On Delay-independent Stability Criteria for Linear Time-delay Systems

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An Improved Stability Method for Linear Systems with Fast-Varying Delays

delay derivative is not greater than 1 (almost for all t). This has been obtained by applying the input-output approach to stability. It is known Gu et al. (2003), Kao & Lincoln (2004) that the latter approach to systems with time-varying bounded delays is based on the bound of the L2 -norm of a certain integral operator. In the present paper we ﬁll the gap between the case of the delay derivative not greater than 1 and the fast-varying delay by deriving a new integral operator bound. This bound is an increasing and continuous function of the delay derivative bound d ≥ 1. In the limit case (where d → ∞) which corresponds to the fast-varying delay, the new bound improves the existing one. As a result, improved frequency-domain and time-domain sta-
Abstract: Stability of linear systems with uncertain bounded time-varying delays is studied under assumption that the nominal delay values are not equal to zero. An input-output approach to stability of such systems is known to be based on the bound of the L2 -norm of a certain integral operator. There exists a bound on this operator in two cases: in the case where the delay derivative is not greater than 1 and in the case without any constraints on the delay derivative. In the present note we ﬁll the gap between the two cases by deriving a tight operator bound which is an increasing and continuous function of the delay derivative upper bound d ≥ 1. For d → ∞ the new bound corresponds to the second case and improves the existing bound. As a result, delay-derivative-dependent frequency-domain and time-domain stability criteria are derived for systems with the delay derivative greater than 1. Keywords: time-varying delay, stability, input-output approach, L2 -norm.

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) 日记总数： 47 品题数目： 42 访问次数： 15577 acceptance testing 验收测试 accumulated error积累误差 ac-dc-ac frequency converter 交-直-交变频器 ac(alternatingcurrent)electric drive交流电子传动 active attitude stabilization主动姿态稳定 actuator 驱动器,执行机构 adaline 线性适应元daptation layer适应层 adaptive telemeter system 适应遥测系统 adjoint operator 陪同算子 admissible error容许误差 aggregationmatrix结集矩阵ahp(analytic你好 erarchy process)条理分析法 amplifying element放大环节analog-digital conversion模数转换 ntenna pointing control接收天线指向控制anti-integral windup抗积分饱卷 aperiodic decomposition非周期分解 a posteriori estimate笱楣兰?approximate reasoning类似推理 a priori estimate 先验估计 articulated robot关节型机器人 assignment problem配置问题,分配问题 associative memory model遐想记忆模子 asymptotic stability渐进稳定性 attained pose drift现实位姿漂移 attitude acquisition姿态捕获aocs(attritude and orbit control system)姿态轨道控制系统 attitude angular velocity姿态角速度 attitude disturbance姿态扰动 attitude maneuver 姿态机动 augment ability可扩充性 augmented system增广系统 automatic manual station不用人力-手动操作器 autonomous system自治系统 backlash characteristics间隙特征 base coordinate system基座坐标系bayes classifier 贝叶斯分类器 bearing alignment 方位瞄准 bellows pressure gauge 波纹管压力表 benefit-cost analysis 收入成本分析 bilinear system 双线性系统 biocybernetics 生物控制论 biological feedback system 生物反馈系统black box testing approach 黑箱测试法 blind search 盲目搜索 block diagonalization 块对于角化 boltzman mac 你好 ne 玻耳兹曼机 bottom-up development 自下而上开辟 boundary value analysis 界限值分析 brainstorming method 头脑风暴法 breadth-first search 广度优先搜索 cae(computer aided engineering) 计较机匡助工程 cam(computer aided manufacturing) 计较机匡助创造 camflex valve 偏疼旋转阀 canonical state vari able 标准化状况变量capacitive displacementtransducer 电容式位移传感器 capsule pressure gauge 膜盒压力表 card 计较机匡助研究开辟 cartesian robot 直角坐标型机器人cascadecompensation 串联赔偿 catastrophe theory 突变论 chained aggregation 链式结集 characteristic locus 特征轨迹 chemical propulsion 化学推进classical information pattern 经典信息标准样式 clinical controlsystem 临床控制系统关上 d loop pole 闭环极点关上 d looptransfer function 闭环传递函数cluster analysis 聚类分析 coarse-finecontrol 粗- 精控制 cobweb model 蜘蛛网模子 coefficient matrix 凳?卣?cognitive science 认知科学 coherent system 枯燥关接洽统 combination decision 组合决定计划 combinatorial explosion 组合爆炸combined pressure and vacuum gauge 压力真空表 command pose 指令位姿companion matrix 相伴矩阵 compartmental model 房室模子 compatibility 相容性,兼容性 compensating network 赔偿采集 compensation 赔偿,矫正compliance 柔顺, 适应 composite control 组合控制 computable general equilibrium model 可计较普通均衡模子 conditionallyinstability 条件不稳定性connectionism 毗连机制 conservative system 守恒系统 constraint condition 约束条件 consumption function 消费函数 context-free grammar 上下文无关语法continuous discrete eventhybrid system simulation 连续离散事件混淆系统仿真continuous duty 连续事情制 control accuracy 控制精密度 control cabinet 控制柜controllability index 可控指数 controllable canonical form 可控标准型[control]plant 控制对于象,被控对于象 controlling instrument 控制仪表 control moment gyro 控制力矩捻捻转儿 control panel 控制屏,控制盘 control synchro 控制 [式]自整角机 control system synthesis 控制系统综合 control time horizon 控制时程 cooperativegame 互助对于策 coordinability condition 可协调条件coordinationstrategy 协调计谋 corner frequency 迁移转变频率 costate variable 蔡?淞?cost-effectiveness analysis 用度效益分析 coupling ofrbit and attitude 轨道以及姿态耦合 critical damping 临界阻尼 ritical stability 临界稳定性 cross-over frequency 穿越频率,交越频率 current source inverter 电流[源]型逆变器 cut-off frequency 截止频率 cyclic remote control 循环遥控 cylindrical robot 圆柱坐标型机器人 damped oscillation 阻尼振动 damping ratio 阻尼比 data acquisition 数值采集 data encryption 数值加密 data preprocessing 数值预处理 data processor 数值处理器 dc generator-motor set drive 直流发机电-电动机组传动 d controller 微分控制器 decentralizedstochastic control 分散 rand 控制 decision space 决定计划空间 decisionsupport system 决定计划支持系统 decomposition-aggregation approach 分解结集法 decoupling parameter 解耦参量 deductive-inductive hybrid modeling method 演绎与归纳混淆建模法 delayed telemetry 延时遥测derivation tree 导出树 derivative feedback 微分反馈 describingfunction 描写函数 desired value 希望值deterministic automaton 确定性不用人力机 deviation alarm 误差报警器 dfd 数值流图 diagnosticmodel 诊断模子 diagonally dominant matrix 对于角主导矩阵diaphragmpressure gauge 膜片压力表 difference equation model 差分方程模子differential dynamical system 微分动力学系统 differential game⒎侄圆differential pressure level meter 差压液位计 differentialpressure transmitter 差压变送器 differential transformer displacementtransducer 差动变压器式位移传感器 differentiation element 微分环节 digital filer 数码滤波器 digital signal processing 数码旌旗灯号处理 digitizer 数码化仪 dimension transducer 尺度传感器 direct coordination 直接协调 discrete event dynamic system 离散事件动态系统 discretesystem simulation language 离散系统仿真语言 discriminant function 判别函数 displacement vibration amplitude transducer 位移波幅传感器dissipative structure 耗扩散局 distributed parameter control system 漫衍参量控制系统 disturbance compensation 扰动赔偿 domain knowledge 范畴常识dominant pole 主导极点 dose-response model 剂量反映模子 dual modulation telemetering system 两重调制遥测系统 dualprinciple 对于偶原理 dual spin stabilization 双自旋稳定 duty ratio 负载比 dynamic braking 能耗制动 dynamic characteristics 动态特征 dynamic deviation 动态误差 dynamic error coefficient 动态误差系数 dynamic exactness 动它吻合性 dynamic input-outputmodel 动态投入产出模子 econometric model 计量经济模子 economiccybernetics 经济控制论 economic effectiveness 经济效益 economicvaluation 经济评价 economic index 经济指数 economic in dicator 经济指标 eddy current t 你好 ckness meter 电涡流厚度计 effectivenesstheory 效益意见 elasticity of demand 需求弹性 electric actuator 电动执行机构 electric conductancelevelmeter 电导液位计 electricdrive control gear 电动传动控制设备 electric hydraulic converter 电-液转换器 electric pneumatic converter 电-气转换器electrohydraulicservo vale 电液伺服阀 electromagnetic flow transducer 电磁流量传感器 electronic batc 你好 ng scale 电子配料秤 electronic belt conveyorscale 电子皮带秤 electronic hopper scale 电子料斗秤 emergencystop 异样住手empirical distribution 经验漫衍 endogenous variable 内发生变故量equilibrium growth 均衡增长 equilibrium point 平衡点 equivalence partitioning 等价类区分清晰 error-correction parsing 纠错剖析 estimation theory 估计意见 evaluation technique 评价技术 event chain 事件链evolutionary system 高级演化系统 exogenous variable 外发生变故量 expected characteristics 希望特征 failure diagnosis 妨碍诊断 fast mode 快变模态 feasibility study 可行性研究 feasiblecoordination 可行协调 feasible region 可行域 feature detection 特征检测 feature extraction 特征抽取 feedback compensation 反馈赔偿 feedforward path 前馈通路 field bus 现场总线 finite automaton 有限不用人力机 fip(factory information protocol) 工场信息以及谈 first order predicate logic 一阶谓词逻辑 fixed sequence manipulator 固定挨次机械手 fixed set point control 定值控制 fms(flexiblemanufacturing system) 柔性创造系统 flowsensor/transducer 流量传感器 flow transmitter 流量变送器 forced oscillation 强迫振动 formal language theory 情势语言意见 formal neuron 情势神经元forward path 正向通路 forward reasoning 正向推理 fractal 分形体,分维体frequency converter 变频器 frequency domain modelreduction method 频域模子降阶法 frequency response 频域相应 full order observer 全阶测候器 functional decomposition 功效分解 fes(functional electricalstimulation)功效电刺激 functionalsimularity 功效相仿 fuzzy logic 含糊逻辑 game tree 对于策树 general equilibrium theory 普通均衡意见 generalized least squaresestimation 意义广泛最小二乘估计 generation function 天生函数geomagnetictorque 地磁性矩 geometric similarity 几何相仿 gimbaled wheel 蚣苈global asymptotic stability 全局渐进稳定性 global optimum 全局最优 globe valve 球形阀 goal coordination method 目标协调法 grammatical inference 文法判断 grap 你好 c search 图搜索 gravitygradient torque 重力梯度力矩 group technology 成组技术 guidancesystem 制导系统 gyro drift rate 捻捻转儿漂移率 hall displacementtransducer 霍尔式位移传感器 hardware-in-the-loop simulation 半实物仿真 harmonious deviation 以及谐误差 harmonious strategy 以及谐计谋 heuristic inference 开导式推理你好 dden oscillation 隐蔽振动你好 erarc 你好 calchart 条理布局图你好 erarc 你好 cal planning 递阶规划你好 erarc你好 calontrol 递阶控制 homomorp 你好 c model 同态系统 horizontal decomposition 横向分解 hormonal control 内排泄控制 hydraulic step motor 液压步进马达 hypercycle theory 超循环意见 i controller 积分控制器 identifiability 可辨识性 idss(intelligent decision support system)智能决定计划支持系统 image recognition 图象辨认 impulse function 冲击函数,电子脉冲函数 incompatibility principle 不相容原理 incrementalmotion control 增量运动控制 index of merit 品质因数 inductiveforce transducer 电感式位移传感器 inductive modeling method 归纳建模法 industrial automation 工业不用人力化 inertial attitude sensor 惯性姿态敏锐器 inertial coordinate system 惯性坐标系 inertialwh eel 惯性轮 inference engine 推理机 infinite dimensional system 无限维系统information acquisition 信息采集 infrared gasanalyzer 红外线气体分析器 inherent nonlinearity 本来就有非线性 inherent regulation 本来就有调节 initial deviation 初始误差 injection attitude 入轨姿式input-output model 投入产出模子 instability 不稳定性 instructionlevel language 指令级语言 integral of absolute value of errorcriterion 绝对于误差积分准则integral of squared error criterion 平方误差积分准则 integral performance criterion 积分性能准则 integration instrument 积算摄谱仪 intelligent terminal 智能终端 interactedsystem 互接洽统,关接洽统 interactive prediction approach 互联预估法,关联预估法 intermittent duty 断续事情制ism(interpretivestructure modeling) 诠释布局建模法 invariant embedding principle 不变镶嵌原理 inventory theory 库伦论 inverse nyquist diagram 逆奈奎斯特图 investment decision 投资决定计划 isomorp 你好 c model 同构模子iterative coordination 迭代协调 jet propulsion 喷气推进 job-lot control 分批控制kalman-bucy filer 卡尔曼-布西滤波器 knowledgeaccomodation 常识适应knowledge acquisition 常识获取 knowledgessimilation 常识夹杂kbms(knowledge base management system) 常识库管理系统 knowledge representation 常识抒发 lad der diagram 菪瓮?lag-lead compensation 滞后超前赔偿 lagrange duality 拉格朗日对于偶性 laplace transform 拉普拉斯变换 large scale system 大系统 lateral in 你好 bition network 侧抑制采集 least cost input 最小成本投入 least squares criterion 最小二乘准则 level switch 物位开关 libration damping 天平动阻尼 limit cycle 极限环 linearizationtechnique 线性化要领 linear motion electric drive 直线运动电气传动 linear motion valve 直行程阀 linear programming 线性规划 lqr(linear quadratic regulator problem) 线性二次调节器问题 oad cell 称重传感器 local asymptotic stability 局部渐近稳定性 local optimum 局部最优 log magnitude-phase diagram 对于数幅相图long term memory 长期记忆 lumped parameter model 集总参量模子 lyapunov theorem of asymptotic stability 李雅普诺夫渐近稳定性定理 macro-economic system 宏观经济系统 magnetic dumping 磁卸载 magnetoelastic weig 你好ng cell 磁致弹性称重传感器 magnitude- frequencycharacteristic 幅频特征magnitude margin 幅值裕度 magnitudecale factor 幅值缩尺 man-mac 你好ne coordination 人机协调 manualstation 手动操作器 map(manufacturing automation protocol) 创造不用人力化以及谈 marginal effectiveness 边岸效益mason's gain formula 梅森增益公式 matc 你好 ng criterion 匹配准则 maximum likelihood estimation 最大似然估计 maximum ove rshoot 最大超调量maximum principle 极大值原理 mean-square error criterion 均方误差准则mechanismmodel 机理模子 meta-knowledge 元常识 metallurgical automation 冶金不用人力化 minimal realization 最小使成为事实 minimum phase system 最小相位系统 minimum variance estimation 最小方差估计 minor loop 副回路missile-target relative movement simulator 弹体- 目标相对于运动仿真器 modal aggregation 模态结集 modal transformation 模态变换 mb(model base)模子库model confidence 模子置信度 model fidelity 模子传神度 model reference adaptive control system 模子参考适应控制系统 model verification 模子证验mec(mostconomic control)最经济控制 motion space 可动空间 mtbf(mean time between failures) 均等妨碍距离时间 mttf(mean timeto failures)均等无妨碍时间 multi-attributive utility function 嗍粜孕в 煤??multicriteria 多重判据 multilevel 你好 erarc 你好 cal structure 多级递阶布局 multiloop control 多回路控制 multi- objective decision 多目标决定计划 multistate logic 多态逻辑multistratum 你好 erarc 你好 calcontrol 多段递阶控制 multivariable control system 多变量控制系统 myoelectric control 肌电控制 nash optimality 纳什最优性 naturallanguage generation 自然语言天生 nearest- neighbor 这段邻necessitymeasure 肯定是性侧度 negative feedback 负反馈 neural assembly 神经集合 neural network computer 神经采集计较机 nichols chart 尼科尔斯图noetic science 思维科学 noncoherent system 非枯燥关接洽统 noncooperative game 非互助博弈 nonequilibrium state 非平衡态 nonlinear element 非线性环节nonmonotonic logic 非枯燥逻辑 nonparametric training 非参量训练nonreversible electric drive 不成逆电气传动 nonsingular perturbation 非奇妙摄动 non-stationaryrandom process 非平稳 rand 历程 nuclear radiation levelmeter 核辐射物位计 nutation sensor 章动敏锐器 nyquist stability criterion 奈奎斯特稳定判据 objective function 目标函数 observability index 可测候指数observable canonical form 可测候标准型 on-line assistance 在线帮忙 on- off control 通断控制 open loop pole 开环极点 operational research model 运筹学模子 optic fiber tachometer 光纤式转速表 opt imal trajectory 最优轨迹optimization technique 最优化技术 orbital rendezvous 轨道交会 orbit gyrocompass 轨道捻捻转儿罗经 orbit perturbation 轨道摄动 order parameter 序参量 orientationcontrol 定向控制 oscillating period 振动周期 output predictionmethod 输出预估法 oval wheel flowmeter 椭圆齿轮流量计overalldesign 总体设计 overlapping decomposition 交叠分解 pade approximation 帕德类似 pareto optimality 帕雷托最优性 passive attitude stabilization 不主动姿态稳定 path repeatability 路径可重复性 pattern primitive 标准样式基元 pr(pattern recognition)标准样式辨认 p control 比例控制器 peak time 峰值时间penalty function method 罚函数法 periodic duty 周期事情制 perturbation theory 摄动意见 pessimisticvalue 悲观值 phase locus 相轨迹 phase trajectory 相轨迹hase lead 相位超前 photoelectric tachometric transducer 光电式转速传感器phrase-structure grammar 短句布局文法 physical symbol system 物理符号系统 piezoelectric force transducer 压电式力传感器 playbackrobot 示教再现式机器人 plc(programmable logic controller)可编步伐逻辑控制器 plug braking 反接制动 plug valve 旋塞阀 pneumaticactuator 气动执行机构 point-to-point control 点位控制 polar robot 极坐标型机器人 pole assignment 极点配置 pole-zero cancellation 零极点相消 polynom ial input 多项式输入 portfolio theory 投资配搭意见 pose overshoot 位姿过调量 position measuring instrument 位置丈量仪posentiometric displacement transducer 电位器式位移传感器 positive feedback 正反馈 power system automation 电力系统不用人力化 predicate logic 谓词逻辑pressure gauge with electric contact 电接点压力表 pressure transmitter 压力变送器 price coordination 价格协调 primal coordination 主协调 primary frequency zone 主频区 pca(principal component analysis)主成份分析法principlef turnpike 通途原理 process- oriented simulation 面向历程的仿真production budget 生产预算 production rule 孕育发生式法则 profitforecast 利润预测 pert(program evaluation and review technique) 计划评审技术program set station 步伐设定操作器 proportionalcontrol 比例控制 proportional plus derivative controller 比例微分控制器 protocol engineering 以及谈工程pseudo random sequence 伪 rand 序列 pseudo-rate-increment control 伪速度增量控制 pulse duration 电子脉冲持续时间 pulse frequency modulation control system 电子脉冲调频控制系统 pulse width modulation controlsystem 电子脉冲调宽控制系统 pwm inverter 脉宽调制逆变器 pushdown automaton 下推不用人力机 qc(quality control)质量管理 quadratic performance index 二次型性能指标 quali tative physical model 定性物理模子quantized noise 量化噪声 quasilinear characteristics 准线性特征 queuing theory 列队论 radio frequency sensor 射频敏锐器 ramp function 斜坡函数 random disturbance rand 扰动 random process rand 历程 rateintegrating gyro 速度积分捻捻转儿 ratio station 比率操作器 reactionwheel control 反效用轮控制realizability 可以使成为事实性,能使成为事实性 eal time telemetry 实时遥测receptive field 感受野 rectangularrobot 直角坐标型机器人 recursive estimation 递推估计 reducedorder observer 降阶测候器 redundant information 冗余信息 reentrycontrol 再入控制 regenerative braking 回馈制动,再生制动 regionalplanning model 地区范围规划模子 regulating device 调节装载 relationalalgebra 关系代数 relay characteristic 继电器特征 remote manipulator 遥控操作器 remote set point adjuster 远程设定点调整器 rendezvo 目前世界上最强大的国家 nd docking 交会以及对于接 resistance thermometer sensor 热电阻 esolution principle 归结原理 resource allocation 资源分配responsecurve 相应曲线 return difference matrix 回差矩阵 return ratiomatrix 回比矩阵 reversible electric drive 可逆电气传动 revoluterobot 关节型机器人revolution speed transducer 转速传感器 rewritingrule 重写法则 rigid spacecraft dynamics 刚性航天动力学 riskdecision 危害分析 robotics 机器人学 robot programming language 机器人编程语言 robust control 鲁棒控制 roll gap measuring instrument 辊缝丈量仪 root locus 根轨迹 roots flowmeter 腰轮流量计otameter 浮子流量计,转子流量计 rotary eccentric plug valve 偏疼旋转阀 rotary motionvalve 角行程阀 rotating transformer 旋转变压器 routh approximation method 劳思类似判据 routing problem 肪段侍?sampled-data control system 采样控制系统 sampling controlsystem 采样控制系统 saturation characteristics 饱以及特征 scalarlyapunov function 标量李雅普诺夫函数 scara(selective complianceassembly robot arm) 最简单的面关节型机器人 scenario analysis method 情景分析法 scene analysis 物景分析 self- operated controller 自力式控制器 self-organizing system 自组织系统 self-reproducing system 自繁殖系统self-tuning control 自校正控制 semantic network 语义采集 semi-physical simulation 半实物仿真 sensing element 敏锐元件 sensitivity analysis 活络度分析sensory control 觉得控制 sequentialdecomposition 挨次分解 sequential least squares estimation 序贯最小二乘估计 servo control 伺服控制,随动控制servomotor 伺服马达 settling time 过渡时间 short term planning 短期计划shorttime horizon coordination 短时程协调 signal detection and estimation 旌旗灯号检测以及估计 signal reconstruction 旌旗灯号重构 simulated interrupt 仿真中断 simulation block diagram 仿真框图 simulation experiment 仿真实验simulation velocity 仿真速度 single axle table 单轴转台 single degree of freedom gyro 单自由度捻捻转儿 single levelprocess 单级历程 single value nonlinearity 单值非线性 singularattractor 奇妙吸引子 singular perturbation 奇妙摄动 slave dsystem 受役系统 slower-than-real-time simulation 欠实时仿真slow subsystem 慢变子系统 socio-cybernetics 社会形态控制论 socioeconomic system 社会形态经济系统软体 psychology 软件生理学 solar array pointing control 日头帆板指向控制 solenoid valve 电磁阀 speed control system 魉傧低spin axis 自旋轴 stability criterion 稳定性判据 stabilitylimit 稳定极限 stabilization 镇定,稳定 stackelberg decision theory 施塔克尔贝格决定计划意见 state equation model 状况方程模子 state space description 状况空间描写 static characteristics curve 静态特征曲线 station accuracy 定点精密度stationary random process 平稳 rand 历程 statistical analysis 统计分析 statistic pattern recognition 统计标准样式辨认 steady state deviation 稳态误差steadystate error coefficient 稳态误差系数 step-by-step control 步进控制step function 阶跃函数 stepwise refinement 慢慢精化 stochasticfinite automaton rand 有限不用人力机 strain gauge load cell 应变式称重传感器 strategic function 计谋函数 strongly coupled system 狂詈舷低?subjective probability 主观频率 supervised training 喽窖??supervisory computer control system 计较机监控系统 sustainedoscillation 矜持振动 swirlmeter 旋进流量计 switc 你好 ng point 切换点 symbolic processing 符号处理 synaptic plasticity 突触可塑性syntactic analysis 句法分析 system assessment 系统评价 systemhomomorp 你好sm 系统同态 system isomorp 你好 sm 系统同构 system engineering 系统工程target flow transmitter 靶式流量变送器 task cycle 功课周期 teac 你好 ng programming 示教编程 telemetering system ofrequency division type 频分遥测系统 teleological system 目的系统 temperature transducer 温度传感器template base 模版库 theoremproving 定理证实 therapy model 治疗模子 t 你好ckness meter 厚度计 three-axis attitude stabilization 三轴姿态稳定 three state controller 三位控制器 thrust vector control system 推力矢量控制系统 time constant 时间常数 time-invariant system 定常系统,非时变系统 time schedule controller 时序控制器 time-sharing control 分时控制 time-varying parameter 时变参量 top-down testing 自上而下测试topological structure 拓扑布局 tqc(total quality control)全面质量管理 tracking error 跟踪误差 trade-off analysis 权衡分析 transfer function matrix 传递函数矩阵transformation grammar 转换文法 transient deviation 瞬态误差 transient process 过渡历程 transition diagram 转移图 transmissible pressure gauge 电远传压力表 trend analysis 趋向分析 triple modulation telemetering system 三重调制遥测系统 turbine flowmeter 涡轮流量计 turing mac 你好 ne 剂榛?two-time scale system 双时标系统 ultrasonic levelmeter??镂患?unadjustable speed electric drive 非调速电气传动 unbiasedestimation 无偏估计 uniformly asymptotic stability 一致渐近稳定性 uninterrupted duty 不间断事情制,长期事情制 unit circle 单位圆 unit testing 单位测试 unsupervised learing 非监视进修upperlevel problem 较高等级问题 urban planning 城市规划 utility function 效用函数 value engineering 价值工程 variable gain 可变增益,可变放大系数 variable structure control system 变布局控制 vectorlyapunov function 向量李雅普诺夫函数 velocity error coefficient 速度误差系数 velocity transducer 速度传感器vertical decomposition 纵向分解 vibrating wire force transducer 振弦式力传感器 viscousdamping 粘性阻尼 voltage source inverter 电压源型逆变器vortexprecession flowmeter 旋进流量计 vortex shedding flowmeter 涡街流量计 wb(way base) 要领库 weig 你好 ng cell 称重传感器 weightingfactor 权因数weighting method 加权法 w 你好 ttaker-shannon samplingtheorem 惠特克-喷鼻农采样定理 wiener filtering 维纳滤波 work stationfor computer aided design 计较机匡助设计事情站 w-plane w 最简单的面 zero-based budget 零基预算 zero-input response 零输入相应 zero-stateresponse 零状况相应 zero sum game model 零以及对于策模子2022 年 07 月 31 日历史上的今天：ipad2 怎么贴膜好吧,我还是入了 iPad2 2022-06-26 斗破苍穹快眼看书 2斗破苍穹 22 下载 20 11-06-26特殊声明：1：资料来源于互联网，版权归属原作者2：资料内容属于网络意见，与本账号立场无关3 ：如有侵权，请告知，即将删除。

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HPLC ASSAY with DETERMINATION OF META-FLUOXETINE HCl.ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION10 and 20mg Fluoxetine Capsules HPLC DeterminationFLUOXETINE HClC17H18F3NO•HClM.W. = 345.79CAS — 59333-67-4STABILITY INDICATINGA S S A Y V A L I D A T I O NMethod is suitable for:ýIn-process controlþProduct ReleaseþStability indicating analysis (Suitability - US/EU Product) CAUTIONFLUOXETINE HYDROCHLORIDE IS A HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL AND SHOULD BE HANDLED ONLY UNDER CONDITIONS SUITABLE FOR HAZARDOUS WORK.IT IS HIGHLY PRESSURE SENSITIVE AND ADEQUATE PRECAUTIONS SHOULD BE TAKEN TO AVOID ANY MECHANICAL FORCE (SUCH AS GRINDING, CRUSHING, ETC.) ON THE POWDER.ED. N0: 04Effective Date:APPROVED::HPLC ASSAY with DETERMINATION OF META-FLUOXETINE HCl.ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION10 and 20mg Fluoxetine Capsules HPLC DeterminationTABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................ PRECISION............................................................................................................................... System Repeatability ................................................................................................................ Method Repeatability................................................................................................................. Intermediate Precision .............................................................................................................. LINEARITY................................................................................................................................ RANGE...................................................................................................................................... ACCURACY............................................................................................................................... Accuracy of Standard Injections................................................................................................ Accuracy of the Drug Product.................................................................................................... VALIDATION OF FLUOXETINE HCl AT LOW CONCENTRATION........................................... Linearity at Low Concentrations................................................................................................. Accuracy of Fluoxetine HCl at Low Concentration..................................................................... System Repeatability................................................................................................................. Quantitation Limit....................................................................................................................... Detection Limit........................................................................................................................... VALIDATION FOR META-FLUOXETINE HCl (POSSIBLE IMPURITIES).................................. Meta-Fluoxetine HCl linearity at 0.05% - 1.0%........................................................................... Detection Limit for Fluoxetine HCl.............................................................................................. Quantitation Limit for Meta Fluoxetine HCl................................................................................ Accuracy for Meta-Fluoxetine HCl ............................................................................................ Method Repeatability for Meta-Fluoxetine HCl........................................................................... Intermediate Precision for Meta-Fluoxetine HCl......................................................................... SPECIFICITY - STABILITY INDICATING EVALUATION OF THE METHOD............................. FORCED DEGRADATION OF FINISHED PRODUCT AND STANDARD..................................1. Unstressed analysis...............................................................................................................2. Acid Hydrolysis stressed analysis..........................................................................................3. Base hydrolysis stressed analysis.........................................................................................4. Oxidation stressed analysis...................................................................................................5. Sunlight stressed analysis.....................................................................................................6. Heat of solution stressed analysis.........................................................................................7. Heat of powder stressed analysis.......................................................................................... System Suitability stressed analysis.......................................................................................... Placebo...................................................................................................................................... STABILITY OF STANDARD AND SAMPLE SOLUTIONS......................................................... Standard Solution...................................................................................................................... Sample Solutions....................................................................................................................... ROBUSTNESS.......................................................................................................................... Extraction................................................................................................................................... Factorial Design......................................................................................................................... CONCLUSION...........................................................................................................................ED. N0: 04Effective Date:APPROVED::HPLC ASSAY with DETERMINATION OF META-FLUOXETINE HCl.ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION10 and 20mg Fluoxetine Capsules HPLC DeterminationBACKGROUNDTherapeutically, Fluoxetine hydrochloride is a classified as a selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor. Effectively used for the treatment of various depressions. Fluoxetine hydrochloride has been shown to have comparable efficacy to tricyclic antidepressants but with fewer anticholinergic side effects. The patent expiry becomes effective in 2001 (US). INTRODUCTIONFluoxetine capsules were prepared in two dosage strengths: 10mg and 20mg dosage strengths with the same capsule weight. The formulas are essentially similar and geometrically equivalent with the same ingredients and proportions. Minor changes in non-active proportions account for the change in active ingredient amounts from the 10 and 20 mg strength.The following validation, for the method SI-IAG-206-02 , includes assay and determination of Meta-Fluoxetine by HPLC, is based on the analytical method validation SI-IAG-209-06. Currently the method is the in-house method performed for Stability Studies. The Validation was performed on the 20mg dosage samples, IAG-21-001 and IAG-21-002.In the forced degradation studies, the two placebo samples were also used. PRECISIONSYSTEM REPEATABILITYFive replicate injections of the standard solution at the concentration of 0.4242mg/mL as described in method SI-IAG-206-02 were made and the relative standard deviation (RSD) of the peak areas was calculated.SAMPLE PEAK AREA#15390#25406#35405#45405#55406Average5402.7SD 6.1% RSD0.1ED. N0: 04Effective Date:APPROVED::HPLC ASSAY with DETERMINATION OF META-FLUOXETINE HCl.ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION10 and 20mg Fluoxetine Capsules HPLC DeterminationED. N0: 04Effective Date:APPROVED::PRECISION - Method RepeatabilityThe full HPLC method as described in SI-IAG-206-02 was carried-out on the finished product IAG-21-001 for the 20mg dosage form. The method repeated six times and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was calculated.SAMPLENumber%ASSAYof labeled amountI 96.9II 97.8III 98.2IV 97.4V 97.7VI 98.5(%) Average97.7SD 0.6(%) RSD0.6PRECISION - Intermediate PrecisionThe full method as described in SI-IAG-206-02 was carried-out on the finished product IAG-21-001 for the 20mg dosage form. The method was repeated six times by a second analyst on a different day using a different HPLC instrument. The average assay and the relative standard deviation (RSD) were calculated.SAMPLENumber% ASSAYof labeled amountI 98.3II 96.3III 94.6IV 96.3V 97.8VI 93.3Average (%)96.1SD 2.0RSD (%)2.1The difference between the average results of method repeatability and the intermediate precision is 1.7%.HPLC ASSAY with DETERMINATION OF META-FLUOXETINE HCl.ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION10 and 20mg Fluoxetine Capsules HPLC DeterminationLINEARITYStandard solutions were prepared at 50% to 200% of the nominal concentration required by the assay procedure. Linear regression analysis demonstrated acceptability of the method for quantitative analysis over the concentration range required. Y-Intercept was found to be insignificant.RANGEDifferent concentrations of the sample (IAG-21-001) for the 20mg dosage form were prepared, covering between 50% - 200% of the nominal weight of the sample.Conc. (%)Conc. (mg/mL)Peak Area% Assayof labeled amount500.20116235096.7700.27935334099.21000.39734463296.61500.64480757797.52000.79448939497.9(%) Average97.6SD 1.0(%) RSD 1.0ED. N0: 04Effective Date:APPROVED::HPLC ASSAY with DETERMINATION OF META-FLUOXETINE HCl.ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION10 and 20mg Fluoxetine Capsules HPLC DeterminationED. N0: 04Effective Date:APPROVED::RANGE (cont.)The results demonstrate linearity as well over the specified range.Correlation coefficient (RSQ)0.99981 Slope11808.3Y -Interceptresponse at 100%* 100 (%) 0.3%ACCURACYACCURACY OF STANDARD INJECTIONSFive (5) replicate injections of the working standard solution at concentration of 0.4242mg/mL, as described in method SI-IAG-206-02 were made.INJECTIONNO.PEAK AREA%ACCURACYI 539299.7II 540599.9III 540499.9IV 5406100.0V 5407100.0Average 5402.899.9%SD 6.10.1RSD, (%)0.10.1The percent deviation from the true value wasdetermined from the linear regression lineHPLC ASSAY with DETERMINATION OF META-FLUOXETINE HCl.ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION10 and 20mg Fluoxetine Capsules HPLC DeterminationED. N0: 04Effective Date:APPROVED::ACCURACY OF THE DRUG PRODUCTAdmixtures of non-actives (placebo, batch IAG-21-001 ) with Fluoxetine HCl were prepared at the same proportion as in a capsule (70%-180% of the nominal concentration).Three preparations were made for each concentration and the recovery was calculated.Conc.(%)Placebo Wt.(mg)Fluoxetine HCl Wt.(mg)Peak Area%Accuracy Average (%)70%7079.477.843465102.27079.687.873427100.77079.618.013465100.0101.0100%10079.6211.25476397.910080.8011.42491799.610079.6011.42485498.398.6130%13079.7214.90640599.413080.3114.75632899.213081.3314.766402100.399.618079.9920.10863699.318079.3820.45879499.418080.0820.32874899.599.4Placebo, Batch Lot IAG-21-001HPLC ASSAY with DETERMINATION OF META-FLUOXETINE HCl.ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION10 and 20mg Fluoxetine Capsules HPLC DeterminationED. N0: 04Effective Date:APPROVED::VALIDATION OF FLUOXETINE HClAT LOW CONCENTRATIONLINEARITY AT LOW CONCENTRATIONSStandard solution of Fluoxetine were prepared at approximately 0.02%-1.0% of the working concentration required by the method SI-IAG-206-02. Linear regression analysis demonstrated acceptability of the method for quantitative analysis over this range.ACCURACY OF FLUOXETINE HCl AT LOW CONCENTRATIONThe peak areas of the standard solution at the working concentration were measured and the percent deviation from the true value, as determined from the linear regression was calculated.SAMPLECONC.µg/100mLAREA FOUND%ACCURACYI 470.56258499.7II 470.56359098.1III 470.561585101.3IV 470.561940100.7V 470.56252599.8VI 470.56271599.5(%) AverageSlope = 132.7395299.9SD Y-Intercept = -65.872371.1(%) RSD1.1HPLC ASSAY with DETERMINATION OF META-FLUOXETINE HCl.ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION10 and 20mg Fluoxetine Capsules HPLC DeterminationSystem RepeatabilitySix replicate injections of standard solution at 0.02% and 0.05% of working concentration as described in method SI-IAG-206-02 were made and the relative standard deviation was calculated.SAMPLE FLUOXETINE HCl AREA0.02%0.05%I10173623II11503731III10103475IV10623390V10393315VI10953235Average10623462RSD, (%) 5.0 5.4Quantitation Limit - QLThe quantitation limit ( QL) was established by determining the minimum level at which the analyte was quantified. The quantitation limit for Fluoxetine HCl is 0.02% of the working standard concentration with resulting RSD (for six injections) of 5.0%. Detection Limit - DLThe detection limit (DL) was established by determining the minimum level at which the analyte was reliably detected. The detection limit of Fluoxetine HCl is about 0.01% of the working standard concentration.ED. N0: 04Effective Date:APPROVED::HPLC ASSAY with DETERMINATION OF META-FLUOXETINE HCl.ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION10 and 20mg Fluoxetine Capsules HPLC DeterminationED. N0: 04Effective Date:APPROVED::VALIDATION FOR META-FLUOXETINE HCl(EVALUATING POSSIBLE IMPURITIES)Meta-Fluoxetine HCl linearity at 0.05% - 1.0%Relative Response Factor (F)Relative response factor for Meta-Fluoxetine HCl was determined as slope of Fluoxetine HCl divided by the slope of Meta-Fluoxetine HCl from the linearity graphs (analysed at the same time).F =132.7395274.859534= 1.8Detection Limit (DL) for Fluoxetine HClThe detection limit (DL) was established by determining the minimum level at which the analyte was reliably detected.Detection limit for Meta Fluoxetine HCl is about 0.02%.Quantitation Limit (QL) for Meta-Fluoxetine HClThe QL is determined by the analysis of samples with known concentration of Meta-Fluoxetine HCl and by establishing the minimum level at which the Meta-Fluoxetine HCl can be quantified with acceptable accuracy and precision.Six individual preparations of standard and placebo spiked with Meta-Fluoxetine HCl solution to give solution with 0.05% of Meta Fluoxetine HCl, were injected into the HPLC and the recovery was calculated.HPLC ASSAY with DETERMINATION OF META-FLUOXETINE HCl.ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION10 and 20mg Fluoxetine Capsules HPLC DeterminationED. N0: 04Effective Date:APPROVED::META-FLUOXETINE HCl[RECOVERY IN SPIKED SAMPLES].Approx.Conc.(%)Known Conc.(µg/100ml)Area in SpikedSampleFound Conc.(µg/100mL)Recovery (%)0.0521.783326125.735118.10.0521.783326825.821118.50.0521.783292021.55799.00.0521.783324125.490117.00.0521.783287220.96996.30.0521.783328526.030119.5(%) AVERAGE111.4SD The recovery result of 6 samples is between 80%-120%.10.7(%) RSDQL for Meta Fluoxetine HCl is 0.05%.9.6Accuracy for Meta Fluoxetine HClDetermination of Accuracy for Meta-Fluoxetine HCl impurity was assessed using triplicate samples (of the drug product) spiked with known quantities of Meta Fluoxetine HCl impurity at three concentrations levels (namely 80%, 100% and 120% of the specified limit - 0.05%).The results are within specifications:For 0.4% and 0.5% recovery of 85% -115%For 0.6% recovery of 90%-110%HPLC ASSAY with DETERMINATION OF META-FLUOXETINE HCl.ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION10 and 20mg Fluoxetine Capsules HPLC DeterminationED. N0: 04Effective Date:APPROVED::META-FLUOXETINE HCl[RECOVERY IN SPIKED SAMPLES]Approx.Conc.(%)Known Conc.(µg/100mL)Area in spikedSample Found Conc.(µg/100mL)Recovery (%)[0.4%]0.4174.2614283182.66104.820.4174.2614606187.11107.370.4174.2614351183.59105.36[0.5%]0.5217.8317344224.85103.220.5217.8316713216.1599.230.5217.8317341224.81103.20[0.6%]0.6261.3918367238.9591.420.6261.3920606269.81103.220.6261.3920237264.73101.28RECOVERY DATA DETERMINED IN SPIKED SAMPLESHPLC ASSAY with DETERMINATION OF META-FLUOXETINE HCl.ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION10 and 20mg Fluoxetine Capsules HPLC DeterminationED. N0: 04Effective Date:APPROVED::REPEATABILITYMethod Repeatability - Meta Fluoxetine HClThe full method (as described in SI-IAG-206-02) was carried out on the finished drug product representing lot number IAG-21-001-(1). The HPLC method repeated serially, six times and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was calculated.IAG-21-001 20mg CAPSULES - FLUOXETINESample% Meta Fluoxetine % Meta-Fluoxetine 1 in Spiked Solution10.0260.09520.0270.08630.0320.07740.0300.07450.0240.09060.0280.063AVERAGE (%)0.0280.081SD 0.0030.012RSD, (%)10.314.51NOTE :All results are less than QL (0.05%) therefore spiked samples with 0.05% Meta Fluoxetine HCl were injected.HPLC ASSAY with DETERMINATION OF META-FLUOXETINE HCl.ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION10 and 20mg Fluoxetine Capsules HPLC DeterminationED. N0: 04Effective Date:APPROVED::Intermediate Precision - Meta-Fluoxetine HClThe full method as described in SI-IAG-206-02 was applied on the finished product IAG-21-001-(1) .It was repeated six times, with a different analyst on a different day using a different HPLC instrument.The difference between the average results obtained by the method repeatability and the intermediate precision was less than 30.0%, (11.4% for Meta-Fluoxetine HCl as is and 28.5% for spiked solution).IAG-21-001 20mg - CAPSULES FLUOXETINESample N o:Percentage Meta-fluoxetine% Meta-fluoxetine 1 in spiked solution10.0260.06920.0270.05730.0120.06140.0210.05850.0360.05560.0270.079(%) AVERAGE0.0250.063SD 0.0080.009(%) RSD31.514.51NOTE:All results obtained were well below the QL (0.05%) thus spiked samples slightly greater than 0.05% Meta-Fluoxetine HCl were injected. The RSD at the QL of the spiked solution was 14.5%HPLC ASSAY with DETERMINATION OF META-FLUOXETINE HCl.ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION10 and 20mg Fluoxetine Capsules HPLC DeterminationSPECIFICITY - STABILITY INDICATING EVALUATIONDemonstration of the Stability Indicating parameters of the HPLC assay method [SI-IAG-206-02] for Fluoxetine 10 & 20mg capsules, a suitable photo-diode array detector was incorporated utilizing a commercial chromatography software managing system2, and applied to analyze a range of stressed samples of the finished drug product.GLOSSARY of PEAK PURITY RESULT NOTATION (as reported2):Purity Angle-is a measure of spectral non-homogeneity across a peak, i.e. the weighed average of all spectral contrast angles calculated by comparing all spectra in the integrated peak against the peak apex spectrum.Purity Threshold-is the sum of noise angle3 and solvent angle4. It is the limit of detection of shape differences between two spectra.Match Angle-is a comparison of the spectrum at the peak apex against a library spectrum.Match Threshold-is the sum of the match noise angle3 and match solvent angle4.3Noise Angle-is a measure of spectral non-homogeneity caused by system noise.4Solvent Angle-is a measure of spectral non-homogeneity caused by solvent composition.OVERVIEWT he assay of the main peak in each stressed solution is calculated according to the assay method SI-IAG-206-02, against the Standard Solution, injected on the same day.I f the Purity Angle is smaller than the Purity Threshold and the Match Angle is smaller than the Match Threshold, no significant differences between spectra can be detected. As a result no spectroscopic evidence for co-elution is evident and the peak is considered to be pure.T he stressed condition study indicated that the Fluoxetine peak is free from any appreciable degradation interference under the stressed conditions tested. Observed degradation products peaks were well separated from the main peak.1® PDA-996 Waters™ ; 2[Millennium 2010]ED. N0: 04Effective Date:APPROVED::HPLC ASSAY with DETERMINATION OF META-FLUOXETINE HCl.ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION10 and 20mg Fluoxetine Capsules HPLC DeterminationFORCED DEGRADATION OF FINISHED PRODUCT & STANDARD 1.UNSTRESSED SAMPLE1.1.Sample IAG-21-001 (2) (20mg/capsule) was prepared as stated in SI-IAG-206-02 and injected into the HPLC system. The calculated assay is 98.5%.SAMPLE - UNSTRESSEDFluoxetine:Purity Angle:0.075Match Angle:0.407Purity Threshold:0.142Match Threshold:0.4251.2.Standard solution was prepared as stated in method SI-IAG-206-02 and injected into the HPLC system. The calculated assay is 100.0%.Fluoxetine:Purity Angle:0.078Match Angle:0.379Purity Threshold:0.146Match Threshold:0.4272.ACID HYDROLYSIS2.1.Sample solution of IAG-21-001 (2) (20mg/capsule) was prepared as in method SI-IAG-206-02 : An amount equivalent to 20mg Fluoxetine was weighed into a 50mL volumetric flask. 20mL Diluent was added and the solution sonicated for 10 minutes. 1mL of conc. HCl was added to this solution The solution was allowed to stand for 18 hours, then adjusted to about pH = 5.5 with NaOH 10N, made up to volume with Diluent and injected into the HPLC system after filtration.Fluoxetine peak intensity did NOT decrease. Assay result obtained - 98.8%.SAMPLE- ACID HYDROLYSISFluoxetine peak:Purity Angle:0.055Match Angle:0.143Purity Threshold:0.096Match Threshold:0.3712.2.Standard solution was prepared as in method SI-IAG-206-02 : about 22mg Fluoxetine HCl were weighed into a 50mL volumetric flask. 20mL Diluent were added. 2mL of conc. HCl were added to this solution. The solution was allowed to stand for 18 hours, then adjusted to about pH = 5.5 with NaOH 10N, made up to volume with Diluent and injected into the HPLC system.Fluoxetine peak intensity did NOT decrease. Assay result obtained - 97.2%.ED. N0: 04Effective Date:APPROVED::HPLC ASSAY with DETERMINATION OF META-FLUOXETINE HCl.ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION10 and 20mg Fluoxetine Capsules HPLC DeterminationSTANDARD - ACID HYDROLYSISFluoxetine peak:Purity Angle:0.060Match Angle:0.060Purity Threshold:0.099Match Threshold:0.3713.BASE HYDROLYSIS3.1.Sample solution of IAG-21-001 (2) (20mg/capsule) was prepared as per method SI-IAG-206-02 : An amount equivalent to 20mg Fluoxetine was weight into a 50mL volumetric flask. 20mL Diluent was added and the solution sonicated for 10 minutes. 1mL of 5N NaOH was added to this solution. The solution was allowed to stand for 18 hours, then adjusted to about pH = 5.5 with 5N HCl, made up to volume with Diluent and injected into the HPLC system.Fluoxetine peak intensity did NOT decrease. Assay result obtained - 99.3%.SAMPLE - BASE HYDROLYSISFluoxetine peak:Purity Angle:0.063Match Angle:0.065Purity Threshold:0.099Match Threshold:0.3623.2.Standard stock solution was prepared as per method SI-IAG-206-02 : About 22mg Fluoxetine HCl was weighed into a 50mL volumetric flask. 20mL Diluent was added. 2mL of 5N NaOH was added to this solution. The solution was allowed to stand for 18 hours, then adjusted to about pH=5.5 with 5N HCl, made up to volume with Diluent and injected into the HPLC system.Fluoxetine peak intensity did NOT decrease - 99.5%.STANDARD - BASE HYDROLYSISFluoxetine peak:Purity Angle:0.081Match Angle:0.096Purity Threshold:0.103Match Threshold:0.3634.OXIDATION4.1.Sample solution of IAG-21-001 (2) (20mg/capsule) was prepared as per method SI-IAG-206-02. An equivalent to 20mg Fluoxetine was weighed into a 50mL volumetric flask. 20mL Diluent added and the solution sonicated for 10 minutes.1.0mL of 30% H2O2 was added to the solution and allowed to stand for 5 hours, then made up to volume with Diluent, filtered and injected into HPLC system.Fluoxetine peak intensity decreased to 95.2%.ED. N0: 04Effective Date:APPROVED::HPLC ASSAY with DETERMINATION OF META-FLUOXETINE HCl.ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION10 and 20mg Fluoxetine Capsules HPLC DeterminationSAMPLE - OXIDATIONFluoxetine peak:Purity Angle:0.090Match Angle:0.400Purity Threshold:0.154Match Threshold:0.4294.2.Standard solution was prepared as in method SI-IAG-206-02 : about 22mg Fluoxetine HCl were weighed into a 50mL volumetric flask and 25mL Diluent were added. 2mL of 30% H2O2 were added to this solution which was standing for 5 hours, made up to volume with Diluent and injected into the HPLC system.Fluoxetine peak intensity decreased to 95.8%.STANDARD - OXIDATIONFluoxetine peak:Purity Angle:0.083Match Angle:0.416Purity Threshold:0.153Match Threshold:0.4295.SUNLIGHT5.1.Sample solution of IAG-21-001 (2) (20mg/capsule) was prepared as in method SI-IAG-206-02 . The solution was exposed to 500w/hr. cell sunlight for 1hour. The BST was set to 35°C and the ACT was 45°C. The vials were placed in a horizontal position (4mm vials, National + Septum were used). A Dark control solution was tested. A 2%w/v quinine solution was used as the reference absorbance solution.Fluoxetine peak decreased to 91.2% and the dark control solution showed assay of 97.0%. The difference in the absorbance in the quinine solution is 0.4227AU.Additional peak was observed at RRT of 1.5 (2.7%).The total percent of Fluoxetine peak with the degradation peak is about 93.9%.SAMPLE - SUNLIGHTFluoxetine peak:Purity Angle:0.093Match Angle:0.583Purity Threshold:0.148Match Threshold:0.825 ED. N0: 04Effective Date:APPROVED::HPLC ASSAY with DETERMINATION OF META-FLUOXETINE HCl.ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION10 and 20mg Fluoxetine Capsules HPLC DeterminationSUNLIGHT (Cont.)5.2.Working standard solution was prepared as in method SI-IAG-206-02 . The solution was exposed to 500w/hr. cell sunlight for 1.5 hour. The BST was set to 35°C and the ACT was 42°C. The vials were placed in a horizontal position (4mm vials, National + Septum were used). A Dark control solution was tested. A 2%w/v quinine solution was used as the reference absorbance solution.Fluoxetine peak was decreased to 95.2% and the dark control solution showed assay of 99.5%.The difference in the absorbance in the quinine solution is 0.4227AU.Additional peak were observed at RRT of 1.5 (2.3).The total percent of Fluoxetine peak with the degradation peak is about 97.5%. STANDARD - SUNLIGHTFluoxetine peak:Purity Angle:0.067Match Angle:0.389Purity Threshold:0.134Match Threshold:0.8196.HEAT OF SOLUTION6.1.Sample solution of IAG-21-001-(2) (20 mg/capsule) was prepared as in method SI-IAG-206-02 . Equivalent to 20mg Fluoxetine was weighed into a 50mL volumetric flask. 20mL Diluent was added and the solution was sonicated for 10 minutes and made up to volume with Diluent. 4mL solution was transferred into a suitable crucible, heated at 105°C in an oven for 2 hours. The sample was cooled to ambient temperature, filtered and injected into the HPLC system.Fluoxetine peak was decreased to 93.3%.SAMPLE - HEAT OF SOLUTION [105o C]Fluoxetine peak:Purity Angle:0.062Match Angle:0.460Purity Threshold:0.131Match Threshold:0.8186.2.Standard Working Solution (WS) was prepared under method SI-IAG-206-02 . 4mL of the working solution was transferred into a suitable crucible, placed in an oven at 105°C for 2 hours, cooled to ambient temperature and injected into the HPLC system.Fluoxetine peak intensity did not decrease - 100.5%.ED. N0: 04Effective Date:APPROVED::。

New Lyapunov–Krasovskii functionals for stability of linear retarded and neutral type systems

m m
x ˙(t ) = y(t );
y(t ) =
i=1
Di y(t − hi ) +
i=0
Ai x(t − hi ):
(2)
The latter can be represented in the form of descriptor system with discrete and distributed delay in the “fast variable” y:
i=1
x(t ) y(t )
+ V 1 + V2 ;
(4)
I 0 ; 0 0
m t t −hi
P=
P1 P2
0 ; P3
T P1 = P1 ¿0;() (6)yT (s)Qi y(s) d s;
Qi ¿0
and
m
V2 =
i=1
0 −hi
t t +Â
yT (s)Ri y(s) d s d Â;
Ri ¿0:
E. Fridman ∗
Department of Electrical Engineering-Systems, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel Received 10 September 2000; received in revised form 14 February 2001
m m m
x ˙(t ) = y(t );
0 = − y(t ) +
i=1
D i y (t − h i ) +
i=0
Ai
x(t ) −
i=1
Ai
t t −hi
y(s) d s:

椭偏仪相关

Multichannel ellipsometer for real time spectroscopy of thin film deposition from 1.5 to 6.5 eVJ. A. Zapien, R. W. Collins, and R. MessierCitation: Rev. Sci. Instrum. 71, 3451 (2000); doi: 10.1063/1.1288260View online: /10.1063/1.1288260View Table of Contents: /resource/1/RSINAK/v71/i9Published by the American Institute of Physics.Related ArticlesMulti-channel far-infrared HL-2A interferometer-polarimeterRev. Sci. Instrum. 83, 10E336 (2012)Collinearity alignment of probe beams in a laser-based Faraday effect diagnosticRev. Sci. Instrum. 83, 10E320 (2012)Spatial heterodyne Stokes vector imaging of the motional Stark-Zeeman multipletRev. Sci. Instrum. 83, 10D510 (2012)Far-infrared polarimetry diagnostic for measurement of internal magnetic field dynamics and fluctuations in the C-MOD Tokamak (invited)Rev. Sci. Instrum. 83, 10E316 (2012)First results from the J-TEXT high-resolution three-wave polarimeter-interferometerRev. Sci. Instrum. 83, 10E306 (2012)Additional information on Rev. Sci. Instrum.Journal Homepage: Journal Information: /about/about_the_journalTop downloads: /features/most_downloadedInformation for Authors: /authorsMultichannel ellipsometer for real time spectroscopy of thinﬁlm deposition from1.5to6.5eVJ.A.Zapien,R.W.Collins,a)and R.MessierDepartment of Engineering Science and Mechanics and the Materials Research Laboratory,The Pennsylvania State University,University Park,Pennsylvania16802͑Received9March2000;accepted for publication9June2000͒A rotating polarizer multichannel ellipsometer has been optimized for operation well into theultraviolet͑UV͒spectral range.With this instrument,132spectral points in the ellipsometricparameters͑␺,⌬͒over the photon energy range from1.5eV͑827nm͒to6.5eV͑191nm͒can becollected in a minimum acquisition time of24.5ms,corresponding to one optical cycle of therotating polarizer.Averages over two and80optical cycles͑obtained in49ms and1.96s,respectively͒give standard deviations in͑␺,⌬͒of less than͑0.04°,0.08°͒and͑0.007°,0.015°͒,respectively,for the energy range from3.5to6.0eV,as determined from successive measurementsof a stable thermally oxidized silicon wafer.Key modiﬁcations to previous instrument designsinclude:͑i͒a tandem in-line Xe/D2source conﬁguration for usable spectral output from1.5to6.5eV;͑ii͒MgF2Rochon polarizers for high transmission in the UV without the need for opticalactivity corrections;͑iii͒a spectrograph with a grating blazed at250nm and two stages of internallymounted order-sortingﬁlters;and͑iv͒nonuniform grouping of the pixels of the photodiode arraydetector for a more uniform spectral resolution versus photon energy,with energy spreads per pixelgroup ranging from0.02eV at1.6eV to0.05eV at5.1eV.As an example of the application of thisinstrument,results of real time spectroscopic ellipsometry studies are reported for the deposition ofan amorphous silicon nitride thinﬁlm by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering onto a silicon wafersubstrate.©2000American Institute of Physics.͓S0034-6748͑00͒04909-1͔I.INTRODUCTIONReal time spectroscopic ellipsometry͑RTSE͒has beenapplied widely in thinﬁlm studies to characterize the evolu-tion ofﬁlm thicknesses,optical properties,and micro-structure.1In the instrument designﬁrst applied by Kimet al.,2the basic components of the rotating polarizer multi-channel ellipsometer include:͑i͒a Xe lamp as a broadbandsource,͑ii͒collimating optics,͑iii͒a continuously rotatingpolarizer,͑iv͒a reﬂecting sample,͑v͒aﬁxed analyzer,͑vi͒focusing optics,͑vii͒a prism spectrograph,and͑viii͒a pho-todiode array͑PDA͒detection system.Such an instrumentis capable of collecting spectra in the ellipsometry angles ͑␺,⌬͒and the polarized reﬂectance R simultaneously with a minimum acquisition time of␲/␻ϳ15ms,where␻is the polarizer angular rotation frequency.3,4The spectra obtainedby current state-of-the-art multichannel ellipsometers typi-cally range from1.5to4.5eV with the upper limit depend-ing sensitively on the instrument design and sample reﬂec-tance.This spectral range of operation severely limits theanalysis capabilities in studies of wide band gap materials,examples being nitrides and oxides which are useful in avariety of applications extending from microelectronics tooptical and wear-resistant coatings.Although ellipsometerswith single channel detection have been applied for manyyears covering the spectral range from1.5to5.5eV,5andmore recently to an upper spectral limit of6.5eV,6,7they do so with the use of scanning double monochromators and long collection times.As a result,such instrument designs are unsuitable for adaptation to real time spectroscopy of thin ﬁlm growth.With the increasing demands in wide band gap materials performance and reliability,there is a compelling need to extend the upper limit of RTSE deeper into the ultraviolet ͑UV͒above5.0eV.In this way one can take full advantage of the capabilities of the technique,as has been demonstrated for Si-based thinﬁlms studied over the1.5–4.5eV spectral range.8The primary spectral limitation in the UV for current multichannel ellipsometer designs results from a sharp re-duction in the irradiance output of the light source,a high-pressure Xe lamp,for photon energies above3.5eV.This effect is often compounded by a reduction in the spectral throughput of the ellipsometer.For example,the reﬂection efﬁciency of the spectrograph grating may fall rapidly in the UV unless the grating is chosen with a blaze approaching the lowest accessible wavelengths.In addition,the low light lev-els at the UV-detecting pixels of the PDA must compete with the stray light originating from the stronger visible light that enters the spectrograph in parallel.Stray light can have a number of sources ranging from defects in the optical com-ponents of the spectrograph to multiple reﬂections between the protective window of the PDA and the array surface.9 In this article,we describe in detail the design enhance-ments to the rotating-polarizer multichannel ellipsometer that result in a useful spectral range in͕(␺,⌬),R͖from1.5eV ͑827nm͒to6.5eV͑191nm͒,while maintaining high speed data acquisition necessary for RTSE.10In addition to thea͒Author to whom correspondence should be addressed;electronic mail:rwc6@REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS VOLUME71,NUMBER9SEPTEMBER200034510034-6748/2000/71(9)/3451/10/$17.00©2000American Institute of Physicsinstrument design details,we provide an illustrative example of the application of the instrument for thin ﬁlm growth analysis.In this example,the deposition of an amorphous silicon nitride (a -SiN x )thin ﬁlm on a crystalline Si (c -Si)wafer by reactive radio-frequency ͑rf ͒magnetron sputtering is characterized using a two-layer model that simulates the separate processes of interface formation and bulk ﬁlm growth.II.INSTRUMENT DEVELOPMENTFigure 1shows a schematic of the components of the UV-extended multichannel ellipsometer designed to span the photon energy range from 1.5to 6.5eV.In this instrument design,the broadband source incorporates a see-through deu-terium (D 2)lamp 11with the conventional high-pressure Xe lamp mounted behind it.The combined emission from this tandem Xe–D 2source conﬁguration can be tailored by ad-justing an iris between the two lamps and,thus,controlling the irradiance from the Xe lamp that is allowed to pass through the center of the discharge of the D 2lamp.An UV achromatic objective 12is used to collimate the combined source output.The achromatic objective was preferred over an off-axis parabolic mirror for the following two reasons.First,the mirror was found to provide less collimating power for a weak,extended source such as the D 2lamp,and sec-ond,the mirror also made it more difﬁcult to eliminate un-desirable source polarization effects which lead to errors in the data for the rotating polarizer conﬁguration.In the instrument design of Fig.1,the rotating polarizer and ﬁxed analyzer are constructed from MgF 2Rochon elements.13The advantages of MgF 2over quartz elements used in earlier ellipsometer designs 14include lower reﬂection losses,the absence of optical activity effects,and most im-portantly,greater transmittance above 5.7eV.The rotating polarizer element is speciﬁed by the manufacturer as gener-ating a displacement of Ͻ1arc min ͑or Ͻ0.02°͒in the trans-mitted beam over the rotational period.13This narrow speci-ﬁcation minimizes the possibility of periodic beam misalignment as the polarizer rotates.In fact,irradiance mea-surements performed over half rotations of the polarizer agree to better than 0.05%,indicating that such spatial dis-placements are experimentally insigniﬁcant.A second UV achromatic objective is mounted after the ﬁxed analyzer to focus the collimated beam onto the entrance slit of the spectrograph.The detection stage consists of a grating spectrograph 15and a silicon PDA detector with 1024pixels.16The spectrograph uses an aberration-corrected holo-graphic grating with 285grooves/mm blazed at 250nm.A nonuniform pixel-grouping mode ͑26pixels @16ϫ;40pix-els @8ϫ;and 66pixels @4ϫ͒has been used to improve the photon energy resolution at high energy which would other-wise degrade due to the linear dispersion of the diffraction grating versus wavelength.In this nonuniform grouping mode,a photon energy spread per pixel group has been ob-tained that closely matches the spectrograph resolution for the 0.1mm slit used here ͑see Table I ͒.Figure 2presents the unprocessed PDA output ͑in arbi-trary units ͒for the Xe lamp alone and for the tandem Xe–D 2source,both measured in the straight-through conﬁguration.Also shown are the positions of two thin ͑0.07and 0.19mm ͒plastic color ﬁlters 17mounted directly on top of the silicon PDA that serve to reject higher order diffractions from the grating.The inset of Fig.2shows the transmittance of both ﬁlters as measured by the PDA.For the UV-extended multi-channel ellipsometer,two ﬁlters have been preferred over a previous single ﬁlter design 18for two reasons.First,with the extended UV range there is a need to reject the second order diffraction for wavelengths as short as 380nm ͑3.26eV ͒.Second,when relying on a single ﬁlter,it is necessary for its cutoff wavelength to be sharp and as close as possible to theTABLE I.͑a ͒Photon energy spread ⌬E per pixel group for the 1024pixel PDA of the UV-extended multichannel ellipsometer,using uniform and nonuniform pixel grouping modes;͑b ͒the full width at half-maximum ͑FWHM ͒of spectral lines from a low pressure mercury lamp using a fully ungrouped mode with 0.05and 0.1mm spectrograph entrance slits.͑a ͒Energy spread per pixel group Uniform grouping Nonuniform grouping Energy ͑eV ͒Group size ⌬E ͑eV ͒Group size ⌬E ͑eV ͒1.6080.01160.022.2480.02160.042.3180.0280.023.5080.0580.053.5480.0540.035.0780.1040.056.3980.1640.08͑b ͒Spectrograph resolution FWHM of the emission lines ofa low pressure Hg lamp Energy ͑eV ͒0.05mm slit0.10mm slit2.270.010.022.850.020.033.070.020.033.400.030.043.970.040.054.190.040.064.900.060.08FIG.1.Schematic of the rotating polarizer multichannel ellipsometer ca-pable of covering the 1.5–6.5eV spectral range.The maximum polarizer rotation frequency is 20.4Hz.3452Rev.Sci.Instrum.,Vol.71,No.9,September 2000Zapien,Collins,and Messierhighest photon energy where second order diffraction is present.As a result,a loss in the detected intensity in favor of a gain in rejection efﬁciency is unavoidable.Figure 2and its inset shows that with the two ﬁlters selected here,second order rejection has been achieved with minimum irradiance losses.With the use of the tandem Xe–D 2source and this two ﬁlter scheme,a remarkably ﬂat spectral output over the energy range from 2.0to 5.5eV has been achieved ͑see Fig.2͒.In the present conﬁguration,the PDA outputs drop from their peak values by a factor of 20at 4.1eV when the Xe lamp alone is used and at 6.6eV when the tandem Xe–D 2source is used.Above these photon energies,stray light cor-rections are essential to maintain accuracy.9The new instrument is well suited for real time charac-terization of wide band gap materials.For the ﬁrst applica-tions of this new instrument,a magnetron sputtering system is mounted at the vertical goniometer axis of the ellipsometer as shown in Fig.1.Optical access is provided by two vitre-ous silica windows mounted on ultrahigh vacuum ͑UHV ͒compatible ﬂanges.The substrate holder is attached to a pre-cision x –y –z -tilt manipulator that allows precise alignment of the sample using controls external to the vacuum system.The substrate holder can be heated to 400°C and biased using either pulsed direct current or rf.Materials of interest that can be deposited in the present conﬁguration include boron nitride ͑BN ͒,silicon nitrides (SiN x ),silicon oxyni-trides (SiO y N x ),and tantalum oxide (Ta 2O 5),among others.For the application presented here,an a -SiN x thin ﬁlm was deposited using rf plasma excitation.Further details of the speciﬁc deposition process studied here are given in Sec.IV.III.INSTRUMENT THEORY AND OPERATIONA comprehensive review of the calibration,error correc-tion,and data reduction for rotating polarizer multichannelellipsometers in general can be found in the literature.19Here,we emphasize detection system error correction,in-strument calibration,and data reduction as it relates to the performance of the instrument at high energy.In addition,we highlight various improvements in error correction estab-lished since the previous reports.9,19First,in Sec.III A the basic mode of data collection will be reviewed for an ideal ͑error-free ͒system.Characterization and correction of themain error sources for the UV-extended multichannel ellip-someter will be discussed in Sec.III B.Finally,Sec.III C outlines the determination of the polarizer and analyzer cali-bration angles and summarizes data reduction.A.Data collection principlesFor an error-free system with a polarizer mechanical ro-tation frequency of ␻,the irradiance at any pixel k of the detector exhibits the wave formI k Ј͑t ͒ϭI 0k Ј͑1ϩ␣k Јcos 2␻t ϩ␤k Јsin 2␻t ͒.͑1͒Here ␣kЈand ␤k Јare the normalized 2␻Fourier coefﬁcients of the irradiance wave form,uncorrected for the absolute phase of polarizer rotation.Because the PDA is an integrating de-tector,these coefﬁcients can be determined from the follow-ing equations:␣kЈϭͩ␲2ͪ͑S 1k ϪS 2k ϪS 3k ϩS 4k ͒/͑S 1k ϩS 2k ϩS 3k ϩS 4k ͒,͑2a ͒␤kЈϭͩ␲2ͪ͑S 1k ϩS 2k ϪS 3k ϪS 4k ͒/͑S 1k ϩS 2k ϩS 3k ϩS 4k ͒.͑2b ͒Here the ͕S jk ,j ϭ1,...,4͖values represent the raw data;each value is an integration of the irradiance wave form over the time interval between two successive readouts ͑i.e.,the exposure time ͒.Readouts are triggered four times per optical cycle ͑one-half mechanical cycle ͒synchronously with the polarizer rotation using the output of an optical encoder.As a result,the exposure time is ␲/4␻.For an error-free ellip-someter aligned in the straight-through conﬁguration with the sample removed,the light entering the ﬁxed analyzer should be linearly polarized.Under these conditions,the re-sidual function should vanish for all pixels k .This function is deﬁned byR k ϭ1Ϫ͑␣k Ј2ϩ␤k Ј2͒1/2.͑3͒Deviations in R k from zero can be traced to various errors including source polarization,ellipsometer misalignment,polarizer imperfections,and detection system errors such as nonlinearity and image persistence.The residual function will be studied in detail when image persistence errors are considered in Sec.III B.Ellipsometer calibration also employs the residual func-tion as discussed in Sec.III C.Calibration procedures deter-mine the absolute phase of the wave form of Eq.͑1͒in terms of the true angle of the polarizer transmission axis P Ј,mea-sured with respect to the plane of incidence.Speciﬁcally,such procedures identify the value of P Јat the onset of the S 1k integration.This value denoted ϪP Sk is a linear function of pixel group number k ͑for uniform grouping ͒with a slope equal to the polarizer rotation during the elapsed time be-tween the readout of two successive pixel groups.B.Systematic errorsThe principles described in Sec.III A assume instrument ideality.In practice,several systematic errors speciﬁctoFIG.2.Unprocessed output of the photodiode array ͑in arbitrary units ͒plotted vs photon energy obtained in the straight-through conﬁguration for a Xe lamp alone ͑light line ͒and for a tandem Xe–D 2source ͑bold line ͒.The inset shows the measured transmittance for ﬁlters 1͑line ͒and 2͑points ͒.3453Rev.Sci.Instrum.,Vol.71,No.9,September 2000Multichannel ellipsometerPDA detection systems have been identiﬁed and accounted for,including:͑i͒detector nonlinearity,͑ii͒detector image persistence,and͑iii͒spectrograph stray light.Previous stud-ies have shown that the nonlinearity effect varies signiﬁ-cantly depending on the commercial supplier of the PDA. For the UV-extended multichannel ellipsometer,the detector nonlinearity has been characterized by measuring the inte-grated irradiance over increasingly long exposure times and by repeating this measurement using different spectrograph slit widths in order to vary the count rate at each detector pixel.With this procedure,count rates ranging from10to 1200counts/ms for integration times ranging from5to600 ms have been analyzed.͑The saturation level for this PDA system is214counts.͒Analyses of the observed counts ver-sus exposure time at the different pixels give linear regres-sion coefﬁcients between0.99995and0.99999for the dif-ferent count rates used here.Such results are considered sufﬁcient to rule out detector nonlinearity as a signiﬁcant source of error for the purposes of ellipsometric measurements.9Stray light refers to the small fraction of light that reaches the detector after following a path different than the designed one.Sources of stray light include:͑i͒scattered background light within the spectrograph-detector enclosure;͑ii͒multiply reﬂected light between the detector element and its window;and͑iii͒leakage between detector pixel groups. To avoid stray light source͑ii͒,the detector window has been removed for the instrument developed here.Although a cor-rection procedure for source͑i͒has been developed,19it has yet to be implemented for the UV-extended ellipsometer. Because of the rapid falloff in the Xe lamp output,stray light corrections for photon energies aboveϳ4.1eV are required for previous multichannel ellipsometer designs.Owing to the remarkablyﬂat output of the tandem Xe–D2source,such corrections for the present design are not required in most applications even at energies as high as6.5eV.It is clear that for samples in which the reﬂected irradiance is strongly modulated,however,the͑␺,⌬͒data can be quite sensitive to stray light errors over the spectral ranges of low reﬂectance. As a result,stray light corrections are to be implemented in the future for highest accuracy.For the discussion to follow, it is important to remark that stray light may not contribute to errors in the residual function measured in the straight-through conﬁguration because the linear polarization pro-duced is independent of photon energy,and hence,the stray and true light may be indistinguishable.As noted above,the experimental errors that contribute to a nonzero residual function include:͑i͒source polariza-tion,͑ii͒misalignment and imperfection of the optical com-ponents,and͑iii͒PDA image persistence.Figure3shows the residual function versus energy for the optimally aligned in-strument.The characteristic features observed here have been found to be reproducible throughout the system devel-opment and optimization,which included modiﬁcation or re-placement of the Xe lamp,collimating optics,polarizer and analyzer elements,and spectrograph diffraction grating,as well as incorporation of the D2lamp.More deﬁnitive in-sights into the nature of the nonzero residual function were obtained by rotating the detector180°with respect to the diffraction grating.Upon rotation,the relationship between the pixel number and photon energy is reversed;however, the measured residual function deviations from zero were found to be precisely reversed as well.Thus,the measured errors are speciﬁc to the pixels of the detector.From more detailed studies to be described next,it was determined that a pixel-dependent image persistence factor was needed to cor-rect the errors in the residual function across the spectrum.The image persistence correction factor as a function of pixel number is estimated using two independent measure-ments.In theﬁrst,more direct approach,repetitive measure-ments versus time are performed as a fast shutter is being closed͑5ms open-to-close transfer time͒.For an image persistence-free detector,the integrated irradiance measured when the shutter is fully closed over the entire exposure time should be zero͑after background correction͒.In reality,how-ever,some counts are detected that persist from the previous nonzero detector readout͑when the shutter is at least par-tially open͒.The image persistence correction factor͑IPCF͒is then deﬁned as the ratio of the persisting counts divided by the counts detected during the previous readout.This mea-surement must be done at the same high speed and grouping mode as the RTSE measurements.As a result,the determi-nation of the IPCF by this method has relatively poor signal to noise ratio.For this reason,a second method for determin-ing the IPCF is adopted.In this method,it is assumed that the entire error in the measured residual function is due to image persistence.The corresponding IPCF for each pixel group is then determined from a numerical inversion of the measured residual function at that group.The correct IPCF is given by the value that leads to a zero residual function.The good agreement between the IPCF measured by both tech-niques,as shown in Fig.4,supports the assumption that the contributions to the nonzero residual function from other sources of error are negligible.A measure of the residual function after implementation of an average IPCF obtained in multiple error analyses is shown in Fig.5͑a͒.The effect of the IPCF on measurements of a c-Si wafer substrate with a 20Ånative oxide is presented in Fig.5͑b͒.A considerable improvement in the⌬spectra at low energies can be ob-served.The effect of the IPCF in this region is more notice-able because the image persistence and the instrument sensi-tivity to systematic errors are both greaterhere.FIG.3.Residual function measured in the straight-through conﬁguration for the well aligned UV-extended multichannel ellipsometer.The characteristic features shown here have been found to be reproducible throughout the ellipsometer optimization.3454Rev.Sci.Instrum.,Vol.71,No.9,September2000Zapien,Collins,and MessierC.Ellipsometer calibration and data reductionThe calibration procedures as they relate to the UV-extended operational range of the multichannel ellipsometer are described in this section.The general case has been treated extensively by Nguyen et al.19and includes incorpo-ration of the effects of source polarization as well as optical activity in both polarizer and analyzer elements.For the par-ticular case of the UV-extended multichannel ellipsometer,the use of MgF 2Rochon elements for the rotating polarizer and ﬁxed analyzer eliminates the need for optical activity corrections.Further simpliﬁcation of the description of Ref.19results because source polarization has been found to be negligible in the present instrument.Under these conditions,the theoretical irradiance at pixel group k of the detector is I k ͑t ͒ϭI 0k ͓1ϩ␣k cos 2͑␻t ϪP Sk ͒ϩ␤k sin 2͑␻t ϪP Sk ͔͒,͑4͒where the Fourier coefﬁcients ␣k and ␤k are related to thecoefﬁcients ␣k Јand ␤k Јof Eq.͑1͒through a 2P Sk rotationtransformation,i.e.,R (2P Sk )͕(␣Ј,␤Ј)͖→(␣,␤).The residual function calibration procedure relies on the fact that for a strongly absorbing isotropic sample measured at oblique incidence,the light beam reﬂected from thesample is linearly polarized only if the incident beam is lin-early polarized along the parallel (p)or perpendicular (s)directions with respect to the plane of incidence.14As the incident linear polarization is rotated away from these direc-tions,the reﬂected beam gradually acquires nonzero elliptic-ity.In the rotating polarizer conﬁguration,a plot of the re-sidual function ͓see Eq.͑3͔͒versus the analyzer reading A yields minima in R (A )for A ϭA S ͑corresponding to the reading when the analyzer transmission axis lies in the p direction ͒and for A ϭA S ϩ␲/2͑corresponding to the reading when the analyzer transmission axis lies in the s direction ͒.The phase angle spectrum of the polarizer P Sk is obtained from the phase function which is deﬁned by⌰͑A ͒ϭ͓tan Ϫ1͑␤Ј/␣Ј͔͒/2͑5a ͒ϭP Sk ϩ͕͓tan Ϫ1͑␤/␣͔͒/2͖͑5b ͒and evaluated at A ϭA S or A ϭA S ϩ␲/2to obtain the spectra in P Sk .In practice for higher accuracy,a second order poly-nomial ﬁt to R (A )in the neighborhood of A ϭA S or A ϭA S ϩ␲/2is used ͑rather than the raw data ͒to determine the value of A ϭA S at which R (A )is a minimum.Similarly,a linear ﬁt to ⌰(A )in the neighborhood of A ϭA S or A ϭA S ϩ␲/2is evaluated at A S to determine the spectrum in P Sk .For weakly absorbing materials,the residual function ap-proach fails and an alternative calibration method is pre-ferred.An effective alternative is based on the zone-difference phase function,deﬁned by 20⌽͑A ͒ϵ⌰͑A ͒Ϫ⌰͑A ϩ␲/2͒.͑6͒The A -axis intercept of a linear ﬁt to the experimental zone-difference phase function ⌽in the neighborhood of A ϭA S provides the value of A S .The P Sk spectrum can be obtained,as before,by evaluating the linear ﬁt to the phase function Eqs.͑5͒at A S .The zone-difference phase function calibra-tion is most accurate for ͉⌬͉Ͻ30°or ͉⌬͉Ͼ150°,conditions found for weakly absorbing materials.An example of the zone-difference phase function method is presented in Fig.6for an optically polished glassy carbon sample.The results for A S and ␦P S are shown,where ␦P S represents the devia-tion of the experimental P Sk values from the best linearﬁtFIG.4.Image persistence correction factor ͑IPCF ͒measured independently from the ratio of the integrated irradiances between two successive readouts as a fast shutter is being closed ͑solid line ͒and from the residual function under the assumption that the departure from zero in the straight-through conﬁguration is due solely to image persistence ͑points ͒.FIG.5.͑a ͒Residual function measurement after incorporation of the IPCF shown in Fig.4;͑b ͒measurement of a c -Si wafer with a 20Ånative oxide before ͑lines ͒and after ͑squares ͒incorporation of the IPCF in the data reduction.A uniform ͑8ϫ͒grouping mode wasused.FIG.6.Results of a zone-difference phase function calibration procedure for a bulk glassy carbon sample yielding the analyzer offset angle A S ͑i.e.,the analyzer scale reading when the transmission axis is aligned along the p direction ͒͑solid points ͒,and ͑ii ͒the deviation ␦P S in the polarizer phase angle from the best ﬁtting linear function vs pixel number ͑open points ͒.3455Rev.Sci.Instrum.,Vol.71,No.9,September 2000Multichannel ellipsometerversus pixel number.Maximum deviations of 0.05°from the average values are obtained for both A S and ␦P S over the photon energy range from 2.0to 6.0eV.In summary,complete data analysis is performed as fol-lows.Once the ͕S jk ,j ϭ1,...,4͖values have been cor-rected using the IPCF as described in Sec.III B,the experi-mental values of the 2␻Fourier coefﬁcients ␣k Јand ␤k Јare obtained from Eqs.͑2͒.A rotation transformation by 2P Sk ,determined in the calibration,is used to calculate the phase corrected Fourier coefﬁcients ␣k and ␤k in Eq.͑4͒.Finally,spectra in the ellipsometric angles ␺k and ⌬k are determined according totan ␺k ϭ͓͑1ϩ␣k ͒/͑1Ϫ␣k ͔͒1/2͉tan ͑A ϪA S ͉͒,͑7a ͒cos ⌬k ϭ␤k /͑1Ϫ␣k 2͒1/2,͑7b ͒where tan ␺k exp(i ⌬k )ϭr pk /r sk ,with r pk and r sk denotingthe spectra in the complex amplitude reﬂection coefﬁcients in the p and s directions.The indeterminate sign of ⌬k in Eq.7͑b ͒is inherent in rotating polarizer systems;a positive sign is chosen here for a bare substrate (⌬k Ͼ0).IV.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONA.Multichannel ellipsometer performancePerformance characterization of the UV-extended multi-channel ellipsometer has been undertaken by assessing in-strument precision and accuracy.To obtain information on the instrument precision,100consecutive spectral measure-ments were collected separately for three different thermally oxidized Si wafers with stable oxide thicknesses of 121,991,and 1608Å.These thicknesses were chosen to provide com-posite spectra in the precision that avoid the regions ⌬ϳ0°or 180°and ␺ϳ0°or 90°,where the precision is the poorest for the rotating-polarizer conﬁguration.Figure 7shows a com-posite of the standard deviations in ͑␺,⌬͒,plotted as a func-tion of the photon energy using results from the three samples.The data in Fig.7are obtained as averages of 1and40polarizer rotations per consecutive spectral measurement,requiring 49ms ͑open symbols ͒and 1.96s ͑ﬁlled symbols ͒,respectively.It has been found that for the 40-rotation aver-ages the precision in ͑␺,⌬͒from 2.2to 6.2eV is near or below ͑0.01°,0.02°͒,corresponding to a sensitivity better than ϳ0.01monolayer.The highest precision of ͑0.004°,0.007°͒is obtained at the PDA output maximum at 5.2eV ͑see Fig.2͒.Even when the averaging is set at one polarizer rotation,which allows monolayer resolution at deposition rates as high as 50Å/s,the precision in ͑␺,⌬͒from 2.5to 6eV is near or below ͑0.05°,0.1°͒,i.e.,a sensitivity better than ϳ0.05monolayer.The ﬁrst indication of accuracy is given by the residual function R measured in the straight-through conﬁguration and presented in Fig.5͑a ͒.As described in Sec.III B,these results for R have been obtained using a pixel dependent image persistence correction factor.The maxi-mum R values of 6ϫ10Ϫ4after the correction correspond to maximum systematic errors in cos ⌬of 3ϫ10Ϫ3.This can lead to maximum inaccuracies in ⌬ranging from 0.17°for ⌬ϭ90°to ϳ3.5°for ⌬ϭ0°or 180°,where the rotating po-larizer conﬁguration shows the highest and lowest accura-cies,respectively.The most signiﬁcant random and uncorrected systematic errors were incorporated into the RTSE data analysis proce-dure through the biased estimator,given by␹2ϭ͓1/͑n Ϫm Ϫ1͔͚͒k ϭ1n͑␳k ,exp Ϫ␳k ,cal ͒2/͑␦␳k ͒2,͑8͒where n ,m ,and ␳k ,exp ͑cal ͒represent the number of data points,the number of parameters in the optical model of the sample,and the experimental ͑calculated ͒spectra,respec-tively.The quantity ␦␳k represents the estimated errors in the measurement of ␳for pixel group k .The need of a biased estimator to weight more strongly the higher accuracy re-gions of the spectra in ex situ spectroscopic ellipsometry has been discussed in the literature.21Here we have propagated a number of errors through to ␳k for the rotating polarizer conﬁguration,including:͑i ͒the uncertainty in determining the analyzer offset A S and polarizer phase P Sk angles;͑ii ͒the ﬂuctuations in the measured ͕S jk ,j ϭ1,...,4͖arising from ﬂuctuations in the polarizer rotation frequency;and ͑iii ͒the noise in the detector dark current which is assumed to limit the precision of the measured S jk values.As discussed pre-viously,the remaining systematic errors are deemed to be of lesser signiﬁcance once the image persistence has been taken into account.The uncertainties in A S and P Sk ͓i.e.,␦A S and ␦P S used to compute ␦␳k in Eq.͑8͔͒can be estimated from the ellipsometer calibration to be ϳ0.07°͑see Fig.6͒.Error ͑ii ͒is assumed to be proportional to the measured irradiance,and a proportionality constant of 0.005has been determined from measurements of the variations in the polarizer motor frequency.To estimate the error contribution from dark cur-rent noise,20consecutive spectra with the shutter closed are collected.Ideally,when the ﬁrst spectrum is used to establish a background correction,all subsequent corrected spectra should be zero.However,a few counts are still detected due to thermally generated electron–hole pairs in thedepletionFIG.7.Standard deviation in 100consecutive measurements of the ͑␺,⌬͒spectra obtained as a composite of measurements on three c -Si wafers with different stable oxide thicknesses ͑121,991,and 1608Å͒.Each measure-ment is taken as an average over one polarizer rotation requiring 49ms ͑open symbols ͒and 40polarizer rotations requiring 1.96s ͑ﬁlled symbols ͒.3456Rev.Sci.Instrum.,Vol.71,No.9,September 2000Zapien,Collins,and Messier。

Blaine和Harris提出的一种氧化裕寿时间测试方法的参考材料说明书

Roger L. Blaine1 and Mary B. Harris1A PROPOSED REFERENCE MATERIAL FOR OXIDATIVE INDUCTION TIME BY DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY_______________________________________________________________________REFERENCE: Blaine, R. L. and Harris, M. B., “A Proposed Reference Material for Oxidative Induction Time by Differential Scanning Calorimetry”, Oxidative Behavior of Materials by Thermal Analytical Techniques, ASTM STP 1326, A. T. Riga and G. H. Patterson, Eds., American Society for Testing and Materials, 1997.ABSTRACT: A polyethylene film sample, inhibited with a hindered phenol antioxidant, is proposed as a Standard Reference Material for oxidative induction time (OIT) testing. The mean OIT values, derived from nine interlaboratory studies and for a number of experimental conditions, are presented. The material is found to be statistically homogeneous, a necessary condition for a reference material. Further, the effects of temperature, oxygen pressure, and storage time on the proposed reference material are explored. As a kinetic parameter, the OIT value appears to be decreasing with time but in a well behaved and predictable manner. The use of a table and graph permit the user of the material to estimate its OIT value in the future. Because the material has been thoroughly tested in a wide variety of OIT conditions, it appears to be the best currently available candidate and is offered for consideration as an OIT Reference Material. KEYWORDS: calibration, differential scanning calorimetry, oxidation, oxidative induction time, oxidative stability, reference materials, thermal analysisOxidative induction time (OIT) is a widely used parameter for the oxidative stability of polymers, edible oils, and lubricants. It is typically used as a quality control tool and to rank the effectiveness of various oxidation inhibitors added to hydrocarbon products. OIT is defined as the time to the onset of oxidation of a test specimen exposed to an oxidizing ________________________________________________________________________ 1 Applications development manager and applications chemist, respectively,TA Instruments, Inc., 109 Lukens Dr., New Castle, DE 19720.gas at an elevated isothermal test temperature. OIT is a kinetic parameter (that is, one dependent on both time and temperature) and is not a thermodynamic property.The analytical precision and mean value for the OIT determination are known to depend on a large number of experimental parameters including isothermal test temperature, specimen mass and surface area, purge gas flow rate, and catalytic impurities [1]. Because of these effects, it is quite common for laboratories to get widely different OIT values when testing the same material. Interlaboratory correlation of results are likely to improve with the use of an OIT Reference Material of known characteristics to serve as a performance standard.According to ISO Guide for Certification of Reference Materials - General and Statistical Principles, a good reference material has a number of desirable properties including a well-documented analytical value, homogeneity, stability, ready availability and traceability to a National Reference Laboratory (NRL). Unfortunately, an OIT Reference Material is not ideal since, by its nature, it does not meet all of these criteria. For example, OIT is not a thermodynamic property and is therefore not easily made traceable to a NRL. Further, OIT is a kinetic property so its value will likely change with time and therefore lacks stability.BackgroundOver the last few years, a number of standard test methods for the OIT measurement have been developed, each with its own set of experimental conditions, aimed at optimizing the test for specific products (see Table 1). In each method, intra- or interlaboratory studies or both were conducted to test for ruggedness and provide a precision and bias statement for the standard test method.One of the most thorough studies was that of ASTM Committee D9 on Electrical Insulation Materials which, in 1994, revised the OIT section to the ASTM Test Method for Physical and Environmental Performance Properties of Insulations and Jackets for Telecommunications Wire and Cable Materials (D 4565). In the development of that revision, five interlaboratory studies were conducted in a series of ruggedness tests to explore one or more of the experimental parameters. As part of that work, a single test sample of polyolefin film was included at each stage of the work as an internal reference material. Over the four years of the test program, a very large amount of data was generated on this single material.At the end of the ASTM Committee D9 test program, it was proposed that the polyethylene film internal reference material be considered as a Standard Reference Material for the OIT test. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and ASTM were contacted to see if they would care to take on the responsibility for distribution of the material as an OIT Standard Reference Material. Both of theseTABLE 1 - ASTM standard methods for oxidative induction time.________________________________________________________________________ Method TitleD 3350Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Pipe and Fittings MaterialsD 3895Test Method for Oxidative Induction Time of Polyolefins byDifferential Scanning CalorimetryD 4565Test Methods for Physical and Environmental PerformanceProperties of Insulations and Jackets for TelecommunicationsWire and CableD 5483Test Method for Oxidation Induction Time of Lubricating Greasesby Pressure Differential Scanning CalorimetryD 5885Test Method for Oxidative Induction Time of PolyolefinGeosynthetics by High Pressure Differential Scanning CalorimetryE 1858Test Method for Oxidative Induction Time of Hydrocarbons byDifferential Scanning Calorimetry________________________________________________________________________ organizations declined this offer because of the need for additional testing, the relatively small market opportunity, and instability of the reference material.The importance of this material was recognized by TA Instruments, and a large quantity of the polyolefin film was purchased from the original manufacturer. Since that original purchase, the material has been protected for future use, and additional testing has been performed. The material has been tested for key properties of homogeneity and stability and has been used in several additional interlaboratory studies.It is the purpose of this paper, then, to collect the large amount of experimental information on this material and to propose the material as an OIT Standard Reference Material.MaterialThe proposed OIT Reference Material is in the form of translucent film 0.22 mm (9 mils) in thickness. It is a high density polyethylene film, lightly stabilized with Irganox®1010, a hindered phenol antioxidant package. Its melting profile, as determined by ASTMFIG. 1 — Polyethylene reference material melting profile.Standard E 794 Test Method for Melting and Crystallization Temperatures by Thermal Analysis, is shown in Fig. 1 and has a peak melting temperature of 125°C. Aftermanufacture, the film was warehouse stored in the dark as a roll. Before examination and preparation of the reference materials kits, the outer layer of this roll was withdrawn and discardedThe proposed reference material is packaged as two 8- by 13-cm sheets of the film,enough for more than 500 individual OIT measurements. Since antioxidant packages can be susceptible to migration between adjacent leaves of material, the two sheets are stored in an envelop of the same film which serves as a sacrificial barrier. These materials are then stored in an opaque polyolefin zip-lock bag to shield them further from environmental exposure.HomogeneityBefore packaging, the roll of film was partitioned into a series of sections across the breadth and length for homogeneity testing of the antioxidant distribution. A single laboratory obtained OIT values using ASTM Test Method D 4565. The mean OIT resulting from this homogeneity testing, with 48 total determinations, was 30.0 min with a standard deviation of ±1.2 min.Figure 2 shows a histogram distribution of the OIT values determined in this homogeneity study. The number of OIT values within each 0.5-min range is displayed on the ordinate versus the OIT value on the abscissa. The shape of the curve is one indication of the 020406080100120140160-4-3-2-11Temperature (°C)H e a t F l o w (W /g )120.31°C 179.0J/g 125.40°CFIG. 2 — Distribution of OIT results.randomness of the experimental data with a “bell shaped” distribution resulting if it is truly “normal.”The distribution of results in Fig. 2 appears to be somewhat skewed toward lower values.The most probable mode value for the distribution is 31.2 min with the mean and median at 30.0 and 30.2 min, respectively. The mean is lower than the mode by 1.2 min (4%).Moreover, the mode is very close to the maximum value of 31.6 min.This distribution of results was statistically tested for skewness using the Pearson’s index.The Pearson’s skewness index for this distribution is -0.39 indicating a slight skew toward to lower values. However, only indexes greater than ±1.0 are statistically significant in indicating skew [2]. Therefore, the data may be considered to have a normal distribution and to be amenable to gaussian statistics.Figure 3 presents another graphical tool to test for homogeneity. Here the same OIT values are presented on the ordinate as a function of their juxtaposed position on theabscissa. The values are plotted around the mean value of 30.0 as an aid to the eye. The data may be visually inspected to detect whether there are any noticeable trends in the data or if there are clusters of measurements of the same OIT values. Such trends or clusters might exist, for example, if the antioxidant package is not well dispersed. Except for a cluster of four measurements near position 30 and another near position 45, the data appears to be quite random with regard to both magnitude and position, above or below the mean.The data was statistically examined for trends or clusters using the Shewhart rational subgroup technique [3]. In the Shewhart test, the data is partitioned into a series of2628303205OIT (min)N u m b e r m e a nm e d i a nmedian mode mean = 30.2= 31.2= 30.0±1.2m o d eFIG. 3 — Distribution effect of position.TABLE 2 — Interlaboratory test data.____________________________________________________________________________________ASTM Temperature Pressure Mean Repeatability Reproducibility Method °C MPa OIT, min %%_______________________________________________________________________________E 1858a1950.1029 4.3 15.D 4565b2000.1031 5.38.8D 5885c150 3.4231 2.57.6E 1858a175 3.426 6.77.4Mean 4.79.7____________________________________________________________________________________a Interlaboratory test performed in 1995 in support of E1858 as reported in Research Report E37-1018. Degrees of freedom df = (n -1) (p -1) = 7.bObtained from an independent interlaboratory test and are not taken from the research report for this method. df = 24.c df = 15.50403020102627282930313233Specimen PositionO I T (m i n )subgroups and the subgroup means and ranges are compared to the overall mean and range. This statistical treatment found no trends or clusters either for the subsets of n = 3 or 4. Therefore, the material is considered to be statistically homogeneous for the OIT determination.Mean ValuesThe polyolefin film sample was used in a number of interlaboratory studies (ILT) aimed at generating precision and bias statements for several different OIT ASTM standards. The results of these ILT are presented in Table 2 showing the mean OIT, within laboratory relative repeatability (= r x 100% / mean) and between laboratory relative reproducibility (= R x 100% / mean). Overall pooled relative repeatability is approximately 4.7%, and pooled relative reproducibility is 9.7% This is consistent with the interlaboratory study rule of thumb that reproducibility is anticipated to be twice repeatability.TABLE 3 — Effect of temperature.______________________________________________________________________________ Temperature Oxidative Induction Time, min°C at 0.10 MPa O2at 3.4 MPa O2______________________________________________________________________________________20030.0 9.8190—14.41809625.2175132—170—47.1165385—16067695.4155882—150—208.Pooled rel. std. dev. 4.1% 2.4%_____________________________________________________________________________ Effect of TemperatureThe OIT value is known to be strongly dependent on test temperature, with individual laboratories choosing slightly higher or lower test temperatures than the standard to meet local needs [1]. This reference material was tested in replicated (n > 5) determinations as a function of temperature to observe this effect both at 0.10 and 3.4 MPa oxygenFIG. 4 — Effect of temperature.pressure. The results of these tests are presented in Table 3. The same data are shown in graphical form in Fig. 4 where the logarithm of the OIT value is displayed versus the reciprocal absolute temperature. The straight line plots confirms the Arrheniusdependence of the OIT value as a function of temperature and the first order form of the general rate equation governing the process.Effect of PressureSome OIT experiments are carried out under elevated oxygen pressure to shorten the analysis time or lower the test temperature to avoid volatilization of the antioxidantpackage. Table 4 shows the effect of oxygen pressure on the proposed reference material at two commonly used test temperatures.The same data are presented in graphical form in Fig. 5 which displays the OIT values on the ordinate and oxygen pressure on the abscissa in a log-log form. The slope of the two lines appear nearly parallel.7653422.102.402.352.302.252.202.151000/Temperature (K)L n O I T (m i n )TABLE 4 - Effect of pressure on OIT._______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Oxygen Oxidative Induction Time, minPressure,_________________________MPa at 170°C at 180°C______________________________________________________________________________________________0.10558.9198.90.79113.647.62.1763.026.83.5548.921.45.2737.317.27.00 34.014.0Pooled rel. std. dev.7.6%13%_______________________________________________________________________________________ StabilityThe OIT value of the materials was tested using ASTM Test Method D 4565, in a single laboratory, by a large number (n > 10) of replicate measurements on several occasion, over a five-year period, providing an opportunity to study the long-term stability of the material. The mean values for the OIT determinations in a single laboratory over a series of nearly five years is presented in Table 5 with a pooled standard deviation for the series of measurements of ±1.3 min. These values are statistically different from each other based on the student t tests. Taking the earliest data obtained in October 1990 to represent 100%, subsequent tests in July of 1992 and August of 1995 show a 95 and 91% relative OIT value indicating that the OIT value of the polyethylene is decreasing with time.OIT is generally considered to follow first-order kinetics. The straight line plots of Fig. 4, for example, suggest first-order kinetics. If the data from Table 5 are best fit to the first-order kinetic expression, then the decay of the material’s OIT value with time may be estimated into the future. Table 6 shows the best fit OIT values calculated from this fitted kinetic expression. The first six values represent fitted historical data points and may be compared to actual experimental results in Fig. 6. The remaining points estimate future performance. Actual historical experimental data points taken from Table 3 and 5 are plotted on the curve at the corresponding date along with their experimental error bars. The set of data is also presented in Fig. 5 in which OIT values are plotted as function of date. The use of that Table 6 and Fig. 6 permit the individual laboratory to estimate the OIT value at times into the future. In light of the scatter in the data, such an extrapolationFIG. 5 — Effect of oxygen pressure.TABLE 5 — Effect of time.(temperature = 200°C; oxygen pressure = 0.10 MPa)_____________________________________________________________________________________Date Mean RelativeTested, mo/yr OIT, min OIT, %_______________________________________________________________________________________10/9033.0100.007/9231.5 95.408/9530.0 90.9_______________________________________________________________________________________________3.02.01.05.06.07.0Log Pressure (Pa)L o g O I T (m i n )TABLE 6 — Calculated OIT values and the effect of time._____________________________________________________________________________Date, mo/yr OIT, min________________________________________________________________________________________01/9034.2801/9133.3301/9232.4001/9331.5101/9430.6401/9529.8101/9628.9701/9728.1601/9827.3801/9926.6301/0025.8901/0125.1701/0224.4701/0323.8001/0423.14_____________________________________________________________________________________ must be used with caution as ongoing efforts will be needed to verify this change of the OIT value with time.ConclusionIn summary, a polyethylene film sample is proposed as a reference material for OIT testing. The OIT values of the material have been thoroughly tested by at least nine interlaboratory test programs over a period of more than five years, making this one of the most well-characterized OIT materials. Further, the material has been found to be statistically homogeneous, a necessary condition for service as a reference material. As a parameter dependent on test time and temperature, the OIT value appears to be decreasing with time but in a well behaved and predictable manner. The use of a table and graph permit the user of the material to estimate its OIT value in the future. The effect of temperature and oxygen pressure have also been explored permitting the user of the reference material to estimate OIT values under experimental conditions different than those of the standards. At present, this material is considered the best available reference material for oxidative induction time testing.FIG. 6 — OIT decay with time.REFERENCES [1]Blaine, R. L., Lundgren, C. J. and Harris, M. B., “Oxidative Induction Time - AReview of DSC Experimental Effects,” in this volume.[2]Triola, M. F ., Elementary Statistics, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Reading MA, 1992, p. 84.[3]Mandel, J., The Statistical Analysis of Experimental Data, Dover Publications,New Y ork, 1964, pp. 81-84.Date (MO/YR)O I T (m i n )。

正丁醇着火延迟特性的数值模拟

第29卷第2期　2010年2月实验室研究与探索R ESEARCH AND EXPLORATI ON I N L ABORAT OR YVol .29No .2　Feb.2010　实验技术正丁醇着火延迟特性的数值模拟荣英飞,　张纪鹏,　王德昌,　马永志(青岛大学机电工程学院,山东青岛266071)摘　要:在对正丁醇物化性能研究的基础上,利用Che m kin 程序模拟计算了正丁醇着火延迟特性,研究了不同边界条件对正丁醇着火延迟时间的影响,同时与乙醇着火延迟时间进行了比较分析。

对应计算结果,从反应机理的角度分析了影响正丁醇着火延迟的主要原因。

研究结果表明,正丁醇混合气的着火延迟随温度、压力、当量比增加而缩短,正丁醇着火延迟时间明显长于乙醇;着火延迟时间受温度影响较大,主要原因是低温下正丁醇链引发反应中脱氢反应占主导地位,较难快速形成着火自由基,而随着温度升高,正丁醇的C —C 断裂反应加快活性自由基数量的增长使得着火延迟缩短。

关键词:代用燃料;正丁醇;着火延迟;数值模拟中图分类号:TK 16 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1006-7167(2010)02-0004-04The N um e ri ca l S i m ul a ti o n of n 2Butano l I gniti o n De lay Ti m eRONG Ying 2fei ,　ZHA N G J i 2peng,　WANG D e 2cha ng,　MA Yong 2zh i(College of Mechanical Engineering,Q ingdao University,Q ingdao 266071,China )Abstrac t:Based on n 2butanol characte ristics ’study result,n 2butanol ignition delay ti m e wa s calculated using Che m kin .By m eans of sensitivity analysis,the ma in reacti onswhich affect ignition delay we r e f ound .The r e sults illus 2trate tha t ignition delay ti me shortensw ith tempe r a tur e,p r e ssur e and equivalence ratio ’s increa sing .n 2butanol ignition delay ti m e is longer than ethanol ’s;the m ain r eason is tha t in the l ow te mperature the C —C decompositi on r eacti ons tha t increase the num ber of r adicals a r e more difficult .W ith tempe r a tur e increasing,the C —C deco m position r eacti ons of n 2butanol speed up the fr ee r adical gr owth leading to shorten the ignition delay .Key wor ds:alternative fuel;n 2butanol;ignition delay;nu m erica l si m ulati on收稿日期:2009-06-26基金项目:国家高技术研究发展计划(863)资助项目(2006AA11A1D6)作者简介:荣英飞(1984-),男,山东文登人,硕士生,主要研究方向为车辆节能减排与新能源。

Stability of Time-Delay Systems Equivalence between Lyapunov and Scaled Small-Gain Conditio

Stability of Time-Delay Systems:Equivalence between Lyapunov and Scaled Small-Gain ConditionsJianrong Zhang,Carl R.Knopse,and Panagiotis Tsiotras Abstract—It is demonstrated that many previously reported Lyapunov-based stability conditions for time-delay systems are equivalent to the ro-bust stability analysis of an uncertain comparison system free of delays via the use of the scaled small-gain lemma with constant scales.The novelty of this note stems from the fact that it unifies several existing stability results under the same framework.In addition,it offers insights on how new,less conservative results can be developed.Index Terms—Stability,time-delay systems.II.I NTRODUCTIONThe analysis of linear time-delay systems(LTDS)has attracted much interest in the literature over the half century,especially in the last decade.Two types of stability conditions,namely delay-inde-pendent and delay-dependent,have been studied[17].As the name implies,delay-independent results guarantee stability for arbitrarily large delays.Delay-dependent results take into account the maximum delay that can be tolerated by the system and,thus,are more useful in applications.One of the first stability analysis results was the polyno-mial criteria[8]–[10].An important result was later provided by[3], which gives necessary and sufficient conditions for efficient compu-tation of the delay margin for the linear systems with commensurate delays.This result only requires the computation of the eigenvalues and generalized eigenvalues of constant matrices.Unfortunately,it is not straightforward to extend this to many problems of interest, such as the stability of general(noncommensurate)delays systems, H1performance of LTDS with exogenous disturbances,robust stability of LTDS with dynamical uncertainties,and robust controller synthesis,etc.Recently,much effort has been devoted to developing frequency-domain and time-domain based techniques which may be extendable to such problems.The frequency-domain approaches include integral quadratic constraints[6],singular value tests[25], framework-based criteria[4],and other similar techniques.In[20], the traditional -framework was extended for time-delay systems to obtain a necessary and sufficient stability condition,which was then relaxed to a convex sufficient condition.Other recent stability analysis results have been developed in the time-domain,based on Lyapunov’s Second Method using either Lyapunov–Krasovskii functionals or Lyapunov–Razumikhin functions [26],[12],[13],[16],[22],[14],[17],[19].These results are formulated in terms of linear matrix inequalities(LMIs),and,hence,can be solved efficiently[1].While these results are often extendable to the systems with general multiple delays and/or dynamical uncertainties,they can be rather conservative and the corresponding Lyapunov functionals are complex.A formal procedure for constructing Lyapunov functionals for LTDS was proposed in[11],but a Lyapunov functional,in general, Manuscript received June10,1999;revised August10,2000.Recommended by Associate Editor J.Chen.This work was supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant DMI-9713488.J.Zhang and C.R.Knospe are with the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering,University of Virginia,Charlottesville,V A22904-4746 USA(e-mail:jz9n@;crk4y@).P.Tsiotras is with the School of Aerospace Engineering,Georgia Institute of Technology,Atlanta,GA30332-0150USA(e-mail:p.tsiotras@). Publisher Item Identifier S0018-9286(01)01015-7.does not provide direct information on how conservative the resultant condition may be in practice.In this note,we show that several existing Lyapunov-based results, both delay-independent and delay-dependent,are equivalent to the scaled small-gain condition for robust stability of a comparison system that is free of delay.This result provides a new frequency-domain in-terpretation to some common Lyapunov-based results in the literature. Via a numerical example,we investigate the potential conservatism of the stability conditions,and demonstrate that a major source of conservatism is the embedding of the delay uncertainties in unit disks that the comparison system employs.This source of conservatism is hidden in the Lyapunov-based framework but is quite apparent in the comparison system interpretation.These results also provide insight into how to reduce the conservatism of the stability tests.After a conference version of this note appeared in[28],we be-came aware of the results of[15]and[7]which are related to our approach.Unlike the model transformation class in[15],which con-tains distributed delays,the comparison system employed herein is a delay-free uncertain system stated in frequency domain and permits the immediate application of the standard frequency-domain techniques, such as the framework.The results in[7]are based on a special case of our comparison system,namely M=I n.Neither[15]nor[7]exam-ined the equivalence of existing Lyapunov-based criteria and the scaled small-gain conditions,which is the contribution of this note.The notation is conventional.Let n2m)be the set of all real(complex)n2mmatrices,[f1g,I n be n2n identity matrix,W T be the transpose of real matrix W,and RH1:=f H(s): H(s)2H1,H(s)is a real rational transfer matrix g.P>0indicates that P is a symmetric and positive definite matrix,and k1k1indicates the H1norm defined by k G k1:=sup!2n2n with respect to a block structure 3is defined by 3(M)=0if there is no323such that I0M3 is singular,and3(M)=[min f (3):det(I0M3)=0;323g]01 otherwise.We also define the set1r:=f diag[ 1I n,111, r I n and the closed norm-bounded set B1r:=f12 H1:k1k1 1;1(s)21r g.Finally,for linear time-invariant system P(s)and its input x(t),we define a signal P(s)[x](t)asP(s)[x](t):=L01[P(s)X(s)]where X(s)is the Laplace transform of x(t),and L01[1]is the inverse Laplace operator.III.C OMPARISON S YSTEMFor ease of exposition,we will examine the single-delay case. However,the Lyapunov stability conditions examined here may all be straightforwardly extended to the case of systems with multiple (noncommensurate)delays.Consider the linear time-delay system_x(t)=Ax(t)+A d x(t0 )(1) where A2n2n are constant matrices,and the delay is constant,unknown,but bounded by a known bound as0 . The following assumption is a necessary condition when investigating asymptotic stability of the system(1).Assumption1:The system(1)free of delay is asymptotically stable, that is,the matrix A:=A+A d is Hurwitz.Taking Laplace transforms of both sides,the system(1)can be ex-pressed in the s domain assX(s)=AX(s)+A d e0 s X(s):(2)0018–9286/01$10.00©2001IEEEFig.1.A system with uncertainty.The results of this note depend on the notion of robust stability of afeedback interconnection of a finite-dimensional,linear,time-invariant (FDLTI)system and an uncertain system with known uncertainty struc-ture.The following definition clarifies the type of robust stability used herein.More on this definition can be found in [32].Definition 1:Consider a linear,time-invariant (finite-dimensional)system G (s )interconnected with an uncertain block 1,as shown in Fig.1.The uncertain block 1belongs to a known,uncertainty structure set 121.Then,the system is said to be robustly stable if G (s )is internally stable and the interconnection is well posed and remains internally stable for all 121:To proceed with our analysis,we need the following preliminary results.Lemma 1:Let M2e 0s 01 s e 0s 01 s=A +MA d )X (s )+(I 0M )A d e0 s X (s )+d AX(s )+e 0 s1d A d X (s ):In view of the fact that k e 0 s k 1=1and k (e 0 s 01)=( s )k 1== 1,it follows from the above equation that (2)is a special case of the uncertain system (3)with 11=e 0 s I n ,and 12=(e 0 s 01)=( s )I n .Therefore,the robust stability of (3)guarantees that (1)is asymptotically stable for all 2[0; ].As shown in the next section,the comparison system (3)can be rewritten as an interconnection of an FDLTI system G (s )with a block 1,where 1=diag[11;12]2B 12.Hence,the analysis of the ro-bust stability of the system (3)may be performed via -analysis,since the small- theorem applies even to the case where the uncertainty is nonrational [23].Because the calculation of is NP-hard in general[2],its upper bound with D scales is typically used instead.In partic-ular,the interconnection in Fig.1is robustly stable if G (s )2RH1is internally stable andsup !2(j!)D 01n 2n;D i =D 3i >0g :The test (4),although a convex optimization problem,requires a fre-quency sweep.Alternatively,the analysis of robust stability may be performed without the frequency sweep by solving an LMI.The fol-lowing lemma states this result.Additional conservatism is introduced in this formulation,however,since it implies satisfaction of (4)with the same constant real scaling matrix used for all frequencies.Lemma 2[21](Scaled Small-Gain LMI)1:Consider the system in-terconnection shown in Fig.1where the plant G (s )is FDLTI and the uncertainty block is such that 12B 1r .Let (A;B;C;D )be a min-imal realization of G (s )withG (s )=:Then,the closed-loop system is robustly stable if there exist matricesX >0and Q =diag[Q 1,Q 2,111,Qr ]>0,Qi 22nXA d AXA d A dA T A T d X011XA T d A T dX012X>0(7)where =0 01[(A +A d )T X +X (A +A d )]0( 011+ 012)X .b)[13]There exist matrices P >0;P 1>0and P 2>0satisfyingH P A T P A T dAP 0 P 10 A dP0 P 2<0(8)1Thesmall gain theorem applies to the case where the uncertainty blockscontain infinite dimensional dynamic systems [32].where H=P(A+A d)T+(A+A d)P+ A d(P1+ P2)A T d.c)[19]There exist matrices X>0;U>0;V>0and Wsatisfying10W A d A T A T d V (W+X)0A T d W T0U A T d A T d V0V A d A V A d A d0V0000V<0(9)where 1=(A+A d)T X+X(A+A d)+W A d+A T d W T+U.The following proposition shows that all of above conditions areequivalent to the SSGS conditions for the special case of the compar-ison system(3).Proposition1:For the comparison system(3),if M=0,the SSGScondition is equivalent to the condition(6),2and,if M=I n,the SSGScondition is equivalent to the condition(8)and can also be reducedto the condition(7).Moreover,the delay-dependent condition(9)isequivalent to the SSGS condition for(3)with M as a free-matrix vari-able.Proof:First,let M=0,then the comparison system(3)becomessX(s)=AX(s)+11A d X(s)112B11which can be described as the following closed-loop system:_x=Ax+A d uy=xu=11[y](t):WithG(s)=t h e S S G S c o n d i t i o n b e c o m e s(6).N e x t,w e l e tM=I n a n d13=1112.Equation(3)then becomessX(s)=(A+A d)X(s)+12 A d AX(s)+13 A d A d X(s)(10)with diag[12;13]2B12.The last equation can be rewritten as theclosed-loop system_x=(A+A d)x+ A d u1+ A d u2y1=Axy2=A d xu1=12[y1](t)u2=13[y2](t):Then,by applying Lemma2withG(s)=AA dw e s e e t h a t t h e s y s t e m(1)i s a s y m p t o t i c a l l y s t a b l e f o r a n y c o n s t a n t,0 ,i f t h e r e e x i s tX>0and Q=diag[Q1;Q2]>0suchthatR XA d XA d A T Q1A T d Q2A T d X0Q1000A T d X00Q200Q1A000Q10Q2A d0000Q2<02Similar observations can also be found,for example,in[26]and[4].where R=(A+A d)T X+X(A+A d).Multiplying bydiag[X01;I;I; Q011; Q012]on both sides and using Schurcomplements,the above inequality is equivalenttoH XA d A XA d A dA T A T d X0Q10A T d A T d X00Q2<0X>0;Q1>0;Q2>0(12)where H=(A+A d)T X+X(A+A d)+Q1+Q2.Now,lettingQ1= 011X and Q2= 012X,where constants 1>0and2>0,(12)is reduced to(7).Finally,consider the general case of(3)and rewrite it as the fol-lowing:_x=(A+MA d)x+(I0M)A d u2+ Mu1y1=A d Ax+A d A d u2y2=xu1=12[y1](t)u2=11[y2](t):(13)Therefore,applying Lemma2withG(s)=w h e r e^A=A+MA d,^B=[ M(I0M)AA I]Fig.2.Delay margin versus K.(1)Nyquist Criterion.(2) upper bound withfrequency-dependent D scaling.(3)Condition of[19].(4)Condition of[13].(5)Condition of[16].(6)Condition of[25],[26]for K<Kc o n t r o l o f u n c e r t a i n l i n e a r13t h I F A C W o r l d C o n g r.,1996,p p.113–118.d e l a y s y s t e m s,”i n[14]S.-I.N i c u l e s c u,“O n t h e s t a b i l i t y a n d s t a b i lw i t h d e l a y e d s t a t e,”P h.D.d i s s e r t a t i o n,L a b o r aG r e n o b l e,I N P G,1996.[15]S.-I.Niculescu and J.Chen,“Frequency sweeping tests for asymptoticstability:A model transformation for multiple delays,”in Proc.38th IEEE Conf.Decision Control,1999,pp.4678–4683.[16]S.-I.Niculescu,o,J.-M.Dion,and L.Dugard,“Delay-depen-dent stability of linear systems with delayed state:An LMI approach,”in Proc.34th IEEE Conf.Decision Control,1995,pp.1495–1497. [17]S.-I.Niculescu,E.I.Verriest,L.Dugard,and J.-M.Dion,“Stability androbust stability of time-delay systems:A guided tour,”in Stability and Robust Control of Time Delay Systems.New York:Springer-Verlag, 1997,pp.1–71.[18] A.Packard and J.C.Doyle,“The complex structured singular value,”Automatica,vol.29,no.1,pp.77–109,1993.[19]P.Park,“A delay-dependent stability criterion for systems with uncer-tain time-invariant delays,”IEEE Trans.Automat.Contr.,vol.44,pp.876–877,Apr.1999.[20]G.Scorletti,“Robustness analysis with time-delays,”in Proc.36th IEEEConf.Decision Control,1997,pp.3824–3829.[21]R.E.Skelton,T.Iwasaki,and K.Grigoriadis,A Unified Algebraic Ap-proach to Linear Control Design.New York:Taylor&Francis,1998.[22] E.Tissir and A.Hmamed,“Further results on stability of_x(t)=Ax(t)+Bx(t0 ),”Automatica,vol.32,no.12,pp.1723–1726,1996.[23] A.L.Tits and M.K.H.Fan,“On the small- theorem,”Automatica,vol.31,no.8,pp.1199–1201,1995.[24]J.Tlusty,“Machine dynamics,”in Handbook of High Speed MachiningTechnology,R.I.King,Ed.New York:Chapman&Hall,1985,pp.48–153.[25] E.I.Verriest,M.K.H.Fan,and J.Kullstam,“Frequency domain robuststability criteria for linear delay systems,”in Proc.32nd IEEE Conf.Decision Control,1993,pp.3473–3478.[26] E.I.Verriest and A.F.Ivanov,“Robust stability of systems with delayedfeedback,”Circuits,Syst.Signal Processing,vol.13,pp.213–222,1994.[27]M.Vidyasagar,Nonlinear Systems Analysis,2nd ed.EnglewoodCliffs,NJ:Prentice-Hall,1993.[28]J.Zhang,C.R.Knospe,and P.Tsiotras,“A unified approach to time-delay system stability via scaled small gain,”in Proc.Amer.Control Conf.,1999,pp.307–308.[29],“Toward less conservative stability analysis of time-delay sys-tems,”in Proc.38th IEEE Conf.Decision Control,1999,pp.2017–2022.[30],“Stability of linear time-delay systems:A delay-dependent cri-terion with a tight conservatism bound,”in Proc.2000Amer.Control Conf.,2000.[31],“Asymptotic stability of linear systems with multiple time-in-variant state-delays,”in Proc.2nd IFAC Workshop Linear Time Delay Systems,to be published.[32]K.Zhou,J. C.Doyle,and K.Glover,Robust and Optimal Con-trol.Englewood-Cliffs,NJ:Prentice-Hall,1996.Bounded Stochastic Distributions Control forPseudo-ARMAX Stochastic SystemsHong Wang and Jian Hua ZhangAbstract—Following the recently developed algorithms for the control of the shape of the output probability density functions for general dy-namic stochastic systems[6]–[8],this note presents the modeling and con-trol algorithms for pseudo-ARMAX systems,where,different from all the existing ARMAX systems,the considered system is subjected to any arbi-trary bounded random input and the purpose of the control input design is to make the output probability density function of the system output as close as possible to a given distribution function.At first,the relationship between the input noise distribution and the output distribution is estab-lished.This is then followed by the description on the control algorithm de-sign.A simulated example is used to demonstrate the use of the algorithm and encouraging results have been obtained.IndexTerms—i=1v i(k)B i(y)y2[a;b](1)whereu k control input;(y;u)measured probability density function of the system output;V(k)=(v1;v2;...;v M)T,weight vector;B i(y)pre-specified basis functions for the approximation of(y;u)[2];A andB constant matrices.Although there are several advantages in using this type of model to de-sign the required control algorithm,it is difficult to link such a model structure to a physical system.In particular,the key assumption that the control input only affects the weights of the output probability density function is strict for some applications.As such,it would be ideal if aManuscript received March30,2000;revised July31,2000.Recommended by Associate Editor Q.Zhang.This work was supported in part by the U.K. EPSRC under Grant(GB/K97721),and in part by the Overseas Scholarship Committee of the P.R.China.H.Wang is with the Department of Paper Science,Affiliated Member of Con-trol Systems Centre,University of Manchester Institute of Science and Tech-nology,Manchester M601QD,U.K.H.Zhang is on leave from the Department of Power Engineering,North China University of Electrical Power,Beijing,P.R.China.Publisher Item Identifier S0018-9286(01)01014-5.0018–9286/01$10.00©2001IEEE。

三相电源监测传感器系列产品说明书

2C D C 251 054 F 0t 08ᕅ ᕄ ᕃᕉᕇᕆ ᕈ ᕊCM-MPN.522C D C 251055 F 0t 08ᕅ ᕄ ᕃᕉᕇᕆ ᕈ ᕊCM-MPN.622C D C 251 056 F 0t08ᕅ ᕄ ᕃᕉᕇᕆ ᕈ ᕊCM-MPN.72Multifunctional three-phase monitoring relaysCM-MPN.52, CM-MPN.62 and CM-MPN.72Data sheetApplicationThe CM-MPN.x2 are multifunctional monitoring relays for three-phase mains. They monitor the phase parameters phase sequence, phase failure, over- and undervoltage and phase unbalance.The threshold values for over- and undervoltage and phase unbalance are adjustable.Order dataOrder data - AccessoriesFeaturesMonitoring of three-phase mains for phase sequence (can be switched off), phase failure, over- andu ndervoltage as well as phase unbalance Automatic phase sequence correction configurableThreshold values for phase unbalance, over- and undervoltage are adjustable as absolute values Tripping delay can be adjusted or switched off by means of a logarithmic scale ON-delayed or OFF-delayed tripping delay selectable Powered by the measuring circuit True RMS measuring principle1x2 or 2x1 c/o (SPDT) contact configurable 3 LEDs for status indicationApprovalsA UL 508, CAN/CSA C22.2 No.14(only CM-MPN.52 und CM-MPN.62)C GLD GOST K CB scheme ECCCMarksa CE bC-TickR/T: yellow LED - relay status, timingF1: red LED - fault message F2: red LED - fault messageAdjustment of the trippingd elay t V Adjustment of the thresholdvalue for overvoltage6 Adjustment of the threshold value for undervoltage7 Adjustment of the threshold value for phase unbalance 8 Function selection(see DIP switch functions) / Marker labelOperating modeConfiguration of the devices is made by means of setting elements accessible on the front of the unit and signalling is made by means of front-face LEDs.Adjustment potentiometerThreshold valuesBy means of three separate potentiometers with direct reading scales, the threshold values for over- and undervoltage as well as for phase unbalance can be a djusted within the measuring range.Tripping delay t VThe tripping delay t V can be adjusted within a range of 0.1-30 s by means of a potentiometer with logaritmic scale. By turning to the left stop, the tripping delay can be switched off.DIP switches2C D C 252 041 F 0b 08LEDs1) Possible misadjustments of the front-face operating controls:Overlapping of the threshold values: An overlapping of the threshold values is given, if the threshold value foro vervoltage is set to a smaller value than the threshold value for u ndervoltage.DIP switch 3 = OFF and DIP switch 4 = ON: Automatic phase sequence c orrection is activated and selected operating mode is 1x2 c/o (SPDT) contactsDIP switch 2 and 4 = ON: Phase sequence detection is deactivated and the automatic phase sequence correction is activedFunction diagram legendG Control supply voltage not applied / Output contact open / LED off B Control supply voltage applied / Output contact closed / LED glowingPhase sequence and phase failure monitoringApplying control supply voltage begins the fixed start-up delay t S . When t S is complete and all phases are present with correct voltage, the output relays energize and the yellow LED R/T glows. Phase sequence monitoringIf phase sequence monitoring is activated, the output relays de- e nergize as soon as a phase sequence error occurs. The fault is displayed by alternated flashing of the LEDs F1 and F2. The output relays re- energize automatically as soon as the phase sequence is correct again. Phase failure monitoringThe output relays de-energize instantaneous if a phase failure o ccurs. The fault is indicated by lightning of LED F1 and flashing of LED F2. The output relays re-energize automatically as soon as the voltage returns to the tolerance range.25-2625-28L1, L2, L315-1615-182C D C 252 094 F 0207F1: red LED F2: red LED R/T: yellow LEDMeasuring valuet s = start-up delay fixed 200 msFunction descriptions/diagramsOver- and undervoltage monitoring 1x2 c/o (SPDT) contactsjApplying control supply voltage begins the fixed start-up delay t S . When t S is complete and all phases are present with correct voltage and with correct phase sequence, the output relays energize and the yellow LED R/T glows.Type of tripping delay = ON-delay AIf the voltage to be monitored exceeds or falls below the set threshold value, the output relays de-energize after the set tripping delay t V is complete. The LED R/T flashes during timing and turns off as soon as the output relays de-energize.The output relays re-energize automatically as soon as the voltage returns to the tolerance range, taking into account a fixed hysteresis of 5 %. The LED R/T glows.L1, L2, L315-1615-18> U > U - 5 %< U + 5 %< U25-2625-282C D C 252 090 F 0207F1: red LED F2: red LED R/T: yellow LEDMeasuring valuet s = start-up delay fixed 200 ms t v = adjustable tripping delayType of tripping delay = OFF-delay BIf the voltage to be monitored exceeds or falls below the set threshold value, the output relays de-energize instantaneously and the LED R/T turns off.As soon as the voltage returns to the t olerance range, taking into account a fixed hysteresis of 5 %, the output relays re-energize a utomatically after the set tripping delay t V is complete. The LED R/T flashes d uring timing and turns steady when timing is c omplete.25-2625-28L1, L2, L315-1615-18> U> U - 5 %< U + 5 %< U2C D C 252 091 F 0207F1: red LED F2: red LED R/T: yellow LEDMeasuring valuet s = start-up delay fixed 200 ms t v = adjustable tripping delayOver- and undervoltage monitoring 2x1 c/o (SPDT) contactiApplying control supply voltage begins the fixed start-up delay t S . When t S is complete and all phases are present with correct v oltage and with correct phase sequence, the output relays energize. The yellow LED R/T glows as long as at least one output relay is e nergized.Type of tripping delay = ON-delay AIf the voltage to be monitored exceeds or falls below the set threshold value, output relay R1 (overvoltage) or output relay R2 (undervoltage) de-energizes after the set tripping delay t V is c omplete. The LED R/T flashes during timing.The corresponding output relay re-energizes automatically as soon as the voltage returns to the tolerance range, taking into a ccount a fixed hysteresis of 5 %.L1, L2, L315-1615-1825-2625-28> U> U - 5 %< U + 5 %< U2C D C 252 006 F 0207F1: red LED F2: red LED R/T: yellow LEDMeasuring valuet s = start-up delay fixed 200 ms t v = adjustable tripping delayType of tripping delay = OFF-delay BIf the voltage to be monitored exceeds or falls below the set threshold value, output relay R1 (overvoltage) or output relay R2 (undervoltage) de-energizes instantaneously.As soon as the voltage returns to the tolerance range, taking into a ccount a fixed hysteresis of 5 %, the corresponding output relay re-energizes automatically after the set tripping delay t V is complete. The LED R/T flashes during timing.L1, L2, L315-1615-1825-2625-28> U > U - 5 %< U + 5 %< U2C D C 252 007 F 0207F1: red LED F2: red LED R/T: yellow LEDMeasuring valuet s = start-up delay fixed 200 ms t v = adjustable tripping delayPhase unbalance monitoringApplying control supply voltage begins the fixed start-up delay t S . When t S is complete and all phases are present with correct voltage and with correct phase sequence, the output relays energize and the yellow LED R/T glows.Type of tripping delay = ON-delay AIf the voltage to be monitored exceeds or falls below the set phase unbalance threshold value, the output relays de-energize after the set tripping delay t V is c omplete. The LED R/T flashes during timing and turns off as soon as the output relays de-energize.The output relays re-energize automatically as soon as the voltage r eturns to the tolerance range, taking into account a fixed hysteresis of 20 %. The LED R/T glows.L1, L2, L315-1615-1825-2625-282C D C 252 092 F 0207F1: red LED F2: red LED R/T: yellow LEDMeasuring valueUnbalanceUnbalance - HysteresisUnbalance + HysteresisUnbalancet s = start-up delay fixed 200 ms t v = adjustable tripping delayType of tripping delay = OFF-delay BIf the voltage to be monitored exceeds or falls below the set phase unbalance threshold value, the output relays de-energize i nstantaneously and the LED R/T turns off.As soon as the voltage r eturns to the t olerance range, taking into account a fixed hysteresis of 20 %, the output relays re-energize automatically a fter the set tripping delay t V is c omplete. The LED R/T flashes d uring timing and turns steady when timing is c omplete.25-2625-28L1, L2, L315-1615-182C D C 252 093 F 0207F1: red LED F2: red LED R/T: yellow LEDMeasuring valueUnbalanceUnbalance - HysteresisUnbalance + HysteresisUnbalancet s = start-up delay fixed 200 ms t v = adjustable tripping delayAutomatic phase sequence correctionThis function can be selected only if phase sequence monitoring is activated k (DIP switch 3 = ON) and operating mode 2x1 c/o (SPDT) contact j is selected (DIP switch 2 = OFF).Applying control supply voltage begins the fixed start-up delay t S1. When t S1 is complete and all phases are present with correct voltage, output relay R1 energizes. Output relay R2 energizes when the fixed start-up delay t S2 is complete and all phases are present with correct phase sequence. Output relay R2 remainsde-energized if the phase sequence is incorrect.If the voltage to be monitored exceeds or falls below the set threshold values for phase unbalance, over- or undervoltage or if a phase failure occurs, output relay R1 de-energizes and the LEDs F1 and F2 indicate the fault.Output relay R2 is responsive only to a false phase sequence. In conjunction with a reversing contactor combination, this enables an automatic correction of the rotation direction. See circuit diagrams.L1, L2, L315-1615-1825-2625-282C D C 252 085 F 0207F1: red LED F2: red LED R/T: yellow LEDMeasuring valuet S1 = start-up delay of R1 fixed 250 ms t S2 = start-up delay of R2 fixed 200 ms2C D C 252 086 F 0b 072C D C 252 087 F 0b 07Control circuit diagram (K1 = CM-MPN.x2)Power circuit diagramConnection diagramL1L228261525L3L3151618262825L2L116182C D C 252 038 F 0b 08L1, L2, L3 Control supply voltage = measuring voltage 15-16/18 Output contacts -25-26/28 closed-circuit principleCM-MPN.52, CM-MPN.62, CM-MPN.72Data at T a = 25 °C and rated values, unless otherwise indicatedData at T a = 25 °C and rated values, unless otherwise indicated1)Closed-circuit principle: Output relay(s) de-energize(s) if measured value exceeds or falls below the adjusted threshold value1112Technical diagramsLoad limit curvesAC load (resistive)2C D C 252 194 F 0205DC load (resistive)2C D C 252 193F 0205Derating factor Fat inductive AC load2C D C 252 192 F 0205Switching current [A]S w i t c h i n g c y c l e s2C D C 252 148 F 0206Dimensionsin mm2C D C 252 032 F 000313Further documentationYou can find the documentation online at /lowvoltage R Control Products R Electronic Relays and ControlsDimensions - Accessoriesin mm2C D C 252 009 F 00102C D C 252 010 F 0010ADP .02 - Adapter for screw mountingMAR.02 - Marker label2C D C 252 009 F 0010COV .02 - Sealable transparent coverABB STOTZ-KONTAKT GmbHP. O. Box 10 16 8069006 Heidelberg, Germany Phone: +49 (0) 6221 7 01-0Fax: +49 (0) 6221 7 01-13 25E-mail:*****************.comYou can find the address of your local sales organisation on theABB home page/contacts-> Low Voltage Products and Systems Contact usNote:We reserve the right to make technical changes or modify the contents of this document without prior notice. With regard to purchase orders, the agreed particulars shall prevail. ABB AG does not accept any responsibility whatsoever for potential errors or possible lack of information in this document.We reserve all rights in this document and in the subject matter and illustrations contained therein. Any reproduction, disclosure to third parties or utilization of its contents – in whole or in parts – is forbidden without prior written consent of ABB AG. Copyright© 2010 ABBAll rights reserved D o c u m e n t n u m b e r . 2 C D C 1 1 2 1 2 8 D 0 2 0 1 ( 0 7 / 1 0 )。

Y. Geometric stability switch criteria in delay differential systems with delay dependent p

EDOARDO BERETTA† AND YANG KUANG‡ Abstract. In most applications of delay diﬀerential equations in population dynamics, the need of incorporation of time delays is often the result of the existence of some stage structure. Since the through-stage survival rate is often a function of time delays, it is easy to conceive that these models may involve some delay dependent parameters. The presence of such parameters often greatly complicates the task of an analytical study of such models. The main objective of this paper is to provide practical guidelines that combine graphical information with analytical work to eﬀectively study the local stability of some models involving delay dependent parameters. Speciﬁcally, we shall show that the stability of a given steady state is simply determined by the graphs of some functions of τ which can be expressed explicitly and thus can be easily depicted by Maple and other popular software. In fact, for most application problems, we need only look at one such function and locate its zeros. This function often has only two zeros, providing thresholds for stability switches. The common scenario is that as time delay increases, stability changes from stable to unstable to stable, implying that a large delay can be stabilizing. This scenario often contradicts the one provided by similar models with only delay independent parameters. Key words. delay diﬀerential equations, stability switch, characteristic equations, stage structure, population models AMS subject classiﬁcations. 34K18, 34K20, 92D25 PII. S0036141000376086

自动控制原理专业英语词汇

自动原理控制专业英语词汇线性反馈系统的稳定性辅助多项式：Auxiliary polynomial相对稳定性：Relative stabilityRouth-Hurwitz判据：Routh-Hurwitz criterion稳定性：Stability稳定系统：Stable system根轨迹法出射角：Angle of departure渐近线：Asymptote渐近中心：Asymptote centroid分离点：Breakaway point轨迹：Locus根轨迹的条数：Number of separate loci参数设计：Parameter design根轨迹：Root locus根轨迹法：Root locus method实轴上的根轨迹段：Root locus segments on the real axis根灵敏度：Root sensitivity频率响应方法带宽：BandwidthBode 图：Bode plot截止频率：Break frequency转折频率：Corner frequency分贝(db)：Decibel (DB)Fourier变换：Fourier transform频率响应：Frequency response对数幅值：Logarithmic magnitude对数坐标图：Logarithmic plot频率响应的最大值：Maximum value of the frequency最小相位：Minimum phase固有频率：Natural frequency非最小相位：Nonminimum phase极坐标图：Polar plot谐振频率：Resonant frequency频率特性函数：Transfer function in the frequency domain频域稳定性Cauchy定理：Cauchy thorem闭环频率响应：Closed-loop frequency response保角映射：Conformal mapping围线映射：Conrour map增益裕度：Gain marginNichols图：Nichols chartNyquist 稳定性判据：Nyquist stability criterion相角裕度：Phase margin幅角原理：Principle of the argument时延：Time delay反馈控制系统设计串联校正网络：Cascade compensation network校正：Compensation数字控制系统幅值量化误差：Amplitude quantization error数字计算机校正网络：Digital computer compensator数字控制系统：Digital control system采样数据：Sampled data数据采样系统：Sampled-data system式样周期：Sampling period数据采样系统的稳定性：Stability of a sampled-data system z平面：z-planez变换：z-transforma. c .balance indicator,交流平衡指示器a. c. bridge,交流电桥a. c. current calibrator,交流电流校准器a. c. current distortion,交流电流失真a. c. induced polarization instrument,交流激电仪a. c. potentiometer,交流电位差计a. c. resistance box,交流电阻箱a. c. standard resistor,交流标准电阻器a. c. voltage distortion,交流电压校准器a. c. voltage distortion,交流电压失真Abbe comparator,阿贝比长仪aberration,象差ability of anti prereduced component,抗先还原物质能力ablative thickness transducer [sensor],烧蚀厚度传感器abrasion testing machine,磨损试验机absolute calibration,绝对法校准absolute coil,独立线圈absolute error,绝对误差(absolute)error of measurement,测量的（绝对）误差absolute gravimeter,绝对重力仪absolute gravity survey,绝对重力测量absolute humidity,绝对湿度absolute method,绝对法absolute moisture of the soil,土壤（绝对）湿度absolute pressure,绝对压力absolute(pressure transducer,绝对压力表absolute pressure transducer[sensor],绝对压力传感器absolute read-out,单独读出absolute resolution,绝对分辨率absolute salinity,绝对盐度absolute stability,绝对稳定性absolute stability of a linear system,线性系统的绝对稳定性absolute static pressure of the fluid,流体绝对静压absolute temperature scale,绝对温标absorbance,吸光度absorbed current image,吸收电流象absorptance,吸收比absorptiometer,吸收光度计absorption cell,吸收池absorption coefficient,吸收系数absorption correction,吸收修正absorption edges,吸收边absorption factor,吸收系数absorption hygrometer,吸收温度表absorption spectrum,吸收光谱absorption X-ray spectrometry,吸收X射线谱法absorptivity,吸收率absorptivity of an absorbing,吸引材料的吸收率abstract system,抽象系统abundance sensityivity,丰度灵敏度AC-ACLVDT displacement transducer,交流差动变压器式位移传感器accelerated test,加速试验accelerating voltage,加速电压acceleration,加速度acceleration error coefficient,加速度误差系数acceleration of gravity,重力加速度acceleration simulator,加速度仿真器acceleration transducer[sensor],加速度传感器accelerometer,加速度计acceptance of the mass filter,滤质器的接收容限acceptance test,验[交]收检验access,存取 access time,存取时间accessibility,可及性accessories of testing machine,试验机附件accessory(for a measuring instrument),（测量仪表的）附件accessory hardware,附属硬件accessory of limited interchangeability,有限互换附件accumulated error,积累误差accumulated time difference,累积时差accumulative raingauge,累积雨量器accumulator,累加器accuracy,精[准]确度accuracy class,精[准]确度等级accuracy limit factor(of a protective current transformer）, （保护用电流互感器的）精确度极限因数accuracy of measurement,测量精[准]确度accuracy of the wavelength,波长精确度accuracy rating,精确度限acetylene(pressure)gauge,乙炔压力表acetylene regulator,乙炔减压器acoustic amplitude logger,声波幅度测井仪acoustic beacon,水声信标acoustic current meter,声学海流计acoustic element,声学元件acoustic emission,声发射acoustic emission amplitude,声发射振幅acoustic emission analysis system,声发射分析系统acoustic emission detection system,声发射检测系统acoustic emission detector,声发射检测仪acoustic emission energy,声发射能量acoustic emission event,声发射事件acoustic emission preamplifier,声发射前置放大器acoustic emission pulser,声发射脉冲发生器acoustic emission rate,声发射率acoustic emission signal processor[conditioner],声发射信号处理器acoustic emission rate,声发射信号acoustic emission source location and analysis system,声发射源定位及分析系统acoustic emission source location system,声发射源定位系统acoustic emission source,声发射源acoustic emission spectrum,声发射频谱acoustic emission technique,声发射技术acoustic emission transducer[sensor],声发射换能器acoustic fatigue,声疲劳acoustic impedance,声阻抗acoustic logging instrument,声波测井仪acoustic malfunction,声失效acoustic matching layer,声匹配层acoustic(quantity)transducer[sensor],声（学量）传感器acoustic ratio,声比acoustic releaser,声释放器acoustic resistance,声阻acoustic thermometer,声学温度计；声波温度表acoustic tide gauge,回声验潮仪acoustic transponder,声应答器acoustical frequency electric,声频大地电场仪acoustical hologram,声全息图acoustical holography,声全息acoustical holography by electron-beam scanning,电子束扫描声全息acoustical holography by laser scanning,激光束扫描声全息acoustical holography by mechanical scanning,机械扫查声全息acoustical imaging by Bragg diffraction,布拉格衍射声成像acoustical impedance method,声阻法acoustical lens,声透镜acoustically transparent pressure vessel,透声压力容器acquisition time,取数据时间actinometer,光能计；直接日射强度表；日射表(active)energy meter,（有功）电度表active gauge length,有效基长active gauge width,有效基宽active metal indicated electrode,活性金属指示电极active remote sensing,主动遥感active transducer[sensor],有源传感器activity,活度 activity coefficient,活度系数actual material calibration,实物校准actual time of observation,实际观测时间actual transformation ratio of voltage transformer,电压互感器的实际变化actral transformation ratio of current transformer,电流互感器的实际变化actual value,实际值actual voltage ratio,实际电压比actuator,执行机构；驱动器actuator bellows,执行机构波纹管actuator load,执行机构负载actuator power unit,执行机构动力部件actuator sensor interface(ASI),执行器传感器接口actuator shaft,执行机构输出轴actuator spring,执行机构弹簧actuator stem,执行机构输出杆actuator stem force,执行机构刚度actuator travel characteristic,执行机构行程特性adaptation layer,适应层adaptive control,（自）适应控制adaptive control system,适应控制系统adaptive controller,适应控制器adaptive prediction,适应预报adaptive telemetering system,适应遥测系统adder,加法器addition method,叠加法additional correction,补充修正additivity of mass spectra,质谱的可迭加性address,地址 adiabatic calorimeter,绝热式热量计adjust buffer total ion strength,总离子强度调节缓冲剂adjustable cistern barometer,动槽水银气压表adjustable relative humidity range,相对湿度可调范围adjustable temperature range,温度可调范围adjusted retention time,调整保留时间adjusted retention volume,调整保留体积adjuster,调整机构；调节器adjustment,调整adjustment bellows,调节波纹管adjustment device,调整装置adjusting pin,校正针adsorbent,吸附剂adsorption chromatography,吸附色谱法aerial camera,航空照相机aerial remote sensing,航空遥感aerial surveying camera,航摄仪aerodynamic balance,空气动力学天平aerodynamic noise,气体动力噪声aerograph,高空气象计aerogravity survey,航空重力测量aerometeorograph,高空气象计aerosol,县浮微料；气溶胶aging of column,柱老化agitator,搅拌器agricultural analyzer,农用分析仪air-borne gravimeter,航空重力仪air capacitor,空气电容器air consumption,耗气量air damper,空气阻尼器air-deployable buoy,空投式极地浮标air-drop automatic station,空投自动气象站air duct,风道air gun,空气枪air inlet,进风口air lock,气锁阀air-lock device,锁气装置air outlet,回风口air pressrue balance,空气压力天平air pressure test,空气压力试验air sleeve,风（向）袋air temperature,气温air-tight instrument,气密式仪器仪表air to close,气关air to open,气开airborne electromagnetic system;AEM system,航空电磁系统airborne flux-gate magnetometer,航空磁通门磁力仪airborne gamma radiometer,航空伽玛辐射仪airborne gamma spectrometer,航空伽玛能谱仪airborne infrared spectroradiometer,机载红外光谱辐射计airborne optical pumping magnetometer,航空光泵磁力仪airborne proton magnetometer,航空甚低频电磁系统airborne XBT,机载投弃式深温计airgun controller,气控制器airmeter,气流表alarm summery panel,报警汇总画面alarm unit,报警单元albedograph,反射计alcohol thermometer,酒精温度表algorithm,算法 algorithmic language,算法语言alidade,照准仪alignment instrument,准线仪alkali flame ionization detector(AFID),碱焰离子化检测器alkaline error,碱误差alkalinity of seawater,海水碱度all-sky camera,全天空照相机all-weather wind vane and anemometer,全天候风向风速计allocation problem,配置问题；分配问题allowable load impedance,允许的负载阻抗allowable pressure differential,允许压差allowable unbalance,许用不平衡量alpha spectrometer,α粒子能谱仪alternating[exchange]load,交变负荷alternating-current linear variable differential transformer(AC-ACLVDT), 交流极谱仪alternating temperature humidity test chamber,交变湿热试验箱altimeter,高度计altitude angle,高度角altitude meter,测高仪ambient humidity range,环境湿度范围ambient pressure,环境压力ambient pressure error,环境压力误差ambient temperature,环境ambient temperature range,环境温度范围ambient vibration,环境振动ambiguity error,模糊误差ammeter,电流表ammonia(pressure)gauge,氨压力表amount of precipitation,雨量amount of unbalance,不平衡量amount of unbalance indicatior,不平衡量指示器ampere-hour meter,安时计amplitude,幅值amplitude detector module,振幅检测组件amplitude error,振幅误差amplitude modulation(AM),幅度调制；调幅amplitude-phase error,幅相误差amplitude ratio-phase difference instrument,振幅比—相位差仪amplitude response,幅值响应analog computer,模拟计算机analog control,模拟控制analog data,模拟数据analog deep-level seismograhp,模拟深层地震仪analog input,模拟输入analog magnetic tape record type strong-motion instrument,模拟磁带记录强震仪analog model,模拟模型analog output,模拟输出analog seismograph tape recorder,模拟磁带地震记录仪analog simulation,模拟仿真analog stereopotter,模拟型立体测图仪analog superconduction magnetometer,模拟式超导磁力仪analog system,模拟系统analog telemetering system,模拟遥测系统analog-to-digital conversion accuracy,模-数转换精确度analog-to-digital conversion rate,模-数转换速度analog transducer[sensor],模拟传感器analogue computer,模拟计算单元analogue date,模拟数据analogue measuring instrument,模拟式测量仪器仪表analogue representation of a physical quantity,物理量的模拟表示analogue signal,模拟试验analogue-digital converter;A/D converter,模-数转换器；A/D转换器analogue-to-digital conversion,模/数转[变]换analysis of simulation experiment,仿真实验分析analytical balance,分析天平analytical electron microscope,分析型电子显微镜analytical gap,分析间隙analytical instrument,分析仪器analytical line,分析线analytical plotter,解析测图仪analyzer tube,分析管anechoic chamber,消声室；电波暗室anechoic tank,消声水池anemograph,风速计anemometer,风速表anemometer meast,测风杆anemometer tower,测风塔aneroid barograph,空盒气压计aneroid barometer,空盒气压表；空盒气压计aneroidograph,空盒气压计angle,角度angle beam technique,斜角法angle beam testing,斜角法angle form,角型angle of attach,冲角angle of field of view,视场角angle of incidence,入射角angle of refraction,折射角angle of spread,指向角；半扩散角angle of view of telescope,望远镜视场角angle of X-ray projiction,X射线辐射圆锥角angle probe,斜探头angle resolved electron spectroscopy(ARES),角分辨电子谱法angle strain,角应变angle transducer[sensor],角度传感器anglg-attack transducer[sensor],迎角传感器angle valve,角形阀angular acceleration,角加速度angular acceleration transducer[sensor],角加速度传感器angular displacement,角加速度传感器angular displacement,角位移angular displacement grationg,角位移光栅angular encoder,角编码器angular sensitivity,角灵敏度angular velocity transducer[sensor],角速度传感器annular coil clearance,环形线圈间隙annular space,环形间隙annunciator,信号源anode,阳极answering,应答anti-cavitation valve,防空化阀anti-contamination device,防污染装置anti-coupling bi-frequency induced polarization instrument,抗耦双频激电仪anti-magnetized varistor,消磁电压敏电阻器antiresonance,反共振antiresonance frequency,反共振频率anti-stockes line,反斯托克线aperiodic dampong,非周期阻尼；过阻尼aperiodic vibration,非周期振动aperture,光阑aperture of pressure difference,压差光阑aperture photographic method,针孔摄影法aperture stop,孔径光栏aperture time,空隙时间apparatus for measuring d.c.magnetic characteristic with ballistic galvanometer, 冲击法直流磁特性测量装置apparent temperature,表观温度appearance potentical,出现电位appearance potential spectrometer,出现电热谱仪appearance potential spectrometer(APS),出现电热谱法application layer(AL),应用层application layer protocol specification,应用层协议规范application layer service definition,应用室服务定义application software,应用软件approval,批准approximate absolute temperature scale,近似绝对温标aqueous vapour,水汽arc suppressing varstor,消弧电压敏电阻器arctic buoy,极地浮标area effect,面积影响area location,区域定位area of cross section of the main air flow,主送风方向横截面积argon-ion gun,氩离子枪annular chamber,环室argon ionization detector,氩离子化检测器arithmetic logic unit(ALU),算术逻辑运算单元arithmetic mean,算术平均值arithmetic weighted mean,算术加权平均值arithmetical mean deviation of the(foughness)profile,(粗糙度）轮廓的算术平均偏差arm error,不等臂误差armature,动铁芯array,阵，阵列array configuration,阵排列arrester varistor,防雷用电压敏电阻器articulated robot,关节型机器人artificial defect,人工缺陷artificial environment,人工环境artificial field method instrument,人工电场法仪器artificial intelligence,人工智能artificial seawater,人工海水ash fusion point determination meter,异步通信接口适配器asynchronous input,异步输入asynchronous transmission,异步传输atmidometer,蒸发仪，蒸发表atmometer,蒸发仪；蒸发表atmoradiograph,天电强度计atmosphere,气氛atmospheric counter radiation,天气向下辐射atmospheric electricity,大气电atmospheric opacity,大气不透明度atmospheric pressure,气压atmospheric pressure altimeter,气压高度计atmospheric pressure ionization(API),大气压电离atmospherics,天电；远程雷电atom force microscope,原子力显微镜atomic absorption spectrometry,原子吸收光谱法atomic fluorescence spectrophotometer,原子荧光光度计atomic fluorescence spectrometry,原子荧光光谱法atomic mass unit,原子质量单位atomic number correction,原子序数修正atomin spectrum,原子光谱atomic-absorption spectrophotometer,原子吸收分光光度计atomization,原子化atomizer,原子化器attenuation,衰减attenuation coefficient,衰减系数attenuation length,衰减长度attenuator,衰减器attitude,姿态attitude transducer[sensor],姿态传感器audio monitor,监听器audio-frequency spectrometer,声频频谱仪audit,审核Auger electron energy spectrometer(AEES),俄歇电子能谱仪Auger electron image,俄歇电子象Auger electron spectrometer,俄歇电子能谱仪Auger electron spectroscopy(AES),俄歇电子能谱法aurora,极光auto-compensation logging instrument,电子自动测井仪auto-compound current transformer,自耦式混合绕组电流互感器auto-polarization compensator,自动极化补偿器autocorrelation function,自相关函数automatic a.c.,d.c.B-H curve tracer,交、直流磁特性自动记录装置automatic balancing machine,自动平衡机automatic control,自动控制automatic control souce of vacuum,真空自动控制电源automatic control system,自动控制系统automatic data processing,自动数据处理automatic exposure device,自动曝光装置automatic feeder for brine,盐水溶液自动补给器automatic focus and stigmator,自动调焦和消象散装置automatic level,自动安平水准仪automatic levelling compensator,视轴安平补偿器automatic/manual station;A/M station,自动/手动操作器automatic programming,自动程度设计automatic radio wind wane and anemometer,无线电自动风向风速仪automatic railway weigh bridge,电子轨道衡automatic scanning,自动扫查automatic spring pipette,自动弹簧式吸液管automatic testing machine,自动试验机automatic titrator,自动滴定仪automatic tracking,自动跟踪automatic vertical index,竖直度盘指标补偿器automatic weather station,自动气象站automation,自动化automaton,自动机auxiliary attachment,辅件auxiliary controller bus(ACB),辅助控制器总线auxiliary crate controller,辅助机箱控制器auxiliary devices,辅助装置auxiliary equipment(of potentiometer),(电位差计的）辅助设备auxiliary gas,辅助气体auxiliary output signal,辅助输出信号auxiliary storage,辅助存储器auxiliary terminal,辅助端auxiliary type gravimeter,助动型重力仪availability,可用性available time,可用时间average,平均值average availability,平均可用度average nominal characteristic,平均名义特性average sound level,平均声级average value of contarmination,污染的平均值average wind speed,平均风速axial clearance,轴向间隙axial current flow method,轴向通电法axial load,轴向载荷axial sensitivity,轴向灵敏度axial vibration,轴向振动axis of rotation,摆轴；旋转轴axix of strain gauge,应变计[片]轴线B-scope,B型显示back flushing,反吹background,后台，背景，本底background current,基流background mass spectrum,本底质谱background noise,背景噪声background processing,后台处理background program,后台程度Backman thermometer,贝克曼温度计backscattered electron image,背散射电子象backward channel,反向信道baffle wall,隔板balance,天平balance for measuring amount of precipitation,水量秤balance output,对称输出balance quality of rotor,转子平衡精度balance wieght,平衡块balanced plug,平衡型阀芯balancing,平衡balancing machine sensitivity,平衡机灵敏度balancing machine,平衡机balancing speed,平衡转速ball pneumatic dead wieght tester,浮球压力计ball screw assembly,滚珠丝杠副ball valve,球阀ballistic galvanometer,冲击栓流计band,频带bandwidth,带宽band width of video amplifier,视频放大器频宽bar primary bushing type current transformer,棒形电流互感器barograph,气压计barometer cistern,气压表水银槽barometer,气压表barometric correction,气压表器差修正barometrograph,空盒气压计barothermograph,气压温度计barrel distortion,桶形畸变；负畸变base,基底base line,基线base peak,基峰base unit(of measurement),基本（测量）单位baseband LAM,基带局域网baseline drift,基线漂移baseline noise,基线噪声baseline potential,空白电位baseline value,空白值basic NMR frequency,基本核磁共振频率basic standard,基础标准batch control,批量控制batch control station,批量控制站batch inlet,分批进样batch of strain gauge,应变计[片]批batch processing,成批处理batch processing simulation,批处理仿真Baud,波特beam,横梁；声速beam deflector,电子束偏转器beam path distance,声程beam ratio,声束比beam spot diameter,束斑直径beam-deflection ultrasonic flowmeter,声速偏转式超声流量计beam-loading thermobalance,水平式热天平bearing,轴承；刀承bearing axis,轴承中心线bdaring support,支承架beat frequency oscillator,拍频振荡器beat method(of measurement),差拍（测量）法Beaufort scale,蒲福风级Beckman differential thermometer,贝克曼温度计bed,机座Beer' law,比尔定律bell manometer,钟罩压力计bell prover,钟罩校准器bellows,波纹管bellows(pressure)gauge,波纹管压力表bellows seal bonnet,波纹管密封型上阀盖bench mark,水准点bending strength,弯曲强度bending vibration,弯曲振动bent stem earth thermometer,曲管地温表Besson nephoscope,贝森测云器betatron,电子回旋加速器；电子感应加速器bezel ring,盖环bias voltage,偏压bi-directional vane,双向风向标；双风信标bilateral current stabilizer,双向稳流器bimetallic element,双金属元件bimetallic instrument,双金属式仪表bimetallic temperature transducer[sensor],双金属温度传感器bimetallic thermometer,双金属温度计binary coded decimal(BCD),二-十进制编码binary control,二进制控制binary digital,二进制数字binary elastic scattering event,双弹性散射过程binary elastic scattering peak,双弹性散射峰binary element,二进制元binary signal,二进制信号biomedical analyzer,生物医学分析仪biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)microbial transducer[sensor],微生物BOD传感器 biochemical oxygen demand meter for seawater,海水生化需氧量测定仪biochemical quantity transducer[sensor],生化量传感器biological quantity transducer[sensor],生物量传感器biosensor,生物传感器bird receiving system,吊舱接收系统bit,比特；位bit error rate,误码率bit serial,位串行bit-serial higgway,位串行信息公路bivane,双向风向标；双风信标black box,未知框black light filter,透过紫外线的滤光片black light lamp,紫外线照射装置blackbody,黑体blackbody chamber,黑体腔blackbody furnace,黑体炉bland test,空白试验balzed grating,闪耀光栅block,块体；字块；字组；均温块block check,块检验block diagram,方块（框）图block length,字块长度block transfer,块传递blood calcium ion transducer[sensor],血钙传感器blood carbon dioxide transducer[sensor],血液二氧化碳传感器blood chloried ion transducer[sensor],血氯传感器blood electrolyte transducer[sensor],血液电解质传感器blood flow transducer[sensor],血流传感器blood gas transducer[sensor],血气传感器blood-group immune transducer[sensor],免疫血型传感器blood oxygen transducer[sensor],血氧传感器blood PH transducer[sensor],血液PH传感器blood potassium ion transducer[sensor],血钾传感器blood-pressure transducer[sensor],血压传感器blood sodium ion transducer[sensor],血钠传感器blood-volume transducer[sensor],血容量传感器blower device,鼓风装置bluff body,阻流体Bode diagram,博德图body temperature transducer,体温传感器bolometer,辐射热计；热副射仪bomb head tray,弹头托盘honded strain gauge,粘贴式应变计bonnet,上阀盖boomerang grab,自返式取样器boomerang gravity corer,自返式深海取样管booster,增强器bore(of liquid-in-glass thermometer),（玻璃温度计的）内孔borehole acoustic television logger,超声电视测井仪borehole compensated sonic logger,补偿声波测井仪borehole gravimeter,井中重力仪borehloe gravimetry,井中重力测量borehole thermometer,井温仪bottorm echo,底面反射波bottom flange,下阀盖bottom-loading thermobalance,下皿式热天平bottom surface,底面Bouguer's law,伯格定律Bourdon pressure sensor,弹簧管压力检测元件Bourdon tube,弹簧管；波登管Bourdon tube(pressure)gauge,弹簧管压力表box gauge,箱式验潮仪BP-scope,BP 型显示Bragg's equation,布拉格方程braking time,制动时间braking torque(of an integrating instrument),（积分式仪表的）制动力矩branch,分支branch cable,支线电缆breakdown voltage rating,绝缘强度breakpoint,断点breather,换气装置bremsstrahlung,韧致辐射bridge,桥接器bridge's balance range,电桥平衡范围bright field electron image,明场电子象bridge for measuring temperature,测温电桥bridge resistance,桥路电阻brightness,亮度Brinell hardness number,布氏硬度值Brinell hardnell penetrator,布氏硬度压头Brienll hardenss tester,布氏硬度计broadband LAN,定带局域网broad-band random vibration,宽带随机振动broad band spectrum,宽波段broadcast,广播BT-calibrationg installation,深温计[BT]检定装置bubble,水准泡bubble-tube,吹气管bucket thermometer,表层温度表buffer,缓冲器buffer solution,缓冲溶液buffer storage,缓冲存储器built-in galvanometer,内装式检流计built-in-weigthts,挂码bulb,温包；感温泡bulb(of filled system themometer),（压力式温度计的）温包bulb(of liquid-in-glass thermometer),（玻璃温度计的）感温泡bulb length(of liquid-in-glass thermometer),（玻璃温度计的）感温泡长度bulk type semiconductor strain gauge,体型半导体应变计bulk zinc oxide varistor,体型氧化锌电压敏电阻器bump,连续冲击bump test,连续冲击试验；颠簸试验bump testing machine,连续冲击台buoy,浮标buoy array,浮标阵buoy float,浮标体buoy motion package,浮标运动监测装置buoy station,浮标站buoyancy correction,浮力修正buoyancy level measuring device,浮力液位测量装置burden(of a instrument transformer),（仪用互感器的）负载burning method,燃烧法burst acoustic emission signal,突发传输bus,总线bus line，总线bus master,总线主设备bus mother board,总线母板bus network,总线网bus slave,总线从设备bus topology,总线拓扑bus type current transformer,母线式电流互感器bushing type current transformer,套管式流互感器busy,忙busy state,忙碌状态butterfly valve,蝶阀 by-pass,旁路by-pass injector,旁通进样器by-pass manifold,旁路接头by-pass valve,旁通阀Byram anemometer,拜拉姆风速表byte,字节byte frame,字节帧byte serial,字节串行byte-serial highway,字节串行住信处公路集散控制系统——Distributed Control System（DCS）现场总线控制系统——Fieldbus Control System（FCS）监控及数据采集系统——Supervisory Control And Data Acqusition（SCADA）可编程序控制器——Programmable Logic Controller（PLC）可编程计算机控制器——Programmable Computer Controller（PCC）工厂自动化——Factory Automation（FA）过程自动化——Process Automation（PA）办公自动化——Office Automation（OA）管理信息系统——Management Information System（MIS）楼宇自动化系统——Building Automation System人机界面——Human Machine Interface（HMI）工控机——Industrial Personal Computer（IPC）单片机——Single Chip Microprocessor计算机数控（CNC）远程测控终端——Remote Terminal Unit（RTU）上位机——Supervisory Computer图形用户界面（GUI）人工智能——Artificial Intelligent（AI）智能终端——Intelligent Terminal模糊控制——Fuzzy Control组态——Configuration仿真——Simulation冗余——Redundant客户/服务器——Client/Server网络——Network设备网——DeviceNET基金会现场总线——foundation fieldbus（FF）现场总线——Fieldbus以太网——Ethernet变频器——Inverter脉宽调制——Pulse Width Modulation（PWM）伺服驱动器——Servo Driver软起动器——Soft Starter步进——Step-by-Step控制阀——Control Valver流量计——Flowmeter仪表——Instrument记录仪—— Recorder传感器——Sensor智能传感器——Smart Sensor智能变送器——Smart Transducer虚拟仪器——Virtual Instrument主站/从站——Master Station/Slave station操作员站/工程师站/管理员站——Operator Station/Engineer Station/Manager Station集散控制系统——Distributed Control System（DCS）现场总线控制系统——Fieldbus Control System（FCS）监控及数据采集系统——Supervisory Control And Data Acqusition（SCADA）可编程序控制器——Programmable Logic Controller（PLC）可编程计算机控制器——Programmable Computer Controller（PCC）工厂自动化——Factory Automation（FA）过程自动化——Process Automation（PA）办公自动化——Office Automation（OA）管理信息系统——Management Information System（MIS）楼宇自动化系统——Building Automation System人机界面——Human Machine Interface（HMI）工控机——Industrial Personal Computer（IPC）单片机——Single Chip Microprocessor计算机数控（CNC）远程测控终端——Remote Terminal Unit（RTU）上位机——Supervisory Computer图形用户界面（GUI）人工智能——Artificial Intelligent（AI）智能终端——Intelligent Terminal模糊控制——Fuzzy Control组态——Configuration仿真——Simulation冗余——Redundant客户/服务器——Client/Server网络——Network设备网——DeviceNET基金会现场总线——foundation fieldbus（FF）现场总线——Fieldbus以太网——Ethernet变频器——Inverter脉宽调制——Pulse Width Modulation（PWM）伺服驱动器——Servo Driver软起动器——Soft Starter步进——Step-by-Step控制阀——Control Valver流量计——Flowmeter仪表——Instrument记录仪—— Recorder传感器——Sensor智能传感器——Smart Sensor智能变送器——Smart Transducer虚拟仪器——Virtual Instrument主站/从站——Master Station/Slave station操作员站/工程师站/管理员站——Operator Station/Engineer Station/Manager Station battery light kit 电池式灯具lamp lens 灯玻璃landing weight 卸货重量letter of indemnity | | trust receipt 赔偿保证书(信托收据range indicator 距离指示器short shipment | | goods short shipped | | goods shut out | | shut-outs 退关SMT Inductors 表面贴电感器STM-N:Synchronous Transport Module level-N 同步传送模块(electric) resistor 电阻器(With) Best Regard 谨致问候3D coordinate measurement 三次元量床A high degree of light-fastness 高质量不褪色A.C. balance indicator 交流平衡指示器A.C. bridge 交流电桥A.C. current calibrator 交流电流校正器a.c. generator 交流发动机A.C.current distortion 交流电流失真A.C.powered lamp 交流供电的灯A/C adaptor 电源适配器A/D；analog to digital 模拟/数字转换aberration 光行差/橡差abnormal low-voltage arc 反差低压电弧abnormal voltage 反常电压/异常电压Abradant material 研磨材料Abrasion test 磨损试验abrasion test 耐磨损性试验abrasive action 磨损作用abrasive blast equipment 喷砂设备Abrasive blast system 喷砂清理系统ABS American Bureau of Standard 美国标准局Absolute Colorimetric 绝对色度absolute value 绝对值absolute velocity 绝对速度absolute wave meter 绝对波长表absorption tube 吸收管/吸收试验管absorption wave meter 吸收式波长计absorption wavemeter 吸收式波长计absorption wavetrap 吸收陷波器absorptive 吸收的absorptive power 吸收本领absorptivity 吸收率ac induced polarization instrument 交流激电仪ac potentiometer 交流电位差仪AC/alternating current 交流/交流电academician，association，协会ACC Automatic Centering Control 自动控制中心accelerated life test 快速寿命测试accent lighting 重点照明Acceptability Criteria 验收Acceptable life 有效使用寿命Acceptance criteria 验收标准acceptance specification 验收规范Acceptance test specification 验收测试规范worldlightingtrade Skype即时通讯工具Access panel 罩板accommodate 调节accommodation 调适accreditation 认可accreditation of testing laboratory 测试实验室的认可accumulator 储线器/补偿器accuracy 精确度/准确度accuracy control 精确控制accuracy grade 精度等级accuracy life 精确度寿命accuracy rating 精确度限acid rinsing shop-stamping warehouse 酸洗工段房-冲压库Acid-proof paint 耐酸涂料/耐酸油漆Acid-proof paint 耐酸涂料/耐酸油漆acoustic reflection shell 声反射罩ACPI：Advanced Configuration and Power Interface 高级电源配置电源接口acquisition price 收购价Across frequency 交叉频率/分频频率Acrylic fitting 压克力配件acrylic plastic glazing 丙烯酸有机玻璃ACST access time 存取时间acting area(spot) lighting 舞台前台（聚光）照明activated electrode 激活电极activated phosphor 激活荧光粉Active 主动的，有源的，有效的，运行的Active Area 可读取范围active market 买卖活跃的市场active power 有效功率active probe 有效探头active scanning time 有效扫描时间active voltage 有效电压actual life 有效寿命actual transformation ratio of a current (voltage) transformer 电流互感器的实际电流(电压)比actual transformation ratio of a current (voltage) transformer 流互感器的实际电流(电压)比adaptable automobile mode/style 适用车型KENFOR Global Lighting Sourcing Centreadaptable voltage 适用电压adaptable/suitable tube''s current 适用灯管电流adaptation 顺应adapting luminance （视觉）亮适用性adaptive control system 适应控制系统adaptive controller 适应控制器adaptive prediction 适应预报adaptive temperature 适应温度Adaptor/adapters 适配器/转换器ADC/analog to digital ... Voltage 压敏电阻器。

弹性力学专业英语词汇-elasticity

弹性力学专业英语词汇-elasticity弹性力学elasticity弹性理论theory of elasticity均匀应力状态homogeneous state of stress应力不变量stress invariant应变不变量strain invariant应变椭球strain ellipsoid均匀应变状态homogeneous state of strain应变协调方程equation of strain compatibility拉梅常量Lame constants各向同性弹性isotropic elasticity旋转圆盘rotating circular disk楔wedge开尔文问题Kelvin problem布西内斯克问题Boussinesq problem 艾里应力函数Airy stress function克罗索夫■穆斯赫利什维利法Kolosoff-Muskhelishvili method基尔霍夫假设Kirchhoff hypothesis 板Plate矩形板Rectangular plate板Circular plate环板Annular plate波纹板Corrugated plate 加劲板Stiffened plate,reinforced Plate 中厚板Plate of moderate thickness 弯［曲］应力函数Stress fun ctio n of ben di ng 壳Shell 扁壳Shallow shell 旋转壳Revolutionary shell 球壳Spherical shell［圆］柱壳Cylindrical shell 锥壳Coni cal shell 环壳Toroidal shell 封闭壳Closed shell 波纹壳Corrugated shell 扭［转］应力函数Stress function of torsion 翘曲函数Warping function 半逆解法semi-in verse method 瑞利里茨法Rayleigh-Ritz method 松弛法Relaxation method 莱维法Levy method 松弛Relaxation 量纲分析Dimensional analysis自相似［性］self-similarity 影响面In flue nee surface 接触应力Con tact stress 赫兹理论Hertz theory 协调接触Con formi ng con tact 滑动接触Slidi ng con tact 滚动接触Rolli ng con tact 压入Indentation 各向异性弹性An isotropic elasticity 颗粒材料Granular material 散体力学Mechanics of granular media 热弹性Thermoelasticity 超弹性Hyperelasticity 粘弹性Viscoelasticity 对应原理Correspondence principle 褶皱Wrinkle塑性全量理论Total theory of plasticity 滑动Sliding 微滑Microslip粗糙度Roughness 非线性弹性Nonlinear elasticity 大挠度Large deflection突弹跳变snap-through 有限变形Finite deformation 格林应变Green strain 阿尔曼西应变Almansi strain 弹性动力学Dynamic elasticity 运动方程Equation of motion 准静态的Quasi-static 气动弹性Aeroelasticity 水弹性Hydroelasticity 颤振Flutter 弹性波Elastic wave 简单波Simple wave 柱面波Cylindrical wave 水平剪切波Horizontal shear wave 竖直剪切波Vertical shear wave 体波body wave 无旋波Irrotational wave 畸变波Distortion wave 膨胀波Dilatation wave 壬瑞利波Rayleigh wave 等容波Equivoluminal wave 勒夫波Love wave界面波In terfacial wave 边缘效应edge effect 塑性力学Plasticity 可成形性Formability 金属成形Metal forming 耐撞性Crashworth in ess 结构抗撞毁性Structural crashworthi ness 拉拔Drawing破坏机构Collapse mechanism回弹Springback挤压Extrusion冲压Stamping穿透Perforation层裂Spalling塑性理论Theory of plasticity 安定［性］理论Shake-down theory 运动安定定理kinematic shake-down theorem静力安定定理Static shake-dow n theorem 率相关理论rate dependent theorem 载荷因子load factor加载准贝V Loading criterion加载函数Loading function 力口载面Loadingsurface 塑性加载Plastic loading 塑性加载波Plastic loading wave 简单加载Simple loading 比例加载Proportional loading 卸载Unloading 卸载波Unloading wave 冲击载荷Impulsive load 阶跃载荷step load 脉冲载荷pulse load 极限载荷limit load 中性变载nentral loading 拉抻失稳in stability in tension 力口速度波acceleration wave 本构方程constitutive equation 完全解completesolution 名义应力nominal stress 过应力over-stress 真应力true stress 等效应力equivale nt stress 流动应力flow stress应力间断stress disc on ti nuity 应力空间stress space 主应力空间principal stressspace 静水应力状态hydrostatic state ofstress 对数应变logarithmic strain 工程应变engineering strain 等效应变equivale nt strain 应变局部化strain localization 应变率strainrate 应变率敏感性strain rate sen sitivity 应变空间strain space 有限应变finite strain 塑性应变增量plastic strain in creme nt 累积塑性应变accumulated plastic strain 永久变形permanent deformation 内变量internalvariable 应变软化strain-softening理想刚塑性材料rigid-perfectly plastic Material刚塑性材料rigid-plastic material 理想塑性材料perfectl plastic material 材料稳定性stability of material应变偏张量deviatoric tensor of strain 应力偏张量deviatori tensor of stress 应变球张量spherical tensor of strain 应力球张量spherical tensor of stress 路径相关性path-dependency 线性强化linear strain-hardening 应变强化strain-hardening 随动强化kinematic hardening 各向同性强化isotropic harde ning 强化模量strain-hardening modulus 幂强化power hardening 塑性极限弯矩plastic limit bending Mome nt 塑性极限扭矩plastic limit torque 弹塑性弯曲elastic-plastic bending 弹塑性交界面elastic-plastic in terface 弹塑性扭转elastic-plastictorsion 粘塑性Viscoplasticity 非弹性Inelasticity理想弹塑性材料elastic-perfectly plastic Material极限分析limit analysis极限设计limit design 极限面limit surface上限定理upper bound theorem上屈服点upper yield point下限定理lower bound theorem 下屈服点lower yield point 界限定理bound theorem 初始屈服面initial yield surface 后继屈服面subsequent yield surface 屈服面［的］外凸性convexity of yield surface截面形状因子shape factor of cross-secti on沙堆比拟sand heap analogy屈服Yield屈服条件yield condition 屈服准则yieldcriterion 屈服函数yield function 屈服面yield surface 塑性势plastic potential 能量吸收装置energy absorb ing device 能量耗散率energy absorbing device 塑性动力学dynamicplasticity塑性动力屈曲dyn amic plastic buckli ng塑性动力响应dyn amic plastic resp onse 塑性波plastic wave运动容许场kinematically admissible Field 静力容许场statically admissible Field 流动法则flow rule速度间断velocity disc on ti nu ity滑移线slip-lines滑移线场slip-lines field移行塑性铰travelling plastic hinge塑性增量理论in creme ntal theory of Plasticity米泽斯屈服准则Mises yield criterio n 普朗特---------- 罗伊斯关系prandtl- Reussrelati on特雷斯卡屈服准则Tresca yield criteri on 洛德应力参数Lode stress parameter 莱维米泽斯关系Levy-Mises relation亨基应力方程Hencky stress equati on 赫艾一一韦斯特加德应力空间Haigh-Westergaard stress space洛德应变参数Lode strain parameter 德鲁克公设Drucker postulate_____ 盖林格速度方程Geiringer velocity Equati on 结构力学structural mechanics 结构分析structural analysis 结构动力学structuraldynamics 拱Arch三铰拱three-hinged arch 抛物线拱parabolicarch 圆拱circular arch 穹顶Dome 空间结构space structure 空间桁架space truss 雪载［荷］snow load 风载［荷］wind load 土压力earth pressure 地震载荷earthquake loading弹簧支座spring support 支座位移supportdisplacement 支座沉降support settlement 超静定次数degree of in determ inacy 机动分析kinematic analysis结点法method of joints 截面法method of sections 结点力joint forces 共轭位移conjugate displacement 影响线in flue nee line 三弯矩方程three-moment equation 单位虚力unit virtual force 刚度系数stiffness coefficient 柔度系数flexibility coefficient 力矩分配moment distribution 力矩分配法moment distribution method 力矩再分配moment redistribution 分配系数distribution factor 矩阵位移法matri displacement method 单元刚度矩阵eleme nt stiff ness matrix 单元应变矩阵eleme nt strain matrix 总体坐标global coord inates 贝蒂定理Betti theorem高斯---- 若尔当消去法Gauss-Jordan elim in ati on Method屈曲模态buckling mode 复合材料力学mecha nics of composites 复合材料composite material 纤维复合材料fibrouscomposite 单向复合材料uni directio nalcomposite 泡沫复合材料foamed composite颗粒复合材料particulate composite 层板Lam in ate 夹层板sandwich panel 正交层板cross-ply laminate 斜交层板an gle-ply lam inate 层片Ply多胞固体cellular solid膨胀Expansion 压实Debulk 劣化Degradation 脱层Delam in ati on 脱粘Debond 纤维应力fiber stress 层应力plystress 层应变ply strain 层间应力interlaminar stress 比强度specific strength 强度折减系数stre ngth reductio n factor强度应力比strength -stress ratio 横向剪切模量tran sverse shear modulus 横观各向同性tran sverse isotropy 正交各向异Orthotropy 剪滞分析shear lag analysis 短纤维chopped fiber 长纤维continuous fiber 纤维方向fiber directi on 纤维断裂fiber break 纤维拔脱fiber pull-out 纤维增强fiber reinforcement 致密化Densification 最小重量设计optimum weight desig n 网格分析法netting analysis 混合律rule of mixture 失效准贝V failure criterion蔡 --- 吴失效准则Tsai-W u failurecriteri on达格代尔模型Dugdale model 断裂力学fracture mechanics概率断裂力学probabilistic fracture Mecha nics格里菲思理论Griffith theory线弹性断裂力学linear elastic fracturemecha ni cs, LEFM弹塑性断裂力学 elastic-plastic fracture mecha-nics, EPFM断裂 Fracture脆性断裂解理断裂蠕变断裂延性断裂晶间断裂微裂纹 Microcrack 折裂Kink 椭圆裂纹 elliptical crack 深埋裂纹 embedded crack ［钱］币状裂纹 penny-shape crack预制裂纹 Precrack 短裂纹 short crackbrittle fracturecleavage fracturecreep fractureductile fracturein ter-gra nu lar fracture准解理断裂 quasi-cleavage fracture穿晶断裂 trans-granular fracture 裂纹裂缝缺陷割缝 CrackFlawDefectSlit表面裂纹surface crack裂纹钝化crack blunting裂纹分叉crack branching裂纹闭合crack closure裂纹前缘crack front裂纹嘴crack mouth裂纹张开角crack ope ning an gle,COA 裂纹张开位移crack ope ning displaceme nt, COD 裂纹阻力crack resista nee裂纹面crack surface裂纹尖端crack tip裂尖张角crack tip opening angle, CTOA 裂尖张开位移crack tip opening displaceme nt, CTOD裂尖奇异场crack tip singularity Field 裂纹扩展速率crack growth rate 稳定裂纹扩展stable crack growth 定常裂纹扩展steadycrack growth 亚临界裂纹扩展subcriticalcrack growth裂纹［扩展］减速crack retardation止裂crack arrest止裂韧度arrest toughness 断裂类型fracturemode 滑开型sliding mode 张开型openingmode 撕开型tearing mode 复合型mixedmode 撕裂Tearing 撕裂模量tearingmodulus 断裂准贝V fracture criterion J 积分J-integralJ 阻力曲线J-resistanee curve 断裂韧度fracture toughness 应力强度因子stress inten sity factor HRR 场Hutchinson-Rice-Rosengren Field 守恒积分conservationintegral 有效应力张量effective stress ten sor应变能密度strain energy density 能量释放率energy release rate 内聚区cohesive zone 塑性区plastic zone张拉区stretched zone热影响区heat affected zone, HAZ延脆转变温度brittle-ductile tran siti on temperature剪切带shear band剪切唇shear lip无损检测non-destructive inspection双边缺口试件double edge no tched specime n, DEN specimen单边缺口试件sin gle edge no tched specime n, SEN specimen二点弯曲试件three poi nt bending specime n, TPB specime n中心裂纹拉伸试件center cracked tension specime n, CCT specime n中心裂纹板试件center cracked pane specime n, CCP specime n紧凑拉伸试件compact tension specimen, CT specime n大范围屈服large scale yielding 小范围攻屈服small scale yielding 韦布尔分布Weibulldistribution帕里斯公式paris formula 空穴化Cavitation 应力腐蚀stress corrosion 概率风险判定probabilistic risk assessme nt, PRA损伤力学damage mechanics损伤Damage连续介质损伤力学continuum damage mecha nics细观损伤力学microscopic damagemecha nics累积损伤accumulated damage脆性损伤brittle damage延性损伤ductile damage宏观损伤macroscopic damage细观损伤microscopic damage 微观损伤microscopic damage 损伤准贝V damagecriterion 损伤演化方程damage evoluti onequati on 损伤软化damage softening 损伤强化damage strengthening 损伤张量damagetensor损伤阈值damage threshold 损伤变量damage variable 损伤矢量damage vector 损伤区damage zone 疲劳Fatigue 低周疲劳low cycle fatigue 应力疲劳stress fatigue 随机疲劳random fatigue 蠕变疲劳creep fatigue腐蚀疲劳corrosion fatigue 疲劳损伤fatiguedamage 疲劳失效fatigue failure 疲劳断裂fatigue fracture 疲劳裂纹fatigue crack 疲劳寿命fatigue life 疲劳破坏fatigue rupture 疲劳强度fatigue strength 疲劳辉纹fatiguestriations 疲劳阈值fatigue threshold 交变载荷alternating load 交变应力alternatingstress 应力幅值stress amplitude 应变疲劳strain fatigue 应力循环stress cycle 应力比stress ratio 安全寿命safe life 过载效应overloading effect 循环硬化cyclic hardening循环软化cyclic softening 环境效应environmental effect 裂纹片crack gage 裂纹扩展crack growth, crack Propagation 裂纹萌生crack initiation 循环比cycle ratio 实验应力分析experime ntal stress An alysis 工作［应变］片active［strain］ gage 基底材料backing material 应力计stress gage零［点］飘移zero shift, zero drift 应变测量strain measurement 应变计strain gage 应变指示器strain indicator 应变花strain rosette应变灵敏度strain sensitivity机械式应变仪mecha ni cal strain gage 直角应变花rectangular rosette弓丨伸仪Extensometer 应变遥测telemetering of strain 横向灵敏系数transverse gage factor 横向灵敏度transverse sensitivity 焊接式应变计weldable strain gage 平衡电桥balaneedbridge 粘贴式应变计bon ded stra in gage 粘贴箔式应变计bonded foiled gage 粘贴丝式应变计bon ded wire gage 桥路平衡bridge balancing 电容应变计capacitanee strain gage 补偿片compensation technique 补偿技术compensation technique 基准电桥referenee bridge 电阻应变计resista nee strain gage 温度自补偿应变计self-temperature compe nsati ng gage半导体应变计semic on ductor strain Gage 集流器slip ring应变放大镜strain amplifier疲劳寿命计fatigue life gage 电感应变计inductanee [strain] gage 光[测]力学Photomechanics 光弹性Photoelasticity 光塑性Photoplasticity 杨氏条纹Young fringe 双折射效应birefrigent effect 等位移线con tourof equal Displaceme nt 暗条纹dark fringe 条纹倍增fringe multiplication 干涉条纹interferenee fringe 等差线Isochromatic 等倾线Isoclinic 等和线isopachic 应力光学定律stress- optic law 主应力迹线Isostatic 亮条纹light fringe 光程差optical path differenee 热光弹性photo-thermo -elasticity 光弹性贴片法photoelastic coat ing Method 光弹性夹片法photoelastic sandwichMethod动态光弹性dynamic photo-elasticity 空间滤波spatial filtering空间频率spatial frequency起偏镜Polarizer反射式光弹性仪reflection polariscope残余双折射效应residual birefringent Effect应变条纹值strain fringe value应变光学灵敏度stra in-optic sen sitivity 应力冻结效应stress freez ing effect 应力条纹值stress fringe value 应力光图stress-opticpattern暂时双折射效应temporary birefri ngent Effect脉冲全息法pulsed holography透射式光弹性仪tran smissi on polariscope 实时全息干涉法real-time holographic in terferometry网格法grid method全息光弹性法holo-photoelasticity全息图Hologram全息照相Holograph全息干涉法holographic interferometry 全息云纹法holographic moire technique 全息术Holography全场分析法whole-field analysis 散斑干涉法speckle interferometry 散斑Speckle错位散斑干涉法speckle-shearing in terferometry, shearography散斑图Specklegram白光散斑法white-light speckle method 云纹干涉法moire interferometry［叠栅］云纹moire fringe［叠栅］云纹法moire method云纹图moire pattern离面云纹法off-plane moire method参考栅referenee grating 试件栅specimengrating 分析栅analyzer grating 面内云纹法in-plane moire method 脆性涂层法brittle-coating method 条带法strip coating method坐标变换transformation of Coordinates计算结构力学computational structural mecha nics力口权残量法weighted residual method 有限差分法finite differenee method 有限［单］元法finite element method 配点法pointcollocation 里茨法Ritz method广义变分原理generalized variational Prin ciple最小二乘法least square method胡［海昌］一鹫津原理Hu-Washizu prin ciple 赫林格-赖斯纳原理Helli nger-Reiss ner Prin ciple 修正变分原理modified variationalPrin ciple约束变分原理constrained variational Prin ciple混合法mixed method杂交法hybrid method边界解法boundary solution method有限条法finite strip method半解析法semi-analytical method协调元conforming element 非协调元non-conforming element 混合元mixed element 杂交元hybrid element 边界元boundary element 强迫边界条件forced boundary con diti on 自然边界条件n atural boundary con diti on 离散化Discretization 离散系统discrete system 连续问题continuous problem 广义位移generalized displacement 广义载荷generalized load 广义应变generalized strain 广义应力generalized stress 界面变量in terface variable 节点no de, no dal point ［单］元Element 角节点corner node 边节点mid-side node 内节点in ter nal node 无节点变量nodeless variable 杆元bar element桁架杆元truss element 梁元beam element 二维元two-dimensional element 一维元one-dimensional element 三维元three-dimensional element 车由对称元axisymmetric element 板元plate element 壳元shell element 厚板元thick plate element 三角形元triangular element 四边形元quadrilateral element 四面体元tetrahedralelement 曲线元curved element 二次元quadratic element 线性元linear element 三次元cubic element 四次元quartic element 等参［数］元isoparametric element 超参数元super-parametric element 亚参数元sub-parametric element 节点数可变元variable-number-nodeeleme nt拉格朗日元Lagra nge eleme nt 拉格朗日族Lagrange family巧凑边点元serendipity element 巧凑边点族serendipity family 无限元infinite element 单元分析element analysis 单元特性elementcharacteristics 刚度矩阵stiffness matrix 几何矩阵geometric matrix 等效节点力equivalent no dal force 节点位移no dal displaceme nt 节点载荷no dal load 位移矢量displacementvector 载荷矢量load vector 质量矩阵massmatrix 集总质量矩阵lumped mass matrix 相容质量矩阵con siste nt mass matrix 阻尼矩阵damping matrix 壬瑞利阻尼Rayleighdamping刚度矩阵的组集assembly of stiffness Matrices载荷矢量的组集con siste nt mass matrix质量矩阵的组集assembly of mass matrices单元的组集assembly of elements 局部坐标系local coord in ate system 局部坐标localcoordinate 面积坐标area coordinates 体积坐标volume coordinates 曲线坐标curvilinearcoord inates 静凝聚static condensation 合同变换contragradient transformation 形状函数shape function 试探函数trial function 检验函数test function 权函数weight function 样条函数spline function 代用函数substitutefunction 降阶积分reduced integration 零能模式zero-energy mode P 收敛p-c on vergenee H 收敛h-c on verge nee 掺混插值blended interpolation 等参数映射isoparametric mapping双线性插值bilinear interpolation 小块检验patch test非协调模式in compatible mode 节点号node number 单元号element number 带宽band width 带状矩阵banded matrix 变带状矩阵profile matrix 带宽最小化mini mizatio n of band width 波前法frontal method 子空间迭代法subspace iterati on method 行列式搜索法determ inant search method 逐步法step-by-step method 纽马克法Newmark 威尔逊法Wilson 拟牛顿法quasi-Newton method 牛顿-拉弗森法Newton-Raphson method 增量法in creme ntal method 初应变initial strain 初应力initial stress 切线刚度矩阵tangent stiffness matrix 割线刚度矩阵seca nt stiffness matrix 模态叠加法mode superposition method 平衡迭代equilibrium iteration 子结构Substructure子结构法substructure technique 超单元super-element 网格生成mesh generation 结构分析程序structural an alysis program 前处理pre-processing 后处理post-processing 网格细化mesh refinement 应力光顺stress smoothing组合结构composite structure 流体动力学fluid dynamics 连续介质力学mechanics of continuousmedia 介质medium 流体质点fluid particle 无粘性流体non viscous fluid, i nviscid fluid 连续介质假设continuous medium hypothesis 流体运动学fluid kinematics 水静力学hydrostatics液体静力学hydrostatics 支配方程governing equation 伯努利方程Bernoulli equation 伯努利定理Bernonlli theorem 毕奥-萨伐尔定律Biot-Savart law 欧拉方程Euler equation 亥姆霍兹定理Helmholtz theorem 开尔文定理Kelvin theorem 涡片vortex sheet 库塔-茹可夫斯基条件Kutta-Zhoukowski con diti on布拉休斯解Blasius solution 达朗贝尔佯廖d&;am #39;Alembert paradox 雷诺数Reyno Ids n umber 施特鲁哈尔数Strouhal number 随体导数material derivative 不可压缩流体in compre ible fluid 质量守恒co ervation of ma 动量守恒co ervation of momentum 能量守恒co ervation of energy 动量方程momentum equation 能量方程energy equation控制体积control volume 液体静压hydrostatic pre ure 涡量拟能e trophy 压差differential pre ure 流［动］flow 流线stream line 流面stream surface 流管stream tube 迹线path, path line 流场flow field 流态flow regime 流动参量flow parameter 流量flow rate, flow discharge 涡旋vortex 涡量vorticity 涡丝vortex filament 涡线vortex line 涡面vortex surface 涡层vortex layer 涡环vortex ring 涡对vortex pair 涡管vortex tube涡街vortex street卡门涡街Karman vortex street 马蹄涡horseshoe vortex 对流涡胞convective cell 卷筒涡胞roll cell 涡eddy 涡粘性eddy viscosity 环流circulation 环量circulation速度环量velocity circulation 偶极子doublet, dipole 驻点stagnation point 总压［力］total pre ure 总压头total head 静压头static head 总焓total enthalpy 能量输运energy tra ort 速度剖面velocity profile 库埃特流Couette flow 单相流single phase flow 单组份流single-component flow 均匀流uniform flow非均匀流nonuniform flow 二维流two-dime ionalflow 三维流three-dime ional flow 准定常流quasi-steady flow 非定常流u teady flow, non-steady flow 暂态流tra ient flow 周期流periodic flow 振荡流oscillatory flow 分层流stratified flow 无旋流irrotational flow 有旋流rotational flow 车由对称流axisymmetric flow 不可压缩性incompre ibility 不可压缩流［动］incompre ible flow 浮体floating body 定倾中心metacenter 阻力drag, resista nee 减阻drag reduction 表面力surface force 表面张力surface te ion 毛细［管］作用capillarity 来流in com ing flow自由流free stream 自由流线free stream line 夕卜流external flow 进口entrance, inlet 出口exit, outlet 扰动disturbanee, perturbation 分布distribution 传播propagation 色散di ersion 弥散di ersion 附加质量added ma ,a oeiated ma 收缩eontraetion 镜象法image method 无量纲参数dime ionle parameter 几何相似geometric similarity 运动相似kinematic similarity 动力相似［性］dynamic similarity 平面流plane flow 势potential 势流potential flow 速度势velocity potential 复势complex potential复速度complex velocity 流函数stream function 源source 汇sink 速度［水］头velocity head 拐角流corner flow 空泡流cavity flow 超空泡supercavity 超空泡流supercavity flow 空气动力学aerodynamics 低速空气动力学low- eed aerod yn amics 高速空气动力学high- eed aerod yn amics 气动热力学aerothermodynamics 亚声速流［动］su onic flow 跨声速流［动］tra onic flow 超声速流［动］supersonic flow 锥形流coni cal flow 楔流wedge flow 叶栅流cascade flow非平衡流［动］non-equilibrium flow 细长体slender body 细长度slenderne钝头体bluff body 钝体blunt body 翼型airfoil 翼弦chord 薄翼理论thin-airfoil theory 构型configuration 后缘trailing edge 迎角angle of attack 失速stall 脱体激波detached shock wave 波阻wave drag 诱导阻力induced drag 诱导速度induced velocity 临界雷诺数critical Reyno Ids nu mber 前缘涡leading edge vortex 附着涡bound vortex 约束涡confined vortex 气动中心aerodynamic center 气动力aerodynamic force 气动噪声aerodynamic noise 气动加热aerodynamicheating 离解di ociation地面效应ground effect 气体动力学gas dynamics 稀疏波rarefaction wave 热状态方程thermal equation of state 喷管Nozzle普朗特-迈耶流Prandtl-Meyer flow 瑞利流Rayleigh flow 可压缩流［动］compre ible flow 可压缩流体compre ible fluid 绝热流adiabatic flow 非绝热流diabatic flow 未扰动流undisturbed flow 等熵流isentropic flow 匀熵流homoentropic flow 兰金-于戈尼奥条件Ran ki ne-Hugo niot con diti on 状态方程equation of state量热状态方程caloric equati on of state 完全气体perfect gas 拉瓦尔喷管Laval nozzle 马赫角Mach angle 马赫锥Mach cone马赫线Mach line 马赫数Mach number 马赫波Mach wave 当地马赫数local Mach number 冲击波shock wave 激波shock wave正激波normal shock wave 斜激波oblique shock wave 头波bow wave附体激波attached shock wave 激波阵面shock front 激波层shock layer 压缩波compre ion wave 反射reflection 折射refraction 散射scattering 衍射diffraction 绕射diffraction 出口压力exit pre ure 超压［强］over pre ure 反压back pre ure 爆炸explosion爆轰det on ati on 缓燃deflagration 水动力学hydrodynamics 液体动力学hydrodynamics 泰勒不稳定性Taylor i tability 盖斯特纳波Gerstner wave 斯托克斯波Stokes wave 壬瑞利数Rayleigh number 自由面free surface 波速wave eed, wave velocity 波高wave height 波列wave train 波群wave group 波能wave energy 表面波surface wave 表面张力波capillary wave 规则波regular wave 不规则波irregular wave 浅水波shallow water wave 深水波deep water wave 重力波gravity wave 椭圆余弦波enoidal wave 潮波tidal wave 涌波surge wave 破碎波breaking wave 船波ship wave 非线性波nonlinear wave 孤立子soliton 水动［力］噪声hydrodynamic noise 水击water hammer 空化cavitation 空化数cavitation number 空蚀cavitation damage 超空化流supercavitating flow 水翼hydrofoil 水力学hydraulics 洪水波flood wave 涟漪ri le 消能energy di ipation 海洋水动力学marine hydrod ynamics 谢齐公式Chezy formula 欧拉数Euler number 弗劳德数Froude number 水力半径hydraulic radius水力坡度hvdraulic slope 高度水头elevating head 水头损失head lo 水位water level 水跃hydraulic jump 含水层aquifer 排水drain age 排放量discharge 壅水曲线back water curve 压［强水］头pre ure head 过水断面flow cro -section 明槽流open cha el flow 孑L流orifice flow 无压流free surface flow 有压流pre ure flow 缓流subcritical flow 急流supercritical flow 渐变流gradually varied flow 急变流rapidly varied flow 临界流critical flow 异重流de ity current, gravity flow 堰流weir flow掺气流aerated flow含沙流sediment-laden stream 降水曲线dropdown curve 沉积物sediment, deposit 沉［降堆］积sedimentation, deposition 沉降速度settling velocity 流动稳定性flow stability 不稳定性i tability 奥尔-索末菲方程Orr-Sommerfeld equation 涡量方程vorticity equation 泊肃叶流Poiseuille flow 奥辛流Oseen flow 剪切流shear flow 粘性流［动］viscous flow 层流laminar flow分离流separated flow 二次流sec on dary flow 近场流near field flow 远场流far field flow 滞止流stagnation flow 尾流wake ［flow］回流back flow反流reverse flow 射流jet 自由射流free jet 管流pipe flow, tube flow 内流internal flow 拟序结构cohere nt structure 猝发过程bursting proce 表观粘度 a arent viscosity 运动粘性kinematic viscosity 动力粘性dynamic viscosity 泊poise 厘泊centipoise 厘沱centistoke 剪切层shear layer 次层sublayer 流动分离flow separation 层流分离laminar separation 湍流分离turbulent separation 分离点separation point 附着点attachment point 再附reattachment 再层流化relam in arizati on 起动涡starting vortex 驻涡standing vortex 涡旋破碎vortex breakdown 涡旋脱落vortex shedding 压［力］降pre ure drop 压差阻力pre ure drag 压力能pre ure energy 型阻profile drag 滑移速度slip velocity 无滑移条件non-slip condition 壁剪应力skin friction, frictional drag 壁剪切速度friction velocity 磨擦损失friction lo 磨擦因子friction factor耗散di ipation 滞后lag 相似性解similar solution 局域相似local similarity 气体润滑gas lubrication 液体动力润滑hydrod yn amic lubricati on 浆体slurry泰勒数Taylor number纳维-斯托克斯方程Navier-Stokes equation 牛顿流体Newtonian fluid边界层理论boundary later theory 边界层方程boundary layer equation 边界层boundary layer 附面层boundary layer层流边界层laminar boundary layer 湍流边界层turbulent boundary layer 温度边界层thermal boundary layer 边界层转捩boundary layer tra ition 边界层分离boundary layer separation 边界层厚度boundary layer thickne 位移厚度di lacement thickne 动量厚度momentum thickne 能量厚度energy thickne 焓厚度enthalpy thickne 注入injection 吸出suction 泰勒涡Taylor vortex 速度亏损律velocity defect law 形状因子shape factor 测速法anemometry粘度测定法visco[si] metry 流动显示flow visualization 油烟显示oil smoke visualization 孑L板流量计orifice meter 频率响应frequency re o e 油膜显示oil film visualization 阴影法shadow method 纹影法schlieren method 烟丝法smoke wire method 丝线法tuft method 氢泡法nydrogen bu le method 相似理论similarity theory 相似律similarity law 咅B分相似partial similarity 定理pi theorem, Buck in gham theorem 静[态]校准static calibration 动态校准dynamic calibration 风洞wind tu el 激波管shock tube激波管风洞shock tube wind tu el 水洞water tu el 拖曳水池towing tank旋臂水池rotating arm basin 扩散段diffuser 测压孑L pre ure tap 皮托管pitot tube 普雷斯顿管preston tube 斯坦顿管Stanton tube 文丘里管Venturi tube U 形管U-tube 压强计manometer 微压计microma nometer 多管压强计multiple manometer 静压管static [pre ure]tube 流速计an emometer 风速管Pitot- static tube 激光多普勒测速计laser Do ler an emometer, laser Do ler velocimeter 热线流速计hot-wire an emometer 热膜流速计hot- film an emometer 流量计flow meter 粘度计visco[si] meter 涡量计vorticitymeter 传感器tra ducer, se or压强传感器pre ure tra ducer 热敏电阻thermistor 示踪物tracer 时间线time line 脉线streak line 尺度效应scale effect 壁效应wall effect 堵塞blockage 堵寒效应blockage effect 动态响应dynamic re o e 响应频率re o e frequency 底压base pre ure 菲克定律Fick law 巴塞特力Ba et force 埃克特数Eckert number 格拉斯霍夫数Grashof number 努塞特数Nu elt number 普朗特数prandtl number 雷诺比拟Reyno Ids an alogy 施密特数schmidt number 斯坦顿数Stanton number 对流convection自由对流n atural con vecti on,free con vec-ti on 强迫对流forced convection 热对流heat convection 质量传递ma tra fer 传质系数ma tra fer coefficient 热量传递heat tra fer 传热系数heat tra fer coefficient 对流传热convective heat tra fer 辐射传热radiative heat tra fer 动量交换momentum tra fer 能量传递energy tra fer 传导conduction 热传导conductive heat tra fer 热交换heat exchange 临界热通量critical heat flux 浓度concentration 扩散diffusion 扩散性diffusivity 扩散率diffusivity 扩散速度diffusion velocity 分子扩散molecular diffusion沸腾boiling蒸发evaporation 气化gasification 凝结conde ation 成核nucleation 计算流体力学computational fluid mecha nics多重尺度问题multiple scale problem 伯格斯方程Burgers equation对流扩散方程con vecti on diffusi on equati on KDU 方程KDV equation 修正微分方程modified differe ntial equati on 拉克斯等价定理Lax equivale nee theorem 数值模拟numerical simulation 大涡模拟large eddy simulation 数值粘性numerical viscosity 非线性不稳定性nonlinear i tability 希尔特稳定性分析Hirt stability an alysis 相容条件co istency conditionCFL 条件Courant- Friedrichs- Lewycon diti on ,CFL con diti on 狄里克雷边界条件Dirichlet bou ndarycon diti on熵条件entropy condition远场边界条件far field boundary con diti on 流入边界条件inflow boundary con diti on 无反射边界条件non reflect ing boundary con diti on数值边界条件numerical boundary con diti on流出边界条件outflow boundary con diti on 冯■诺伊曼条件von Neuma condition 近似因子分解法a roximate factorization method人工压缩artificial compre ion人工粘性artificial viscosity边界元法boundary element method 配置方法collocation method 能量法energy method 有限体积法finite volume method 流体网格法fluid in cell method, FLIC method通量校正传输法flux-corrected tra ort method通量矢量分解法flux vector litt ing method 伽辽金法Galerkin method 积分方法integral method标记网格法marker and cell method, MAC method 特征线法method of characteristics 直线法method of lines 矩量法moment method 多重网格法multi- grid method 板块法panel method 质点网格法particle in cell method, PIC method质点法particle method 预估校正法predictor-corrector method 投影法projection method 准谱法eudo- ectral method 随机选取法random choice method 激波捕捉法shock-capturing method 激波拟合法shock-fitting method 谱方法ectral method 稀疏矩阵分解法lit coefficient matrix method不定常法time-dependent method 时间分步法time litting method 变分法variational method 涡方法vortex method 隐格式implicit scheme 显格式explicit scheme交替方向隐格式alter nati ng directi on implicit scheme, ADI scheme反扩散差分格式anti-diffusion differenee scheme紧差分格式compact differenee scheme 守恒差分格式co ervation differenee scheme克兰克-尼科尔森格式Cran k-Nicolson scheme杜福特-弗兰克尔格式Dufort-Fra nkel scheme 指数格式exponential scheme 戈本诺夫格式Godu nov scheme 高分辨率格式high resoluti on scheme 拉克斯-温德罗夫格式Lax-We ndroff scheme 蛙跳格式leap-frog scheme单调差分格式monotone differe nee scheme保单调差分格式monotonicity preserving differe nee scheme穆曼-科尔格式Murman-Cole scheme 半隐格式semi-implicit scheme 斜迎风格式skew-u tream scheme 全变差下降格式total variation decreasing scheme TVD scheme迎风格式u tream scheme , upwind scheme计算区域computational domain物理区域physical domain 影响域domai n of in flue nee 依赖域domain of dependence 区域分解domain decomposition 维数分解dime ion al lit 物理解physical solution 弱解weak solution 黎曼解算子Riema solver 守恒型co ervation form 弱守恒型weak co ervation form 强守恒型strong coervation form 散度型diverge nee form 贴体曲线坐标body- fitted curvilinear coordi-nates［自］适应网格［self-］ adaptive mesh 适应网格生成adaptive grid gen erati on 自动网格生成automatic grid gen erati on 数值网格生成n umerical grid gen erati on 交错网格staggered mesh 网格雷诺数cell Reynolds number 数植扩散numerical diffusion 数值耗散numerical di ipation 数值色散numerical di ersion 数值通量numerical flux 放大因子amplification factor 放大矩阵amplification matrix 阻尼误差damping error 离散涡discrete vortex 熵通量entropy flux 熵函数entropy function 分步法fractional step method 广义连续统力学generalized continuum mecha nics 简单物质simple material 纯力学物质purely mechanical material微分型物质material of differential type 积分型物质material of integral type 混合物组份co tituents of a mixture 非协调理论in compatibility theory 微极理论micropolar theory 决定性原理principle of determinism 等存在原理principle of equipresenee 局部作用原理prin ciple of objectivity 客观性原理。

44 Defect-Oriented Testing in the Deep-Submicron Era High Defect Coverage with Low-Power Te

TESTING RANKS among the most expensive and difﬁcult aspects of the circuit design cycle, driving the need for innovative solutions. To this end, researchers have proposed built-in self-test (BIST) as a powerful DFT technique for addressing highly complex VLSI testing problems. BIST designs include on-chip circuitry to provide test patterns and analyze output responses. Performing tests on the chip greatly reduces the need for complex external equipment. The most commonly used fault model for BIST of digital systems is the classical single stuck-at fault model. However, in the new CMOS nanometer technologies, defects do not always behave as stuck-at faults do.1 Therefore, test generation based on the stuck-at model alone is no longer sufﬁcient for obtaining high defect coverage.2 A straightforward solution covering many misbehaviors that can occur in

定向凝固技术的发展与应用

定向凝固技术的发展与应用摘要：定向凝固技术是指利用一定的设备，在一定的工艺条件下使材料的组织具有特殊取向从而获得优异性能的工艺过程。

定向凝固技术是伴随着高温合金的发展而逐步发展起来的。

本文综述了定向凝固技术的定向凝固理论，对比分析了不同定向凝固方法的优缺点，并从四个方面论述了提高温度梯度的途径，最后对定向凝固技术的发展及应用前景做了展望。

关键词：定向凝固；工艺特点；温度梯度；应用1.引言凝固是材料制备与加工的重要手段之一，先进的凝固技术为先进材料开发与利用提供了技术条件。

凝固过程中包含了热量、质量和动量的传输过程，它们决定了材料凝固组织和成分分布，进而影响材料性能。

近20年中，不仅开发出许多先进凝固技术，也丰富和发展了凝固理论。

其中，先进凝固技术主要集中于如下几种类型：定向凝固、快速凝固与近快速凝固技术、外加物理场（压力场、电磁场、超重力或微重力场）中的凝固技术以及强制流动条件下的凝固技术等。

定向凝固技术是对金属材料进行凝固过程进行研究的重要手段之一，可用于模拟合金的凝固过程，制备高质量航空发动机定向和单晶叶片等。

同时，也是研究固液界面形态及凝固组织行之有效的技术手段。

定向凝固技术的出现是涡轮叶片发展过程中的一次重大变革。

铸造高温合金叶片的制造工艺经历了从等轴晶铸造到定向单晶凝固的发展过程，不仅在晶粒结构的控制上取得了很大进展，而且铸造性能也有了很大提高，常规的铸造高温合金尽管有较高的耐温能力，但材料的中温蠕变强度较低。

定向凝固技术能够使晶粒定向排列，在垂直于应力方向没有晶界，同时由于沿晶粒生长的（001）方向具有最低的弹性模量，这样将大大降低叶片工作时因温度不均匀所造成的热应力，因此使蠕变断裂寿命和热疲劳强度得到很大提高，如DS Mar-M200+Hf比等轴晶合金热疲劳性能提高了8倍。

此后，随着各种定向凝固技术的不断发展，固液界面前沿的温度梯度不断增大、冷却速率逐渐提高，定向生产的叶片综合性能也日2. 定向凝固理论2.1成分过冷理论Chalmers、Tiller［1, 2］等人在研究中发现在合金中液固界面前沿由于溶质富集导致平界面失稳而形成胞晶和枝晶，首次提出了著名的成将会产生成分过冷”分过冷”判据：G L m L C o( k o _ 1)V k0D L ( 1) 式中，G L为液固界面前沿液相温度梯度；V为界面生长速度；m L为液相线斜率；C o为合金平均成份；k o为平衡溶质分配系数；D L为液相中溶质扩散系数。

船舶专业词汇

船舶专业词汇a faired set of lines经过光顺处理的一套型线 a stereo pair of photographs一对立体投影相片 abaft 朝向船体aba ndo nment cost 船舶废置成本费用accommodati on居住（舱室） accommodati on ladder 舷梯adjust valveadjustable-pitchadmiralty adva nee coefficie ntaerostatic调节阀可调螺距式海军部进速系数空气静力学的aft peak bulkhead艉尖舱壁 aft peak tank艉尖舱 ailero n畐寸鳍 air-drive n water pump 气动水泵 airfoil 气翼，翼剖面，机面，方向舵 alumi num alloy structure America n Bureau of Shipp ingamidships肿 amphibious两栖的 an chor arm锚臂 an chor cha in锚链 an chor crow n锚冠 an chor fluke锚爪 an chor mouth锚唇 anchor recess 锚穴 air cushi onvehicle air diffuserair in take aircraftcarrier气垫船空气扩散器进气口航空母舰 alig nment chock 组装校准用垫楔铝合金结构美国船级社an chor shackle an chor stock锚卸扣锚杆an gle baran gle of attackan gle plate an gled deck 角钢攻角角钢斜角甲板an ticipated loads encoun tered at seaan ti-pitch ing fins减纵摇鳍 an tiroll fins减摇鳍 appe ndage 附体artisa n 技工assembly line at-sea reple ni shme nt augme nt of resista nee auxiliary systems auxiliary tank axial adva nee back ing structure back-up member bala nee weight ball beari ng ball valve ballast tank bar 型材装配流水线海上补给阻力增额辅机系统调节水舱轴向进速垫衬结构焊接垫板平衡锤滚珠轴承球阀压载水舱bar keel 棒龙骨，方龙骨，矩形龙骨barge 驳船baseli ne 基线basic desig n 基本设计batten 压条，板条beam 船宽，梁beam bracket 横梁肘板beam knee 横梁肘板bendin g-mome nt curves 弯矩曲线Ben oulli's law 伯努利定律berth term 停泊期bevel 折角bidder投标人 bed-plate girder 基座纵桁在波浪中遭遇到的预期载荷 an ti-rolli ng tank减摇水舱bilge 舭,舱底bilge bracket 舭肘板bilge radius 舭半径bilge sounding pipe 舭部边舱水深探管bitt 单柱系缆桩blade root 叶跟blade secti on 叶元剖面blast 喷丸block coefficie nt 方形系数blue peter 出航旗board ing deck 登艇甲板boat davit 吊艇架boat fall 吊艇索boat guy 稳艇索bobstay 首斜尾拉索body pla n 横剖面图bolt 螺栓，上螺栓固定Bonjea n curve 邦戎曲线boom弔杆boss 螺旋桨轴穀bottom side girder 旁底桁bottom side tank 底边舱bottom tran sverse 底列板boun dary layer 边界层bow line 前体纵剖线bow wave 艏波bowsprit 艏斜桅bow-thruster 艏侧推器box girder 箱桁bracket floor 框架肋板brake 制动装置brake band 制动带brake crank arm 制动曲柄brake drum 刹车卷筒brake hydraulic cyli nder 希9动液压缸brake hydraulic pipe 刹车液压管breadth extreme 取大宽，计算宽度breakbulk breasthook件杂货艏肘板桥楼，驾驶台bridgebridge con sole sta nd 驾驶室集中操作台BSRA 英国船舶研究协会屈曲buckle buffer spri ngbuilt-up plate secti on bulb plate bulbous bow 缓冲弹簧组合型材bulk carrierbulk oil carrier bulkheadbulwarkbulwark plate bulwark staybuoy ten der buoya ntbuoyant box Bureau Veritas butt weldbutterfly screw cap buttockby conven tioncable shipcable winch球头扁钢球状船艏，球鼻首散货船散装油轮舱壁舷墙舷墙板舷墙支撑航标船浮力的浮箱法国船级社对缝焊接蝶形螺帽后体纵剖线按照惯例，按约定布缆船钢索绞车CAD(computer-aided desig n)CAE(computer-aided manu facturi ng) CAM(computer-aided engin eeri ng) camber 计算机辅助设计计算机辅助制造计算机辅助工程cant beam cant frame can tilever beam 梁拱斜横梁斜肋骨悬臂梁舱容图capacity pla nCAPP(computer -aided process planning) capsize 倾覆计算机辅助施工计划制定capsiz ing mome nt captai n 船长 captured-air-bubble vehicle cargo cubic cargo han dli ng carriage cast steel stem post catamara n 倾覆力臂catamara n cavitati on cavitati on nu mber cavitati on tunnel cen ter keels on cen terl ine bulkhead cen troid cha in cable stopper海图租船人轮机长舭，舷，脊导览钳chart charterer chief engineer chine 束缚气泡减阻船货舱舱容，载货容积货物装卸拖车，拖架铸钢艏柱高速双体船双体的空泡｝空泡数空泡水筒中内龙骨中纵舱壁型心，重心，质心，矩心制链器 chock CIM(computer in tegrated manu facturi ng) circulati on theory环流理论 classificatio n society 船级社cleat 计算机集成组合制造 clipper bow clutch coastal cargo cofferdam 系缆扣飞剪型船首离合器沿海客货轮防撞舱壁混合型艏柱 comb ined cast and rolled stem 营利用船补给库舱室，粮食库通用运输船交通船舱室罗经概念设计commercial ship commissary spaces com mon carrier commuter compartme nt compass con cept desig ncrest (of wave)波峰 crew quarters船员居住舱 criteri on判据，准贝U Critical Path Method 关键路径法cross-cha nnel automobile ferries cross-secti onal area 横咅 U 面面积 crow's n est 桅杆瞭望台cruiser ster n 巡洋舰尾cruss ing range cup and ball joint curvature curves of form cushi onof air damagestability damperdamp ing davitarm deadweight de-ballast deckline at side deckIon gitud inaldeck stri ngerdeck tran sversedeckhouse deep v hull航程球窝关节曲率各船形曲线气垫破损稳性conn ect ing tank con sta nt-pitch propeller con stra int con diti on 集装箱集装箱化合同设计对转桨可控螺距式锈蚀，腐蚀力矩，力偶克令吊，起重机曲柄 container contain erized con tract desig n contra-rotating propellers con trollable-pitch corrosi on couple crane crank连接水柜定螺距螺旋桨约束条件横越海峡车客渡轮缓冲器阻尼吊臂总载重量卸除压载甲板边线甲板纵骨甲板边板强横梁舱面室，甲板室深v 型船体交船船深起重机，吊杆设计余量设计螺旋循环方式驱逐舰山字钩double iteration proceduredouble roller chock double-acting steam cyli nder dow nhalyard draftdrag drain age draught dredge drift drilling rigdrillship driveshaft driv inggear boxdriv ing shaftsystem drydock干船坞 ducted propeller dyn amic supported craft双重迭代法双滚轮式导览钳双向作用的蒸汽气缸detachable shackle detail desig n diago nal stiffe ner diagram dieselengine dime nsionl ess ratio 图, displaceme nt displaceme nt type vessel distributed load 散合式连接卸扣详细设计斜置加强筋原理图，设计图柴油机无量纲比值排水量 division do work dock排水型船分布载荷站，划分，分隔做功泊靠 deliverydepthderrick desig n margin desig n spiral double hook 降帆索吃水阻力，拖拽力排水吃水，草图，设计图，牵引力挖泥船漂移，偏航钻架钻井船驱动器轴传动齿轮箱传动轴系导管螺旋桨动力支撑型船舶dyn amometer 测力计，功率计e.h.p 有效马力 ecce ntric wheel 偏心轮 echo-so un der 回声探深仪 eddy 漩涡eddy-mak ing resista nee efficie ncy electrohydraulic electroplaterelevatio ns 拔 empirical formula en closed fabricatio n shop en closed lifeboat漩涡阻力供给能力，供给量电动液压的电镀工高度，高程，船型线图的侧面图，立视图，纵剖线图，海 end ope n link end shackle en dura nee en dura nee engine room frame engine room hatch end beam en sig n staff entrance 经验公式封闭式装配车间封闭式救生艇末端链环末端卸扣续航力续航力，全功率工作时间机舱肋骨机舱口端梁w erecti on exhaust valve expa nded bracket expa nsion joint extrapolate fair faised floor fan fatigue 船尾旗杆进流段装配，安装排气阀延伸肘板伸缩接头外插光顺升高肋板鼓风机疲劳| 可行性研究顺流变距桨叶 feasibility study featheri ng blade fen der 护舷 ferry 渡轮，渡运航线 fillet weld conn ection 贴角焊连接 fin an gle feedback set 鳍角反馈装置纤细高速船瘦长船型有限元水火管锅炉固定螺距式突边，法兰盘侧翼舵襟翼舵外张平板龙骨船队挠曲的起重船可进长度曲线物流流型，流线谱平甲板型船游艇驾驶台艏三角帆折叠式舱口盖折叠收放式减摇鳍随边后续船脚踏刹车艏尖舱锻钢艏柱锻件，锻造船首水尺艏艉柱前/后肩翻砂铸造船肋骨，框架，桁架干舷干舷甲板运费率淡水载重线摩擦阻力fine fast shipfine form finiteelement firetube boilerfixed-pitchflange flankingrudders flap-type rudder flareflat of keel fleetsof vesselsflexural floati ng crane floodable len gth curve flow of materials flow patter n flushdeck vessel flyingbridge flyi ng jib folding batch cover folding retractable fin stabilizer followi ng edge followi ng ship foot brake fore peak forged steel stem forgi ng forward draft markforward/after perpe ndicular forward/after shoulder foundrycast ing frame freeboardfreeboarddeck freight rate fresh water loadli nefricti onal resistaneeFroude nu mber 傅汝德数fuel/water supply vessel 油水供给船 full form full scale full ness funnel furnishings gaffgaff foresail gan gway gantt chart gasketed ope nings gen eral arran geme nt gen eral cargo ship gen eratrix丰满船型全尺度丰满度烟囱内装修纵帆斜桁前桅主帆舷梯甘特图母线 geometrically similar form girder 桁梁，桁架 girder of foun dati on gover nmen tal authorities gradie nt grav ing dock Gree n Book 装以密封垫的开口总布置杂货船外形相似船型基座纵桁政府当局，管理机构梯度槽式船坞绿皮书，19世纪英国另一船级社的船名录，现合并与劳埃德船级社，用于登录快速远洋船 gross ton 长吨（1.016 公吨） group tech no logy 成祖建造技术 GT 成组建造技术 guided-missile cruiser gun wale 船舷上缘 gun wale an gle 舷边角钢 gun wale roun ded thick strake guyli ne 定位索 gypsy 链轮gyro-pilot steeri ng in dicator gyroscope half breadth pla n half depth girder half roun ded flat plate 回转仪导弹巡洋舰舷边圆弧厚板自动操舵操纵台半宽图半深纵骨半圆扁钢hard chine hatch beam sockets hatch coam ing hatch cover hatchcover hatch cover rack hatch side can tilever hawse pipe hawsehole heave heel heel piece helicoidal hinge hin ged ster n HMS hog中拱 hold船舱倾卸驳水平扶强材轴毂，套筒船型，船体外形船体桁应力HVAC(heati ng ven tilat ing and cooli ng) hydraulic mecha nism 液压机构hydrod yn amic 水动力学的 hydrofoil 水翼 hydrostatic 水静力的IAGG(i nteractive computer graphics) icebreaker破冰船 icebreaker破冰船IMCO(Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization) 国际海事质询组织 immerse 浸水，浸没impact load 冲击载荷 imperial unit英制单位homoge neous cyli nder 均质柱状体v 尖舭舱口梁座舱口围板舱口盖舱口盖板舱口盖板隔架舱口悬臂梁锚链桶锚链孔垂荡横倾艉柱根螺旋面的，螺旋状的铰链door艉部吊门英国皇家海军舰艇 hopper barge horizon tal stiffe ner hub 桨毂,hull form hull girderstress取暖，通风与冷却交互式计算机图像技术in strake 内列板in board profile 纵剖面图in creme ntal plasticity 增量塑性in depe ndent tank 独立舱柜initial stability at small angle of inclinationinland waterways vessel 内河船小倾角初稳性inner bottom in-pla ne load in tact stability in tercostals 内底面内载荷完整稳性爱肋间的，加强的Intern ati onal Associati on of Classificati on Society(IACS) 国际船级社联合会Intern ati onal Towi ng Tank Conference (ITTC) in tersectio n 交点，交叉，横断(切) inventory con trol 存货管理iterative process 迭代过程jack 船首旗jack 千斤顶joinery 纟田木工keel 龙骨国际船模试验水池会议keel layi ng 开始船舶建造kenter shackle 双半式连接链环Kriste n-Boei ng propeller 正摆线推进器landing craft 登陆艇launch 发射，下水launch 汽艇launching equipme ng （向水中）投放设备LCC 大型原油轮leadi ng edge 导缘，导边ledge 副梁材len gth overall 总长leveler 调平器，矫平机life sav ing applia nee 救生设备lifebuoy 救生圈lifejacket 救生衣lift fan 升力风扇lift offsets 量取型值light load draft lighte ning hole light-ship limbers board liner tradelines lines pla n 型线型线图Linnean hierarchical tax onomy liquefied gas carrier liquefied n atural gas carrier liquefied petroleum gas carrier liquid bulk cargo carrier liquid chemical tan ker list 倾斜living and utility spaces Lloyd's Register of shipp ing Lloyd's Rules Load Line Conven ti on load line regulati onsload waterpla ne林式等级式分类学液化气运输船液化天然气船液化石油气船液体散货船液体化学品船居住与公用舱室劳埃德船级社loft floor 放样台Ion gitudi nal (tra nsverse) 纵(横) Ion gitudi nal bending 纵总弯曲Iongitudinal prismatic coefficient Ion gitudi nal stre ngth Ion gitudi nally framed system luffing winch mach inery ven dor magnet gantry maide n voyage mai n impeller mai n shaft ing major ship man euverability man hole 稳心高纵向菱形系数纵总强度纵骨架式结构margin plate maritime变幅绞车机械（主机）卖方磁力式龙门吊处女航主推叶轮主轴系大型船舶操纵性人孔边板海事的，海运的，靠海的空载吃水减轻孔空船舭部污水道顶板定期班轮营运业劳埃德规范载重线公约载重线公约, 载重水线面规范mark disk of speed adjusti ngmast 桅杆 mast clutch 桅座矩阵速度调整标度盘matrixmercha nt ship 商船 Mercha nt Shipbuild ing Retur n metace nter 商船建造统计表metace ntric height metal plate path metal worker metric unit 稳心稳心高金属板电镀槽金属工公制单位中线面肿横剖面中横剖面系数 middle line plane midship secti on midship secti on coefficie nt ML 物资清单，物料表 model tank 船模试验水池 mon itori ng desk of main engine operati on mon itori ng scree n of screw work ing con diti on more shape to the shell 船壳板的形状复杂 mould loft 放样间主机操作监视台螺旋桨运转监视屏multihull vessel multi-purpose carrier multi-ship program mushroom ven tilator mutually exclusive attribute N/C 数值控制 n autical mile 多体船多用途船多种船型建造规划蘑菇形通风桶相互排它性的属性 n aval architecture n avigati on area n avigati on deck near-uni versal gear n et-load curve n eutral axis n eutral equilibrium non-retractable fin stabilizer 法向的，正交的海里造船学航区航海甲板准万向舵机，准万向齿轮静载荷曲线中性轴，中和轴中性平衡不可收放式减摇鳍normalnotch 开槽，开凹口oar 橹,桨oblique bitts 斜式双柱系缆桩ocea n going ship 远洋船off-ce nter load ing 偏离中心的装载offsets 型值offshore drilli ng 离岸钻井offshore structure 离岸工程结构物oil filler 加油点oil skimmer 浮油回收船oil-rig 钻油架on-deck girder 甲板上桁架ope n water 敞水optimality criterion I最优性准则ore carrier 矿砂船orthogo nal 矩形的orthogo nal 正交的out strake 外列板outboard motor 舷外机outboard profile 侧视图outer jib 外首帆outfit 舾装outfitter 舾装工outrigger 舷外吊杆叉头overall stability 总体稳性overha ng 外悬paddle 桨paddle-wheel-propelled 明轮推进的Pan ama Canal 巴拿马运河panting arran geme nt 强胸结构，抗拍击结构pan ti ng beam 强胸横梁panting stri nger 抗拍击纵材parallel middle body 平行中体partial bulkhead 局部舱壁payload 有效载荷perpe ndicular 柱，垂直的，正交的nose cone 螺旋桨整流帽photogrammetry pile driv ing barge pillar pin jig pin tle pipe fitter pipelay ing barge pist on pitch pitch pla n views pla nning hull Plimsoll li ne polar-explorati on craft poop 尾楼 port 左舷 port call 沿途到港停靠 positive righting moment power and lighti ng system precept 技术规则 prelim inary desig n pressure coam ing prin cipal dime nsions 投影照相测量法打桩船支柱限位胎架销，枢轴管装工铺管驳船活塞螺距纵摇设计图滑行船体普林索尔载重线极地考察船正扶正力矩动力与照明系统初步设计阻力式舱口防水挡板主尺度 Program Evaluati on and Review Tech nique progressive flood ing project 探照灯 propeller shaft bracket propeller type log PVC foamed plastic quadra nt quality assura nee quarter quarter pillar quarteri ngsea quasi-steady wave 码头，规划评估与复核法累进进水 PVC 舵柄居住区quay quotati on尾轴架螺旋桨推进器测程仪泡沫塑料质量保证舱内侧梁柱尾斜浪准定长波停泊所报价单racking 倾斜，变形，船体扭转变形radiography X 射线探伤rake 倾斜raked bow 前倾式船首raster 光栅refrigerated cargo ship 冷藏货物运输船Register （船舶）登录簿，船名录Registo Italia no Navade J 意大利船级社regulat ing knob of fuel pressure 燃油压力调节钮reserve buoya ncy 储备浮力residuary resista nee 剩余阻力resulta nt 合力reverse frame 内底横骨Reyno Ids nu mber 雷诺数right-ha nded propeller 右旋进桨righti ng arm 扶正力臂，恢复力臂rigid side walls 刚性侧壁rise of floor 底升riveri ne warfare vessel 内河舰艇rivet 铆接，铆钉roll 横摇roll-o n/roll-off (Ro/Ro) 滚装rotary screw propeller 回转式螺旋推进器roun ded gun wale 修圆的舷边roun ded sheer strake 圆弧舷板rubber tile 橡皮瓦rudder 舵rudder beari ng 舵承rudder blade 舵叶rudder con trol rod 操舵杆rudder gudge on 舵钮rudder pin tle 舵销rudder post 舵柱rudder spin dle 舵轴rudder stock 舵杆rudder trunk 舵杆围井run 去流段sag 中垂salvage lift ing vessel scale 缩尺，尺度 schedule coordi nati on 救捞船 schedule reviews scree n bulkhead Sea keep ing performa nee sea spectra sea state 生产规程协调施工生产进度审核轻型舱壁耐波性能 seakeep ing seasick ness seaworthness seaworth ness secti on moulus secti ongs self- in duced self-propulsi on semi-bala needrudder semi-submersible drilling rig shaft boss ing 轴穀 shaft bracket 轴支架剪切，剪力海浪谱海况适航性晕船适航性适航性剖面模数剖面，横剖面自身诱导的自航半平衡舵半潜式钻井架shear shear buckli ng 剪切性屈曲 shear curve 剪力曲线舷弧 sheer sheer aft sheer draw ingsheer forward sheer pla ne sheer profile sheer profile shell plati ng ship fitter ship hydrod ynamics 艉舷弧剖面图艏舷弧纵剖面总剖线纵剖图船壳板船舶装配工船舶水动力学shipway 船台 shipyard 船厂shrouded screw有套罩螺旋桨，导管螺旋桨side frame 舷边肋骨side keels on 旁内龙骨side plate 舷侧外板side stri nger 甲板边板sin gle-cyli nder engine 单缸引擎sin kage 升沉six degrees of freedom 六自由度ski n frictio n 表面摩擦力skirt （气垫船）围裙slammi ng 砰击sleeve 套管，套筒，套环slewi ng hydraulic motor 回转液压马达slice 一部分，薄片slop ing shipway 有坡度船台slop ing top plate of bottom side tank 底边舱斜顶板slop int bottom plate of topside tank 定边舱斜底板soft chine 圆舭sonar 声纳spade rudder 悬挂舵spectacle frame 眼睛型骨架speed-to-le ngth ratio 速长比sponson deck 舷伸甲板spri nging 颤振stability 稳性stable equilibrium 稳定平衡starboard 右舷static equilibrium 静平衡steamer 汽轮船steeri ng gear 操纵装置，舵机stem 船艏stem con tour 艏柱型线ster n 船艉stern barrel 尾拖网滚筒ster n coun ter 尾突体stern ramp 尾滑道，尾跳板ster n transom plate 尾圭寸板ster n wave 艉波加劲，加强扶强材，加劲杆跨立，外包式叶片应变船体列板流线流线型套管强度曲线强力甲板应力集中结构不稳定性支撑构型分部装配分舱浸没式喷口潜期superi ntendent superstructure Supervision of theSociety's surveyor 船级社验船师的监造书supper cavitating propeller 超空泡螺旋桨 wsurface no zzle 水面式喷口surface pierci ng穿透水面的surface preparati on and coati ng surge 纵荡 surm ount 顶上覆盖，越过swage plate 压筋板 swash bulkhead止荡舱壁SWATH (Small Waterpla ne Area Twin Hull) sway 横荡 tail-stabilizer an chor 尾翼式锚talk ing paper 讨论文件 tan ge ntial切向的，正切的tangen tial viscous force 切向粘性力tan ker油船stiffe n stiffe ner straddle strain strake streamline streamli ned cas ing stre ngth curves stre ngth deck stress concen trati on structural in stability strut支柱， subassembly subdivisi on submerged no zzle submersible sucti on back of a blade Suez Canal tonn age summer load water line 桨叶片抽吸叶背苏伊士运河吨位限制夏季载重水线监督管理人，总段长，车间主任上层建筑表面加工处理与喷涂小水线面双体船tee T tender ten sile stress thermal effect throttle valve throughput thrust thruster timber carrier tip of a blade tip vortex 型构件，三通管交通小艇拉（张）应力热效应节流阀物料流量推力推力器，助推器木材运输船桨叶叶梢梢涡toed towards amidships tonn age torpedo torque torque trailing edge transom ster n 趾部朝向船肿吨位鱼雷扭矩扭矩随边方尾 tran sverse bulkhead plat ing tran sverse secti on tran sverse stability trawli ng 拖网 trial 实船试验纵倾横隔舱壁板横剖面横稳性trimtrim by the stern/bow trimara n艉艏倾三体的 tripp ing bracket trough tugboat tumble home tunnel wall effect 防倾肘板 turn ableblade turn able shrouded screwtwee ndeck cargo space twee ndedk frame 波谷拖船（船侧）内倾水桶壁面效应可转动式桨叶转动导管螺旋桨甲板间舱甲板间肋骨two no dded freque ncy 双节点频率ULCC 超级大型原油轮ultras onic un derwriter un symmetrical upright positi on vaporpocket超声波的（海运）保险商非对称的正浮位置气化阱ven tilati on and air con diti oning diagram Ven turi section文丘里试验段vertical prismatic coefficie nt vertical-axis(cycloidal)propeller vessel comp onent ven der viscosity 粘性VLCC 巨型原油轮横剖面系数直叶（摆线）推进器造船部件销售商Voith-Sch neider propeller型剖面伴流，尾流喷水（推进）管水线面水密完整性波形消波器，消波板wave-mak ing resista nee 兴波阻力weather deck 露天甲板 web 腹板web beam 强横梁 web frame 腹肋板 weler焊工 wetted surface湿表面积winch 绞车win dlass 起锚机wing shaft 侧轴win g-keel翅龙骨（游艇）work ing allowa nee 有效使用修正量worm gear蜗轮，蜗杆yacht 快艇yard issue 船厂开工任务发布书 yards 帆桁 yaw首摇通风与空调铺设设计图外摆线直翼式推进器v-sect ionvwake curre nt water jet water pla ne watertight in tegrity wave patter n wave suppressor船用主机缩略语AK(Akasako) 赤阪AP(Alpha) 阿尔法BW(B&W) 伯迈斯特-韦恩CA(Callesco) 卡莱森CL(Cegelec Motors) 西盖列克发动机CP(Caterpillar) 卡特皮拉CU(Cummins) 康明斯DH(Daihatsu) 大发DZ(Deutz) 多伊茨GE(G.E.C) 通用电气HA(Hamshin) 阪神KM(Liebknecht) 李克内希特MA(Makita) 牧田MI(Mitsubishi) 三菱MK(Mak) 马克MN(MAN) 曼恩MR(Mirrlees) 米尔列斯MT(Matsui) 三井MW(MWM) 曼海姆NG(Nnrmo) 诺而布NI(Niigata) 新泻PL(Semt-Pielstick) 皮尔斯蒂克SK(Skoda) 斯柯达SZ(Sulzer) 苏尔寿YM(Yaomar) 洋马。

凝血相关CAPchecklist

凝血相关Checklist1.Controls should verify assay performance at relevant decision points. The selection of these points may be based on clinical or analytical criteria.Evidence of Compliance:✓Records of QC results including external and electronic/procedural/built-in control systems AND✓Records documenting in-house verification of electronic/procedural/built-in control systems, if used2. For quantitative tests, a statistically valid target range (e.g. mean, SD, CV) is verified or established for each lot of control material by repetitive analysis in runs that include previously te sted control materials.Evidence of Compliance:✓Written procedure defining method used to establish target range AND✓Records of target range determination or verification, as applicable3.For numeric QC data, Gaussian or other quality control statistics (e.g. SD and CV) are calculated monthly to define analytic imprecision.Evidence of Compliance:✓Written procedure for monitoring analytic imprecision including statistical analysis of data AND✓QC records showing monthly monitoring of imprecision4. The laboratory has an action protocol when data from precision statistics change significantly from previous data.Evidence of Compliance:✓Written protocol for investigation, documentation and corrective action should a significant change in precision statistics occur AND✓Records of investigation and corrective actions taken5.Control specimens are tested in the same manner and by the same personnel as patient samples.Evidence of Compliance:✓Records reflecting that QC is run by the same personnel performing patient testing6. The results of controls are reviewed for acceptability before reporting results.NOTE: It is implicit in QC logic that patient test results are not reported when controls do not yieldacceptable results.Evidence of Compliance:✓Written policy/procedure stating that controls are reviewed and acceptable prior to reporting patient results AND✓Evidence of corrective action taken when QC results are not acceptable7.There is documentation of corrective action when control results exceed defined acceptability limits.8.Quality control data are reviewed and asse ssed at least monthly by the laboratorydirector or designee.Evidence of Compliance:✓Records of QC review with documented follow-up for outliers, trends or omissions9.There is a documented procedure regarding clearing (flushing) of the volume of intravenous lines before drawing samples for hemosta sis te sting.10.There is a documented procedure regarding clearing (flushing) of the volume ofintravenous lines before drawing samples for hemosta sis te sting.Evidence of Compliance:✓Written procedure defining the use of 3.2% buffered sodium citrate for coagulation specimen collection OR procedure with an alternative anticoagulant defined with validation data11. There are documented guidelines for rejection of under- or overfilled collection tube s.Evidence of Compliance:✓Records of rejected specimens12.There are documented guidelines for detection and special handling of specimens with elevated hematocrits.13. Coagulation specimens are checked for clots (visual, applicator sticks, or by analysis of te sting re sults) before te sting or reporting re sults.14. Coagulation tests are promptly performed on fresh plasma, or the platelet-poorplasma is frozen until testing can be performed.Evidence of Compliance:✓Written procedure defining specimen stability requirements and sample preservation for delays in coagulation testing15.Platelet functional studie s (platelet aggregation or initial platelet function te st) are performed within an appropriate period after venipuncture.Evidence of Compliance:✓Written procedure defining specimen stability for platelet function studies AND✓Records reflecting completion of testing within defined time period16.Patient results are reported with accompanying reference inte rvals or interpretive ranges.17.For PT, there is documentation that the ISI is appropriate to the particular PT reagent and instrumentation used.Evidence of Compliance:✓Record showing information from the instrument/reagent manufacturer OR use of an ISI calculated from laboratory specimens18.The calculation of the INR is adjusted using the appropriate ISI value for every new lot of PT reagent, changes in type s of reagent, or change in instrumentation.Evidence of Compliance:✓Records showing that the ISI values used in the INR calculation were appropriate for new lots and types of PT reagent and for any other changes19.The appropriate geometric mean of the PT reference interval is used in the INR calculation.Evidence of Compliance:✓Written procedure for determining the geometric mean and its use in the INR calculation AND✓Records for geometric mean determinations and INR calculations for each instrument and PT reagent lots used20. There are checks of patient reports for correct INR calculations, patient values, and reference ranges under the following circumstance s.1. Change in lot or type of PT reagent2. Change in instrument3. Establishment of new PT reference range4. Change in INR calculation5. At defined intervals, in the absence of the above changesEvidence of Compliance:✓Records of patient report checks documented at defined frequency21.There is documentation that the aPTT-based heparin therapeutic range is established and subsequently verified using an appropriate technique.Evidence of Compliance:✓Written procedure defining criteria for establishing and verifying the aPTT heparin therapeutic range22.Reference intervals for PT and aPTT are current for the reagent or lot number, and are appropriately determined.Evidence of Compliance:✓Written procedure with defined criteria for determining reference intervals for PT and aPTT AND✓Reports showing verification of the reference interval with changes of lot or reagent AND✓Patient reports reflecting the use of the correct reference intervals23.Recommendations are available to clinicians concerning which laboratory te sts touse for monitoring heparin, low molecular weight heparin, direct thrombin inhibitors (e.g. lepirudin, bivalirudin, argatroban) and/or oral anticoagulant therapy, and the therapeutic range for the tests.Evidence of Compliance:✓Memorandums to physicians, test reference guide, interpretive comments in patient reports, or other documented mechanism for providing recommendations to physicians for ordering and interpreting coagulation tests used to monitor anticoagulant therapy24. Pipettors and dilutors (fixed volume or adjustable) are checked at least annuallyfor accuracy and reproducibility, (gravimetric, colorimetric or other verification procedure), and results recorded.25.Volumetric glassware is of certified accuracy (Cla ss A), or checked by thelaboratory to verify accuracy.Evidence of Compliance:✓Glassware marked Class A OR NIST certificate OR validation study of accuracy for noncertified glassware26. When the laboratory use s retained patient samples, statistically defined limits areused to determine agreement of sequential assays of a given sample.Evidence of Compliance:✓Written QC procedure defining the control limits for repeat analysis of retained patient specimens AND✓QC records showing the use of the defined control limits27.Tests for defining or monitoring disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) problems are available, if applicable to the patient population served.28.There is a system to at least annually measure the actual platelet count of the"platelet poor" plasma used for many coagulation tests.Evidence of Compliance:✓Written procedure defining method for measuring platelet concentration of platelet-poor plasma AND✓Records of platelet concentration checks on all centrifuges used to prepare platelet-poor Plasma29.Coagulation tests (e.g. PT, aPTT, fibrinogen, and factor assays) are performed at 37°C.Evidence of Compliance:✓Records of temperature checks or automated internal instrument temperature monitoring30.Controls are run using two different levels of control material each 8 hours ofpatient testing and each time there is a change in reagents.Evidence of Compliance:✓Records of QC results including external and electronic/procedural/built-in control systems at defined frequency AND✓Records documenting in-house validation of electronic/procedural/built-in control systems, if used.31.For quantitative tests, a valid acceptable range has been established or verified for each lot of control material.32. For electromechanical coagulation systems, if the system has reusable probes to detect a clot, documented guidelines for cleaning the probes are available.33. For manual coagulation testing (e.g. PT, aPTT, fibrinogen) determinations are performed in duplicate and criteria for agreement are defined.Evidence of Compliance:✓Records or worksheets reflecting duplicate testing of each sample including corrective action when limits of agreement are exceeded34. The unit results in the laboratory report are the units generated directly by theD-dimer method, including both the unit type (e.g. FEU or D-DU) and unit of magnitude (e.g. ng/ mL).35. If a D-dimer method is used in the exclusion of venous thromboembolism, the method is valid for this purpose.36. If a D-dimer test is used for exclusion of venous thromboembolism (VTE) or as an aid in the diagnosis VTE, the laboratory reports the cut-off value, as well as the reference range.Evidence of Compliance:✓Patient reports including reference range AND✓Patient reports including cut-off value for exclusion of deep vein thrombosis OR other documented communication of cut-off value to physician37.For coagulation end point-based factor a ssays, three or more points are plotted for the standard curve.Evidence of Compliance:✓Written procedure for establishing standard curves AND✓Records of standard curves for factor assays38.The standard curve s are verified with at least two reference points for each factor assay determination each 8 hours of patient te sting, or each time a factor assay is performed if factor assays are performed less frequently than one per 8 hours. Evidence of Compliance:✓Written procedure describing the verification of standard curves with two reference points AND✓Records of QC documented at defined frequency39. Three or more dilutions are plotted for each factor assay.Evidence of Compliance:✓Records or worksheets showing patient data analyzed at three or more dilutions40.When factor assays are performed, the laboratory reports apparent inhibitoreffects.41.When plasma-mixing studies are performed, an appropriate pooled plasma is utilized.42. For samples with positive mixing study results (sugge stive of an inhibitor), there is either a procedure to detect heparin or other antithrombotic drugs that inhibit coagulation, or the result is reported with a comment that the effect of inhibitor drugs cannot be excluded.43. Calibration procedures for each test system are adequate, and the calibration records are reviewed for acceptability.44.Criteria are established for frequency of recalibration or calibration verification, and the acceptability of results.Evidence of Compliance:✓Written procedure defining the method, frequency and limits of acceptability of calibration verification AND✓Records of calibration verification and/or recalibration documented at defined frequency45.T he test system is recalibrated when calibration verification fails to meet the established criteria of the laboratory.Evidence of Compliance:✓Written procedure defining criteria for recalibration AND✓Records of recalibration, if calibration or calibration verification has failed46.Verification of the analytical measurement range (AMR) is performed with matrix appropriate materials, which, at a minimum, include the low, mid and high range of the AMR, appropriate acceptance criteria are defined, and the process is documented. Evidence of Compliance:✓Written procedure for AMR verification defining the types of materials used, frequency and acceptability criteria47.If a result is less than or greater than the AMR, a numeric result is not reported unless the sample is proce ssed by dilution, a mixing procedure or concentration so that the proce ssed result falls within the AMR.48.For analytes that may have results falling outside the limits of the AMR, thelaboratory procedure specifie s the maximum dilution that may be performed to obtain a reportable numeric result.49.Blood specimens for platelet aggregation and platelet function studies are handledat room temperature before testing.Evidence of Compliance:✓Written procedure defining the specimen handling requirements prior to analysis50. Platelet aggregation studies are performed at the temperature recommended by the manufacturer.Evidence of Compliance:✓Records of temperature checks OR automated internal instrument temperature monitoring51 Platelet aggregation studie s are completed between 30 minutes and 3-4 hours of bloodcollection.52. If platelet aggregation studies are performed by an optical aggregation methodology using platelet rich plasma, there is a procedure to define optimal platelet concentration range.Evidence of Compliance:✓Written procedure defining the optimal platelet concentration and special handling for samples outside of the optimal range AND✓Patient reports with disclaimer if concentration is less than or greater than the optimal Concentration53. The person in charge of bench testing/section supervisor in hematology has education equivalent to an associate's degree (or beyond) in a chemical, physical or biological science or medical technology and at least 4 years experience (one of which is in clinical hematology) under a qualified section director.54.When a direct antiglobulin test is ordered by a patient's physician, the test system allows detection of RBC-bound complement as well as IgG.NOTE: This procedure is intended to detect patients with complement-mediated hemolysis which may occur in paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, ordrug-induced hemolytic anemia. For the purpose of diagnosing hemolytic disease of thenewborn, use of anti- C3 is not required. Complement-mediated hemolysis may not be detected using an antiglobulin reagent containing only anti-IgG, because not all cases of complement-mediated hemolysis have detectable IgG coating the red blood cellEvidence of Compliance:✓Written procedure for DAT requiring testing for the detection of RBC-bound complement and IgG AND✓Records for DAT consistent with procedure55.When performing an antiglobulin test with anti-IgG or polyspecific antiglobulin reagents, IgG-coated red blood cells are used as a control in all negative antiglobulin tests.NOTE: IgG-coated red blood cells must be used to confirm all negative antiglobulin tests when the antiglobulin reagent used for testing has anti-IgG reactivity. Tests found negative by tube methodology must be verified by obtaining a positive test result after adding IgG-coated (control) red blood cells. If a licensed system is used that does not require verification of negative test results using IgG-coated cells, an appropriate quality control procedure must be followed, as recommended by the manufacturer.Evidence of Compliance:✓Patient records/worksheet documenting confirmation of negative antiglobulin tests56.When performing an antiglobulin test with anti-C3 antiglobulin reagents, C3-coated red blood cells are used as a control in all negative antiglobulin tests.NOTE: Complement-coated red blood cells must be used to confirm all negative antiglobulin tests when the antiglobulin reagent used for testing has anti-C3 reactivity. Tests found negative by tube methodology must be verified by obtaining a positive test result after adding C3-coated (control) red blood cells. If a licensed system is used that does not require verification of negative test results using C3-coated cells, an appropriate quality control procedure must be followed, as recommended by the manufacturer. If a polyspecific antiglobulin reagent is used, refer to checklist item IMM.40860.Evidence of Compliance:✓Written procedure including steps for confirming negative antigl obulin with anti-C3 reagent for applicable method AND✓Patient records/worksheet documenting confirmation of negative antiglobulin tests。

Jedec-020D-delamination-criteria

Full lead delaminated
Tie bar delaminated
Reject : Full lead finger or full tie bar delaminated
Reject : Delamination at die attach region ( >50%) Note : This delamination is verified by Through scan analysis
JEDEC 020 Delamination criteria : Item 6.2.1.1 e No surface-breaking feature delaminated over its entire length
Reject : Delamination on top side of die
JEDEC 020 Delamination criteria : Item 6.2.1.1 b No delamination on any wire bonding surface including the downbond area or the leadframe of lead on chip devices
Reject : Delamination on polymeric film(>10% ) Note : This delamination is verified by Through scan analysis
Hale Waihona Puke JEDEC 020 Delamination criteria : Item 6.2.1.1 d No delamination / cracking >50% of the die attach area in thermally enhanced packages or devices that require electrical contact to the backside of the die

in use stability专题研究

In use stability专题研究Zhulikou431 内部培训2012 中国谨记纸上得来终觉浅，绝知此事要躬行！---陆游1.本培训资料参考文献更新至20121101.2.本专题资料主要针对药品in use stability研究。

3.任何宝贵建议，请联系zhulikou431@.目录（contents）第01章：概念解析第02章：中国药典对药品使用期间稳定性要求第03章：cde指导原则对药品使用期间稳定性要求第04章：EMA指南对药品使用期间稳定性要求第05章：WHO对药品使用期间稳定性要求第06章：cde电子刊物对药品使用期间稳定性要求第07章：其他法规文献阐述In use stability专题研究第01章：in use stability概念解析In use stability，顾名思义，指的是药品使用期间稳定性研究项目。

对于如下使用条件的药品，需要考察in use stability 项目：---药品使用前，需要重新配置或者稀释；---药品标签声明，和其他药品混合仍然具有稳定性；---药品包装多次打开以后，药品需要继续保持质量稳定性。

In use stability专题研究第02章：中国药典对药品使用期间稳定性要求中国药典2010版附录XIX C《原料药与药物制剂稳定性试验指导原则》也要求：此外，有些药物制剂还应考察临用时配制和使用过程中的稳定性。

In use stability专题研究第03章：cde指导原则对药品使用期间稳定性要求中国cde2005年发布了《化学药物稳定性研究技术指导原则》，其中对于in use stability，进行了明确规定：稳定性试验要求在一定的温度、湿度、光照条件下进行，这些放置条件的设置应充分考虑到药品在贮存、运输及使用过程中可能遇到的环境因素。

对于需要溶解或者稀释后使用的药品，如注射用无菌粉末、溶液片剂等，还应考察临床使用条件下的稳定性。

In use stability专题研究第04章：EMA指南对药品使用期间稳定性要求2001年3月，EMA发布了《NOTE FOR GUIDANCE ON IN-USE STABILITY TESTING OF HUMAN MEDICINAL PRODUCTS》，专门对此问题进行法规阐述。

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