Generalized formula for the electric tunnel effect between similar electrodes separated

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等量同种电荷中点电场强度

等量同种电荷中点电场强度英文回答：The electric field strength at the midpoint between equally charged points can be calculated using theprinciple of superposition. According to this principle, the electric field at a given point is the vector sum of the electric fields produced by each individual charge.Let's consider a simple example to illustrate this concept. Suppose we have two equally charged particles, each with a charge of +1 Coulomb, placed 1 meter apart. We want to find the electric field strength at the midpoint between them.Using the formula for electric field strength, E = k Q / r^2, where k is the electrostatic constant, Q is the charge, and r is the distance from the charge, we can calculate the electric field produced by each particle at the midpoint.For the first particle, the distance from the midpointis 0.5 meters. Plugging in the values, we get E1 = k 1 / (0.5)^2.Similarly, for the second particle, the distance fromthe midpoint is also 0.5 meters. Plugging in the values, we get E2 = k 1 / (0.5)^2.Now, using the principle of superposition, we can addthe electric fields produced by each particle to find the total electric field at the midpoint. The electric field vectors have the same magnitude but opposite directions, so we need to consider their vector sum.E_total = E1 + E2。

英语物理试题及答案

英语物理试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. Which of the following is the unit of force in the International System of Units (SI)?A. NewtonB. JouleC. WattD. Coulomb2. What is the speed of light in a vacuum?A. 299,792 kilometers per secondB. 299,792 meters per secondC. 299,792 miles per hourD. 299,792 feet per second3. The formula for calculating work done in physics is:A. Work = Force × DistanceB. Work = Force × TimeC. Work = Mass × AccelerationD. Work = Force × Velocity4. Which of the following is not a fundamental force in nature?A. Gravitational forceB. Electromagnetic forceC. Nuclear forceD. Frictional force5. The principle of conservation of energy states that:A. Energy can be created or destroyed.B. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed.C. Energy can only be transformed from one form to another.D. Energy can be transformed and destroyed.6. What is the formula for calculating the kinetic energy ofan object?A. KE = 1/2 mv^2B. KE = 1/2 mvC. KE = mv^2D. KE = mv7. The law of reflection states that:A. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.B. The angle of incidence is greater than the angle of reflection.C. The angle of incidence is less than the angle ofreflection.D. The angle of reflection is always 90 degrees.8. What is the primary difference between a conductor and an insulator?A. Conductors have a higher resistance than insulators.B. Conductors allow the flow of electric current, while insulators do not.C. Insulators have a higher resistance than conductors.D. Conductors are made of metals, while insulators are not.9. The formula for calculating the electric power is:A. Power = Voltage × CurrentB. Power = Voltage / CurrentC. Power = Current^2 / VoltageD. Power = Voltage^2 / Current10. The relationship between wavelength, frequency, and speed of light is given by the equation:A. Speed = Wavelength × FrequencyB. Speed = Wavelength / FrequencyC. Speed = 1 / (Wavelength × Frequency)D. Speed = Frequency / Wavelength二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The SI unit for electric current is the ________.2. The process of an object moving from a higher potential energy to a lower potential energy is called ________.3. The formula for calculating the gravitational force between two objects is ________.4. The SI unit for electric charge is the ________.5. The formula for calculating the electric field strength is ________.6. The principle that states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction is known as ________.7. The formula for calculating the magnetic force on a current-carrying wire is ________.8. The SI unit for temperature is the ________.9. The process of converting electrical energy into other forms of energy is called ________.10. The formula for calculating the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor is ________.三、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. Explain the difference between a transverse wave and a longitudinal wave.2. Describe the process of photosynthesis in plants.3. Discuss the concept of the Doppler effect and its applications.四、计算题（每题15分，共30分）1. A 5 kg object is moving at a velocity of 10 m/s. Calculate its kinetic energy.2. A 10 m long wire carries a current of 5 A. If the wire is placed in a magnetic field with a strength of 0.2 T,calculate the magnetic force acting on the wire.五、实验题（每题20分，共20分）1. Design an experiment to demonstrate the principle of the conservation of momentum. Include the materials needed, the procedure, and the expected results.答案：一、选择题1. A2. B3. A4. D5. B6. A7. A8. B9. A10. A二、填空题1. Ampere2. Energy conversion3. F = G * (m1 * m2) / r^2 (where F is the gravitational force, G is the gravitational constant, m1 and m2 are the masses of the objects, and r is the distance between their centers)4. Coulomb5. E = F / q (where E is the。

十二个科目的英语

十二个科目的英语引言英语是一门国际通用语言，被广泛地应用于各个领域。

在学校教育中，英语作为一门重要的科目，被纳入到了学生的日常学习中。

英语课程不仅涵盖了语法、词汇等基础知识，还涉及到了各个学科的专业术语和相关话题。

本文将介绍关于十二个不同科目的英语表达方式，帮助学生提高他们学术英语的运用能力。

一、数学1.1 数学概念在数学课上，学生需要用英语来描述各种数学概念。

例如，可以使用下列表达方式：•数字（numbers）: digits, integers, fractions, decimals•几何（geometry）: lines, angles, triangles, circles•代数（algebra）: equations, variables, coefficients•统计（statistics）: mean, median, mode, standard deviation1.2 数学问题解决在数学课上，学生需要用英语解决各种数学问题。

以下是一些常用的表达方式：•如何解方程（How to solve equations）: The first step is to isolate the variable. Then, substitute the value back into the original equation to check if itsatisfies the equation.•如何计算几何形状的面积和周长（How to calculate the area and perimeter of geometric shapes）: The formula for the area of a rectangle islength multiplied by width. The formula for the perimeter of a rectangle is 2times the sum of length and width.二、物理2.1 物理概念物理是自然科学的一门分支，涉及到各种物质和能量的运动和相互作用。

专业英语词汇(信号与系统)

《信号与系统》专业术语中英文对照表第 1 章绪论信号（signal）系统（system）电压（voltage）电流（current）信息（information）电路（circuit）网络（network）确定性信号（determinate signal）随机信号（random signal）一维信号（one–dimensional signal）多维信号（multi–dimensional signal）连续时间信号（continuous time signal）离散时间信号（discrete time signal）取样信号（sampling signal）数字信号（digital signal）周期信号（periodic signal）非周期信号（nonperiodic（aperiodic）signal）能量（energy）功率（power）能量信号（energy signal）功率信号（power signal）平均功率（average power）平均能量（average energy）指数信号（exponential signal）时间常数（time constant）正弦信号（sine signal）余弦信号（cosine signal）振幅（amplitude）角频率（angular frequency）初相位（initial phase）周期（period）频率（frequency）欧拉公式（Euler’s formula）复指数信号（complex exponential signal）复频率（complex frequency）实部（real part）虚部（imaginary part）抽样函数Sa(t)（sampling（Sa）function）偶函数（even function）奇异函数（singularity function）- 奇异信号（singularity signal）单位斜变信号（unit ramp signal）斜率（slope）单位阶跃信号（unit step signal）符号函数（signum function）单位冲激信号（unit impulse signal）广义函数（generalized function）取样特性（sampling property）冲激偶信号（impulse doublet signal）奇函数（odd function）偶分量（even component）奇分量（odd component）正交函数（orthogonal function）正交函数集（set of orthogonal function）数学模型（mathematics model）电压源（voltage source）基尔霍夫电压定律（Kirchhoff’s voltage law（KVL））电流源（current source）连续时间系统（continuous time system）离散时间系统（discrete time system）微分方程（differential function）差分方程（difference function）线性系统（linear system）非线性系统（nonlinear system）时变系统（time–varying system）时不变系统（time–invariant system）集总参数系统（lumped–parameter system）分布参数系统（distributed–parameter system）偏微分方程（partial differential function）因果系统（causal system）非因果系统（noncausal system）因果信号（causal signal）叠加性（superposition property）均匀性（homogeneity）积分（integral）输入–输出描述法（input–output analysis）状态变量描述法（state variable analysis）单输入单输出系统（single–input and single–output system）状态方程（state equation）输出方程（output equation）多输入多输出系统（multi–input and multi–output system）时域分析法（time domain method）变换域分析法（transform domain method）卷积（convolution）傅里叶变换（Fourier transform）拉普拉斯变换（Laplace transform）- 第 2 章连续时间系统的时域分析齐次解（homogeneous solution）特解（particular solution）特征方程（characteristic function）特征根（characteristic root）固有（自由）解（natural solution）强迫解（forced solution）起始条件（original condition）初始条件（initial condition）自由响应（natural response）强迫响应（forced response）零输入响应（zero-input response）零状态响应（zero-state response）冲激响应（impulse response）阶跃响应（step response）卷积积分（convolution integral）交换律（exchange law）分配律（distribute law）结合律（combine law）第3 章傅里叶变换频谱（frequency spectrum）频域（frequency domain）三角形式的傅里叶级数（trigonomitric Fourier series）指数形式的傅里叶级数（exponential Fourier series）傅里叶系数（Fourier coefficient）直流分量（direct composition）基波分量（fundamental composition）n 次谐波分量（n th harmonic component）复振幅（complex amplitude）频谱图（spectrum plot（diagram））幅度谱（amplitude spectrum）相位谱（phase spectrum）包络（envelop）离散性（discrete property）谐波性（harmonic property）收敛性（convergence property）奇谐函数（odd harmonic function）吉伯斯现象（Gibbs phenomenon）周期矩形脉冲信号（periodic rectangular pulse signal）周期锯齿脉冲信号（periodic sawtooth pulse signal）周期三角脉冲信号（periodic triangular pulse signal）- 周期半波余弦信号（periodic half–cosine signal）周期全波余弦信号（periodic full–cosine signal）傅里叶逆变换（inverse Fourier transform）频谱密度函数（spectrum density function）单边指数信号（single–sided exponential signal）双边指数信号（two–sided exponential signal）对称矩形脉冲信号（symmetry rectangular pulse signal）线性（linearity）对称性（symmetry）对偶性（duality）位移特性（shifting）时移特性（time–shifting）频移特性（frequency–shifting）调制定理（modulation theorem）调制（modulation）解调（demodulation）变频（frequency conversion）尺度变换特性（scaling）微分与积分特性（differentiation and integration）时域微分特性（differentiation in the time domain）时域积分特性（integration in the time domain）频域微分特性（differentiation in the frequency domain）频域积分特性（integration in the frequency domain）卷积定理（convolution theorem）时域卷积定理（convolution theorem in the time domain）频域卷积定理（convolution theorem in the frequency domain）取样信号（sampling signal）矩形脉冲取样（rectangular pulse sampling）自然取样（nature sampling）冲激取样（impulse sampling）理想取样（ideal sampling）取样定理（sampling theorem）调制信号（modulation signal）载波信号（carrier signal）已调制信号（modulated signal）模拟调制（analog modulation）数字调制（digital modulation）连续波调制（continuous wave modulation）脉冲调制（pulse modulation）幅度调制（amplitude modulation）频率调制（frequency modulation）相位调制（phase modulation）角度调制（angle modulation）频分多路复用（frequency–division multiplex（FDM））时分多路复用（time–division multiplex（TDM））相干（同步）解调（synchronous detection）- 本地载波（local carrier）系统函数（system function）网络函数（network function）频响特性（frequency response）幅频特性（amplitude frequency response）相频特性（phase frequency response）无失真传输（distortionless transmission）理想低通滤波器（ideal low–pass filter）截止频率（cutoff frequency）正弦积分（sine integral）上升时间（rise time）窗函数（window function）理想带通滤波器（ideal band–pass filter）第 4 章拉普拉斯变换代数方程（algebraic equation）双边拉普拉斯变换（two-sided Laplace transform）双边拉普拉斯逆变换（inverse two-sided Laplace transform）单边拉普拉斯变换（single-sided Laplace transform）拉普拉斯逆变换（inverse Laplace transform）收敛域（region of convergence（ROC））延时特性（time delay）s 域平移特性（shifting in the s-domain）s 域微分特性（differentiation in the s-domain）s 域积分特性（integration in the s-domain）初值定理（initial-value theorem）终值定理（expiration-value）复频域卷积定理（convolution theorem in the complex frequency domain）部分分式展开法（partial fraction expansion）留数法（residue method）第 5 章策动点函数（driving function）转移函数（transfer function）极点（pole）零点（zero）零极点图（zero-pole plot）暂态响应（transient response）稳态响应（stable response）稳定系统（stable system）一阶系统（first order system）高通滤波网络（high-low filter）低通滤波网络（low-pass filter）- 二阶系统（second system）最小相移系统（minimum-phase system）维纳滤波器（Winner filter）卡尔曼滤波器（Kalman filter）低通（low-pass）高通（high-pass）带通（band-pass）带阻（band-stop）有源（active）无源（passive）模拟（analog）数字（digital）通带（pass-band）阻带（stop-band）佩利－维纳准则（Paley-Winner criterion）最佳逼近（optimum approximation）过渡带（transition-band）通带公差带（tolerance band）巴特沃兹滤波器（Butterworth filter）切比雪夫滤波器（Chebyshew filter）方框图（block diagram）信号流图（signal flow graph）节点（node）支路（branch）输入节点（source node）输出节点（sink node）混合节点（mix node）通路（path）开通路（open path）闭通路（close path）环路（loop）自环路（self-loop）环路增益（loop gain）不接触环路（disconnect loop）前向通路（forward path）前向通路增益（forward path gain）梅森公式（Mason formula）劳斯准则（Routh criterion）第 6 章数字系统（digital system）数字信号处理（digital signal processing）差分方程（difference equation）单位样值响应（unit sample response）卷积和（convolution sum）- Z 变换（Z transform）序列（sequence）样值（sample）单位样值信号（unit sample signal）单位阶跃序列（unit step sequence）矩形序列(rectangular sequence)单边实指数序列（single sided real exponential sequence）单边正弦序列（single sided exponential sequence）斜边序列（ramp sequence）复指数序列（complex exponential sequence）线性时不变离散系统（linear time-invariant discrete-time system）常系数线性差分方程（linear constant-coefficient difference equation）后向差分方程（backward difference equation）前向差分方程（forward difference equation）海诺塔（Tower of Hanoi）菲波纳西（Fibonacci）冲激函数串（impulse train）第7 章数字滤波器（digital filter）单边Z 变换（single-sided Z transform）双边Z 变换(two-sided (bilateral) Z transform)幂级数（power series）收敛（convergence）有界序列（limitary-amplitude sequence）正项级数（positive series）有限长序列（limitary-duration sequence）右边序列（right-sided sequence）左边序列（left-sided sequence）双边序列（two-sided sequence）Z 逆变换（inverse Z transform）围线积分法（contour integral method）幂级数展开法（power series expansion）z 域微分（differentiation in the z-domain）序列指数加权（multiplication by an exponential sequence）z 域卷积定理（z-domain convolution theorem）帕斯瓦尔定理（Parseval theorem）传输函数（transfer function）序列的傅里叶变换（discrete-time Fourier transform：DTFT）序列的傅里叶逆变换（inverse discrete-time Fourier transform：IDTFT）幅度响应（magnitude response）相位响应（phase response）量化（quantization）编码（coding）模数变换（A/D 变换：analog-to-digital conversion）- 数模变换（D/A 变换：digital-to- analog conversion）第8 章端口分析法（port analysis）状态变量（state variable）无记忆系统（memoryless system）有记忆系统（memory system）矢量矩阵（vector-matrix ）常量矩阵（constant matrix ）输入矢量（input vector）输出矢量（output vector）直接法（direct method）间接法（indirect method）状态转移矩阵（state transition matrix）系统函数矩阵（system function matrix）冲激响应矩阵（impulse response matrix）朱里准则（July criterion）。

高一英语物理学概念单选题50题

高一英语物理学概念单选题50题1. In the experiment of measuring the acceleration of gravity, the term "gravity" is expressed in English as _____.A. forceB. weightC. massD. gravitational acceleration答案：D。

本题考查物理学中“重力”的英语表达。

选项A“force”意思是“力”，范围较广；选项B“weight”指“重量”；选项C“mass”是“质量”；选项D“gravitational acceleration”才是“重力加速度”，即“重力”在物理学中的准确表达。

2. When we talk about the speed of light, the correct English term for it is _____.A. light velocityB. light speedC. speed of lightD. light rapidity答案：C。

“速度”常用“speed”表示，“光”是“light”，“光速”的准确表达是“speed of light”。

选项A“light velocity”和选项D“light rapidity”不是常见的准确表达；选项B“light speed”不太符合物理学中的规范表述。

3. The concept of "momentum" in physics is expressed in English as_____.A. powerB. energyC. impulseD. momentum答案：D。

“momentum”本身就是“动量”的意思。

选项A“power”是“功率”；选项B“energy”是“能量”；选项C“impulse”是“冲量”，均不符合“动量”的概念。

电场力做功公式和场强

电场力做功公式和场强英文回答：The formula for the work done by an electric field force is given by the equation:Work = Force Distance cos(θ)。

where Force is the magnitude of the electric field force, Distance is the distance over which the force is applied, and θ is the angle between the force and the direction of displacement. This formula calculates the amount of work done by the electric field force in moving a charged object over a certain distance.The electric field force is directly related to the electric field strength. The electric field strength, also known as the electric field intensity, is a measure of the force experienced by a unit positive charge at a given point in an electric field. It is defined as the force perunit charge:Electric Field Strength = Force / Charge.The electric field strength is a vector quantity, meaning it has both magnitude and direction. It is denoted by the symbol E. The direction of the electric field strength is the direction in which a positive test charge would move if placed in the electric field.For example, let's consider a positive charge q placed in an electric field created by a positive point charge Q. The electric field strength at a point in the field can be calculated using Coulomb's law:E = k Q / r^2。

OS O.S. ENGINE 说明书

engine, to read the general 'SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS AND WARNINGS' in the following section and to strictly adhere to the advice contained therein.Also, please study the entire contents of this instruction manual, so as to familiarize yourself with The advice which follows is grouped under two headings according to the degree of damage or obvious sources of danger, but which, under certainhighly efficient internal-combustion machine whose power is capable of harming you, or others, if it is misused or abused. As owner, you, alone, are responsible for the safe operation of your engine, so act with discretion and care at all times. If at some future date, your O.S. engine is acquired by another person, we would respectfully request that theseinstructions are also passed on to its new owner.Model engine fuel is poisonous. Do not allow it to come into contact with the eyes or mouth. Always store it in a clearly marked container and out of the reach of children.Model engine fuel is also highly flammable. Keep it away from open flame, excessive heat, sources of sparks, or anything else which might ignite it. Do not smoke or allow anyone else to smoke, near to it.Model engines generate considerable heat. Do not touch any part of your engine until it has cooled. Contact with the muffler (silencer), cylinder head or exhaust header pipe, in particular, may result in a serious burn.Never operate your engine in an enclosed space. Model engines, like automobile engines, exhaust deadly carbon-monoxide. Run your engine only in an open area.exposure to a noisy exhaust (especially in the case of the more powerful highspeed engines) may eventually impair your hearing and such noise is also likely to cause annoyance to others over a wide area.The wearing of safety glasses is also strongly recommended.Take care that the glowplug clip or battery leads do not come into contact with rotating parts. Also check that the linkage to the throttle arm is secure.For their safety, keep all onlookers (especially small children) well back (at least 20 feet or 6 meters) when preparing your model for running.attempt to use it for any other purpose.Mount the engine in your model securely, following the manufacturers' recommendations, using appropriate screws and locknuts.To stop the engine, fully retard the throttle stick and trim lever on the trans-mitter, or, in an emergency, cut off the fuel supply by pinching the fuel delivery line from the tank.Warning! Immediately after a glowplug-ignition engine has been run and is still warm, conditions sometimes exist whereby it is just possible for the engine to abruptly restart if it is rotated over compression WITHOUT the glowplug battery being reconnected.Before starting the engine, always check the tightness of all the screws and nuts especially those of joint and movable parts such as throttle arm. Missing retightening the loose screws and nuts often causes the parts breakage that is capable of harming you.The Needle-Valve:Four adjustable controls are provided on this carburetor.For adjusting the mixture strength when the throttle is fully open.The Throttle Stop Screw:For setting the minimum idle speed:For adjusting the mixture strength at part-throttle and idle speed, to obtain steady idling and smooth acceleration to mid speed.The Metering Needle:NOTE: Readjustment may be necessary, occasionally to allow for changes in fuel formula, gear ratio or clutch engagement point.ENGINE INSTALLATIONSTARTING THE ENGINE & RUNNING-IN ('Breaking-in)Attention:It is vitally important to set the throttle at the correct position (i.e. with the driving wheels not in contact with the ground) it will rapidly over-heat and may be seriously damaged.The Mixture Control Valve:For changing the mixture strength at mid speed and acceleration. (Do not rotate the screw more than one turn.)21TM-R First, remove the original engine, from the engine mount.Install the engine on the engine mount with ground wire.Install the flywheel and clutch.T-MaxxRevo Install the electric starter taken from the original engine.Install the manifold supplied with the engine.Adjust the plastic ball end so that the throttle linkage may be connected correctly.T-MaxxRevoAdjust the stopper end so that the throttle linkage may be made correctly.Finally, connect the wire for glow plug heating to the glow plug.T-MaxxFinally, insert the wire for heating the glow plug.For long life and high performance, every engine needs to be 'run-in' or 'broken-in'. With care, running-in of the MAX-21TM can be carried out with the engine installed in the vehicle.Be sure to install the air-cleaner on the carburetor and use a muffler-pressurized fuel system.The somewhat violent changes of vehicle attitude that occur in off-road running, combined with the fact that, in buggy type cars, the fuel tank is often located some distance from the carburetor, means that fuel 'head' at the carburetor can vary and upset running.Therefore,it is recommended that a muffler pressurized fuel feed system be used.Never run your vehicle without installing the air cleaner. Dust and dirt that may otherwise be drawn into the engine will rapidly shorten its life.Fill the tank completely with fuel.Temporarily remove the glowplug to check that it glows bright red when energized.The carburetor on this engine has been set at the starting setting when the engine leaves the factory.Switch on the transmitter, and check that all the linkage moves correctly.When the engine starts, first allow it to operate in short runs on its very rich starting settings, with the glowplug battery still connected and with its driving wheels clear of the ground. The rich mixture will, under these conditions, provide adequate lubrication and cooling, indicated by profuse smoke from the exhaust.Next, disconnect the glowplug battery and try running the car on the track. If the engine stalls, open the throttle fractionally, but try to keep the engine running as rich as possible: if it stops because of being excessively over-rich, close the Needle-Valve 30˚ and try again.Run the car on the track until one tank of fuel has been consumed, then close the Needle-Valve 30˚. Repeat this procedure again until five tanks of fuel have been consumed, during which time the throttle may be opened for brief bursts of increased power. If the engine stops at medium speeds, close the Mixture Control Valve 30˚.30˚Needle30˚30˚The position of the needle-valve when starting the Close the needle-valve approx. 30˚ after running the vehicle for every one full tanks of fuel. Repeat this procedure around five times.Note:If the engine should need to be disassembled (e.g. for cleaning or minor parts replacement), it is advisable to return the needle-valve to the original rich, starting setting and check whether further running-in time is required before the car is raced again. In the event of any major working parts (e.g. piston/cylinder liner assembly) being replaced or the fuel being changed, especially to high nitro fuel, the complete running-in should be repeated.Warning!Do not touch rotating parts, engine and silencer when stopping the engine as they become very hot, and contact with them may result in a serious burn.on the transmitter.carburetor.FINAL ADJUSTMENTFinal adjustment should be carried out only after the running-in has been completed.Run the vehicle (with throttle fully open) over the longest available straight course, in order to observe the model's speed. Next return the car to the starting point, close the Needle-Valve 30˚ and repeat the run, taking note of the improvement in performance.Continue with further runs, gradually reducing the Needle-Valve setting and aiming to achieve the highest straight-line speed. Remember, however, that, if the Needle-Valve is shut down too far, the engine will overheat and, accompanied by visibly diminished exhaust smoke, the model will lose speed. At this point, throttle down immediately, stop the vehicle and reopen the Needle-Valve 30˚.With the engine running, close the throttle and allow it to idle for about five seconds, then reopen the throttle fully. If, at this point, the engine puffs out an excessive amount of smoke and the vehicle does not accelerate smoothly and rapidly, it is probable that the idle mixture is too rich. In this case, turn the Metering Needle clockwise 30˚. If, on the other hand, the engine tends to speed up momentarily and then cut out abruptly when the throttle is opened, the idle mixture is too lean. Correct this by turning the Metering Needle counter-clockwise 30˚.NOTE:Metering Needle adjustment should be made in steps of not more than 30˚, carefully checking the effect,on throttle response, of each small adjustment.Carry out adjustments patiently, under actual running conditions, until the engine responds quickly and positively to the throttle control.Warning!Mixture adjustments (whether via the Metering Needle, or the Needle-Valve) cannot be made accurately under 'no-load' conditions, which, in any case, are not advised, since such operation carries the risk of seriously damaging the engine through over-revving and overheating.With the optimum mixture control position, light smoke is visible during high speed running,and the engine rpm increases smoothly during acceleration.Remember that, if the engine is operated with the fuel/air mixture slightly too lean, it will overheat and run unevenly.As with all engines, it is advisable to set both the needle-valve and metering needle slightly on the rich side of the best rpm setting, as a safety measure.If the engine runs too fast with the throttle closed, the throttle stop screw should be turned counter-clockwise to allow the throttle opening to be reduced.Finally, beyond the nominal break-in period, a slight readjustment toward a leaner needle setting may be required to maintain maximum performance.CARE AND MAINTENANCE2.3.any fuel may, by accumulating and partially obstructing fuel flow, cause engine performance to become erratic and unreliable.O.S. 'Super-Filters' (large and small) are available, as optional extras, to deal with this problem.One of these filters installed to the pickup tube inside your refueling container, will prevent the entry of foreign material into the fuel tank. It is also recommended that a good in-line filter be installed between the tank and carburetor.Do not forget to clean the filters regularly to remove dirt and lint that accumulate on the filter screens. Also, clean the carburetor itself occasionally.At the end of each operating session, drain out any fuel that may remain in the fuel tank. Afterwards,energize the glow-plug and try to restart the engine, to burn off any fuel that may remain inside the engine. Repeat this procedure until the engine fails to fire. Do this while the engine is still warm. 4.Then, inject some after-run oil into the engine, and rotate the engine with an electric starter for 4 to 5 seconds to distribute the oil to all the working parts.Note:5.Finally, when cleaning the exterior of the engine, use methanol or a household cleaning agent.Do not use gasoline, kerosene, or any petroleum based chemical which can damage silicone fuel tubing.CHECKING THE ENGINElong time running due to wearing of parts. It is suggested to replace necessary parts when the following symptoms are detected.Engine sound changes and easily overheats.Power has dropped extremely.Idle is unstable and/or engine tends to stop at idle.In most cases, ball bearings, cylinder & piston assembly, connecting rod and/or crankcase have become worn. Check the parts carefully and replace them if necessary.O.S. GENUINE PARTS & ACCESSORIES 71410150714102007141025071410300714112007141125071412300714135507141360071413700O.S. SPEED HEX WRENCH DRIVER 1.5O.S. SPEED HEX WRENCH DRIVER 2.0O.S. SPEED HEX WRENCH DRIVER 2.5O.S. SPEED HEX WRENCH DRIVER 3.0O.S. SPEED HEX BALL WRENCH DRIVER 2.0O.S. SPEED HEX BALL WRENCH DRIVER 2.5O.S. SPEED FLAT HEAD SCREWDRIVER 3.0O.S. SPEED NUT DRIVER 5.5O.S. SPEED NUT DRIVER 6.0O.S. SPEED NUT DRIVER 7.0O.S. SPEED DRIVER TOOLSCode No.Description71414015714140207141402571414030714141207141412571414230714143557141436071414370O.S. SPEED HEX WRENCH TIP ONLY 1.5O.S. SPEED HEX WRENCH TIP ONLY 2.0O.S. SPEED HEX WRENCH TIP ONLY 2.5O.S. SPEED HEX WRENCH TIP ONLY 3.0O.S. SPEED HEX BALL WRENCH TIP ONLY 2.0O.S. SPEED HEX BALL WRENCH TIP ONLY 2.5O.S. SPEED FLAT HEAD SCREWDRIVER TIP 3.0O.S. SPEED NUT DRIVER TIP ONLY 5.5O.S. SPEED NUT DRIVER TIP ONLY 6.0O.S. SPEED NUT DRIVER TIP ONLY 7.0Code No.DescriptionThe specifications are subject to alteration for improvement without notice.O.S. GLOW PLUG(71520100)(71415100)(71415200)(71415300)O.S. SPEED CLUTCH WRENCH & ADJUSTER O.S. SPEED FLYWHEEL KEY O.S. SPEED FLYWHEEL PULLER O.S. SPEED PLUG WRENCH http://www.os-engines.co.jp6-15 3-Chome Imagawa Higashisumiyoshi-ku Osaka 546-0003, Japan TEL. (06)6702-0225FAX. (06)6704-2722Dimensions (mm)THREE VIEW DRAWINGDo not inject after-run oil into the carburetor as this can cause the O rings inside the carburetor to deteriorate.Add the oil through the glowplug hole and turn the engine over several times by hand.(72106172)(71653000) (22884254)(72506100)MANIFOLD SPRING (2pcs.)2.5mm x 1000mmO.S. SPEED CILICONE TUBE O.S. SPEED DUST CAP SET FOR 12-30 CLASS 3mm(2pcs.) / 16mm(2pcs.) / 18mm(1pc.)(71417100)No.1(71417200)No.2(71415500)(71415400)O.S. SPEED BODY REAMERO.S. SPEED SPRING REMOVER O.S. SPEED PHILLIPS SCREW DRIVER O.S. SPEED PHILLIPS SCREW DRIVER The correct functioning of the carburetor depends on its small fuel orifices remaining clear.REALIGNMENT OF METERING NEEDLE AND MIXTURE CONTROL VALVEIn the course of making carburetor adjustments, it is just possible that the Metering Needle and the Mixture Control Valve may be inadvertently screwed in or out too far and thereby moved beyond its effective adjustment range.The basic positions can be found by rotating the Metering Needle until its slotted head is flush with theball link body or throttle lever body.When storing the engine, install the cap on the exhaust port, carburetor, etc. to prevent dust from entering the engine.Caution:The rear crankshaft bearing of this engine uses a special plastic retainer. If the front housing needs to be heated to remove or replace the bearing, do not allow the bearing to exceed 120˚C (248˚F), otherwise it may be damaged and rendered unserviceable.(Optional extra)INSTALLING DUST CAPS Type of screwC…Cap Screw M…Oval Fillister-Head Screw21TM (T-Maxx) ENGINE EXPLODED VIEW & ENGINE PARTS LIST1231712321TM (Revo) ENGINE EXPLODED VIEW & ENGINE PARTS LISTType of screwC…Cap Screw M…Oval Fillister-Head Screw11K / 11K-R CARBURETOR EXPLODED VIEW &ENGINE PARTS LIST(21TM-T & 21TM-R)60091890 122002。

通项公式基本方法

通项公式基本方法Finding a general formula for a sequence of numbers, also known as a closed-form expression or explicit formula, can be a challenging yet rewarding endeavor. 通项公式，也称为封闭形式表达式或显式公式的发现，可能是一个具有挑战性但令人满足的任务。

Oftentimes, mathematicians are tasked with the goal of identifying a pattern within a sequence that can be generalized to provide a formula for any term in the sequence. 通常，数学家的任务是确定序列中的模式，以便对其进行泛化，并为序列中的任何项提供公式。

This process typically involves analyzing the given sequence, looking for common differences or ratios between terms, and utilizing various mathematical techniques to derive a formula. 这个过程通常涉及分析给定的序列，寻找项之间的常见差异或比率，并利用各种数学技巧推导出一个公式。

One common approach to finding a general formula for a sequence is to first identify the type of sequence it belongs to. 一个通常的方法是找到序列所属的类型。

For example, a sequence may be arithmetic, geometric, quadratic, or even more complex in nature. 例如，序列可能是等差数列、等比数列、二次数列，甚至更复杂的类型。

Tikhonov吉洪诺夫正则化

Tikhonov regularizationFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaTikhonov regularization is the most commonly used method of regularization of ill-posed problems named for Andrey Tychonoff. In statistics, the method is also known as ridge regression . It is related to the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm for non-linear least-squares problems.The standard approach to solve an underdetermined system of linear equations given as,b Ax = is known as linear least squares and seeks to minimize the residual2b Ax -where ∙is the Euclidean norm. However, the matrix A may be ill-conditioned or singular yielding a non-unique solution. In order to give preference to a particular solution with desirable properties, the regularization term is included in this minimization:22x b Ax Γ+-for some suitably chosen Tikhonov matrix , Γ. In many cases, this matrix is chosen as the identity matrix Γ= I , giving preference to solutions with smaller norms. In other cases, highpass operators (e.g., a difference operator or aweighted Fourier operator) may be used to enforce smoothness if the underlying vector is believed to be mostly continuous. This regularization improves the conditioning of the problem, thus enabling a numerical solution. An explicit solution, denoted by , is given by:()b A A A x T T T 1ˆ-ΓΓ+=The effect of regularization may be varied via the scale of matrix Γ. For Γ= αI, when α = 0 this reduces to the unregularized least squares solution provided that (A T A)−1 exists.Contents∙ 1 Bayesian interpretation∙ 2 Generalized Tikhonov regularization∙ 3 Regularization in Hilbert space∙ 4 Relation to singular value decomposition and Wiener filter∙ 5 Determination of the Tikhonov factor∙ 6 Relation to probabilistic formulation∙7 History∙8 ReferencesBayesian interpretationAlthough at first the choice of the solution to this regularized problem may look artificial, and indeed the matrix Γseems rather arbitrary, the process can be justified from a Bayesian point of view. Note that for an ill-posed problem one must necessarily introduce some additional assumptions in order to get a stable solution. Statistically we might assume that a priori we know that x is a random variable with a multivariate normal distribution. For simplicity we take the mean to be zero and assume that each component is independent with standard deviation σx. Our data is also subject to errors, and we take the errors in b to bealso independent with zero mean and standard deviation σb. Under these assumptions the Tikhonov-regularized solution is the most probable solutiongiven the data and the a priori distribution of x, according to Bayes' theorem. The Tikhonov matrix is then Γ= αI for Tikhonov factor α = σb/ σx.If the assumption of normality is replaced by assumptions of homoskedasticity and uncorrelatedness of errors, and still assume zero mean, then theGauss-Markov theorem entails that the solution is minimal unbiased estimate.Generalized Tikhonov regularizationFor general multivariate normal distributions for x and the data error, one can apply a transformation of the variables to reduce to the case above. Equivalently, one can seek an x to minimize22Q P x x b Ax -+- where we have used 2P x to stand for the weighted norm x T Px (cf. theMahalanobis distance). In the Bayesian interpretation P is the inverse covariance matrix of b , x 0 is the expected value of x , and Q is the inverse covariance matrix of x . The Tikhonov matrix is then given as a factorization of the matrix Q = ΓT Γ(e.g. the cholesky factorization), and is considered a whitening filter. This generalized problem can be solved explicitly using the formula()()010Ax b P A Q PA A x T T -++-[edit] Regularization in Hilbert spaceTypically discrete linear ill-conditioned problems result as discretization of integral equations, and one can formulate Tikhonov regularization in the original infinite dimensional context. In the above we can interpret A as a compact operator on Hilbert spaces, and x and b as elements in the domain and range of A . The operator ΓΓ+T A A *is then a self-adjoint bounded invertible operator.Relation to singular value decomposition and Wiener filterWith Γ = αI , this least squares solution can be analyzed in a special way via the singular value decomposition. Given the singular value decomposition of AT V U A ∑=with singular values σi , the Tikhonov regularized solution can be expressed asb VDU x T =ˆwhere D has diagonal values22ασσ+=i iii Dand is zero elsewhere. This demonstrates the effect of the Tikhonov parameter on the condition number of the regularized problem. For the generalized case a similar representation can be derived using a generalized singular value decomposition. Finally, it is related to the Wiener filter:∑==q i i i T i i v b u f x1ˆσ where the Wiener weights are 222ασσ+=i i i f and q is the rank of A . Determination of the Tikhonov factorThe optimal regularization parameter α is usually unknown and often in practical problems is determined by an ad hoc method. A possible approach relies on the Bayesian interpretation described above. Other approaches include the discrepancy principle, cross-validation, L-curve method, restricted maximum likelihood and unbiased predictive risk estimator. Grace Wahba proved that the optimal parameter, in the sense of leave-one-out cross-validation minimizes: ()()[]21222ˆT T X I X X X I Tr y X RSSG -+--==αβτwhereis the residual sum of squares andτ is the effective number degreeof freedom. Using the previous SVD decomposition, we can simplify the above expression: ()()21'22221'∑∑==++-=q i i i i qi i iu b u u b u y RSS ασα ()21'2220∑=++=qi i i i u b u RSS RSS ασαand ∑∑==++-=+-=q i i qi i i q m m 12221222ασαασστ Relation to probabilistic formulationThe probabilistic formulation of an inverse problem introduces (when all uncertainties are Gaussian) a covariance matrix C M representing the a priori uncertainties on the model parameters, and a covariance matrix C D representing the uncertainties on the observed parameters (see, for instance, Tarantola, 2004[1]). In the special case when these two matrices are diagonal and isotropic,and , and, in this case, the equations of inverse theory reduce to the equations above, with α = σD/ σM.HistoryTikhonov regularization has been invented independently in many different contexts. It became widely known from its application to integral equations from the work of A. N. Tikhonov and D. L. Phillips. Some authors use the term Tikhonov-Phillips regularization. The finite dimensional case was expounded by A. E. Hoerl, who took a statistical approach, and by M. Foster, who interpreted this method as a Wiener-Kolmogorov filter. Following Hoerl, it is known in the statistical literature as ridge regression.[edit] References∙Tychonoff, Andrey Nikolayevich (1943). "Об устойчивости обратных задач [On the stability of inverse problems]". Doklady Akademii NaukSSSR39 (5): 195–198.∙Tychonoff, A. N. (1963). "О решении некорректно поставленных задач и методе регуляризации [Solution of incorrectly formulated problemsand the regularization method]". Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR151:501–504.. Translated in Soviet Mathematics4: 1035–1038.∙Tychonoff, A. N.; V. Y. Arsenin (1977). Solution of Ill-posed Problems.Washington: Winston & Sons. ISBN 0-470-99124-0.∙Hansen, P.C., 1998, Rank-deficient and Discrete ill-posed problems, SIAM ∙Hoerl AE, 1962, Application of ridge analysis to regression problems, Chemical Engineering Progress, 58, 54-59.∙Foster M, 1961, An application of the Wiener-Kolmogorov smoothing theory to matrix inversion, J. SIAM, 9, 387-392∙Phillips DL, 1962, A technique for the numerical solution of certain integral equations of the first kind, J Assoc Comput Mach, 9, 84-97∙Tarantola A, 2004, Inverse Problem Theory (free PDF version), Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, ISBN 0-89871-572-5 ∙Wahba, G, 1990, Spline Models for Observational Data, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics。

热动中英文对照

工程热力学中英文对照词汇表AAbsolute entropy绝对熵Absolute pressure绝对压力Absolute temperature绝对温度Absolute zero of temperature绝对零度Adiabatic enthalpy drop绝热焓降Adiabatic exponent绝热指数Adiabatic flame temperature绝热燃烧温度Adiabatic process绝热过程Adiabatic system绝热系Anergy 火无，无用能Atmosphere大气Available energy有用能A vogadro’s hypothesis阿伏伽德罗假说BBinary vapour cycle两气循环B oltzman’s constant玻尔兹曼常数CCarnot cycle卡诺循环Carnot, N.L.S. 卡诺C arnot’s theorem卡诺定理Celsius temperature scale摄氏温标Characteristic function特性函数Chemical equilibrium化学平衡Chemical equilibrium constant化学平衡常数Chemical potential化学势Chemical thermodynamics化学热力学Clapeyron equation克拉贝龙方程Classical thermodynamics经典热力学Clausius-Clapeyron equation克劳修斯-克拉贝龙方程Clausius, R. 克劳修斯1Closed system闭口系Coefficient of performance of refrigerator制冷系数Coefficient of thermal expansion热膨胀系数Coefficient of utilization of thermal energy热能利用系数Combined cycle联合循环Compressibility factor压缩因子Compression ratio of cycle循环压缩比Compression work压缩功Condition of phase equilibrium相平衡条件Condition of stability稳定性条件Conservation of energy能量守恒Conservation of mass质量守恒Control mass控制质量Control surface控制面Control volume控制容积Continuty equation连续性方程Covergent-divergent nozzle缩放喷管Covergent nozzle渐缩喷管Criteria for equilibrium平衡判据Critical point临界点Critical state临界状态Critical flow临界流动Critical pressure ratio临界压力比Cycle循环DDegradation of energy能量贬值Density密度Diesel cycle笛塞尔循环Divergent nozzle渐扩喷管Diffuser扩压管Dissipation of energy能量耗散D olton’s law of partial pressare道尔顿分压定律Dry saturated steam干饱和蒸汽Dual cycle混合加热循环2EEffect of dissipation耗散效应Energy能量Engineering atmosphere工程大气压力Engineering thermodynamics工程热力学Enthalpy焓Enthalpy drop焓降Entropy熵Entropy balance equation熵方程Equation of energy for steady flow稳定流动能量方程Equation of state状态方程Equation of state in reduced form对比态方程Equilibrium平衡Equilibrium state平衡状态Ericsson cycle埃尔逊循环Exergy火用Expansion work膨胀功Extensive quantity尺度量FFahrenheit temperature scale华氏温标First law of thermodynamics热力学第一定律Flow work流动功Flux of entropy熵流Free energy自由能Free enthalpy自由焓Free expansion自由膨胀Friction摩擦Force力GGas气体Gas constant气体常数Gauge pressure表压力3Generalized compressibility chart通用压缩因子图Generalized work广义功Generation of entropy熵产G ibbs’ function吉布斯函数G ibbs’ J.W.吉布斯G ibbs’ phase rule吉布斯相律Gravitational potential重力位能HHeat热Heat of combustion燃烧热Heat (enthalpy) of formation生成热（生成焓）Heat of reaction反应热Heat pump热泵Heat source热源Helmhotz function亥姆霍兹函数H ess’ law赫斯定律Humidity湿度IIdeal gas equation of state理想气体状态方程Inequality of Clausius克劳修斯不等式Intensive quantity强度量Internal combustion engine内燃机Internal energy热力学能（内能）Inversion curve转变曲线Inversion temperature转变温度Irreversible cycle不可逆循环Irreversible process不可逆过程Isentropic compressibility绝热压缩系数Isentropic process定熵过程Isobaric process定压过程Isolated system孤立系Isometric process定容过程Isothermal compressibility定温压缩系数4Isothermal process定温过程JJoule, J.P. 焦耳Joule-Thomon effect焦—汤效应KKelvin, L. (Thomson, W.) 开尔文Kinetic energy动能K irchhoff’s law基尔霍夫定律LLatent heat潜热Law of corresponding states对应态定律Law of partial volume分容积定律L e Chatelier’s principle吕—查德里原理Local velocity of sound当地声速Lost available energy有用能损失MMach number马赫数Mass flow rate质量流量Maximum work from chemical reaction反应最大功Maxwell, J.C. 麦克斯韦Maxwell relations麦克斯韦关系M ayer’s formula迈耶公式Mechanical equilibrium力学平衡Metastable equilibrium亚稳定平衡Mixture of gases混合气体Moist air湿空气Moisture content含湿量Molar specific heat摩尔比热NNernst heat theorem奈斯特热定理5Nonequilibrium-thermodynamics非平衡热力学Nozzle喷管OOne dimensional flow一维流动Open system开口系Otto cycle奥托循环PParameter of state状态参数Perfect gas理想气体Perpetual motion engine永动机Perpetual motion engine of the second kind第二类永动机Phase相Polytropic process 多变过程Potential energy位能Power cycle动力循环Pressure压力Principle of increase of entropy熵增原理Process过程Psychrometer chart湿空气焓—湿图Push work推挤功Pure substance纯物质QQuantity of refrigeration制冷量Quality of vapor-liquid mixture, Dryness干度Quasi-equilibrium process准平衡过程Quasi-static process准静态过程RRankine cycle朗肯循环Ratio of pressure of cycle循环增压比Real gas实际气体Reduced parameter对比参数6Refrigerant制冷剂Refrigeration cycle制冷循环Refrigerator制冷机Regenerative cycle回热循环Reheated cycle再热循环Relative humidity相对湿度Revesed Carnot cycle逆卡诺循环Reversed cycle逆循环Reversible cycle可逆循环Reversible process可逆过程SSaturated air饱和空气Saturation pressure饱和压力Saturation state饱和状态Saturation tempperature饱和温度Saturated vapor饱和蒸汽Saturated water饱和水Second law of thermodynamics热力学第二定律Simple compressible system简单可压缩系Sink冷源Specific heat比热容Specific heat at constant pressure定压比热容Specific heat at constant volume定容比热容Specific humidity绝对湿度Specific volume比体积Stable equilibrium稳定平衡Stagnation enthalpy滞止焓Standard atmosphere标准大气压力Standard enthalpy of formation标准生成焓Standard state标准状况State状态State postulate状态公理Statistical thermodynamics统计热力学7Steady flow稳定流动Steam水蒸汽Subsonic亚声速Superheated steam过热蒸汽Supersonic超声速TTemperature温度Temperature of dew-point露点温度Temperature scale温度标尺Technical work技术功Theoretical flame temperature理论燃烧温度Thermal coefficient热系数Thermal efficiency热效率Thermal equilibrium热平衡Thermodynamic Probability热力学概率Thermodynamics热力学Thermodynamic system热力学系统Thermodynamic temperature scale热力学温标Third law of thermodynamics热力学第三定律Throttling节流Triple point 三相点UUnavailable energy无用能Universal gas constant通用气体常数VVacuum真空度V an der Waals’ equation范德瓦尔斯方程Velocity of sound声速Virial equation of state维里状态方程WWet-Bulb temperature湿球温度Wet saturated steam湿饱和蒸汽8Work功Working substance 工质ZZeroth law of thermodynamics热力学第零定律制冷专业英语基本术语制冷refrigeration蒸发制冷evaporative refrigeration沙漠袋desert bag制冷机refrigerating machine制冷机械refrigerating machinery制冷工程refrigeration engineering制冷工程承包商refrigeration contractor制冷工作者refrigerationist制冷工程师refrigeration engineer制冷技术员refrigeration technician制冷技师refrigeration technician制冷技工refrigeration mechanic冷藏工人icer制冷安装技工refrigeration installation mechanic制冷维修技工refrigeration serviceman冷藏链cold chain制冷与空调维修店refrigeration and air conditioning repair shop冷藏refrigerated preservation流体力学词汇(部分) 英汉对照Aabsolute pressure 绝对压力acceleration 加速度acceleration of gravity 重力加速度acceleration of transport 迁移加速度acoustic wave 声波adhesive forces 粘滞力, 附着力adiabatic flow 绝热流动airfoil 翼型angle of attack 冲角9angular velocity 角速度apparent shear stresses 表面剪切应力apparent stresses 表面应力Archimedes law 阿基米德定律atmospheric pressure 大气压axial-flow 轴向流动Axisymmetric around cylinder no circulation ideal flow 轴对称绕圆柱体无环流理想流动Bback pressure 背压baroclinic fluid 斜压流体barometer 气压计barotropic fluid 正压流体Bernoullis equation 伯努利方程blade 叶片body-force 质量力boundary condition 边界条件boundary layer 边界层，附面层boundary layer separation 边界层分离boundary layer thickness 附面层厚度bulk modulus 体积模量bulk stress 体积应力bundle of streamline 流束buoyant force 浮力butter layer 过渡层CCauchy-Reimam condition 柯西—黎曼条件center of pressure 压强中心coefficient 系数coefficient of compressibility 压缩系数coefficient of eddy viscosity 涡流粘性系数coefficient of viscosity 粘度粘性系数cohesive forces 粘附力combined boundary layer 组合边界层completely rough zone of turbulent pipe flow 紊流粗糙管平方阻力区10component velocity 合速度compressibility 压缩性compressible fluid 可压缩流体conservation equation of energy 能量守恒方程conservation equation of mass 质量守恒方程conservation of mechanical energy 机械能守恒conservation of moment of momentum 动量矩守恒conservation of momentum 动量守恒continuity 连续性continuum 连续介质continuum hypothesis 连续介质假设control surface 控制面control volume 控制体（积）convective acceleration 迁移加速度convergent-divergent nozzle 缩放喷嘴converging nozzle 收缩喷嘴correction coefficient 修正系数critical pressure 临界压强critical Reynolds number 临界雷诺数critical speed of sound 临界声速critical state 临界状态cross section 横截面curvature radius 曲率半径curved shock 曲面波cylindrical coordinate system 柱坐标系Ddeformation velocity 变形速度density 密度detachment 脱体differential pressure 差压，压差，压力降dimensionless number 无量纲数displacement thickness 位移厚度distribution 分布disturbance wave 扰动波doublet 偶极子11drag coefficient 阻力系数dynamic pressure 动压强dynamic similarity 动力相似性dynamic viscosity 动力粘度Eeddy zone 涡流区eddying flow 涡(紊旋)流efficiency 效率elastic wave 弹性波elevation head 位置水头energy of turbulence 湍能enthalpy 焓entropy 熵equation of continuity 连续性方程equation of energy 能量方程equation of moment –of momentum 动量矩方程equation of motion 运动方程equation of state 状态方程equilibrium 平衡Eulerian equation 欧拉方程Euler method 欧拉方法Euler's formula 欧拉公式Ffield 场flow coefficient 流量系数flow meter 流量表，流量计flow net 流网flow pattern 流型fluctuating pressure 脉动压力fluctuating stress 脉动应力fluid 流体fluid dynamics 流体动力学fluid field 流场fluid machinery 流体机械fluid mechanics 流体力学12fluid particle 流体质点fluid statics 流体静力学free surface 自由表面friction coefficient 摩擦系数friction drag 摩擦阻力frictionless fluid 无粘性流体Ggas constant 气体常数gas dynamics 气体动力学gauge pressure 表压力geometric pressure 几何压力geometric similarity 几何相似gradual contraction 渐缩gradual enlargement 渐扩Hharmonic function 调和函数headloss 压头损失heat transfer 传热Helmholtz equation 亥姆霍兹方程heterogeneous fluid 非均质流体homogeneous fluid 均质流体horizontal force 水平力horizontal line 水平线hydraulic diameter 水力直径hydraulically smooth zero of turbulent pipe flow 紊流光滑管区hydrostatics 流体静力学hydrostatics force 流体静压力hydrostatics stress 流体静应力hypersonic flow 高超音速流动(m>5)Iincompressible fluid 不可压缩流体inertial coordinate system 惯性坐标系initial condition 初始条件input 输入intensity of turbulence 紊流（强）度13interface 分界面internal energy 内能internal friction 内摩擦inviscid fluid 无粘性流体irrotational flow 无旋流动irrotational motion 无旋运动isentropic process 定熵过程isotropic flow 均质流动isotropic fluid 均质流体KKarman qotex street 卡门涡街kinematic energy 动能kinematic moleculer theory 分子运动论kinematic similarity 运动相似性kinematic viscosity 运动粘度Kutta-Joukowski theorem 库塔—儒可夫斯基定理LLagrange method 拉格朗日方法Lagrangian viewpoint 拉格朗日观点laminar boundary layer 层流边界层laminar flow 层流laminar sublayer 层流底层Laplace operator 拉普拉斯算子Laplace's equation 拉普拉斯方程Laval nozzle 拉伐尔喷管lift 升力linear acceleration 线性加速度linear velocity 线速度liquid 液体liquid fluid 流体local acceleration 当地加速度MMach angle 马赫角Mach cone 马赫锥Mach number 马赫数14mass 质量mass flowrate 质量流量material derivative 随体导数mean-time-average velocity 时均速度mechanical energy 机械能mercury 水银minor loss 局部阻力mixing-length theory 混合长理论moment of momentum 动量矩momentum integral relation 动量积分关系式momentum thickness 动量厚度moody diagram 莫迪图move velocity 平移速度multi-phase flow 多相流流动NNavier-stokes equation 纳维—斯托克斯（N-S ）方程near wall region 近壁区Neuton's viscosity law 牛顿粘性定律Newtonian fluid 牛顿流体no sources and sinks 无源无汇node 节点non-steady flow 非定常流动non-uniform 非均匀流动nonviscous fluid 非粘性流体normal direction 法向normal line 法线normal shock wave 正激波normal stress 法向应力Ooblique shock 斜激波one-dimensional compressible flow 一维可压缩流动one-dimensional flow 一维流动one order tensor 一阶张量open channel flow 明渠流动open system 开口系统15order of magnitude 量级orifice 孔口orifice plate 孔板output 输出Pparallel flow 层流流动parameter 参数particle path 质点轨迹path line 迹线perfect gas 理想气体pipe flow 管流Pitot-static tube 皮托—静压管Pitot tube 皮托管plane flow 平面流动plane jet 平面射流point of inflextion 拐点point of transition 过渡点potentional energy 势能Potential flow 势流power 功率Prandtl mixing length 普朗特混合长度Prandtl number 普朗特数pressure differential 压差pressure drag 压差阻力pressure field 压强场pressure force 压力pressure gage 压强计pressure gradient 压强梯度pressure head 压强水头pressure wave 压力波Qquantum mechanics 量子力学quasi-static process 准静态过程quasi-steady theory 准定常理论R16radial velocity 经向速度ratio of specific heats 比热比real fluid 粘性流体real gas 真实气体，实际气体rectangular coordinate system 直角坐标系reduced Navier-Stokes equation 简化纳维—斯托克斯方程Reynolds number 雷诺数resonance 共振Reynolds stress 雷诺应力rotation velocity 旋转速度rotational flow 有旋流动rough-pipe zone of flow 流动的光滑管区roughness 粗糙度Ssame mass flow 均质流secondary flow 二次流流动separation point 分离点sharp-crested weir 尖顶堰shear stress 剪切力shear deformation 剪切变形shock wave 激波similarity 相似性sink 汇siphon 虹吸管skin(or wall) friction 表面（或壁）摩擦（力）small perturbance 小扰动sonic barrier 声障sonic flow 声速流动sound wave 声波source 源specific force of gravity 比重specific heat 比热speed of sound 声速spherical coordinate system 球坐标系Stokes' viscosity law 斯托克斯粘性定律17stress tenser 应力张量stress 应力stagnation point 驻点stagnation pressure 驻点压强stagnation temperature 驻点温度standard atmosphere 标准大气压static pressure 静压强steady flow 定常流动strain rate tensor 变形速度张量streamline 流线stream function 流函数streamline form 流线形streamtube 流管Strouhal number 斯特劳哈尔数subcritical flow 亚临界流动subsonic flow 亚声速流动supercritical flow 超临界流动supersonic flow 超声速流动surface force 表面力surface tension 表面张力Ttemperature gradient 温度梯度tensor 张量theory of similarity 相似性理论thermal conductivity 热传导率thermal field 温度场thin-plate orifice flowmeter 薄孔板流量计total drag 总阻力total flow 总流量total pressure 总压强traction force 拉力transformation 转换transonic flow 跨音速流动transport theorem 输运定理triangular weir 三角堰18turbo-machinery 涡轮机械turbulent boundary layer 湍流(紊流)边界层turbulent energy 湍流(紊流)能量turbulent flow 紊流turbulent jet 湍流(紊流)射流two-dimensional flow 二维流动UU - tube U 型管uniform flow 均匀流动unit vector 单位矢量unsteady flow 非定常流动Vvelocity 速度velocity circulation 速度环量velocity gradient 速度梯度velocity head 速度水头velocity of sound 音速velocity potential 速度势Venturi flowmeter 文丘里流量计vertical force 垂直力viscous sublayer 层流底层viscosity 粘度viscosity factor 粘度系数viscosity resistance 粘性阻力viscous fluid 粘性流体volume of flow 流量volume flow 容积流量von Karman integral momentum equation 卡门动量积分方程vortex 涡旋vortex flow 涡流vortex line 涡线vortex street 涡街vortex strength 涡强度vortex tube 涡管vorticity 涡量19Wwake vortex 尾涡流wave drag 波阻wave length 波长wave speed 波速well-ordered mean-time-average flow 有序时均流wind tunnel 风洞woke 尾涡区work 功压缩机制冷系统及机组制冷系统refrigeration system制冷机refrigerating machine机械压缩制冷系统mechanical compression refrigeration system蒸气压缩制冷系统vapour compression refrigeration system压缩式系统compression system压缩机compressor制冷压缩机refrigerating compressor, refrigerant compressor吸气端suction end排气端discharge end低压侧low pressure side高压侧high pressure side蒸发压力evaporating pressure吸气压力suction pressure, back pressure排气压力discharge pressure蒸发温度evaporating temperature冷凝压力condensing pressure冷凝温度condensing temperature吸气温度suction temperature回气温度back temperature排气温度discharge temperature压缩比compression ratio双效压缩dual compression单级压缩single-stage compression双级压缩compound compression20多级压缩multistage compression压缩级compression stage低压级low pressure stage高压级high pressure stage中间压力intermediate pressure中间冷却intercooling多级膨胀multistage expansion湿压缩wet compression干压缩dry compression制冷系统refrigerating system机械制冷系统mechanical refrigerating system氟利昂制冷系统freon refrigerating system氨制冷系统ammonia refrigerating system压缩式制冷系统compression refrigerating system单级压缩制冷系统single-stage compression refrigeration system双级压缩制冷系统two-stage compression refrigeration system多级制冷系统multistage refrigerating system复叠式制冷系统cascade refrigerating system混合制冷剂复叠系统mixed refrigerant cascade集中制冷系统central refrigerating plant直接制冷系统direct refrigeration system直接膨胀供液制冷系统refrigeration system with supply liquid direct expansion 重力供液制冷系统refrigeration system with supply liquid refrigerant for the evaporator by gravity液泵供液制冷系统refrigeration system with supply liquid refrigerant for evaporator by liquid pump间接制冷系统indirect refrigeration system融霜系统defrosting system热气融霜系统defrosting system by superheated vapour电热融霜系统eletrothermal defrosting system制冷系统故障breakdown of the refrigerating system冰堵freeze-up冰塞ice plug脏堵filth blockage油堵greasy blockage21液击（冲缸、敲缸）slugging湿行程wet stroke镀铜现象appearance of copper-plating烧毁burn-out倒霜frost back制冷机组refrigerating unit压缩机组compressor unit开启式压缩机组open type compressor unit开启式压缩机open type compressor半封闭式压缩机组semihermetic compressor unit半封闭式压缩机semihermetic compressor全封闭式压缩机组hermetically sealed compressor unit全封闭式压缩机hermetically sealed compressor压缩冷凝机组condensing unit全封闭式压缩冷凝机组hermetically sealed condensing unit半封闭式压缩冷凝机组semihermetically sealed condensing unit开启式压缩冷凝机组open type compressor condensing unit工业用压缩冷凝机组industrial condensing unit商业用压缩冷凝机组commercial condensing unit整马力压缩冷凝机组integral horsepower condensing unit分马力压缩冷凝机组fractional horsepower condensing unit跨式制冷机组straddle refrigerating unit热泵热泵heat pump供热热泵heating heat pump制冷与供热热泵cooling and heating heat pump热泵循环heat pump cycle性能系数coefficient of performance (COP)供热量heat output压缩式热泵compression heat pump蒸汽压缩式热泵vapour compression heat pump空气压缩式热泵air heat pump蒸汽喷射式热泵steam jet heat pump22吸收式热泵absorption heat pump低温型吸收式热泵low temperature absorption heat pump高温型吸收式热泵high temperature absorption heat pump水-气式热泵water/air heat pump土壤热源热泵ground source heat pump土壤盘管热泵ground coil heat pump水源热泵water source heat pump水盘管热泵water coil heat pump空气源热泵air source heat pump空气盘管热泵air coil heat pump热泵空气盘管heat pump air coil, air coil热泵水盘管heat pump water coil, water coil热泵土壤盘管heat pump ground coil, ground coil气-气式热泵air/air heat pump气-水式热泵air/water heat pump水-水式热泵water/water heat pump地-气式热泵soil/air heat pump地-水式热泵soil/water heat pump一次热泵primary heat pump二次热泵secondary heat pump第三级热泵tertiary pump太阳能热泵solar heat pump家用热泵domestic heat pump工业热泵industrial heat pump高温热泵high temperature heat pump温度放大器templifier热泵式热水器heat pump water heater热泵式空调器heat pump air conditioner热泵式干燥机heat pump drying plant蒸馏和浓缩用热泵heat pump for distilling and thickenning processes制冷系统自动调节流量调节flow regulation制冷剂控制器refrigerant control23膨胀阀expansion valve节流阀throttle valve热力膨胀阀thermostatic expansion valve热电膨胀阀thermal electric expansion valve内平衡热力膨胀阀internal equalizer thermostatic expansion valve外平衡热力膨胀阀external equalizer thermostatic expansion valve外平衡管external equalizer pipe内平衡管internal equalizer pipe蒸发器阻力损失pressure drop of evaporator同工质充注same material charge交叉充注cross charge吸附充注absorptive charge气体充注gas charge膨胀阀过热度superheat degree of expansion valve过热温度调节superheat temperature regulation膨胀阀容量expansion valve capacity手动膨胀阀hand expansion valve自动膨胀阀automatic expansion valve浮球调节阀float regulation valve浮球阀float valve低压浮球阀low pressure float valve高压浮球阀high pressure float valve制冷辅助设备压力容器pressure vessel贮液筒/器surge drum高压贮液筒high pressure receiver低压贮液筒low pressure receiver低压平衡筒accumulator，surge drum均压管/平衡管equalizer均压罐equalizer tank平衡罐balance tank液体分离器suction trap气液分离器flash chamber净化系统purge recovery system24油分离器oil separator集液器liquid trap集油器oil receiver，oil trap不凝性气体分离器non condensable gas purger放空气器gas purger干燥器dehydrator，drier过滤器filter，screen，strainer干燥过滤器drier-filter脱水dehydration干燥drying干燥剂desiccant硅胶silica gel活性铝activated carbon分子筛molecular sieve润滑lubrication滑油冷却器oil cooler中间冷却器intercooler，interstage cooler闪发式中间冷却器flash intercooler膨胀容器expansion tank经济器economizer喷射器ejector搅拌器agitator抽气回收装置purge recovery unit排空pump-down循环泵circulation pump液位指示器liquid level indicator窥镜sight glass液体流动指示器liquid flow indicator吸入压力表suction gauge排出压力表discharge gauge管道与附件配管tubing空调制冷配管ACR tubing管道piping，tubing25制冷管路refrigeration pipe line系统酸状况acid condition system退火annealing加压元件pressure imposing element检修门access door气封vapor lock主管main歧管manifold集管header盐水管brine line盐水集管brine header旁通管by-pass套管tube-within-a-tube伸缩弯expansion loop存油弯oil loop液环liquid loop吸入管suction line，return line消声器muffler分液贮存器accumulator排出管discharge line，hot gas line液体管liquid line冷凝液管condensate line管道附件fittings软接头connecting hose加液接头charging connection快装接头quick-release coupling，quick-coupler法兰flange接管coupling收缩管constricted tube异径内承插管reducing coupling异径外承插管double male reduction异径套管reducing bushing螺纹接管nipple阀valve截止阀stop valve26止回阀check valve角阀angle valve球阀ball type valve，ball valve闸阀gate valve操作阀service valve防通阀bypass valve二通阀two-way valve三通阀three-way valve塞子plug端盖cap垫gasket垫料gasket填料packing喇叭口接头flared joint扩口工具flaring tool胀口工具swaging tool弯曲弹簧bending spring弹簧弯管器bending spring扭矩扳手torque wrench制冷装置制冷装置refrigerating installation，refrigerating plant工业制冷装置industrial refrigerating plant商业制冷装置commercial refrigerating plant中心站房central station成套机组self-contained system规范安装code installation制冷回路refrigerating circuit热平衡heat balance货物负荷product load操作负荷service load设计负荷design load负荷系数load factor制冷装置试验与操作27试运转commissioning吹污flush气密性试验gas-tight test，air-right test密闭容器closed container漏气air infiltration放气air vent检漏leak hunting，leak detection检漏仪leak detector卤素灯halide torch电子检漏仪electronic leak detector真空试验vacuum test试验压力test pressure工作压力operating pressure，working pressure最高工作压力highest operating pressure气密试验压力gas-tight test pressure设计压力design pressure平衡压力balance pressure充气aerate，gas charging制冷剂充注refrigerant charging首次充注initial charge保护充注holding charge，service charge制冷剂不足lack of refrigerant，under-charge，gas shortage缺液starveling充灌台charging board充灌量charge充注过多overcharge供液过多overfeeding制冷剂抽空pump down of refrigerant降温试验pull down test制冷[功能]试验refrigeration test卸载起动no-load starting，unloaded start卸载机构unloader闪发flash vaporization，instantaneous vaporization闪发气体flash gas不凝性气体non condensable gas28气体排除gas purging，degassing，gasoff阀针跳动hammering，needle hammer阀振荡hunting of a valve阀片跳动valve flutter，valve bounce短期循环short-cycling异常温升overheating泄漏leak气蚀cavitation制冷剂瓶refrigerant cylinder，gas bottle检修用瓶service cylinder，gas bottle紧急泄放阀emergency-relief valve检修阀service valve安全阀pressure relief valve抽空阀pump out valve加油阀oil charge valve放油阀oil drain valve放空阀purge valve充灌阀charging valve喷液阀liquid injection valve制冷能力及计算术语制冷量refrigerating capacity总制冷量gross refrigerating capacity净制冷量net refrigerating capacity单位制冷量refrigerating capacity per weighing单位容积制冷量refrigerating capacity per unit of swept volume制冷系统制冷量system refrigerating capacity单位轴功率制冷量refrigerating effect per shaft power压缩冷凝机组制冷量compressor condensing unit refrigerating capacity制冷压缩机制冷量refrigerant compressor capacity蒸发器净制冷量net cooler refrigerating capacity空调有效显热制冷量useful sensible heat capacity of air conditioner空调有效潜热（减湿）制冷量useful latent heat (dehumidifyying) capacity of air conditioner空调器有效总制冷量useful total capacity of air conditioner29制冷剂循环量circulating mass of refrigerant制冷剂循环容积circulating volume of refrigerant单位压缩功compress work per mass示功图indicator diagram指示功indicated work摩擦功frictional work功率power摩擦功率frictional power指示功率indicated power理论功率idea power轴功率brake power效率efficiency指示效率indicated efficiency机械效率mechanical efficiency总效率overall efficiency制冷系数coefficient of performance （COP）制冷压缩机的制冷系数refrigerating compressor coefficient of performance热力完善度thermodynamical perfectness能效比energy efficiency ratio （EER）热泵供热系数heat-pump coefficient of performance热泵用压缩机的供热系数heat-pump compressor coefficient of performance容积效率volumetric efficiency容积输气量volumetric displacement实际输气量actual displacement理论输气量theoretical displacement冷凝热量condenser heat过冷热量heat of subcooling过热热量superheat运转工况下的制冷量rating under working conditions标准制冷量standard rating名义工况normal conditions试验工况test conditions运行工况operating conditions标准性能standard rating标准工况standard condition30空调工况air conditioning condition内部条件internal conditions外部条件external conditions蓄热accumulation of heat蓄冷accumulation of cold制冰能力ice-making capacity除霜结霜frost formation积霜frost deposit回霜frost back除霜defrosting化霜defrosting融霜defrosting冲霜defrosting人工除霜manual defrosting除霜周期defrosting cycle除霜循环defrosting cycle中止除霜循环off-cycle defrosting周期除霜系统cycle defrost system自动除霜automatic defrosting半自动除霜semi-automatic defrosting高速半自动除霜fast semi-automatic defrosting定时除霜time defrosting外能除霜external defrosting水除霜water defrosting水除霜系统water defrosting system热水除霜hot water defrosting热液除霜系统hot liquid defrosting system内能除霜internal defrosting热气除霜hot gas defrosting热气除霜系统hot gas defrosting system热液除霜hot liquid defrosting逆循环除霜reverse cycle defrosting31逆循环除霜系统reverse cycle defrosting system除霜用热气管hot gas line for defrosting热箱除霜thermotank defrost电加热器除霜electric heater defrosting电加热器除霜系统electric heater defrosting system暖空气除霜warm air defrosting除霜水盘drip tray，defrost pan蒸发器及冷却设备蒸发器evaporator直接冷却式蒸发器direct evaporator直接式蒸发器direct evaporator间接冷却式蒸发器indirect cooled evaporator间接式蒸发器indirect evaporator干式蒸发器dry expansion evaporator满液式蒸发器flooded evaporator再循环式蒸发器recirculation-type evaporator强制循环式蒸发器pump-feed evaporator壳盘管式蒸发器shell-and-coil evaporator壳管式蒸发器shell-and-tube evaporator喷淋式蒸发器spray-type evaporator立管式蒸发器vertical-type evaporator平行管蒸发器raceway coil螺旋管式蒸发器spiral tube evaporator“V”型管蒸发器herringbone type evaporator沉浸式盘管蒸发器submerged evaporator板式蒸发器plate-type evaporator螺旋板式蒸发器spiral sheet evaporator平板式蒸发器plate-type evaporator，tube-in-sheet evaporator管板式蒸发器tube-on-sheet evaporator凹凸板式蒸发器embossed-plate evaporator吹胀式蒸发器roll-bond evaporator压焊板式蒸发器roll-bond evaporator制冰块器的蒸发器ice cube maker evaporator结冰式蒸发器ice-bank evaporator32。

化工英语

一、专业单词absorptiometric analysis 吸光分析acetic acid 醋酸acetic acid glacial 冰醋酸acetic aldehyde 乙醛acetic anhydride 醋酐acetone 丙酮acetylene 乙炔acetylsalicylic acid 乙酰水杨酸acid of lemon 柠檬酸acridine 吖啶adamantane 金刚烷addition polymer 加聚物addition reaction 加成反应barite 重晶石barium 钡benzene hexachloride 六六六bromoform 溴仿burnt lime 生石灰butyraldehyde 丁醛calcium chloride 氯化钙calcium chloride tube 氯化钙管calcium chromate 铬酸钙calcium cyanamide 氰氨化钙calcium cyanide 氰化钙calcium fluoride 氟化钙calcium hydride 氢化钙calcium hydrosulfide 氢硫化钙dimerization 二聚酌dimethyl ether 二甲醚dimethyl phthalate 酞酸二甲酯dimethyl sebacate 癸二酸二甲酯dimethyl sulfate 硫酸二甲酯dimethyl sulfoxide 二甲亚砜dimethyl terephthalate 对酞酸二甲酯dimethylacetal 二甲基缩醛dimethylacetamide 二甲基乙酰胺dimethylamine 二甲胺dimethylaniline 二甲基苯胺dimethylarsine 二甲胂dimethylbenzene 二甲苯electron configuration 电子构型electron density 电子密度electron diffraction 电子衍射electron donor 电子供体electron emission 电子发射electron exchange 电子交换electron exchange resin 电子交换尸electron gas 电子气electron lattice interaction 电子点阵相互酌electron microscope 电子显微镜electron orbit 电子轨道free convection 自然对流free electron model 自由电子模型free energy 自由能free energy at constant pressure 定压自由能free energy of activation 活化自由能free expansion 自由膨胀free heat convection 自然对粱热free moisture 游离水分free path 自由程free radical 自由基free radical initiation 游离基开始反应free radical reaction 游离基反应gelometry 凝胶强度测定法gelose 琼脂gelsemine 钩吻碱甲gelseminic acid 钩吻酸gene 基因gene cloning 基因无性繁殖general chemistry 普通化学general formula 通式general theory of relativity 广义相对论generalized momentum 广义动量generating function 母函数generator gas 发生炉煤气geneva nomenclature 日内瓦命名法genom 基因组hydraulic modulus 水硬系数hydraulic press 水压机hydraulic radius 水力半径hydraulic separation 水力离析hydraulic test 水力试验hydraulicity 水凝性hydrazine 肼hydrazine sulfate 硫酸肼hydrazinium 肼hydrazo compound 肼基化合物hydrazobenzene 肼撑苯hydrazoic acid 叠氮酸hydrazone 腙isoamyl acetate 醋酸异戊酯isoamyl alcohol 异戊醇isoamyl benzoate 苯甲酸异戊酯isoamyl bromide 异戊基溴isoamyl butyrate 丁异戊酯isoamyl chloride 异戊基氯isoamyl ether 异戊醚isoamyl nitrite 亚硝酸异戊酯isoamyl propionate 丙酸异戊酸jet fuel 喷气发动机燃料jet pump 喷射泵jewel 宝石jig sieve 振动筛joule 焦耳joule effect 焦耳效应joule thomson effect 焦耳汤姆森效应joule's law 焦耳定律juglone 胡桃酮julian tube 凯撒管junker's calorimeter 容克量热计jute 黄麻karyoplasm 核质kata thermometer 卡他温度计kauri butanol value 贝壳杉脂丁醇值kauri gum 栲里松脂kauri resin 栲里松脂keene's cement 金纳水泥keesom relationship 基朔关系kelp 海草灰kelvin's temperature 开氏温度keratin 角蛋白keratin plastics 角质塑料kermes 胭脂虫粉kermesite 红锑矿kerogen 油母质lime sulfur mixture 石硫合剂lime water 石灰水limestone 石灰石liming 用石灰处理limit dextrin 有限糊精limit of error 误差极限limit of identification 证实限度limit of inflammability 可燃限度limiting concentration 极限浓度limiting current 极限电流limiting current density 极限电淋度limiting value 极限值limonene 二戊烯mannitol 甘露糖醇mannitol hexanitrate 六硝酸甘露醇mannonic acid 甘露糖酸mannose 甘露糖manocryometer 融解压力计manometer 压力计manostat 恒压器manufacture 制造manufacture of common salt 食盐制造法manufactured gas 人造煤气manufacturing cost 造价manufacturing in series 成批生产manufacturing method 制造法manufacturing process 制造法nodal plane 节平面nodal point 节点nomenclature 命名法nominal horsepower 标称马力nomogram 列线图解nomograph 列线图解nomography 列线图解法non adiabatic 非绝热的non adiabatic rectification 非绝热精馏non diffusible ion 固定离子non inflammable 耐火的non newtonian flow 非牛顿怜non return valve 逆止阀octyne 辛炔ocular 目镜ocular dichroscope 接眼二色镜ocular examination 目视检查法ocular micrometer 目镜测微计odd even nucleus 奇偶核odor 气味odorant 着嗅剂odorimeter 气味计odorimetry 气味测定法odoriphore 生臭团oenometer 酒度计permselectivity 选择渗透性permutation 置换permutite 人造沸石perovskite 钙钛矿peroxidase 过氧物酶peroxide 过氧化peroxide effect 过氧化物效应peroxide index 过氧化值peroxide number 过氧化值peroxo acid 过氧基酸peroxy acid 过酸peroxydisulfuric acid 过硫酸perpetual motion 永久运动perphenazine 佩吩嗪quantity of heat 热量quantity of state 状态量quantity production 大量生产quantization 量子化quantometer 光量计quantum 量子quantum chemistry 量子化学quantum condition 量子条件quantum efficiency 量子效率quantum hypothesis 量子假说quantum jump 量子跃迁quantum leakage 量子漏泄quantum liquid 量子液体quantum mechanics 量子力学quantum number 量子数rubber insulation 橡胶绝缘rubber isomer 橡胶异构体rubber latex 胶乳rubber like elasticity 似橡胶弹性rubber lining 橡皮衬里rubber resin 橡胶尸rubber solvent 橡胶溶剂rubber sponge 海绵橡胶rubber stopper 橡皮塞rubber substitute 油膏rubber thread 橡胶线rubber tube 橡皮管rubbing 磨损safety engineering 安全工程safety explosive 安全炸药safety factor 安全率safety film 安全软片safety fuel 安全燃料safety glass 安全玻璃safety lamp 安全灯safety match 安全火柴safety technique 安全工程safety valve 安全阀safflower oil 红花油saffron 擦粉safranal 藏花醛safranine 藏红safrole 黄樟素theory of valence 原子价理论thermal absorption 热吸收thermal activation 热活化thermal analysis 热分析thermal black 热炭黑thermal conductivity 导热系数thermal cracking 热分解thermal decomposition 热分解thermal diffusion 热扩散thermal diffusivity 热扩散系数thermal dissociation 热力离解thermal efficiency 热效率thermal equilibrium 热平衡thermal equivalent 热当量unsaturated hydrocarbon 不饱烃unsaturated solution 不饱和溶液unsaturation 不饱和unshared electron pair 未共享电子对unstable compound 不稳定化合物unstable equilibrium 不稳定平衡unsteady state 非稳定态untreated oil 未处理油料unusual valency 异常原子价unvulcanized rubber 未硫化橡胶vacuum evaporation 真空蒸发vacuum evaporation coating 真空镀膜vacuum evaporator 真空蒸发器vacuum filter 真空过滤器vacuum filtration 真空过滤vacuum flask 真空瓶vacuum forming 真空成型vacuum gage 真空计vacuum plating 真空镀膜water meter 水量计water of crystallization 结晶水water of hydration 水合水water paint 水性漆water permeability 渗水性water pipe 水管water purification 水的净化water purifier 净水器water purifying plant 净水设备water repellent 防水剂water resistance 抗水性water seal 水封xanthopterin 黄蝶呤xanthotoxin 黄原毒xanthurenic acid 黄尿酸xanthydrol 口山吨氢醇xenocryst 捕获晶xenon 氙xenon lamp 氙灯xerogel 干凝胶xylan 木聚糖xylene 二甲苯xylenol 二甲苯酚xylenol blue 二甲酚蓝xylenol orange 二甲酚橙xylenol resin 二甲苯酚尸yttrium bromide 溴化钇yttrium carbonate 碳酸钇yttrium chloride 氯化钇yttrium fluoride 氟化钇yttrium hydroxide 氢氧化钇yttrium iodide 碘化钇yttrium nitrate 硝酸钇yttrium oxide 氧化钇yttrium phosphate 磷酸钇yttrium sulfate 硫酸钇yttrium sulfide 硫化钇zeotrope 非共沸混合物zero adjustment 零点蝶zero group 零族zero method 零位法zero order reaction 零级反应zero point energy 零点能zero position 零位zero potential 零电势zerogel 零凝胶zeta potential 界面动电势ziegler catalyst 齐格勒催化剂zinc 锌二、专业文献(1) Nano-materials in the production of chemicalNano-materials in the structure, photoelectric and chemical nature of the attractive features, from physicists, materials scientists and chemists great interest. The early 1980s the concept of a nano-materials, the world of great concern to such material. It is the unique physical and chemical properties, so that people may be aware of it to the development of physics, chemistry, materials, biology, medicine and other disciplines bring new opportunities for research. Nano-materials application prospects are bright. In recent years, in the field of chemical production has also been a certain amount of applications, and demonstrated its unique charm.1. In the application of catalystsIn many chemical catalyst in the field of play a decisive role, it can be controlled response time and improve the efficiency of reaction and reaction speed. Most of the traditional catalyst not only by low efficiency, and its preparation is to use their experience, not only caused the tremendous waste of raw materials production, to improve economic efficiency, but also caused pollution to the environment. Nanoparticles surface active sites, as the catalyst for it to provide the necessary conditions. Nanoparticles in a catalyst, can greatly improve the efficiency of reaction, the reaction speed control, and even the original can not be the reaction can be carried out. Nanoparticles catalyst for the reaction than the normal speed of the catalyst 10 to 15 times.Nanoparticles Application more as a catalyst for the semiconductor photocatalyst, especially in the areas of organic matter. Dispersed in the solution of each of a semiconductor particles, similar to a short-circuit as a micro-battery, with energy than the bandgap semiconductor-rays scattered in the semiconductor, semiconductor nanoparticles absorbed light from electronic - hole right. In the electric field, electronics and hole separation, were moved to the surface of particles different locations, and similar components in the solution by oxidation and reduction reactions.Photocatalytic reaction to the reaction of many types, such as alcohol and hydrocarbon oxidation, and oxidation-reduction of inorganic ions, organic catalytic hydrogenation and dehydrogenation of amino acid synthesis, nitrogen fixation reaction, water purification treatment, water-gas shift, and so on, some of which are difficult to heterogeneous catalysis realize. Heterogeneous Photocatalysis semiconductor catalystcan effectively degrade organic pollutants in water. Nano TiO2, for example, both high photocatalytic activity, but also Acid and Basic Resistance, light stable, non-toxic and inexpensive easy to get, was the catalyst light-load the best choice. The article has reported that the silica gel used for the substrate, the system had a higher catalytic activity TiO/SiO2-Supported Catalysts. Ni Cu or Zn compound of a nano-particles, some of organic compounds on the hydrogenation reaction is an excellent catalyst, can be a substitute for expensive platinum catalyst or button. Nano-platinum and ethylene oxide catalysts enable the reaction temperature from room temperature to 600 ℃. Nanoparticles used as catalyst improve the efficiency of reaction, the reaction path optimization, the reaction rate increased research in the fields of science and the future can not be ignored by an important research topic is likely to Catalysis in Industrial Application bring about revolutionary changes.2. In the application of paintNano-materials because of its special nature and structure of the surface with general access to the material excellent performance demonstrated strong vitality. Surface coating technology is the focus of attention of the world today. Nano-materials for the surface coating provided a good opportunity to make the function of the material has great potential. With traditional coating technology, add nanomaterials, nano-composite coating will be to achieve a leap in functionality means that the traditional function of coating modified. Coating their use can be divided into functional coatings and coating. That the structure is coated substrate coating raise some of nature and modification; functional coating to the substrate is not available in performance, access to traditional coating did not function. A superhard coatings, wear-resistant coatings, anti-oxidation, heat-resistant, fire-retardant coating, corrosion-resistant, decorative coatings, and other functional coatings are absorbing light, reflected light, light choice of the optical absorption coatings, conductive, insulation, electrical characteristics of semiconductor coating, oxygen-min, humidity, and gas-sensing properties of the coating, such as sensitive. In the paint by adding nano-materials can further enhance its defense capabilities and achieving anti-ultraviolet radiation, atmospheric against resistance and anti-degradation, discoloration, in the application of sanitary products can play a role in cleaning sterilization. Signs in the use of Nano-coating, can use its optical properties, to store solar energy, energy conservation purposes. In building materials such as glass, paint adding suitable nano-materials, and they can reduce the transmission of light and heat transfer effects, a thermal insulation, fire-retardant, and other effects.Japan's Matsushita has developed a good electrostatic shielding the nanocomposite coating, the application of iron oxide nanoparticles have, titanium dioxide and zinc oxide, etc.. Such a semiconductor properties of nano-oxide particles at room temperature than conventional oxides have high electrical conductivity properties, which can play a role in electrostatic shielding, and oxide nanoparticles of different colors, such can also compound control electrostatic shielding paint color, carbon black overcome electrostatic shielding paint only the monotony of a single color. Nano-materials not only with the size and color change also has the effect of discoloration angle. In the automobile industry in the decorative spraying will be added Nano TiO2 in the automotive, metal flashlight Topcoat sedan, the coating can produce rich and mysterious colors, so that an old traditional automotive topcoat Huanxinya. Nano-SiO2 is a resistance to ultraviolet radiation materials. In the paint by adding nano-SiO2 can paint anti-aging properties, finish and strength increased manifold. Nano coating have a good prospect, coating technology will bring a new technological revolution, it will promote the research and development of composite materials and applications.3. Other in the use of chemicalFine Chemicals is a huge industry, the number of many products, a wide range of uses, and affect every aspect of human life. Nanomaterials superiority will certainly bring the Gospel to the chemical, and display of its unique plot. In the rubber, plastics, paints and other chemical fields, nano-materials can play an important role. If included in the rubber nano-SiO2 can be enhanced rubber anti-UV radiation and infrared reflectivity. Nano-Al2O3 and SiO2, by adding to the general rubber, rubber can improve the wear resistance and dielectric properties, but also flexibility is better than for white carbon black rubber filler. Plastic add some nano-materials, can improve the strength and toughness of plastic, and compact and waterproof and has correspondingly increased. Nano-SiO2 has been abroad, as additives into sealants and adhesives, sealing and adhesion to have greatly improved. In addition, nano-materials in the fiber modification, plexiglass manufacturers also have good applications. After adding in the plexiglass surface modification with SiO2, plexiglass resistance to ultraviolet radiation can achieve the purpose of anti-aging; A12O3 to join, not only do not affect the transparency of the glass, but it will also enhance the high-temperature impact toughness of the glass. Certain size anatase TiO2 have excellent UV shielding performance, but also delicate texture, non-toxic odorless, add in cosmetics, cosmetics performance can be improved. Ultrafine TiO2 can be extended to the application of coatings, plastics, man-made fibres industries. Recently developed for food packaging TiO2 and luxury cars pearlescent finish withthe Titanium Dioxide. Nano TiO2 to strong sunlight absorption in the UV, generate strong photochemical activity can be consumed by the industrial degradation of organic pollutants in the wastewater, with the exception of high-net, no secondary pollution, the advantages of broad applicability, Environmental water treatment has good prospects. In the field of environmental science, in addition to use of nanomaterials as a catalyst to deal with emissions from industrial production processes in the waste, there will be unique nano-membrane function. This membrane can detect chemical and biological agents from the pollution caused, and is able to filter these agents, thereby eliminating pollution.4. In the application of Chinese medicine21st century health sciences, will be expected to speed access to the development, the people's growing demand for high drug. Control drug release, reduce side effects and improve efficacy, the development of targeted drug therapy, has been mentioned research agenda. Nanoparticles drugs in the human body will make the transmission more convenient. With several layers of nano-particles coated smart drugs enter the body, may take the initiative to search and attack cancer cells or repairing damage; use of a new type of nano-technology diagnostic apparatus, a small amount of blood can be detected only through which the protein and DNA diagnosis of various diseases, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology has produced a nano-magnetic material to the target as a drug carrier directional drugs, called "directional missile." This technology is in the magnetic nanoparticles coated surface protein carrying drugs, injected into the blood vessels of the human body through magnetic navigation transported to lesions, and then the release of drugs. Nanoparticles small size, can flow freely in the bloodstream, it can be used to examine and treat the physical location of lesions. Nanoparticles on the clinical and radiological treatment is the application of a great deal of research work. According to "People's Daily" reported that China will be used in nano-technology medical field success. Nanjing Xike groups use nano-silver technology to the development and production of medical dressings - long-term broad-spectrum antimicrobial cotton. Antibacterial cotton production this principle through nano-technology will be made of silver nano-size in the small ultra-fine particles, and then make it attached to the cotton fabric. Silver is the prevention of ulcers and accelerate wound healing role, through nano-technology deal with the silver surface increases rapidly, changes in the structure of the surface, disinfection raise about 200 times the common clinical surgical infection have better inhibition of bacteria .And satisfied that the tablets as particulate delivery systems, the basicnature of the material is non-toxic, stable, and there are good biological and drug and not a chemical reaction. Nano system is mainly used for toxicity, short biological half-life, susceptible to biological degradation of the drug administration.Nano-biology used to study the nano-scale biological processes, in accordance with principles of molecular biology applications engineering. Rail in the ultrafine particles of metal surface covered a thickness of 5 to 20 nm polymer, can be fixed in particular a large number of proteins and thus control biochemical reactions. This biochemical technology, enzyme engineering in the great usefulness. Nano-technology and the integration of biology, molecular biology research devices using nano-sensors, can be obtained within the cell biological information to understand the body state and deepen people's physiological and pathological explanation.5. ConclusionNano-science is a keeper of basic science and applied science in integrated set of emerging science, including nano-electronics, nano-materials science, biology and nanotechnology. The 21st century will be the era of nano-technology is, to that end, the State Science Commission, the Chinese Academy of Sciences will be nano-technology as "the 21st century's most important and most leading edge of science." Nano-materials applications relate to various areas in mechanical, electronic, optical, magnetic, chemical and biological fields have broad application prospects. The birth of nano-science and technology, human society will have a far-reaching impact, and is likely to fundamentally solve the many problems facing humanity, particularly energy, human health and environmental protection, and other major issues. Beginning of the 21st century is the main task of all kinds of novel nano-materials basis of the physical and chemical characteristics, design of new materials and devices. Through nano-materials science and technology on the traditional products modified to increase its high-tech content and the development of a new type of nano-structured products, there have been encouraging signs, with the formation of 21 new economic growth points basis. Nano materials will become a field of materials science show the grade star in the new materials, energy, information and other fields, play a pivotal role. With its preparation and modification technology and the continuing development of nano-materials in the chemical and pharmaceutical production, and other areas will be increasingly wider range of applications.纳米材料在化工生产中的应用纳米材料在结构、光电和化学性质等方面的诱人特征，引起物理学家、材料学家和化学家的浓厚兴趣。

静电场公式及条件

静电场公式及条件Electric fields are a fundamental concept in physics that describe the invisible forces that exist between charged particles. 静电场是物理学中的一个基本概念，描述了带电粒子之间存在的看不见的力量。

These electric fields can be strong or weak, depending on the amount of charge and the distance between the charged particles. 这些电场可能强大或微弱，取决于电荷数量和带电粒子之间的距离。

The formula for calculating the strength of an electric field is given by F = k q1 q2 / r^2, where F is the force between the charges, k is the Coulomb constant, q1 and q2 are the magnitudes of the charges, and r is the distance between them. 计算电场强度的公式为 F = k q1 q2 / r^2，其中 F 是电荷之间的力，k 是库仑常数，q1 和 q2 是电荷大小，r 是它们之间的距离.One of the key conditions for the formula to be applicable is that the charges must be static or at rest. 公式适用的关键条件之一是电荷必须静止不动。

If the charges are moving, the formula becomes more complex, involving additional terms related to the velocities of the charges. 如果电荷在运动，公式变得更加复杂，涉及到与电荷速度有关的额外项。

匀速转动的参考系中电磁场的变换公式

英文回答：In the context of a uniformly rotating system, the electric and magnetic fields undergo precise transformations with respect to their reference frame. The conversion of the electric field E' from the stationary laboratory frame to the rotating frame is determined by the equation E' = E + (v x B). Here, E' represents the electric field within the rotating frame, E denotes the electric field in the laboratory frame, v stands for the velocity of the rotating frame, and B signifies the magnetic field in the laboratory frame. This equation serves to illustrate the impact of the frame's motion and the magnetic field in the laboratory frame on the electric field within the rotating frame.在一个统一旋转的系统中，电场和磁场的参照框架有精确的转换。

电场E'从固定实验室帧转换为旋转帧由等式E'=E + （v x B）决定。

这里 E'代表旋转帧内的电场，E表示实验室帧内的电场，v代表旋转帧的速度，而B表示实验室帧内的磁场。

静电力和电势能的公式

静电力和电势能的公式The formula for electrostatic force, also known as the Coulomb's law, is given by F = k * (q1 * q2) / r^2, where F represents the force between two charged objects, q1 and q2 are the magnitudes of the charges on the objects, r is the distance between the centers of the objects, and k is the electrostatic constant. This formula quantifies the attractive or repulsive force between charged particles and provides a fundamental understanding of the behavior of electric charges.The concept of electric potential energy is closely related to the electrostatic force. Electric potential energy refers to the energy stored in a system of charged objects due to their positions relative to each other. It is given by the formula U = k * (q1 * q2) / r, where U represents the potential energy, q1 and q2 are the magnitudes of the charges, r is the distance between the charges, and k is the electrostatic constant.The relationship between electrostatic force and electric potential energy can be understood by considering the work done in moving a charge against the electrostatic force. When a charge is moved from a point A to a point Bin an electric field, the work done is equal to the change in electric potential energy. This can be expressed as W = ΔU = Uf - Ui, where W represents work, ΔU represents the change in potential energy, Uf is the final potential energy, and Ui is the initial potential energy.By substituting the formula for electric potential energy into the work equation, we can derive the relationship between electrostatic force and electric potential energy. The work done can be expressed as W = -ΔU = -Uf + Ui, where the negative sign indicates that work is done against the electrostatic force. Since work done is also equal to the force multiplied by the displacement, we can write -Uf + Ui = -F * d, where d represents the displacement. Rearranging this equation gives us Uf - Ui = F * d, which is the same as the change in potential energy equation. Therefore, we can conclude that the change in electric potential energy is equal to the negative of thework done against the electrostatic force.In summary, the formula for electrostatic force, F = k * (q1 * q2) / r^2, quantifies the attractive or repulsive force between charged objects. On the other hand, the formula for electric potential energy, U = k * (q1 * q2) / r, represents the energy stored in a system of charged objects. The relationship between electrostatic force and electric potential energy can be understood by considering the work done in moving a charge against the electrostatic force. The change in potential energy is equal to the negative of the work done against the electrostatic force, indicating that these two concepts are closely interconnected.。

小学上册第2次英语第六单元期中试卷(有答案)

小学上册英语第六单元期中试卷(有答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.The dog is ________ in the grass.2.Certain plants can grow in ______ environments, like deserts. (某些植物可以在沙漠等极端环境中生长。

)3.Let’s race our __________ (玩具名) together!4.What is the name of the fictional land where Peter Pan lives?A. NeverlandB. WonderlandC. OzD. Narnia答案:A5.The chemical formula for aluminum chloride is _______.6. A material that conducts electricity is called a ______.7.The ______ (海洋植物) contribute to ocean health.8.What do you call the action of making something sound louder?A. AmplifyingB. SoundingC. IncreasingD. Boosting答案: A9.The rabbit is under the ______ (tree).10.I enjoy writing reviews about books and movies to share my __________.11.I like to wear my __________ when it’s cold outside. (手套)12. A ________ is very colorful and pretty.13.The capital of Bosnia is __________.14.The man has a funny ________.15. A ______ is an animal that has feathers.16.She is _____ (coloring/drawing) a picture.17.The _______ provides nutrients to the soil.18.The invention of the radio changed the way we _____.19.The chemical formula for carbon tetrachloride is _______.20.I want to go to the ________.21. A __________ is a mountain formed by volcanic activity.22.I enjoy _______ (参加)文化活动。

基于偏导数下的非平行板电容器静电场问题的研究

ZHENG Min-wei (Department of Basic Courses,Guangzhou Maritime University,Guangzhou Guangdong,510725 ,China)
Abstract: In the rectangular coordinate system, choose a more appropriate function, according to the uniqueness
第29卷第2期 2021年6月
广州航海学院学报
JOURNAL OF GUANGZHOU MARITIME UNIVERSITY
Vol. 29 No. 2 Jun. 2021
基于偏导数下的非平行板电容器静电场问题的研究
郑民伟 (广州航海学院基础教学部，广东广州510725)
摘要：在直角坐标系下，选择比较合适的函数,根据唯一性定理分析，列出拉普拉斯方程，在偏导
ZHANG Yao-wen,SONG Can,MA Dong-lei (China Construction Seventh Bureau Civil Engineering Company, Henan Province,Zhengzhou 450000, China)
Abstract: The failure mode,bearing capacity and ductility of reinforced concrete beams ( RC beams) were studied
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硅钢片损耗计算

任意频率正弦波条件下铁磁材料损耗的计算崔杨，胡虔生，黄允凯（东南大学电气工程学院，江苏省南京市四牌楼2号210096）Iron Loss Prediction in Ferromagnetic Materials withSinusoidal SupplyCUI Yang，HU Qian-sheng，HUANG Yun-kai（School of Electrical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China）摘要：本文首先介绍了铁耗分立计算模型，随后采用标准规定的用爱泼斯坦方圈测硅钢片损耗的方法对铁磁材料进行损耗实验，对实验结果数据进行回归分析计算出了铁耗分立模型中的未知参数。

并分析了参数的特性，将其应用于铁耗计算中，所得出的结果非常接近于实际值。

在此基础上进一步分析了铁耗各分量随频率、磁密变化的规律。

结论对于铁耗分析有非常重要的参考意义。

关键字：铁耗；铁磁材料；回归分析；爱泼斯坦方圈Abstract: The paper presents loss separation model, then the method of iron loss measurement by means of an Epstein frame prescripted in standard is employed to the loss experiment, parameters in the model are calculated through a method called regression, using the experiment result. Parameters are used in predicting iron loss, there is hardly any discrepancy between the computed and the measured results. In the meantime the relationship bitween the loss contribution and frequency, flux density is discussed based on the computed result. Conclution is very valuable for the loss prediction.Keywords: Iron loss; Ferromagnetic material; Regression; Epstein frame1 引言随着电力电子技术的发展，各种新型电机在各行各业得到了广泛的应用，电机铁耗的准确计算也成为越来越重要的课题，引起不少学者的注意。

DTSU666系列三相四线电子电能表(Din-Rail) DSSU666系列三相三线电子电能表使用

DTSU666 series three phase four wire electronic energy meter (Din-rail) DSSU666 series three phase three wire electronic energy meter (Din-rail)ManualZTY0.464.1002Zhejiang Chint Instrument & Meter Co., Ltd.Jan., 2018.1. Brief Introduction1.1 Main application & applicable rangeDTSU666 series three phase four wire and DSSU666 series three phase three wire electronic energy meter (din-rail) (hereinafter referred to as the “instrument”) is designed based on power monitoring and energy metering demands for electric power system, communication industry, construction industry, etc. as a new generation of intelligent instrument combining measurement and communication function, mainly applied into the measurement and display for the electric parameters in the electric circuit including three voltage, three current, active power, reactive power, frequency, positive& negative energy, four-quadrant energy, etc. Adopting the standard DIN35mm din rail mounting and modular design, it is characterized with small volume, easy installation and easy networking, widely applied into the internal energy monitoring and assessment for industrial and mining enterprises, hotels, schools, large public buildings.Complied standards:IEC 61010-1:2010《Safety requirements for electrical equipment for measurement，control and laboratory use Part1:General requirements》IEC 61326-1:2013 《Electrical equipment for measurement，control and laboratory use –EMC requirements Part1:General requirements》1.2 Product Features1)Characterized with positive and reverse active power, four quadrant reactive power meteringand storage function.2)RS485 communication interface, easy to exchange data with outside;3)Adopting the standard DIN35mm din rail mounting and modular design, it is characterizedwith small volume, easy installation and easy networking1.3 Model composition and meaningsTable 1 product model and specification1.4. Environmental conditions1.4. 1.Temperature rangeIndoor type:Regulated working temperature range: -10℃～+45℃；Limited working temperature range: -25℃～+75℃；1.4.2 Relative humidity(Annually average):≤75％；1.4.3 Atmospheric pressure: 63.0kPa～106.0kPa( altitude 4km and below), excepting the requirements for special orders.2. Main Technical Performance & Parameters2.1 Start and Defluction2.1.1. StartUnder the power factor of 1.0 and started current, the instrument can be started and continuously measure (for multiple phase instrument, it will bring balanced load). If the instrument is designed based on measurement for dual directional energy, then it is applicable for each direction of energy.Table 3 start current2.1.2. DefluctionWhen adding voltage while there is no current on the current circuit, the test output of the instrument shall not produce another pulse. When testing, the current circuit shall be opened, and the added voltage for voltage circuit shall be 115% of the referenced voltage.Shortest testing time Δt ：For instrument of class 0.5S and class1： 6max60010Δt [min]n k m U I ⨯≥⋅⋅⋅ For instrument of class 2： 6max48010Δt [min]n k m U I ⨯≥⋅⋅⋅ From the formula, k represents meter constant (imp/kWh), m represents measuring components, Un represents referenced voltage (V) and Imax represents the maximized current (A). 2.2. Electrical parametersTable 3 Electrical parameters3.Main function 3.1. Displayed functionFrom the displayed interface, the electrical parameter and energy data are all primary side data (that is, the multiplied by current and voltage ratios). The energy measuring value will be displayedseven bits, with the displaying range from 0.00kWh to 9999999MWh.Diagram 1 Liquid crystal displayTable 4 Display interface3.2.Programming function3.2.1.Programming parameterTable 5 Programming parameter3.2.2.Programming operationButton description: “SET” button represents “confirmation”, or “cursor shift” (when input digits), “ESC” button represents “exit”, “→” button represents “add”. The input code is (default701).Diagram 2 Setting examples for current ratioDiagram 3 Setting examples for communication address and baud rateDiagram 4 Setting examples for zero electricity energymunication functionCharacterized with a RS485 communication interface, the baud rate can be changed between 1200bps, 2400bps, 4800bps and 9600bps. Communication protocol: complied with the requirement of DL／T645—2007 Multifunctional meter communication protocol or requirements of ModBus-RTU protocol.The default factory communication parameters are ModBus-RTU protocol, baud rate is 9600 bps, check bit and stop bit is n.1, table address is 1. The following table is the commonly used ModBus protocol address table. You can call for detailed communication protocol. The ModBus_RTU protocol reads 03H and writes the command 10H.4.Outline and installation sizeTable 6 Installation sizeDiagram 5 Outline size diagram (four modulus)5.Installation and operation manual5.1.Inspection TipsWhen unpacking the carton, if the shell has obvious signs caused by severe impact or falling, please contact with the supplier as soon as possible.After the instrument being removed from the packing box, it should be placed on a flat and safe plane, facing up, not overlaying for more than five layers. If not installed or used in a short time, the electric meter shall be packed and placed to the original packing box for storage.5.2.Installation and tips5.2.1.Installation and InspectionIf the model No or configuration in the original packing box is not in accordance with the requirement, please contact with the supplier. While, if the inner package or shell has been damaged after removing the instrument from the packing box, please do not install, power on the instrument, please contact with the supplier as soon as possible, instead.5.2.2.InstallationIt requires experienced electrician or professional personnel to install it and you must read this operation manual. During the installation, if the shell has obvious damage or marks caused by violent impact or falling, please do not install it or power on and contact with the supplier as soon as possible.5.3.Typical wiringThree phase four wire: direct connect Three phase three wire: direct connectDiagram 6 Diagram 7Three phase four wire: via current transformer Three phase three wire: via current transformer Diagram 8 Diagram 9RS485 Pulse outputDiagram 10 Diagram 11◆V oltage signal (only for connection via current transformer)2-------UA (Phase A voltage input terminal) 5 -------UB (Phase B voltage input terminal) 8-------UC (Phase C voltage input terminal) 11-------UN (Phase N voltage input terminal) ◆Current signal:1-------IA*(Phase A current input terminal) 3------IA (Phase A current output terminal)4-------IB*(Phase B current input terminal) 6------IB (Phase B current output terminal) 7-------IC*( Phase C current input terminal) 9------IC(Phase C current output terminal)◆RS485 Communication wire24-------A（RS485 Terminal A）25-------B（RS485 Terminal B）Auxiliary function19------ Active energy and reactive energy output high terminal21------ Active energy and reactive energy output low terminal6.Diagnosis, analysis and elimination for common faults7.Transportation & StorageWhen transporting and unpacking the products, please confirm they are not severely impacted, transporting and storing based on Transportation, basic environmental conditions and testing methods for instrument and meters of JB/T9329-1999.The instrument and accessories shall be stored in the dry and ventilated places, to avoid humidity and corrosive gas erosion, with the limited environmental temperature for storage to be 0℃～+40℃and relative humidity not exceeding 85%.8.Maintenance & ServiceWe guarantee free reparation and change for the multi-meter if found any unconformity with the standard, under circumstance of that the users fully comply with this instructions and complete seal after delivery within 18 months.Dear clients,Please assist us: when the product life is end, to protect our environment, please recycle the product or components, while for the materials that cannot be recycled, please also deal with it in a proper way. Really appreciate your cooperation and support.Name of Company: Zhejiang Chint Instrument & Meter Co., Ltd.Address: Wenzhou Bridge Industrial Zone, Yueqing, Zhejiang, China.Zip Code：325603Telephone：*************Fax：*************Service hotline: 4008177777FakeComplaint**************Website: http: //Email：ztyb＠Date of Issue: January, 2018.No.:ZTY0.464.1002V1。

电爆炸丝的电气特性

电爆炸丝的电气特性朱翼超;罗根新;方向;陈宇【摘要】According to the relation between the metal conductor's specific action and resistivity and the analytical formula for the variation of the exploding wire with time brought forward by Hobson, two computational models were developed to explore the electrical characteristics of an electric exploding copper wire opening switch (EEOS) by using the software Pspice. And the voltage across the EEOS was experimentally obtained. The experimental results indicate that the Hobson model is effective only before the vaporization of the electric exploding copper wire; that the specific action-resistivity model can be used to macroscopically describe the whole electric exploding process. So these two models can be used to simulate the high-voltage and high-current circuits with the EEOSs, and the simulated results are helpful for the design of the EEOSs.%根据金属导体电阻与比作用量的关系和A.Hobson提出的金属丝阻抗随时间的变化规律分别建立了2种仿真模型研究电爆炸丝断路开关的电气特性；测量了电爆炸过程中金属丝两端的电压,结果表明:A.Hobson模型只有在电爆炸丝汽化前有效；电阻率-比作用量模型适用于整个电爆炸过程的宏观描述.因此,对含电爆炸丝元件的电路仿真模拟采用电阻率-比作用量模型,结果对脉冲调制中电爆炸丝开关的设计具有一定的指导意义.【期刊名称】《爆炸与冲击》【年(卷),期】2011(031)006【总页数】5页(P664-668)【关键词】爆炸力学;电气特性;比作用量;电爆炸丝【作者】朱翼超;罗根新;方向;陈宇【作者单位】解放军理工大学工程兵工程学院,江苏南京210007;总装工程兵技术装备研究所,江苏无锡214007;总装工程兵技术装备研究所,江苏无锡214007;解放军理工大学工程兵工程学院,江苏南京210007;总装工程兵技术装备研究所,江苏无锡214007【正文语种】中文【中图分类】O389在极短的时间内向金属丝注入较大的电流，温度会急剧升高，经过固体加热、液化、汽化、体积迅速膨胀，随之发生爆炸，并伴随着剧烈的光、冲击波和电磁辐射等物理现象称为电爆炸。

GOCE卫星径向重力梯度一阶、二阶径向偏导数标准差的近似解析公式

GOCE卫星径向重力梯度一阶、二阶径向偏导数标准差的近似解析公式徐天河;贺凯飞【摘要】基于Kaula准则,推导卫星重力梯度径向分量Tzz一阶、二阶径向偏导数T.zz、Tzz标准差的近似解析表达式,给出GOCE卫星.Tzz、Tzz标准差的近似估计值,由此分析Tzz延拓处理中可忽略的延拓误差最大高度。

解析公式表明：T.zz、Tzz标准差的计算公式可近似表示成若干伽玛函数线性组合的开方,GOCE卫星.Tzz、Tzz标准差近似解析估值分别为1.269×10^-15s^-2m^-1和1.109×10^-20s^-2m^-2,由此若得到满足1 mE的精度要求,可忽略的延拓误差最大高度对于T.zz应小于%Approximate analytical formula for standard deviation of the firstand second radial derivatives T·zz and T¨zz of GOCE radial gravity gradient Tzz are derived based on Kaula＇s rule.From the derived formula,the maximum height to be ignored for the continuation of GOCE Tzz is estimated.It shows that the formula of the standard deviation of T·zz and T¨zzcan be expressed approximately by square root of linear combinationof a series of Γ functions,the estimated standard deviations are about1.269×10^-15 s^-2m^-1 and 1.109×10^-20 s^-2m^-2 respectively for GOCE satellite.To meet the precision requirement of 1 mE,the maximum heights to be ignored for GOCE T·zz and T¨zz are less than 0.8 km and 7.6 km respectively.A numerical calculation by using strict formula for the standard deviation of T·zz and T¨zz from simulated GOCE orbits is performed.The results show the proposed approximate analytical formula can reasonably evaluate standard deviations of GOCE T·zz and T¨zz,andtheir relative errors are all less than 2%,which proves their validation and correctness.【期刊名称】《测绘学报》【年(卷),期】2011(040)004【总页数】6页(P416-420,441)【关键词】解析公式;卫星重力梯度;相对误差;Kaula准则【作者】徐天河;贺凯飞【作者单位】武汉大学测绘学院,湖北武汉430079;长安大学地测学院,陕西西安710054【正文语种】中文【中图分类】P2071 引言欧洲地球重力场和海洋环流探测卫星（GOCE）重力场恢复涉及诸多研究内容，如数据预处理、数字滤波、大型方程组快速解算、正则化算法等［1－3］，而重力梯度数据预处理是其中的关键问题，主要包括数据的粗差探测、系统误差标定、数据归算等［1－2］。