心PAPERONEPart 1 : Listening comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers, At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said,The question will be read only once, After you hear the question, read the four possibleanswers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answers and mark the letter of yourchoice on the ANSWER SHEETListen to the following example.You will hear.Woman: 1 fell faint.Man: No wonder You haven't had a bite all day Question: What's the matter with the woman?You will read.A. She is sick.B. She is bitten by an antC. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answerNow let's begin with question Number 1.1 A. How to deal with his sleeping problem.B. The cause of his sleeping problem.C. What follows his insomnia.D. The severity of his medical problem.2. A.To take the medicine for a longer timeB. To discontinue the medication.C. To come to see her again.D. To switch to other medications.3. A.To tale it easy and continue to workB. To take a sick leave.C. To keep away from work.D. To have a follow-up.4.A. Fullness in the stomach.B. Occasional stomachache.C. Stomach distention.D. Frequent belches.5. A. extremely severe.B. Not very severe.C. More severe than expected.D. It's hard to say.6. A. He has lost some weight.B. He has gained a lot.C. He needs to exercise moreD. He is still overweight.7. A. She is giving the man an injectionB. She is listening to the man's heartC. She is feeling the man's pulse.D. She is helping the man stop shivering8. A. In the gym. B. In the officeC. In the clinic.D. In the boat.9 . A. Diarrhea. B. Vomiting.C. Nausea.D. Acold.10. A. She has developed allergies.B. She doesr1·t know what al|ergies are-C. She doesn't have any allergiesD. She has allergies treated already.11 A. Listen to music. B. Read magazines.24. A. It is stable at room temperature for several years.B. It is administered directly into the bloodstream.C. It delivers glucose from blood to the cells.D. It is more chemically complex.25. A. Why insulin is not stable at room temperature.B. How important it is to understand the chemical bonds of insulin.C. Why people with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes don't produce enough insulin.D. What shape insulin takes when it unlocks the cells to take sugar form blood.PassageTwo26 . A. Vegetative patients are more aware.B. Vegetative patients retain some control of their eye movement.C. EEG scans may help us communicate with the vegetative patientsD. We usually communicate with the brain-dead people by brain-wave.27 A. The left-hand side of the brain.B. The right-hand side of the brain.C The central part of the brain.D. The front part of the brain28. A. 31 B. 6. C.4. D. 129. A. The patient was brain-deadB. The patient wasn't brain-dead.C. The patient had some control over his eye movements.D. The patient knew the movement he or she was making30. A. The patient is no technically vegetative.B. The patient can communicate in some way.C. We can train the patient of speak.D. The family members and doctors can provide better care.Part 11 Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirection: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four word- or phrases marked A, B, C and D are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word orphrase that best completes the sentence, then mark your answer on the ANSWERSHEET31 Despite his doctor’s note of caution，he never __ from drinking and smokingA. retainedB. dissuadedC. alleviatedD. abstained32. People with a history of recurrent infections are warned that the use of personal stereos with headsets is likely to _ their hearingA. rehabilitateB. jeopardizeC. tranquilizeD.supplement33. Impartial observers had to acknowledge that lack of formal education did notseem to _ Larry in any way in his success.A. refuteB. ratifyC. facilitateD. impede34. When the supporting finds were reduced, they should have revised their planA. accordingly B alternatively C. considerably D. relatively35. It is increasingly believed among the expectant parents that prenatal education of classical music can_ _ future adults with appreciation of music.A acquaint B. familiarized C. endow D. amuse36. If the gain of profit is solely due to rising energy prices, then inflation should be subsided when energy pricesA. level out B stand out C come off D. wear off37 Heat stroke is a medical emergency that demands immediate from qualified medical personnel.A. prescriptionB. palpationC. interventionD. interposition38. Asbestos exposure results in Mesothelioma, asbestosis and internal organ cancers, and of these diseases is often decades after the initial exposure.A. offsetB. intakeC. outletD. onset39. Ebola, which spreads through body fluid or secretions such as urine，and semen, can kill up to 90% of those infected.A. salineB. salivaC. scabiesD. scrabs40. The newly designed system is to genetic transfections, and enables an incubation period for studying various genes.A. comparableB. transmissibleC. translatableD. amenable Section BDirections: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There arefour words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phrase which canbest keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part.Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.41 Every year more than 1,000 patients in Britain die on transplant waiting lists, prompting scientists to consider other ways to produce organs.A. propellingB. prolongingC. puzzlingD. promising42. Improved treatment has changed the outlook of HIV patients, but there is still a serious stigma attached to AIDS.A. disgraceB. discriminationC. harassmentD. segregation43. Survivors of the shipwreck were finally rescued after their courage of persistence lowered to zero by their physical lassitude..A. depletionB. dehydrationC. exhaustionD. handicap44. Scientists have invented a 3D scan technology to read the otherwise illegible wood-carved stone, a method that may apply to other areas such as medicine. A. negative B. confusing C. eloquent D. indistinct45. Top athletes scrutinize both success and failure with their coach to extract lessons from them, but they are never distracted from long-term goals.A. anticipateB. clarifyC. examineD. verify46. His imperative tone of voice reveals his arrogance and arbitrariness.A. challengingB. solemnC. hostileD. demanding47 The discussion on the economic collaboration between the United States and the European Union may be eclipsed by the recent growing trade friction.A. erasedB. triggeredC. shadowedD. suspended48. Faster increases in prices foster the belief that the future increases will be also stronger so that higher prices fuel demand rather than quench itA. nurtureB. eliminateC. assimilateD. puncture49. Some recent developments in photography allow animals to be studied in previously inaccessible places and in unprecedented detail.A. unpredictableB. unconventionalC. unparalleledD. unexpected50. A veteran negotiation specialist should be skillful at manipulating.A. estimatingB. handlingC. rectifyingD. anticipatingPart III Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and 0 on the right side. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.A mother who is suffering from cancer can pass on the disease to her unborn child in extremely rare cases, 51 a new case report published in PNAS this week.According to researchers in Japan and at the Institute for Cancer Research in Sutton, UK, a Japanese mother had been diagnosed with leukemia a few weeks after giving birth，52 tumors were discovered in her daughter's cheek and lung when she was 11 months old. Genetic analysis showed that the baby's cancer cells had the same mutation as the cancer cells of the mother But the cancer cells contained no DNA whatsoever from the father，53 would be expected if she had inherited the cancer from conception. That suggests the cancer cell made it into the unborn child 's body across the placental barrier.The Guardian claimed this to be the first 54 case of cells crossing the placental barrier But this is not the case -- microchimerism ，55 cells are exchanged between a mother and her unborn child, is thought to be quite common, with some cells thought to pass from fetus to mother in about 50 to 75 percent of cases and to go the other way about half 56 .As the BBC pointed out, the greater 57 in cancer transmission from mother to fetus had been how cancer cells that have slipped through the placental barrier could survive in the fetus without being killed by its immune system. The answer in this case at least, lies in a second mutation of the cancercells, which led to the 58 of the specific features that would have allowed the fetal immune system to detect the cells as foreign. As a result, no attack against the invaders was launched.59 according to the researchers there is little reason for concern of "cancer danger" Only 17 probable cases have been reported worldwide and the combined 60 of cancer cells both passing the placental barrier and having the right mutation to evade the baby's immune system is extremely low51 A. suggests B. suggestingC. having suggestedD. suggested52. A. since B. althoughC. whereasD. when53. A. what B. whomC. whoD.as54. A. predicted B. notoriousC. provenD. detailed55. A. where B. whenC. ifD. whatever56. A. as many B. as muchC. as wellD. as often57 A. threat B. puzzleC.obstacleD. dilemma58. A. detection B. deletionC. amplificationD. addition59. A. Therefore B. FurthermoreC. NeverthelessD. Conclusively60. A. likelihood B. functionC. influenceD. flexibilityPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%) Directions: In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEETPassage OneThe American Society of Clinical Oncology wrapped its annual conference this week, going through the usual motions of presenting a lot of drugs that offer some added quality or extension of life to those suffering from a variety of as-yet incurable diseases. But buried deep in an AP story are a couple of promising headlines that seems worthy of more thorough review, including one treatment study where 100 percent of patients saw their cancer diminish by half.First of all, it seems pharmaceutical companies are moving away from the main cost-effective one-size-fits-all approach to drug development and embracing the long cancer treatments, engineering drugs that only work for a small percentage of patients but work very effectively within that group.Pfizer announced that one such drug it's pushing into late-stage testing is target for 4% of lung cancer patients. But more than 90% of that tiny cohort responded to the drug initial tests, and 9 out of ten is getting pretty close to the ideal ten out of ten. By gearing toward more boutique treatments rather than broad umbrella pharmaceuticals that try to fit for everyone it seems cancer researchers are making some headway. But how can we close the gap on that remaining ten percent?Ask Takeda Pharmaceutical and Celgene, two drug makers who put aside competitive interests to test a novel combination of their treatments. In a test of 66 patients with the blood disease multiple myeloma, a full 100 percent of the subjects saw their cancer reduced by half. Needless to say, a 100 percent response to a cancer drug (or in this case a drug cocktail) is more or less unheard of. Moreover, this combination never would've been two competing companies hadn't sat down and put their heads togetherAre there more potentially effective drug combos out there separated by competitive interest and proprietary information? Who's to say, but it seems like with the amount of money and research being pumped into cancer drug development, the outcome pretty good. And if researchers can start pushing more of their response numbers toward 100 percent, we can more easily start talking about oncology's favorite four-letter word: cure.61 Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Competition and CooperationB. Two Competing Pharmaceutical CompaniesC. The Promising Future of PharmaceuticalsD. Encouraging News: a 100% Response to a Cancer Drug62. In cancer drug development, according to the passage, the pharmaceuticals nowA. are adopting the cost-effective one-size-fits-all approachB. are moving towards individualized and targeted treatmentsC. are investing the lion's shares of their moneyD. care only about their profits63. From the encouraging advance by the two companies, we can infer thatA. the development can be ascribed to their joint efforts and collaborationB. it was their competition that resulted in the accomplishmentC. other pharmaceuticals will join them in the researchD. the future cancer treatment can be nothing but cocktail therapy64. From the last paragraph it can be inferred that the answer to the question _A. is nowhere to be foundB. can drive one crazyC. can be multipleD. is conditional65. The tone of the author of this passage seems to beA. neutralB. criticalC. negativeD. optimistPassage TwoLiver disease is the 12th -leading cause of death in the U.S., chiefly because once it's determined that a patient needs a new liver it's very difficult to get one. Even in case where a suitable donor match is found, there's guarantee a transplant will be successful. But researchers at Massachusetts General Hospital have taken a huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab, successfully transplanting culture-gown livers into rats.The livers aren't grown from scratch, but rather within the infrastructure of a donor liver. The liver cells in the donor organ are washed out with a detergent that gently strips away the liver cells, leaving behind a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture that is very hard to duplicate synthetically.With all of that complicated infrastructure already in place, the researchers then seeded the scaffold (支架) with liver cells isolated from healthy livers, as well as some special endothelial cells to line the bold vessels. Once repopulated with healthy cells, these livers lived in culture for 10 days.The team also transplanted some two-day-old recellularized livers back into rats, where they continued to thrive for eight hours while connected into the rats' vascular systems. However the current method isn't perfect and cannot seem to repopulate the blood vessels quite densely enough and the transplanted livers can't keep functioning for more than about 24 hours (hence the eight-hour maximum for the rat transplant)But the initial successes are promising, and the team thinks they can overcome the blood vessel problem and get fully functioning livers into rats within two years. It still might be a decade before the tech hits the clinic, but if nothing goes horribly wrong-and especially if stem-cell research establishes a reliable way to create health liver cells from the every patients who need transplants-lab-generated livers that are perfect matches for their recipients could become a reality.66. It can be inferred from the passage that the animal model was mainly intended toA. investigate the possibility of growing blood vessels in the labB. explore the unknown functions of the human liverC. reduce the incidence of liver disease in the U.S.D. address the source of liver transplants67 What does the author mean when he says that the livers aren't grown from scratch?A. The making of a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture.B. A huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab.C. The building of the infrastructure of a donor liverD. Growing liver cells in the donor organ68. The biological scaffold was not put into the culture in the lab untilA. duplicated syntheticallyB. isolated from the healthy liverC. repopulated with the healthy cellsD. the addition of some man-made blood vessels69. What seems to be the problem in the planted liver?A. The rats as wrong recipients.B. The time point of the transplantation .C. The short period of the recellularization.D. The insufficient repopulation of the blood vessels.70. The research team holds high hopes ofA. creating lab-generated livers for patients within two yearsB. the timetable for generating human livers in the labC. stem-cell research as the future of medicineD. building a fully functioning liver into ratsPassage ThreePatients whose eyes have suffered heat or chemical burns typically experience severe damage to the cornea--the thin, transparent front of the eye that refracts light and contributes most of the eye's focusing ability. In along-term study, Italian researchers use stem cells taken from the limbus, the border between the cornea and the white of the eye, to cultivate a graft of healthy cells in a lab to help restore vision in eyes. During the 10-years study, the researchers implanted the healthy stem cells into the damaged cornea in 113 eyes of 112 patients. The treatment was fully successful in more than 75 percent of the patients, and partially successful in 13 percent. Moreover, the restored vision remained stable over 10 years. Success was defined as an absence of all symptoms and permanent restoration of the cornea.Treatment outcome was initially assessed at one year, with up to 10 years of follow-up evaluations. The procedure was even successful in several patients whose burn injuries had occurred years earlier and who had already undergone surgery.Current treatment for burned eyes involves taking stem cells from a patient's healthy eye, or from the eyes of another person, and transferring them to the burned eye. The new procedure, however stimulates the limbal stem cells from the patient's own eye to reproduce in a lab culture. Several types of treatments using stem cells have proven successful in restoring blindness, but the long-term effectiveness shown here is significant. The treatment is only for blindness caused by damage to the cornea; it is not effective for repairing damaged retinas or optic nerves.Chemical eye burns often occur in the workplace, but can also happen due to mishaps involving household cleaning products and automobile batteries.The results of the study, based at Italy's University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, were published in the June 23 online issue of the New England Journal of Medicine.71 What is the main idea of this passage?A. Stem cells can help restore vision in the eyes blinded by burns.B. The vision in the eyes blinded by burns for 10 years can be restored.C. The restored vision of the burned eyes treated with stem cells can last for 10 years.D. The burned eyes can only be treated with stem cells from other healthy persons.72. The Italian technique reported in this passageA. can repair damaged retinasB. is able to treat damaged optic nervesC. is especially effective for burn injuries in the eyes already treated surgicallyD. shows a long-term effectiveness for blindness in vision caused by damage to cornea73. Which of the following is NOT mentioned about eye burns?A. The places in which people work.B. The accidents that involve using household cleaning products.C. The mishaps that involved vehicles batteries.D. The disasters caused by battery explosion at home.74. What is one of the requirements for the current approach?A. The stem cells taken from a healthy eye.B. The patient physically healthy.C. The damaged eye with partial vision.D. The blindness due to damaged optic nerves.75. Which of the following words can best describe the author's attitude towards thenew method?A. Sarcastic.B. Indifferent.C. Critical.D. PositivePassage FourHere is a charming statistic: divide the US by race, sex and county of residence, and differences in average life expectancy across the various groups can exceed 30 years. The most disadvantaged look like denizens of a poor African country: a boy born on a Native American reservation in Jackson County, South Dakota, for example, will be lucky to reach his 60th birthday. A typical child in Senegal can expect to live longer than that.America is not alone in this respect. While the picture is extreme in other rich nations, health inequalities based on race, sex and class exist in most societies--and are only partly explained by access to healthcare.But fresh insights and solutions may soon be at hand. An innovative project in Chicago to unite sociology and biology is blazing the trail (开创)，after discovering that social isolation and fear of crime can help to explain the alarmingly high death rate from breast cancer among the city's black women. Living in these conditions seems to make tumors more aggressive by changing gene activity, so that cancer cells can use nutrients more effectively.We are already familiar with the lethal effect of stress on people clinging to the bottom rungs of the societal ladder, thanks to pioneering studies of British civil servants conducted by Michael Marmot of University College London.What's exciting about the Chicago project is that it both probes the mechanisms involved in a specific disease and suggests precise remedies. There are drugs that may stave tumors of nutrients and community coordinators could be employed to help reduce social isolation .Encouraged by the US National Institutes of Health, similar projects are springing up to study other pockets of poor health, in populations ranging from urban black men to white poor women in rural Appalachia.To realize the full potential of such projects, biologists and sociologists will have to start treating one other with a new respect and learn how to collaborate outside their comfort zones. Too many biomedical researchers still take the arrogant view that sociology is a "soft science" with little that's serious to say about health. And too many sociologists reject any biological angle--fearing that their expertise will be swept aside and that this approach will be used to bolster discredited theories of eugenics, or crude race-based medicineIt's time to drop these outdated attitudes and work together for the good of society's most deprived members. More important, it's time to use this fusion of biology and sociology to inform public policy. This endeavor has huge implications, not least in cutting the wide health gaps between blacks and whites, rich and poor76. As shown in the 1st paragraph, the shaming statistic reflects -A. injustice everywhereB. racial discriminationC. a growing life spanD. health inequalities77. Which of the following can have a negative impact on health according to the Chicago-based project?A. Where to live.B. Which race to belong toC. How to adjust environmentally.D. What medical problem to suffer.78. The Chicago-based project focuses its management onA. a particular medical problem and its related social issueB. racial discrimination and its related social problemsC. the social ladder and its related medical conditionsD. a specific disease and its medical treatment78. The Chicago-based project focuses its management onA. a particular medical problem and its related social issueB. racial discrimination and its related social problemsC. the social ladder and its related medical conditionsD. a specific disease and its medical treatment79. Which of the following can most probably neglected by sociologists?A. The racial perspective.B. The environmental aspect.C. The biological dimension.D. The psychological angel.80. The author is a big fan ofA. the combination of a traditional and new way of thinking in promoting healthB. the integration of biologists and sociologists to reduce health inequalitiesC. the mutual understanding and respect between racesD. public education and health promotionPassage FiveAmerican researchers are working on three antibodies that many mark a new step on the path toward an HIV vaccine, according to a report published online Thursday, July 8, 2010, in the journal Science.One of the antibodies suppresses 91 percent of HIV strains, more than any AIDS antibody ever discovered , according to a report on the findings published in the WallStreet Journal. The antibodies were discovered in the cells of a60-year-old African-American gay man whose body produced them naturally. One antibody in particular is substantially different from its precursors, the Science study says.The antibodies could be tried as a treatment for people already infected with HIV, the WSJreports. At the very, least, they might boost the efficacy of current antiretroviral drugs.It is welcome news for the 33 million people the United Nations estimated were living with AIDS at the end of 2008.The WSJ outlines the painstaking method the team used to find the antibody amidthe cells of the African-American man, known as Donor 45. First they designed a probe that looks just like a spot on a particular molecule on the cells that HIV infects. Theyused the probe to attract only the antibodies that efficiently attack that spot. They screened 25 million of Donor 45's cell to find just 12 cells that produced the antibodiesScientists have already discovered plenty of antibodies that either don't work at all or only work on a couple of HIV strains. Last year marked the first time that researchers found "broadly neutralizing antibodies," which knock out many H IV strains. But none of those antibodies neutralized more than about 40 percent of them the WSJ says. The newest antibody, at 91 percent neutralization, is a marked improvement.Still, more work needs to be done to ensure the antibodies would activate the immune system to produce natural defenses against AIDS, the study authors say. They suggest there test methods that blend the three new antibodies together--in raw form to prevent transmission of the virus, such as from mother to child; in a microbicide gel that women or gay men could use before sex to prevent infection; or as a treatment for HIV/AIDS, combined with antiretroviral drug.If the scientists can find the right way to stimulate production of the antibodies, theythink most people could produce then , the WSJ says.81 We can learn from the beginning ofthe passage that_A. a newly discovered antibody defeats 91 % of the H IV strainsB. a new antiretroviral drug has just come on the marketC. American researchers have developed a new vaccine for HIVD. the African-American gay man was cured of his HIV infection82. What is the implication of the antibodies discovered in the cells of the African-American gay man?。
华科英语面试试题及答案
华科英语面试试题及答案一、自我介绍1. 请用英语简单介绍一下自己。
答案：My name is [Your Name], and I am from [Your Hometown].I graduated from [Your University] with a degree in [Your Major]. I am passionate about [Your Interests] and have experience in [Your Relevant Experience].二、专业问题1. 请谈谈您对[Your Major]的理解。
答案：[Your Major] is a field that focuses on [Brief Description of the Major]. It involves [Key Concepts or Skills]. I believe it is important because [Reasons].2. 您在[Your Major]领域有哪些实践经验？答案：I have had the opportunity to work on [Projects or Internships] in the field of [Your Major]. During these experiences, I learned [Skills or Knowledge] that I believeare valuable for my future career.三、情景模拟1. 如果您被录用，您将如何快速适应新环境？答案：To quickly adapt to a new environment, I would [Strategies for Adaptation]. I would also [Additional Actions] to ensure a smooth transition.2. 描述一下您解决过的一个复杂问题。
华中科技大学考博英语模拟1
[模拟] 华中科技大学考博英语模拟1Part Ⅰ Cloze In this part you are asked to choose the best word for each blank in the passage.After yuppies and dinkies, a new creature from adland stalks the block. The NYLON, an acronym linking New York and London, is a refinement of those more familiar categories such as jet- setters and cosmocrats (cosmopolitan aristocrats...do keep up). Marketing professionals have noted that __1__ the demise of Concorde, a new class of high-earner increasingly __2__ his or her time shuttling __3__ the twin capitals of globalization. And NYLONS prefer their home comforts __4__tap in both cities. Despite the impressive__5__ of air miles, they are not adventurous people.As __6__ from Tom Wolfe's Masters of the Universe of the 1980s, NYLONS have done more than well __7__ the long boom and new economy of the last ten years. They are DJs, chefs, games designers, Internet entrepreneurs, fashionistas, publishers and even a(n) __8__ band of journalists and writers. They are self-consciously trendy and some are even able to __9__ houses in both cities. Others will put up __10__ a house in one, and a view __11__ a room in the __12__ . of course, their horizons do __13__ beyond just New York and London. For many, Los Angeles is an important shopping mall.More significantly for adland, NYLONS provide some useful marketing savings. Campaigns no longer have to differ very much in the two cities, __14__ NYLONS bring them ever closer together. The restaurants are the same, with Nobu now in London and Conran in New York. Many plays __15__ in both cities at the same time, and DJs shuttle between the two, __16__ the same garage to the same people in __17__ clubs. Time Out and Wallpaper are the magazines of __18__ . All this is fine for NYLONS. But not so much__19__ for everybody else watching Notting Hill turn __20__ a pale imitation of Greenwich Village.第1题：A.regardless ofB.even thoughC.althoughD.despite参考答案：D答案解析：本题考核的知识点是逻辑+语法。
年全国医学博士英语统考真题及参考答案
年全国医学博⼠英语统考真题及参考答案2010年全国医学博⼠外语统⼀考试英语试卷答题须知1.请考⽣⾸先将⾃⼰的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，在标准答题卡上，将准考证号相应的位置涂好。
2.试卷⼀（paper one）和试卷⼆（paper two）答案都做在标准答题卡上，书⾯表达⼀定要⽤⿊⾊签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域，不要做在试卷上。
3.试卷⼀答题答题时必须使⽤2B铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂⿊；如要更正，先⽤橡⽪擦⼲净。
4.标准答题卡不可折叠，同时必须保持平整⼲净，以利评分。
5.听⼒考试只放⼀遍录⾳，每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。
Paper OnePart I Listening comprehension(30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversions between two speakers. At the end of each conversion, you will hear a question about what is said. The question willbe read only once. After you hear the question, read the four possible answers markedA, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the womanYou will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B DCB. She needs a new purse.C. She’s going to give a birthday party.D. She wants to go shopping with her mom.2. A. She hears noises in her ears day and night.B. She has been overworking for a long time.C. Her right ear, hurt in an accident, is troubling her.D. Her ear rings are giving her trouble day and night.3. A. He’ll go to see Mr. White at 10:30 tomorrow.B. He’d like to make an earlier appointment.C. He’d like to cancel the appointment.D. He’d like to see another dentist.4. A. 8:00 B. 8:15 C. 8:40 D. 8:455. A. In a hotel. B. At a fast food bar.C. In the supermarket.D. In the department store.6. A. To resign right away.B.To work one more day as chairman.C.To think twice before he make the decision.D.To receive further training upon his resignation.7. A. She didn’t do anything in particular.B.She send a wounded person to the ER.C.She had to work in the ER.D.She went skiing.8. A. A customs officer. B. The man’s mother.C. A school headmaster.D. An immigration officer.9. A. It feels as if the room is going around.B.It feels like a kind of unsteadiness.C.It feels as if she is falling down.D.It feels as if she is going around.10. A. John has hidden something in the tree.B.John himself should be blamed.C.John has a dog that barks a lot.D.John is unlucky.11. A. The chemistry homework is difficult.B.The chemistry homework is fun.C.The math homework is difficult.12. A. His backache. B. His broken leg.C. His skin problem.D. His eye condition.13. A. Whooping cough, smallpox and measles.B.Whooping cough, chickenpox and measles.C.Whooping cough, smallpox and German measles.D.Whooping cough, chickenpox and German measles.14. A. Saturday morning. B. Saturday night.C. Saturday afternoon.D. Next weekend.15. A. He’s lost his notebook.B.His handwriting is messy.C.He’ll miss class latter this week.D.He cannot make it for his appointment.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear one conversion and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possible answers marked A,B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Conversation16. A. He is having a physical checkup.B.He has just undergone an operation.C.He has just recovered from an illness.D.He will be discharged from the hospital this afternoon.17. A. He got an infection in the lungs.B.He had his gallbladder inflamed.C.He was suffering from influenza.D.He had developed a big kidney tone.18. A. A lot better. B. Terribly awful.C. Couldn’t be better.D. Okay, but a bit weak.19. A. To be confined to a wheelchair.B.To stay indoors for a complete recovery.C.To stay in bed and drink a lot of water.D.To move about and enjoy the sunshine.20. A. From 4 pm to 6 pm. B. From 5 pm to 7 pm.C. From 6 pm to 8 pm.Passage One21. A. The link between weight loss and sleep deprivation.B.The link between weight gain and sleep deprivation.C.The link between weight loss and physical exercise.D.The link between weight gain and physical exercise.22. A. More than 68,000. B. More than 60,800.C. More than 60,080.D. More than 60,008.23. A. Sever-hour sleepers gained more weight over time than 5-hour ones.B.Five-hour sleepers gained more weight over time than 7-hour ones.C.Short-sleepers were 15% more likely to become obese.D.Short-sleepers consumed fewer calories than long sleepers.24. A. Overeating among the sleep-deprived.B.Little exercise among the sleep-deprived.C.Lower metabolic rate resulting from less sleep.D.Higher metabolic rate resulting from less sleep.25. A. Exercise every day. B. Take diet pills.C. Go on a diet.D. Sleep more.Passage Two26. A. She is too hard on me.B.She asks too many questions.C.She is always considerate of my feelings.D.She is the meanest mother in the neighborhood.27. A. A university instructor. B. A teaching assistant.C. A phD student.D. A psychiatrist.28. A. They usually say no.B.They usually say yes.C.They usually wait and see.D.They usually refuse to say anything.29. A. They are overconfident.B.Their brains grow too fast.C.They are psychologically dependent.D.Their brains are still immature in some areas.30. A. Be easy on your teen.B.Try to be mean to your teen.D.Don’t care about your teen’s feelings.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section all the statements are incomplete, beneath each of which are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that can bestcomplete the statement and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWERSHEET.31. A number of black youths have complained of being by the police.A. harassedB. distractedC. sentencedD. released32. He rapidly became with his own power in the team.A. irrigatedB. irradiatedC. streetlightD. torchlight33. Throughout his political career he has always been in the .A. twilightB. spotlightC. streetlightD. torchlight34. We that diet is related to most types of cancer but we don’t have definite proof.A. suspendB. superveneC. superviseD. suspect35. A patient who is dying of incurable cancer of the throat is in terrible pain, which can nolonger be satisfactorily .A. alleviatedB. abolishedC. demolishedD. diminished36. The television station is supported by from foundations and other sources.A. donationsB. pensionsC. advertisements37. More legislation is needed to protect the property rights of the patent.A. integrativeB. intellectualC. intelligent38. Officials are supposed to themselves to the welfare and health of the generalpublic.A. adaptB. confineC. commitD. assess39. You should stop your condition and do something about it.A. drawing onB. touching onC. leaning onD. dwelling on40. The author of the book has shown his remarkably keen into human nature.A. perspectiveB. dimensionC. insightD. reflectionSection BDirections: In this section each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined, beneath which are four words or phrase. Choose the word or phrase which canbest keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for theunderlined part. Then mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.41.The chemical was found to be detrimental to human health.A. toxicB. immuneC. sensitiveD. allergic42.It will be a devastating blow for the patient, if the clinic closes.A. permanentB. desperateC. destructiveD. sudden43.He kept telling us about his operation in the most graphic detail.A. verifiableC. preciseD. ambiguous44.The difficult case tested the ingenuity of even the most skillful physician.A. credibilityB. commitmentC. honestyD. talent45.He left immediately on the pretext that he had to catch a train.A. claimB. clueC. excuseD. talent46.The nurse was filled with remorse of not believing her .A. anguishB. regretC. apologyD. grief47.The doctor tried to find a tactful way of telling her the truth.A. delicateB. communicativeC. skillfulD. considerate48.Whether a person likes a routine office job or not depends largely on temperament.A. dispositionB. qualificationC. temptationD. endorsement49.The doctor ruled out Friday’s surgery for the patient’s unexpected complications.A. confirmedB. facilitatedC. postponedD. cancelled50.It is not easy to remain tranquil when events suddenly change your life.A. cautiousB. motionlessC. calmD. alertDirections: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choice marked A, B, C and D listed on the right side. Choose the best answer andmark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Experts say about 1% of young women in the United States are almost starving themselves today. They are suffering from a sickness called anorexia.These young women have an abnormal fear of getting fat. They 51 starve themselves so they weigh at 15% less than their normal weight.The National Institute of Mental Health says one 52 ten cases of anorexia leads to serious medical problems. These patients can die from heart failure or the disease can lead young womento 53 themselves. For example, former gymnast Christy Henrich died at age 22. She weighed only61 pounds.A person with anorexia first develops joint and muscle problems. There is a lack of iron inthe blood. 54 the sickness progresses, a young woman’s breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure rates slow down. The important substance calcium is 55 from the bones, something causing bones to break. Sometimes the brain gets smaller, causing changes in 56 a person thinks and acts. Scientists say many patients have further mental and emotional problems. They have 57 opinions about themselves. They feel helpless. Their attempts to become extremely thin may 58 efforts to take control of their lives. They may become dependent on illegal drugs. Some people also feel the need to continually repeat a(n) 59 . For example, they may repeatedly wash their hands although their hands are clean.Anorexia is a serious eating 60 .If it is not treated on time, it can be fatal.51. A. specifically B. purposely C. particularly D. passionately52. A. from B. of C. at D. in53. A. kill B. starve C. abuse D. worsen54. A. When B. While C. As D. Since55. A. lost B. derived C. generated D. synthesized56. A. what B. why C. how D. which57. A. good B. high C. lower D. poor58. A. represent B. make C. present D. exert59. A. medication B. illusion C. motion D. action60. A. habit B. behavior C. disorder D. patternPart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Direction:In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the bestanswer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneChildren should avoid using mobile phones for all but essential calls because of possible health effects on young brains. This is one of the expected conclusions of an official government report to be published this week. The report is expected to call for the mobile phone industry to refrain from promoting phone use by children, and to start labeling phones with data on the amount of radiation they emit. The Independent Expert Group on Mobile Phones, chaired by former government chief scientist William Stewart, has spent eight months reviewing existing scientific evidence on all aspects of the health effects of using mobile phones. Its report is believed to conclude that because we don’t fully understand the nonthermal effects of radiation on human tissue, the government should adopt a precautionary approach, particularly in relation to children.There is currently no evidence that mobile phones harm users or people living near transmitter masts. But some studies show that cell-phones operating at radiation levels within current safety limits do have some sort of biological effect on the brain.to environmental insults,” he says,“So if phones did prove to be hazardous——which they haven’t yet ——it would be sensible.”In 1998, Tattersall showed that radiation levels similar to those emitted by mobile phones could alter signals from brain cells in slices of rat brain, “What we’ve found is an effect, but we don’t know if it’s hazardous,” he says.Alan Preece of the University of Bristol, who found last year that microwaves increase reaction times in test subjects, agreed that children’s exposure would be greater. “There’s a lot less tissue in the way, and the skill is thinner, so children’s heads are considerably closer,” he says.Stewart’s report is likely to recommend that the current British safety standards on energy emissions from cell-phones should be cut to the level recommended by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, which is one-fifth of the current British limit. “The extra safety factor of five is somewhat arbitrary,” s ays Michael Clark of the National Radiological Protection Board. “But we accept that it’s difficult for the UK to have different standards from an international body.”61. Just because it has not been confirmed yet whether mobile phone emissions can harm humantissue, according to the government report, does not mean that .A. the government should prohibit children from using cell-phonesB. we should put down the phone for the sake of safetyC. the industry can have a right to promote phone useD. children are safe using cell-phones62. Tattersall argues that it is wise to refrain mobile phone use by children in termsof .A. their neural developmentB. their ill-designed cell-phonesC. the frequency of their irrational useD. their ignorance of its possible health effects63. On the issue in question, Preece .A. does not agree with TattersallB. tries to remove the obstacles in the wayC. asks for further investigationD. would stand by Stewart64. What is worrisome at present is that the UK .A. is going to turn deaf ears to the voice of Stesart’s planB. finds it difficult to cut the current safety standards on phone useC. maintains different standards on safety limit from the international onesD. does not even impose safety limit on the mobile phones’ energy emissions65．Which of the following can bi the best candidate for the title of the passageA . Brain Wave B. For Adults OnlyC. Catch Them YoungD. The Answer in the AirPassage TwoAdvances in cosmetic dentistry and plastic surgery have made it possible to correct facial birth defects, repair damaged teeth and tissue, and prevent or greatly delay the onset of tooth decay and gum disease. As a result, more people smile more often and more openly today than ever in the past, and we can expect more smiles in the future.middle-class family members in formal portraits and domestic scenes appear to have their mouths firmly closed. Soldiers in battle, children at play, beggars, old people, and especially villains may have their mouths open; but their smiles are seldom attractive, and more often suggest strain or violence than joy.Smiles convey a wide range of meanings in different eras and cultures, says art historian Angus Trumble, currently curator(馆长)of Yale University’s Center for British Art, in his book A Brief History of the Smile. Compare, for instance, the varying impressions made by the shy dimples(酒窝)of Leonardo’s Mona Lisa; the rosy-cheeked, mustachioed Laughing Cavalier of Frans Hals; and the”Smiley Face”logo perfected(though not invented)in 1963 by American graphic artist Harvey .In some non-Western cultures, Trumble notes, even a warm, open smile does not necessarily indicate pleasure or agreement. It can simply be a polite mask to cover emotions considered too rude or shocking to bi openly displayed.Subtle differences in muscle movement can convey enormous differences in emotion, from the tranquility of bronze Buddhas, to the erotic bliss of couples entwined in stone on Hindu temples,to the fierce smirk(假笑)of a guardian demon at the entrance to a Chinese tomb.Trumble expects the impact of Western medicine and mass media to further increase the pressure on people to grin broadly and laugh openly in public.”Faint smiles are increasingly thought of in scientific and psychological circles as something that falls short of the true smile ,”and therefore suggest insincerity or lack of enthusiasm, he says.With tattooing, boby piercing, and permanent cosmetics already well established as fashion trends, one can imagine tomorrow’s beauty shops adding plastic surgeons and dentists to their staffs. These comer-store cosmeticians would offer style makeovers to reshape our lips, teeth, and jawlines to mimic the signature smile of one’s favorite celebrity.What can you say to that except” Have a nice day”66. Had it not been for cosmetic advances, as inferred from the passage, .A . people would not have been as happy as they are todayB. the rate of facial birth defect would not have declinedC . there would not have been many more open smilesD. we would not have seen smiling faces in public67. According to the passage, it seems that whether there is a smile or not in the portraits orpictures is decided by .A. one’s internal sense of the external worldB . one’s identity or social positionC . one’s times of existenceD . All of the above68. Trumble’s study on smiles shows that .A. an open smile can serve as a cover-upB . the famous portraits radiate varying smilesC. even the human muscles can arouse varying emotionsD. smiles can represent misinterpretations of different eras and cultures69. What Trumble expects to see is .A. the increasing tendency of broad grins and open smiles in publicB . further impact of Western medicine upon non-Western culturesC. a wider range of meanings to be conveyed by smilesD. more of sincerity and enthusiasm in public70 . At the end of the passage, the author implicates .C . future changes in life styleD . the future of smilesPassage ThreeAdolf Hitler survived an assassination attempt in 1944 with the lamp of penicillin made by the Allies, a microbiologist in the UK claims. If the Nazi leader had died from bacterial infection ofhis many wounds, the Second World War might have been over a year earlier, saving millions of lives, says Milton Wainwright of the University of Sheffield, a noted historian of microbiology.In a paper to be published soon in Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, Wainwright reveals first-hand evidence that Hitler was treated with penicillin by his personal doctor, Theo Morrell, following an assassination attempt in which a bomb in a suitcase exploded next to Hitler’s desk. Hitler was badly hurt, fleeing the scene with his hair and trousers on fire, a badly bleeding arm and countless wooden splinter wounds from the oak table that probably saved his life.Wainwright found confirmation that Morrell gave Hitler antibiotics as a precaution in a recent translation of Morrell’s own diary. “I happened to be reading it for interest when the word penicillin jumped out at me,” he says. He then set about trying to establish where Morrell might have got the drug.At the time, penicillin was available only to the Allies. German and Czechoslovakian teams had tried without much success to make it, Wainwright says, but the small quantities that weresays Wainwright. available were weak and impure. “It’s generally accepted that it was no good,”He reasons that Morrell would only have risked giving Hitler penicillin to prevent infectionsif he were confident that the antibiotic would cure, not kill the German premier. “My research shows that Morrell, in a very dodgy(危险的) position as Hitler’s doctor, would only have used pure stuff.” And the only reliable penicillin was that made by the Allies. So where did Morrell getitWainwright’s investigations revealed that Allied airmen carried penicillin, so the Germans may have confiscated some from prisoners of war. The other more likely source is from neutral countries such Spain, which received penicillin from Allied countries for humanitarian purposes, perhaps for treating sick children.have proof the Allies were sending it to these countries,” says Wainwright. “I’m saying “Ｉthis would have got through in diplomatic bags, reaching Hitler’s doctor and the higher echelons(阶层)of the Nazi party. So this was almost certainly pure, Allied penicillin.”“We can never be certain it saved Hitler’s life,” says Wainwright. But he notes that one of Hitler’s henchmen(死党)，Reinhard Heydrich, died from blood poisoning after surviving acar-bomb assassination attempt. “Hair from his seat went into his wounds and gave him septicemia,” says Wainwright. Morrell may have been anxious to ensure that Hitler avoided the same fate.71. According to Wainwright, Adolf Hitler .A. might have used biological weapons in the warB. could not have committed suicide as confirmedC. could have died of bacterial infectionD. might have survived a bacterial plague72. Following his assassination in 1944, Adolf Hitler .A. began to exercise precautions against his personal attacksB. was anxious to have penicillin developed in his countryC. received an jinjection of penicillin for blood poisoningD. was suspected of being likely to get infecteds personal doctor .73. As Wainwright reasons, H itler’A. cannot have dared to prescribe German-made penicillin to himB. need not have used pure antibiotic for his suspect infectionC. would have had every reason to assassinate himD. must have tried to produce penicillin74. Wainwright implies that the Third Reich .A. met the fate of collapse as expectedB. butchered millions of lives on the earthC. was severely struck by bacterial plaguesD. did have channels to obtain pure penicillin75.Which of the following can be the best title for the passageA.How Hitler Manage to Survive Assassination AttemptsB.Morrell Loyal to His German PrimierC.Hitler Saved by Allied DrugsD.Penicillin Abused in GermanPassage FourGet ready for a new kind of machine at your local gym: one that doesn’t involve huffing and puffing as you burn off calories. Instead, all you have to do is stand still for 30 seconds while the machine measures your body fat. It could then tell you exactly where you could do with losing afew pounds and even advise you on exercises for your problem areas. If the body fat scanner turns out to be accurate enough, its makers hope it could one day help doctors spot disease.The scanner works by simultaneously building up an accurate 3D image of the body, while measuring the body’s effect on an electromagnetic field. Combining the two measurements allows the researchers to work out the distribution of fat and water within. Neither method is new on itsown, says Henri Tapp, at the Institute of Food Research in Norwich in the UK. “The smart thing is that we’ve put them in one machine.”And it’s not just for gym users. The body fat scanner could be used to study fat deposition as children develop, while patients recover from injury, or during pregnancy. And since it uses radio waves rather than X-rays, Tapp’s device is safe to use repeatedly.Body shape is known to be a risk indicator for heart disease and diabetes. So accurately quantifying fat distribution could help doctors suggest preventive measures to patients before problems arise. At the moment, doctors estimate fat content from knowing body volume and water content. To a good approximation, says Tapp, anything that isn’t fat is water. The amount of water in the body is often measured by giving the subject a drink of water that contains a radioactive tracer. The level of tracer in the patient's urine after three hours reveals the total water volume.To find out a body’s volume, subjects are weighed while totally submerged in water, and thisis subtracted from their normal weight to give the weight of water displaced, and hence the subject’s volume. But it is scarcely practical for seriously ill people.There are other ways to directly measure body fat, such as passing a minuscule current between the wrists and feet. The overall fat content can then be estimated from the body’s resistance. But this method doesn’t take body shape into account ——so a subject with particularly skinny legs might register a higher fat content than the true value. That’s because skinny legs—with a lower cross-sectional area——will present higher resistance to current. So the machine thinks the water content of the body is lower——rating the subject as fatter. Also, the system can only give an overall measurement of fat.Tapp’s method uses similar calculations, but is more sophisticated because it tells you where you are piling on the pounds.76. The new machine is designed .A. to picture the body’s hidden fatB. to identify those at risk for obesityC. to help clinically treat specific casesD. to measure accurately risky obesity-related effects77. The beauty of the device, according to Tapp, is that .A. it performs a dual functionB. it is of great accuracy in measurementC. it has significant implications in clinical practiceD. it contributes to the evolution of human anatomy78.Which of the following, according to the passage, does the machine have the potential tospareA. A minuscule current.B. A radioactive tracer.C. A water tank.D. All of the above.79.In comparison with the techniques mentioned in the passage, the body fat scanner .A. quickens the pace of the patient’s rehabilitationB. is highly appreciated for its safetyC. features its measuring precisionD. is easy to operate in the clinic80.For scanning, all the subject has to do is .A. take up a form of workout in the gymB. turn round the body fat scannerC. lie on the electromagnetic fieldD. sand in the systemPassage FiveThere is currently abroad a new wave of appreciation for breadth of knowledge. Curricula at universalities and colleges and programs in federal agencies extol(赞扬) the virtues of a broad education. For scientists who work in specialized jobs, it is a pleasure to escape in our spare timeto read broadly in fields distant from our own. Some of us have made interdisciplinary study our occupation, which is no surprise, because much of the intellectual action in our society today liesat the interfaces between traditional disciplines. Environmental science is a good example, because it frequently requires us to be conversant in several different sciences and even some unscientific fields.Experiencing this breadth of knowledge is stimulating, but so is delving deeply into a subject. Both are wonderful experiences that are complementary practical and aesthetic(美学的)ways. They are like viewing the marvelous sculpture of knowledge in two different ways. Look at the sculpture from one perspective and you see the piece in its entirety, how its components connect to give it form, balance, and symmetry. From another viewpoint you see its detail, depth, and mass. There is no need to choose between these two perspectives in art. To do so would subtract fromthe totality of the figure.So it is with science. Sometimes we gaze through a subject and are reluctant to stop for too much detail. As chemists, we are fascinated by computer sciences or molecular genetics, but not enough to become an expert. Or we may be interested in an analytical technique but not enough to stay at its cutting edge. At other times, we become immersed in the detail of a subject and see its beauty in an entirely different way than when we browse. It is as if we penetrate the surface of the sculpture and pass through the crystal structure to the molecular level where the code for the entire structure is revealed.Unfortunately, in our zeal for breadth or depth, we often feel that it is necessary to diminishthe value of the other. Specialists are sometimes ridiculed with names such as “nerd”or “technocrats”, generalists are often criticized for being too “soft” or knowing too little about any one thing. Both are ludicrous(可笑的) accusations that deny a part of the reality of。
华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题
目录2005年春季华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题 (2)2005年秋季华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题 (8)2006年春季华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题(1) (15)2006年春季华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题(2) (21)2005年春季华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题参考答案 (28)2005年秋季华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题参考答案 (29)2006年春季华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题参考答案(1) (30)2006年春季华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题参考答案(2) (31)2005年春季华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题Cloze (1x10=10%)Directions: In this part you are asked to choose the best word for each blank in the passage. Write your answers on the answer sheet.Some kids have a hard time 1 to the new freedom that they acquire when they leave high school and come to college. Here you are able to choose 2 or not you want to go to class. However, this responsibility comes with a great price. If you do not go to class, you may miss an important lecture and these are very critical when it comes time for the test that is fifty percent of your grade. With this responsibility I have learned how to manage my time more 3 . 4 hating every minute of school, I value it 5 a time for me to prepare for the big test. This new schedule has also changed me in that now I 6 school is worth my time. I do not dread going to class. Yes, it is boring some of the time but since I only have two to four classes a day for only four days out of the week, it is not as 7__ as high school. Also many of my courses require more in depth thinking. As an alternative to doing worksheets and 8 simple questions, college courses call 9 _ analysis and thought. Almost all of my homework now is writing papers and reading books. These to this routine, I have been able to investigate and recognize meaning more 10 and it has helped me in my thought process.1. A) content B) to adopt C) finding D) adjusting2. A) where B) when C) whether D) if3. A) effective B) efficiently C) effort D) affect4. A) Instead of B) Rather than C) Instead D) Other than5. A) for B) upon C) as D) with6. A) should like B) feel like C) look like D) would like7. A) unpleasant B) pleasant C) enjoyable D) misfortune8. A) answered B) answer C) answering D) to answer9. A) in B) for C) up D) about10. A) likely B) prepared C) ready D) readilyII. Reading comprehension (20x2=40%)Directions: There are four passages in this part. After each passage, there are five questions. You are to choose the best answer for each question. Write your answers on the answer sheet.Passage 1Extremely refined behaviour, cultivated as an art of gracious living, has been characteristic only of societies with wealth and leisure, which admitted women as the social equals of men. After the fall of Rome, the first European society to regulate behaviour in private life in accordance with a complicated code of etiquette was twelfth-century Provence, in France.Provence had become wealthy. The lords had returned to their castles from the crusades, and there the ideals of chivalry grew up, which emphasized the virtue and gentleness of women and demanded that a knight should profess a pure and dedicated love to a lady who would be his inspiration, and to whom he would dedicate his valiant deeds, though he would never come physically close to her. This was the introduction of the concept of romantic love, which was to influence literature for many hundreds of years and which still lives on an a inferior form in simple popular songs and cheap novels today.In Renaissance Italy too, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, a wealthy and leisured society developed an extremely complex code of manners, but the rules of behaviour of fashionable society had little influence on the daily life of the lower classes. Indeed many of the rules, such as how to enter a banquet room, or how to use a sword or handkerchief for ceremonial purposes, were irrelevant to the way of life of the average working man, who spent most of his life outdoors or in his own poor hut and most probably did not have a handkerchief, certainly not a sword, to his name.Yet the essential basis of all good manners does not vary. Consideration for the old and weak and the avoidance of harming or giving unnecessary offence to others is a feature of all societies everywhere and at all levels from the highest to the lowest. You can easily think of dozens of examples of customs and habits in your own daily life which come under this heading.Etiquette cultivated as an art of gracious living ______.has been typical of rich and leisured societiesadvocates that women are the same as menbegan in nineteenth-century Provencelooks down on extremely refined behaviourThe ideals of chivalry demanded that ______.a knight should never have physical relationships with womena knight should inspire his lady to valiant deedsa knight should dedicate his valiant deeds to a womanromantic people should influence literatureThe rules of etiquette in Renaissance Italy ______.were chiefly concerned with the correct use of one's sword or handkerchiefwere practiced by the majority of societydid not apply to a large section of societywere fairly simple to followThe average working man in fifteenth-century Italy ______.spent all his life outdoorsspent all his life in his own poor huthad better social manners than workers todaywas unlikely to have possessed a swordConsideration for the old and weak and the avoidance of giving unnecessary offence to others are ______.the essential basis of all systems of good mannersnot a universal feature of etiquettetaught to the lower classes by the upper classesoften neglected by polite societyPassage 2One day Mr Kerry was walking along the Strand in London, killing time, when his eye was caught by an enormous picture displayed upon the wall of a house. It represented a human figure covered with long, dark hair, with huge nails upon his hands and a most fearful expression. On coming nearer, he heard a man call out "Walk in, ladies and gentlemen, the most wonderful curiosity ever exhibited --only five pence the wild man from Africa -- he eats raw food, and many other pleasing and surprising performances." Mr kerry paid his money and was admitted. At first the crowd prevented his seeing anything, for the place was full to suffocation (窒息), and the noise awful. At last, Mr Kerry obtained, by means of squeezing and pushing, a place in the front, when to his horror, he saw a figure that was far worse than the portrait outside.It was a man, nearly naked, covered with long, shaggy hair, that grew even over his nose and cheekbones. He sprang about, sometimes on his feet, sometimes on all-fours, but always uttering the most fearful yells, and glaring upon the crowd in a manner that was really dangerous. Mr Kerry did not feel exactly happy at the whole proceeding, and began heartily to wish himself outside. Suddenly, the savage gave a more frightening scream than before and seized a piece of raw beef which a keeper extended to him on a long fork. This he tore to pieces eagerly, and ate in the most voracious (贪婪的) manner, among great clapping of hands and other evidence of satisfaction from the audience. "I'll go now," thought Mr Kerry, "for who knows whether, in his hungry moods, he might not fancy finishing his dinner with me." Just at this instant, some sounds struck his ear that surprised him.He listened more attentively and, to his amazement, found that among the most fearful cries and wild yells, the savage was talking Irish. Now, Mr Kerry had never heard of an African Irishman so he listened very closely, and by degrees, not only the words were known to him, but the very voice was familiar, so turning to the savage, he addressed him in Irish, at the same time fixing him with a severe look."Who are you " said Mr Kerry."Billy McCabe, sir.""And what do you mean by playing your tricks here, instead of earning your living like an honest man ""Well," said Billy, "I'm earning the rent to pay you. One must do many strange things to pay the kind of rent you charge."Mr Kerry was walking along the Strand because ______.he had nothing else to dohe was late for an appointmenthe was looking for something to dohe was reluctant to go homeInside the house, at first, Mr Kerry ______.was nearly suffocatedcould see nothingwas pushed aboutcouldn't hear anythingThe wild man gave the impression of being dangerous by ______.the way he movedthe way he dressedthe looks he gavethe cries he madeMr Kerry decided to leave the house because ______.he flt extremely frightenedhe was worried what might happenhe didn't wish to eat with the savagehe feared he might have a heart attackThe wild man surprised Mr Kerry by speaking Irish since ______.he was on show in Londonhe was a primitive savagehe previously spoke gibberishhe was thought to be AfricanPassage 3Having reached the highest point of our route according to plan, we discovered something the map had not told us. It was impossible to climb down into the Kingo valley. The river lay deep between mountain sides that were almost vertical. We couldn't find any animal tracks, which usually show the best way across country, and the slopes were covered so thickly with bushes that we could not see the nature of the ground. We had somehow to break through to the river which would give us our direction out of the mountains into the inhabited lowlands.Our guide cut a narrow path through the bushes with his long knife and we followed in single file. Progress was slow. Then, when we thought we had really reached the river, we found ourselves instead on the edge of a cliff with a straight drop of 1000 feet to the water below. We climbed back up the slope and began to look for another way down. We climbed, slipped, sweated and scratched our hands to pieces and finally arrived at the river. Happily we strode downhill along its bank without having to cut our way. However, after a few miles theriver entered a steep-sided gap between rocks and suddenly dropped thirty-five feet over a waterfall. There was no path alongside it and no way round it.Then one of the guides saw a way of overcoming the difficulty. There was a fallen tree lying upside down over the waterfall with its leafy top resting on the opposite bank below the falls. Without hesitation he climbed down the slippery trunk to show us how easy it was. Having got to the fork of the tree, he moved hand over hand along a branch for four or five feet with his legs hanging in space, then he dropped onto the flat bank on the other side, throwing his arms in the air like a footballer who has scored a goal, and cheerfully waving us on.Having reached the highest point on their route, the travelers expected to be able to ______.A. track animals to the riverB. put away the maps they had been usingC. approach the river from different directionD. get down to the river without much difficulty22.The travelers wanted to get to the river because ______.A. it would lead them to the waterfallB. it would show them which way to goC. it was the only possible route out of the mountainsD. it was a quicker route than going over the mountains23. One reason why the travelers took so long to get to the river was that ______.A. it was too hot to move quicklyB. there was no proper pathC. they all tried to go in different waysD. they could not follow the animal tracks24. The travelers were happy when they reached the river because ______.A. they had a sense of achievementB. the going was much easier thenC. they were eager to see the waterfallD. they knew they were near their destination25. To get past the waterfall the guide had to ______.A. use a fallen tree as a kind of bridgeB. cross the river above the waterfallC. slide down a steep river bankD. swing across the river from a high branchPassage 4Will you be watching 'Horizon' on Monday evening, or is that when you're down at the local HILARY MACASKILL suggests here that tuning in may be advisable.This week's Horizon: How Much Can You Drink Addresses itself to the practical issue of the dividing line between harmless normal drinking and the "serious drinking problem" that troubles an estimated 700 000 people in this country. Too much drinking can have terrible effects on health: in the next 12 months 10 000 people may die prematurely from the effects of drink. Advertisements can no longer characterize alcohol as beneficial. Guinness is not now projected as "good for you". Nevertheless, social drinkers cling hopefully to that scrap of half-remembered research that suggests that a little drink is good for you.Well, perhaps it is. Darts (a game) players can draw comfort from the evidence in the programme that hand shaking lessens after a few drinks. Though it must be added that next day's hand shaking was greater than normal. Moderate drinking, because of the effect of alcohol on the blood, may give some protection against heart disease.But people's bodies vary hugely in their reactions to alcohol. The less fortunate drinkers may get cirrhosis (a kind of disease) of the liver after a far smaller alcohol amount than another drinker.So how much can you drink The answer, if you are a woman, is less that a man. The reason is not another example of rough discrimination but that women, unfair though it may be, are more at risk from alcohol. Doctors recommend a daily limit of six units for a man, four units for a woman.That limit is the aim of those who attend Drink Watchers, formed 18 months ago, which works on similar lines to Weight Watchers. After an initial screening to ensure that they aren't physically damaged by alcohol, Drink Watchers meet weekly to analyze ant discuss the daily records they keep of their drinks. "The aim is to provide a social base as much as anything," says National co-ordinator Geraldine Wilson. "We replace the pub life with a different social life."Enjoying sensible drinking is the goal of Drink Watchers and Geraldine has some useful tips to help people stick to the limit: "Make the first drink a soft one to quench the thirst. Alternate alcohol with mineral water. Put the glass on the table between sips. Distance the glass so you have to make a conscious effort to reach it. Make one drink last 40 minutes. Most important, plan how much to drink in an evening, count the drinks and then stop."26. Based on what do you think this article is writtenA. A magazineB. A newspaperC. A medical journal.D. A TV program.27. Can alcohol ever be good for youA. Yes, in moderate amount.B. No, even in moderate amount.C. Maybe, in moderate amount.D. Never, even in moderate amount.28. How can Drink Watchers help youA. By checking your health.B. By providing social base.C. By helping you cut down on your drinking.D. All the above.29. What do you think the word "soft" in the third line of paragraph 7 meansA. gentleB. non-alcoholicC. mildD. calm30. Which of the following is NOT true according to the textA. 700 000 people in Britain are seriously affected by alcohol.B. 10 000 people are likely to die in the next year because of alcohol.C. Six units of beer for men and 4 units for women everyday is 'safe'.D. Different people react almost the same to alcohol.TranslationSection A From English into Chinese (15%)Directions: Translate the following three underlined parts from English into Chinese and write your translation on the answer sheet.People could land on Mars in the next 20 to 30 years provided scientists can find water on the red planet, the head of NASA's (美国国家宇航局) surface exploration mission said on September 16.Two partially solar-powered "robot geologists" -- Mars Exploration Rovers, or MERs –(机器人地质学者——火星探测漫游者) have been trundling across 3 miles of the planet and into craters since January, beaming back data about the makeup of what scientists believe is Earth's sister planet.1. Asked how long it could be before astronauts land on Mars, Arthur Thompson, mission manager for MER surface operations said, "My best guess is 20 to 30 years, if that becomes our primary priority."The two MER robots, dubbed Spirit and Opportunity, have found ancient evidence that water was once plentiful -- important for scientists hoping to know if there was once -- or could still be -- life on Mars.Without water, the dream of sending astronauts to the often dusty planet, which has rust-colored rocks and where the sky is red and sunsets are blue, couldn't unravel."If we cannot find water,it really makes it difficult to send humans. Water is the key," said Thompson, who was attending a mining engineers' conference.2. Such a mission would take 11 to 12 months to get to Mars and it would be impossible to carry enough water for the astronauts, plus the water needed to make rocket fuel for the return journey, to cool the spacecraft and to generate energy.Thompson said scientists had found a canyon on Mars "that makes the Grand Canyon look like a small canyon," where water could still be present."There are indications that there is actually water that seeps out the side of the canyon, and going down the side it evaporates. We believe it's an ongoing process," he said.3. Three satellites now orbiting Mars are constantly gathering information, and Thompson said, "If there is water, we believe the chances of finding life are greatly increased."Section B From Chinese into English (15%)Directions: Translate the following three underlined parts from Chinese into English and write your translation on the answer sheet.自从1843年第一张圣诞贺卡在伦敦印刷,销售以来,公务贺卡已经成为政治家们节日活动中不可缺少的一部分.1. 德高望众的亚伯拉罕•林肯(Abraham Lincoln)是第一位发现圣诞贺卡中蕴藏着政治效力的美国总统,在此过程中,圣诞老人的形象永远留在了人们心中.美国内战期间,奴隶们控制的南方政权与北方的联邦政府相抗衡,当时林肯总统要求政治漫画家托马斯•纳斯特在圣诞老人的画像上配上联邦军队,旨在鼓舞士兵的士气.托马斯•纳斯特是第一个让胖胖的圣诞老人穿上现在看来传统的红色外套和宽大皮带的人.2. 据说看到这个活泼可爱的家伙站在北方联邦军队一边,南方军队的士气大大的受挫.没过多久,他们就战败了.二战期间,同盟国政府同样用圣诞祝词来鼓舞占领区的战士们,幽默的贺卡给战士们带来了充满希望的援助.3. 事实上,正是从这个阶段开始,圣诞节寄贺卡的传统在美国总统中流传起来——至今他们都是世界上最认真的寄卡人之一.Writing(20%)Directions: You are going to write about 200 words on the following topic "Learning is a life-long profession". You are required to write in three paragraphs. Write your essay on the answer sheet.2005年秋季华中科技大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题I. Cloze (0.5x20=10%)Directions: In this part you are asked to choose the best word for each blank in the passage. Write your answers on the answer sheet.Today, the Tower of London is one of the most popular tourist (1) ___ and attracts over three million visitors a year. It was occasionally used as a Royal Palace for the Kings and Queens of England (2) ____ the time of James I who (3) ____ from 1603 to 1625, but is (4) ____ known as a prison and execution place. Within the walls of the Tower, princes have been murdered, traitors (5) ____, spies shot, and Queens of England beheaded. One of the most famous executions was that of Anne Boleyn in 1536. She was the second wife of Henry VIII. He wanted to (6) ____ her because she could not give him a son, so he accused her of adultery. She was tried and found guilty. She asked to be beheaded with a sword, (7) ____ the usual axe, which can still be seen in the Tower. The sword and executioner were (8) ____ over specially from France and with one (9) ____ the executioner cut off her head.The Tower was also the (10) ____ of one of London's most famous mysteries. King Edward IV died in 1843. His elder son, Edward, became king (11) ____ his father's death. Young Edward lived in the Tower, and the Duke of Gloucester, (12) ____ protector, persuaded Edward's brother, Richard, to come and live there so that they could play together. But then the Duke (13) ____ that he was the new king, and he was crowned instead of the twelve-year-old Edward, (14) ____ himself Richard III.After that, the boys were seen less and less and eventually disappeared. (15) ____ said that they were suffocated in bed by pillows being (16) ____ their mouths. It is believed that Richard ordered their deaths, (17) ____ it has never been proved. In 1674, workmen at the Tower discovered two (18) ____ which were taken away and buried in Westminster Abbey in 1678. The (19) ____ were examined in 1933 and were declared to be those of two children, (20) ____ the age of the Princes.1. A. seats B. scenes C. grounds D. sights2. B. until B. by C. to D. at3. A. reined B. reigned C. powered D. controlled4. A. hardly B. little C. best D. well5. A. ruined B. destroyed C. tortured D. wounded6. A. get the worst of B. get rid of C. get the best of D. get done with7. A. apart from B. besides C. together with D. rather than8. A. brought B. taken C. got D. won9. A. knock B. hit C. shot D. stroke10. A. spot B. scent C. place D. view11. A. on B. at C. with D. by12. A. their B. the C. his D. a13. A. announced B. published C. advertised D. revealed14. A. naming B. calling C. declaring D. giving15. A. That is B. This is C. They are D. It is16. A. forced into B. squeezed forth C. pressed over D. put on17. A. so that B. since C. as D. although18. A. skeletons B. boys C. remains D. dead bodies19. A. ashes B. bones C. corpses D. sketches20. A. definitely B. certainly C. roughly D. possiblyII. Reading comprehension (20x2=40%)Directions: There are four passages in this part. After each passage, there are five questions. You are to choose the best answer for each question. Write your answers on the answer sheet.Passage OneWe all know the situation----a good friend recommends you a restaurant and you are looking forward to a nice quiet dinner, but the meal turns out to be less peaceful than expected as you are joined, in sound, by a number of uninvited guests---- James Last, the Beatles, Mireille Mathieu, Mozart ---- depending on the landlord's fancy. You can count yourself lucky if you happen to like what you hear coming over the loudspeakers. But what about the customers who cannot stand James Last or simply want peace and quiet There is nothing they can do. Radio sets at home can be switched off, but not restaurant loudspeakers. Customers simply become the captive audience of sounds they do not want. Some wine bars in Austria, the home of café music, make a charge known as Schrammelmusik (music cover), which everyone has to pay. But the word is quite misleading ---- payment of the music toll gives no cover ---- quite the opposite.Music has become omnipresent. The selection in restaurants may still be a matter of chance, though it generally reflects nothing more than the doubtful taste of piped-music suppliers. However, in other areas music has long been a means of stepping up profits. An entire branch of industry thrives on this, assembling music by the most sophisticated methods with the customer in mind ---- department store music to produce a demonstrable increase in turnover; office music to improve the working atmosphere; airport and hotel music with its soothing effect; even cowshed music with its impact on milk production.These various forms of music, however different in function, have one thing in common ---- the way in which they are produced. The ancient, venerable concepts of composition and arrangement are naturally ruled out from the start. All musical extremes are deliberately debarred. The music issuing from department store loudspeakers must have a steady volume and avoid sudden effects, notes that are too high or too low and the human voice. With one exception ---- during the Christmas rush children's choirs may be heard encouraging sales by singing 'Silent Night', 'Jingle Bells' and so on.This music is more effective when turned low. The aim of this drizzle of canned sound is not conscious assimilation and it represents something quite new in the history of music. For thousands of years music was made to be listened to. But department store music is meant only to create a warm background. There is no contradiction in the fact that Mozart may sometimes find his way into department store music tapes, though his compositions were not meant as background jingles. But department store wallpaper music is not Mozart ---- it only appears to be. And anything unusual in classical composers, anything that lends character, is simply cut ---- development sections, accents, daring harmonies, provocative instrumentation. All we have left is a melody with no backbone which might just as well have come from a pop-song producer ---- plastic music as it were, whose components all sound exactly the same.The music is not meant to be listened to and that may explain the fact that, while we have associations and action groups against air pollution and the pollution of drinking water, so far no one has got up in arms about damage to our acoustic environment. And so our musical sensitivity will continue to be subtly and gently attacked by the piped music in department stores and offices ---- music which we hear without listening to. Its strategy takes advantage of one simple fact ---- you cannot just close your ears.21. Why does the author describe the customers as a 'captive audience'They usually like the music thrown at them.Because they can't escape the music.He wants to show how easy they are to please.Because they've paid a special charge called a 'music toll'.22. Piped music in restaurants is different from that heard in department stores because ____.it's usually very tastefulit's chosen very carefully by the ownerit tries to create a soothing atmosphereit doesn't aim to increase profits23. According to the writer, what does all piped music always avoidHappy songs.Certain instruments.Children's choirs.Any extremes.24. From what the writer says, it's reasonably clear that he or she ____.loves pop musiclikes music in public placesenjoys classical musicis keen on Christmas carols25. The writer of the passage would probably like to ____.join an 'air pollution action group'get rid of music just in restaurantsstart a movement against 'canned music'make people listen to the piped music in public placesPassage TwoThe teacher of reading is involved, whether this is consciously realized or not, in the development of a literate society. And every teacher, therefore, needs to determine what level of literacy is demanded by society, what role he or she should take in achieving the desired standard of literacy, and what the implications of literacy are in a world context.The Unesco report presents a world view of literacy. Too often we limit our thoughts to the relatively small proportion of illiterates in our own country and fail to see it in its international context.The problems facing developing nations are also facing industrialized nations. Literacy, as the report points out, is 'inextricably intertwined with other aspects of national development (and) national development as a whole is bound up with the world context'. Literacy is not a by-product of social and economical development - it is a component of that development. Literacy can help people to function more effectively in a changing environment and ideally will enable the individual to change the environment so that it functions more effectively.Literacy progammes instituted in different countries have taken and are taking different approaches to the problem: for example the involvement of voluntary non-governmental organizations, which underlines the importance of seeing literacy not as a condition imposed on people but as a consequence of active participation within society. People can learn from the attempts of other countries to provide as adequate 'literacy environment'.Who are the 'illiterates' and how do we define them At what point do we decide that illiteracy ends and literacy begins Robert Hillerich addresses these questions. An illiterate, he finds, 'may mean anything from one who has no formal schooling to one who has attended four years or less, to one who is unable to read or write at the level necessary to perform successfully in his social position.' Literacy, he points out, is not something one either has or has not got: 'Any definition of literacy must recognize this quality as a continuum, representing all degrees of development.'An educational definition - i.e. in terms of grades completed or skills mastered - is shown to be inadequate in that educationally defined mastery may bear only minimal relation to the language proficiency needed in coping with environmental demands. From a sociological / economic viewpoint the literacy needs of individuals vary greatly, and any definition must recognize the needs of the individual to engage effectively and to act with responsible participation.Such a broadened definition excludes assessment based on a 'reading-level type'; assessment must, rather, be flexible to fit both purpose and population.。
华中科技大学大学英语分级考试样题
华中科技大学大学英语分级考试样题HUST Placement Test (Sample)试卷一Part I. Listening ComprehensionSection A Short ConversationsDirections:In this section, you will hear 10 short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause you must read the four choices marked A, B, C and D, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.1. A. $24 B. $12.C. $6.D. $18.2. A. At 6:15. B. At 6:45.C. At 7:15.D. At 7:45.3. A. Pass up the food. B. Take a bite of the cake.C. Make a wish.D. Cook a great cake.4. A. Because her clock stopped working.B. Because her arms couldn't move.C. Because her aunt failed to come again.D. Because her sleep was disturbed by the fire alarm.5. A. He doesn't know where the library is.B. He would like to borrow books from the woman.C. The woman doesn't need a map to find the library.D. He also wants to know where the library is.6. A. Fine but cold. B. Sunny and hot.C. Rainy and cold.D. Rainy and hot.7. A. The man should watch the program too.B. The man should leave the television on.C. The program will be over soon.D. She'll watch television later.8. A. Turn off the electricity. B. Pack their clothes.C. Call a taxi.D. Lock the suitcase.9. A. She took a bus. B. She walked.C. She drove herself.D. She was given a ride.10. A. The doctor can see him for a short time.B. He can bring in another chair.C. There will be a short wait.D. His appointment is for another time.Section B PassageDirections: In this section, you will hear a short passage. At the end of the passage, you will hear 5 questions. Both the passage and questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A. B, C and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Questions 11 through 15 are based on the following passage.11. A. Because they prefer fresh flowers.B. Because they think all false things are ugly.C. Because false things are useless.D. Because they do not like to do “True” or “False” exercises.12. A. Because he didn't think all false things were ugly.B. Because he believed his grandfather had lied.C. Because he thought his grandfather could find no answer.D. Because he wanted to show he was cleverer than his grandpa.13. A. He thought his grandson could give an example.B. He thought his grandson was very clever.C. He thought what he had said was a certain truth.D. He thought his grandson wouldn't agree with him.14. A. He looked ugly.B. He looked younger and lively.C. He looked empty and flat.D. He looked clever.15. A. False things are more beautiful than real things.B. Not all false things are ugly.C. The grandson was cleverer than his grandpa.D. The professor was quite ugly.请翻到试卷二继续作听力理解题第三和第四部分，并将答案写在试卷二上。
同济博士生考试英语
同济博士生考试英语
同济大学博士研究生入学考试英语是一个重要的考试，对于考生来说，英语考试成绩是评定其综合素质的重要指标之一。
同济博士生考试英语包含听力、阅读、写作和口语四个方面，其中听力和阅读是重点，也是难点。
听力考试主要考察考生的听力理解能力，包括听取学术讲座、报告等，要求考生能够听懂讲座的主要内容和关键词汇，并能根据听到的内容回答问题。
阅读考试主要以学术论文为主，要求考生能够熟练阅读和理解英文论文，掌握文章的主旨、论点和证据等。
考生需要能够准确地回答问题，解释文章的意义和结论。
写作考试主要考察考生的写作能力，要求考生能够熟练运用英语写出一篇有逻辑、有条理的学术论文。
考试的主题涉及广泛，包括科学、技术、人文等各个领域。
口语考试主要考察考生的口头表达能力，要求考生能够流利、清晰地表达自己的观点，准确地使用英语语法和词汇，具备良好的口语交际能力和沟通能力。
总之，同济博士生考试英语是一个综合性的考试，考生需要全面提高英语语言水平，具备较强的综合素质和学术能力，才能够在考试中取得好的成绩。
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华中科技大学考博英语模拟试卷4(题后含答案及解析)
华中科技大学考博英语模拟试卷4(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Cloze 2. Reading Comprehension 3. Chinese-English Translation 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. WritingClozeThe most famous painter in Victoria’s history is Emily Carr. When she was a child, she discovered that walking in the woods【C1】______more to her than playing with other children, and that she was more interested in【C2】______the streets of old Victoria than playing at home with【C3】______and spending her time making up. Emily was a cute little girl who spent【C4】______of her childhood in Beacon Hill Park, 【C5】______was very close to her home. Drawing【C6】______her, and she also liked to play with the pets. She had ducks and chickens, and even【C7】______a monkey. She was【C8】______interested in the First Nations people and the Chinese people she saw in Victoria’s Chinatown. Their culture and way of dressing seemed so【C9】______from her own. As she became a young .strong and【C10】______woman, Emily began to go on long trips into the forests to【C11】______and draw what she saw. She loved the free and simple【C12】______of the First Nations people. In the summer of 1895 she went on【C13】______with two other women to 【C14】______the wilderness along the Cowichan River that runs through Duncan, 【C15】______north of Victoria. She knew more about their lifestyle and the forests of B. C. than【C16】______other European woman. When you look at her paintings, you can sense the【C17】______of these dark, mysterious forests. Her paintings are now very famous and, 【C18】______the dark colors may not be attractive to some people, they【C19】______the beauty and mystery of the deep woods and the skill of a great artist Emily was a very brave and independent woman. She walked through the woods alone, even though she knew that bears and wolves might be her only【C20】______.1．【C1】A．attractedB．appealedC．alluredD．induced正确答案：B解析：本题考核的知识点是：动词搭配和辨析。
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I：根据JCR分类的期刊的影响因子、全称相关的问题，练习使用JCR和作者查询；5%--5道题II：根据Web of Science搜索作者+单位+领域得到的文章及被引次数的问题；5%--5道题III：一篇Title+Abstract的划分几部分，每部分分别到哪里相关的问题；P20810%--5道题Reversion of advanced Ebola virus disease in nonhuman primates with ZMapp. AbstractWithout an approved vaccine or treatments,Ebola outbreak management has been limited to palliative care and barrier methods to prevent transmission.These approaches,however,have yet to end the2014outbreak of Ebola after its prolonged presence in West Africa.／Here we show that a combination of monoclonal antibodies(ZMapp),optimized from two previous antibody cocktails,is able to rescue 100%of rhesus macaques when treatment is initiated up to5days post-challenge.／High fever,viraemia and abnormalities in blood count and blood chemistry were evident in many animals before ZMapp intervention.Advanced disease,as indicated by elevated liver enzymes,mucosal haemorrhages and generalized petechia could be reversed,leading to full recovery.ELISA and neutralizing antibody assays indicate that ZMapp is cross-reactive with the Guinean variant of Ebola.／ZMapp exceeds the efficacy of any other therapeutics described so far,and results warrant further development of this cocktail for clinical use.Questions：11.Among the eight types of titles,which type does this title belong to?A:noun phrase and prepositional phrase.12.How many parts can you divide the abstract into Name each part?A:Four parts.1.Background,2.objective,3.Methods and Reults,4.Conclusion.13.What is the objective of the study?A:Here we show that…up to5days post-challenge.14.What are the results?A:Advanced disease…with the Guinean variant of Ebola.15.In the sentence,”Advanced disease,as indicated by elevated liver enzymes,mucosal haemorrhages and generalized petechia could be reversed,leading to full recovery.”Please translate the term“generalized petechia”into Chinese?A:全身瘀斑IV：最后一次课，无PPT一篇Introduction+Reference Title：P21720%--10道题IntroductionEbola virus(EBOV)infections cause severe illness in humans,and after an incubation period of3to21days,patients initially present with general flu-like symptoms beforea rapid progression to advanced disease characterized by hemorrhage,multi-organ failure and a shock-like syndrome1.In the spring of2014,a new EBOV variant emerged in the West African country of Guinea2,an area in which EBOV has not been previously reported.Despite a sustained international response from local and international authorities including the Ministry of Health(MOH),World Health Organization(WHO)and Médecins Sans Frontières(MSF)since March2014,the outbreak has yet to be brought to an end after five months.As of15th August2014, there are2127total cases and1145deaths spanning Guinea,Sierra Leone,Liberia and Nigeria3.So far,this outbreak has set the record for the largest number of cases and fatalities,in addition to geographical spread4.Controlling an EBOV outbreak of this magnitude has proven to be a challenge and the outbreak is predicted to last for at least several more months5.In the absence of licensed vaccines and therapeutics against EBOV,there is little that can be done for infected patients outside of supportive care,which includes fluid replenishment,administration of antivirals,and management of secondary symptoms6,7.With overburdened personnel,and strained local and international resources,experimental treatment options cannot be considered for compassionate use in an orderly fashion at the moment.However,moving promising strategies forward through the regulatory process of clinical development has never been more urgent.Over the past decade,several experimental strategies have shown promise in treating EBOV-challenged nonhuman primates(NHPs)after infection.These include recombinant human activated protein C(rhAPC)8,recombinant nematode anticoagulant protein c2(rNAPc2)9,small interfering RNA(siRNA)10,positively-charged phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers(PMO plus)11,the vesicular stomatitis virus vaccine(VSVΔG-EBOVGP)12,as well as the monoclonal antibody(mAb)cocktails MB-003(consisting of human or human-mouse chimeric mAbs c13C6,h13F6and c6D8)13and ZMAb(consisting of murine mAbs m1H3,m2G4and m4G7)14.Of these,only the antibody-based candidates have demonstrated substantial benefits in NHPs when administered greater than24hours past EBOV exposure.Follow-up studies have shown that MB-003is partially efficacious when administered therapeutically after the detection of two disease“triggers”15,and ZMAb combined with an adenovirus-based adjuvant provides full protection in rhesus macaques when given up to72hours after infection16.The current objective is to develop a therapeutic superior to both MB-003and ZMAb, which could be utilized for outbreak patients,primary health-care providers,as well as high-containment laboratory workers in the future.This study aims to first identify an optimized antibody combination derived from MB-003and ZMAb components, before determining the therapeutic limit of this mAb cocktail in a subsequent experiment.In order to extend the antibody half-life in humans and to facilitate clinical acceptance,the individual murine antibodies in ZMAb were first chimerized with human constant regions(cZMAb).The cZMAb components were then producedin Nicotiana benthamiana17,using the large-scale,cGMP-compatible Rapid Antibody Manufacturing Platform(RAMP)and magnICON vectors that currently also manufactures the individual components of cocktail MB-003,before efficacy testing in animals.References1.Bausch DG,Sprecher AG,Jeffs B,Boumandouki P.Treatment of Marburg and Ebola hemorrhagic fevers:a strategy for testing new drugs and vaccines under outbreak conditions.Antiviral Res.2008;78:150–161.doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2008.01.152.[PubMed][Cross Ref]2.Baize S,et al.Emergence of Zaire Ebola Virus Disease in Guinea-Preliminary Report.N Engl J Med.2014doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1404505.[PubMed][Cross Ref]3.WHO.int.WHO-Ebola virus disease(EVD)2014<http://www.who.int/csr/don/archive/disease/ebola/en/>..Chronology of Ebola Hemorrhagic FeverOutbreaks.2014</vhf/ebola/resources/outbreak-table.html>.5.Reliefweb.int.W.African Ebola epidemic‘likely to last months’:UN.2014<http://reliefweb.int/report/guinea/w-african-ebola-epidemic-likely-last-mo nths-un>.6.Clark DV,Jahrling PB,Lawler JV.Clinical management of filovirus-infected patients.Viruses.2012;4:1668–1686.doi:10.3390/v4091668.[PMC freearticle][PubMed][Cross Ref]7.Guimard Y,et anization of patient care during the Ebola hemorrhagic fever epidemic in Kikwit,Democratic Republic of the Congo,1995.J InfectDis.1999;179(Suppl1):S268–273.doi:10.1086/514315.[PubMed][Cross Ref]8.Hensley LE,et al.Recombinant human activated protein C for the postexposure treatment of Ebola hemorrhagic fever.J Infect Dis.2007;196(Suppl2):S390–399.doi: 10.1086/520598.[PubMed][Cross Ref]9.Geisbert TW,et al.Treatment of Ebola virus infection with a recombinant inhibitor of factor VIIa/tissue factor:a study in rhesus ncet.2003;362:1953–1958. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15012-X.[PubMed][Cross Ref]10.Geisbert TW,et al.Postexposure protection of non-human primates against a lethal Ebola virus challenge with RNA interference:a proof-of-conceptncet.2010;375:1896–1905.doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60357-1.[PubMed][Cross Ref]Questions:16.What is the difference between abstract and introduction?A:There are no references in the abstract and no results in introduction.17.How many parts can you divide the introduction into?Name each part?A:Four Parts.Background,Conclusion,Objective,Method18.What problem is posed on this article?A:The current objective is to develop a therapeutic superior to both MB-003and ZMAb,which could be utilized for outbreak patients,primary health-care providers, as well as high-containment laboratory workers in the future.19.In the first paragragh,what does“supportive care”refer to?A:It includes fluid replenishment,administration of antivirals,and management of secondary symptoms20.What style of referencing system does it belong to?A:Citation order system.21.How many authors are listed in item1?A:Four.22.Where is the article published in Item2?A:New England Journal of Medicine.23.What kind of the reference source does item3belong to?24.What type does the title belong to in item10?A:Title and subtitle25.Please translate the Chinese title“肝素疗法的前瞻性随机研究：into English by using the same method as Item10.A:Heparin therapy:Prospective randomized studyVI：Journal Instruction for authors：10%--11道题General InformationJAMA Internal Medicine is an international peer-reviewed journal providing innovative and clinically relevant research for practitioners in general internal medicine and internal medicine subspecialities. The Editor of JAMA Internal Medicine is Rita F.Redberg,MD,MSc,University of California San Francisco School of Medicine,San Francisco,California.The journal is published online every Monday and in print each month.Authorship Criteria and Conditions and Authorship FormEach author should have participated sufficiently in the work to take public responsibility for appropriate portions of the content.One or more of the authors should take responsibility for the integrity of the work as a whole,from inception to published article.1,2According to the guidelines of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors(ICMJE),as revised in2013,2authorship credit should be based on the following4criteria:(1)substantial contributions to conception or design of the work,or the acquisition,analysis,or interpretation of data for the work;and(2)drafting of the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content;and(3)final approval of the version to be published;and(4)agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. Each author should be accountable for the parts of the work he or she has done.In addition,each author should be able to identify which coauthors are responsible for specific other parts of the work and should have confidence in the integrity of the contributions of any coauthors.Changes in AuthorshipAuthors should determine the order of authorship among themselves and should settle any disagreements among themselves before submitting their manuscripts.Changes in authorship(ie,order,addition,and deletion of authors)should be discussed and approved by all authors.Any requests for such changes in authorship after initial manuscript submission and before publication should be explained in writing to the editor in a letter or email from all authors.1(pp134-135)Manuscript SubmissionManuscripts should be submitted online via the online manuscript submission and review system.At the time of submission,complete contact information(affiliation,postal/mail address,e-mail address, telephone and fax numbers)for the corresponding author is required.First and last names,e-mail addresses,and institutional affiliations of all coauthors are also required.Manuscripts submitted through the online system should not also be submitted by mail or e-mail.After the manuscript is submitted,the corresponding author will receive an acknowledgment confirming receipt and a manuscript number.Authors will be able to track the status of their manuscripts via the online system. After manuscript submission,all authors of Letters to the Editor and Invited Commentaries will be sent an Authorship Form to complete and submit(see sample Authorship Form).All authors of all other manuscripts will receive an Authorship Form at the time of request for/receipt of a revision to their manuscript.See Manuscript Checklist,Manuscript Preparation and Submission Requirements,1,2and other details in these instructions for additional requirements.Manuscript StyleManuscripts should be prepared in accordance with the AMA Manual of Style,10th edition,1and/or the ICMJE Recommendations for the Conduct,Reporting,Editing,and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals.TitleTitles should be concise,specific,and informative and should contain the key points of the work.1(p8) Please limit the length of titles to150characters for reports of research and other major articles and 100characters for Editorials,Viewpoints,Commentaries,and Letters.For scientific manuscripts, overly general titles are not desirable and questions and declarative sentences should be avoided.For reports of clinical trials,meta-analyses,and systematic reviews,include the type of study as a subtitle (eg,A Randomized Clinical Trial,A Meta-analysis,A Systematic Review).For reports of other types of research,do not include study type or design in the title or subtitleReferencesAuthors are responsible for the accuracy and completeness of the references and for their correct text citation.Cite all references in the text or tables.Number references in the order they appear in the text;do not alphabetize.In text,tables,and legends,identify references with superscript arabic numerals.When listing references,follow AMA style1(pp39-79)and abbreviate names of journals according to the journals list in PubMed.List all authors and/or editors up to6;if more than6,list the first3followed by“et al.”Note:Journal references should include the issue number in parentheses after the volume number.Examples of reference style:1.Garbutt JM,Banister C,Spitznagel E,Piccirillo JF.Amoxicillin for acute rhinosinusitis:a randomized controlled trial.JAMA.2012;307(7):685-692.2.Centers for Medicare&Medicaid Services.CMS proposals to implement certain disclosure provisions of the Affordable Care Act./apps/media/press/factsheet.asp?Counter=4221.Accessed January30,2012.3.McPhee SJ,Winker MA,Rabow MW,Pantilat SZ,Markowitz AJ,eds.Care at the Close of Life: Evidence and Experience.New York,NY:McGraw Hill Medical;2011.Questions:25.What kinds of articles does JAMA provide?A:They provide innovative and clinically relevant research for practitioners in general internal medicine and internal medicine subspecialities.26.How many criteria are the authorship credit based on?A:There are4criteria.27.What is required if there are changes in authorship?A:Any requests for such changes in authorship after initial manuscript submission and before publication should be explained in writing to the editor in a letter or email from all authors28.Can authors submit their articles via mail or e-mail?A:No29.How do authors know the status of their manuscript?A:Authors will be able to track the status of their manuscripts via the online system30.What is the requirement for the title of reports of research and other major articles?A:Please limit the length of titles to150characters for reports of research and other major articles 31.Structured abstract can be further divided into two kinds.What are they?A:The first kind is divided into five parts:Background,Objective,Methods,Results and Conclusion and the other one is divided into four parts:Objective,Methods,Results and Conclusion.32.In test,tables,and legends,how are the references identified?A:In text,tables,and legends,identify references with superscript arabic numerals.33.If the authors are more than six,how to list the authors’name?A:if more than6,list the first3followed by“et al.”34.In reference Item3,what is“Care at the Close of Life:Evidence and Experience”?A:The name of the cited book.35.In reference Item3,NY:McGraw Hill Medical is publisher.。