10年完形真题逐句解析版[考研英语真题2008-1999]
2008年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语完形填空以及答案详细解析(19套试题)
2008年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语完形填空详细解析目录1.2008年全国卷I解析2.2008年全国卷II解析3.2008年北京卷解析4.2008年上海卷解析5.2008年天津卷解析6.2008年重庆卷解析7.2008年安徽卷解析8.2008年福建卷解析9.2008年广东卷解析10.2008年湖北卷解析11.2008年湖南卷解析12.2008年江苏卷解析13.2008年江西卷解析14.2008年辽宁卷解析15.2008年宁夏卷解析16.2008年山东卷解析17.2008年陕西卷解析18.2008年四川卷解析19.2008年浙江卷解析1.2008年全国卷I解析第二节完形填空(共20小题，每题1.5分，共30分)阅读下面短文，撑握其大意，然后从36—55各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
After the birth of my second child, I got a job at a restaurant. Having worked with an experienced 36 for a few days, I was 37 to wait tables on my own. All went 38 that first week. When Saturday night came, I was luckily 39 the tables not far from the kitchen. 40 , I still felt a little hard to carry the heavy trays (托盘)。
Before I knew it, the 41 was full of people. I moved slowly, 42 every step. I remember how 43 I was when I saw the tray stand near the tables, it looked different from the one I was 44 on. It had nice handles (手柄)，which made it 45 to move around. I was pleased with everything and began to 46 I was a natural at this job.Then, an old man came to me and said, “Excuse me, dear, my wife and I loved __47 you work. It seems your tray stand has been very 48 to you, but we are getting ready to 49 now, and my wife needs her 50 back.”At first his 51 did not get across. “What was he talking about!” Then I got it. I had set my trays on his wi fe’s orthopedic walker (助步器). I stood frozen as ice, but my face was 52 . I wanted to get into a hole and 53 .Since then, I have learned from many mistakes such as the one I just 54 , I have learned to be more 55 and not to be too sure of myself.36. A. manager B. assistant C. cook D. waitress【答案】D。
2010年英语专业四级真题完形填空及答案解析
2010年英语专业四级真题完形填空及答案解析2010年英语专业四级真题完形填空及答案解析PART III CLOZE[15 MIN]Decide which of the choices given below would best complete the passage if inserted in the corresponding blanks. Mark the best choice for each blank on Answer Sheet Two.How men first learned to invent words is unknown; (31) , the origin of language is a mystery. All we really know is that men, unlike animals, somehow invented certain (32) to express thoughts and feelings, actions and things, (33) they could communicate with each other; and that later they agreed (34) certain signs, called letters, which could be (35) to represent those sounds, and which could be (36) . Those sounds, whether spoken, (37) written in letters, we call words.The power of words, then, lies in their (38) the things they bring up before our minds. Words become (39) with meaning for us by experience; (40) the longer we live, the more certain words(41) to us the happy and sad events of our past; and the more we(42) , the more the number of words that mean something to us(43) .Great writers are those who not only have great thoughts but also express these thoughts in words which appeal (44) to our minds and emotions. This (45) and telling use of words is what we call (46) style. Above all, the real poet is a master of (47) . He can convey his meaning in words which sing like music, and which (48) their position and association can (49) men to tears. We should, therefore, learn to choose our words carefully and use them accurately, or they will (50) our speech or writing silly andvulgar.31、A. in addition B. in other words C. in a word D. in summary32、A. sounds B. gestures C. signs D. movements33、A. such that B. as that C. so that D. in that34、A. in B. withC. ofD. upon35、A. spelt B. combinedC. writtenD. copied36、A. written down B. handed downC. rememberedD. observed37、A. and B. yetC. alsoD. or38、A. functions B. associationsC. rolesD. links39、A. filled B. fullC. liveD. active40、A. but B. orC. yetD. and41、A. reappear B. recallC. rememberD. recollect42、A. read and think B. read and recallC. read and learnD. read and recite43、A. raises B. increasesC. improvesD. emerges44、A. intensively B. extensivelyC. broadlyD. powerfully45、A. charming B. academicC. conventionalD. common46、A. written B. spokenC. literaryD. dramatic47、A. signs B. wordsC. styleD. sound48、A. in B. onC. overD. by49、A. move B. engageC. makeD. force50、A. transform B. changeC. makeD. convertPART Ⅲ CLOZE答案解析31、B 32、A33、C[解析] 根据句意，人会发出某种特定的声音来表示相应的思想感情、行为动作和其他事情，目的是为了交流，应选C项so that。
超实用高考英语复习：2010年高考英语试题(全国新课标卷)完型填空(含答案解析)
2010年全国普通高等学校招生考试(全国新课标卷)英语第二节完形填空(共20小题；每小题1.5分，满分30分)阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
It was a busy morning，about 8：30，when an elderly gentleman in his 80s came to the hospital．I heard him saying to the nurse that he was in a hurry for an appointment (约会) at 9：30．The nurse had him take a 36in the waiting area，37him it would be at least 40 minutes 38someone would be able to see him．I saw him 39 his watch and decided，since I was 40busy — my patient didn't 41at the appointed hour，I would examine his wound．While taking care of his wound，I asked him if he had another doctor's appointment．The gentleman said no and told me that he 42 to go to the nursing home to eat breakfast with his 43．He told me that she had been 44 for a while and that she had a special disease．I asked if she would be 45if he was a bit late．He replied that she 46 knew who he was，that she had not been able to 47 him for five years now．I was 48，and asked him，"And you 49go every morning，even though she doesn't know who you are?"He smiled and said，"She doesn't know me，but I know who she is．" I had to hold back 50as he left．Now I 51 that in marriages，true love is 52of all that is．The happiest people don't 53 have the best of everything；they just 54the best of everything they have．55isn't about how to live through the storm，but how to dance in the rain．36．A．breath B．test C．seat D．break 37．A．persuading B．promising C．understanding D．telling38．A．if B．before C．since D．after 39．A．taking off B．fixing C．looking at D．winding40．A．very B．also C．seldom D．not41．A．turn up B．show off C．come on D．go away 42．A．needed B．forgot C．agreed D．happened 43．A．daughter B．wife C．mother D．sister 44．A．late B．well C．around D．there 45．A．lonely B．worried C．doubtful D．hungry 46．A．so far B．neither C．no longer D．already 47．A．recognize B．answer C．believe D．expect 48．A．moved B．disappointed C．surprised D．satisfied 49．A．only B．then C．thus D．still 50．A．curiosity B．tears C．words D．judgment 51．A．realize B．suggest C．hope D．prove 52．A．agreement B．expression C．acceptance D．exhibition 53．A．necessarily B．completely C．naturally D．frequently 54．A．learn B．make C．favor D．try 55．A．Adventure B．Beauty C．Trust D．Life36．C【解析】护士让老人在候诊区找个座位坐下。
精品文档2008考研英语(一)真题及答案解析
倚窗远眺，目光目光尽处必有一座山，那影影绰绰的黛绿色的影，是春天的颜色。
周遭流岚升腾，没露出那真实的面孔。
面对那流转的薄雾，我会幻想，那里有一个世外桃源。
在天阶夜色凉如水的夏夜，我会静静地，静静地，等待一场流星雨的来临…许下一个愿望，不乞求去实现，至少，曾经，有那么一刻，我那还未枯萎的，青春的，诗意的心，在我最美的年华里，同星空做了一次灵魂的交流…秋日里，阳光并不刺眼，天空是一碧如洗的蓝，点缀着飘逸的流云。
偶尔，一片飞舞的落叶，会飘到我的窗前。
斑驳的印迹里，携刻着深秋的颜色。
在一个落雪的晨，这纷纷扬扬的雪，飘落着一如千年前的洁白。
窗外，是未被污染的银白色世界。
我会去迎接，这人间的圣洁。
在这流转的岁月里，有着流转的四季，还有一颗流转的心，亘古不变的心。
2008考研英语（一）真题及答案解析Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is 1 to say it anyway. He is that 2 bird, a scientist who works independently 3 any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not 4 thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.5 he, however, might tremble at the6 of what he is about to do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only7 that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in8 are a particular people originated from central Europe. The process is natural selection.This group generally do well in IQ test, 9 12-15 points above the 10 value of 100, and have contributed 11 to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the 12 of their elites, including several world-renowned scientists,13 they also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts, 14 ave previously been thought unrelated. The former has been 15 social effects, such as a strong tradition of 16 ucation. The latter was seen as a (an) 17 genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately18 is argument is that the unusual history of these people has 19 em to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this 20 ate of affairs.1.[A] selected[B] prepared[C] obliged[D] pleased2.[A] unique[B] particular[C] special[D] rare3.[A] of[B] with[C] in[D] against4.[A] subsequently[B] presently[C] previously[D] lately5.[A] Only[B] So[C] Even[D] Hence6.[A] thought[B] sight[C] cost[D] risk7.[A] advises[B] suggests[C] protests[D] objects8.[A] progress[B] fact[C] need[D] question9.[A] attaining[B] scoring[C] reaching[D] calculating10.[A] normal[B] common[C] mean[D] total11.[A] unconsciously[B] disproportionately[C] indefinitely[D] unaccountably12.[A] missions[B] fortunes[C] interests[D] careers13.[A] affirm[B] witness[C] observe[D] approve14.[A] moreover[B] therefore[C] however[D] meanwhile15.[A] given up[B] got over[C] carried on[D] put down16.[A] assessing[B] supervising[C] administering[D] valuing17.[A] development[B] origin[C] consequence[D] instrument18.[A] linked[B] integrated[C] woven[D] combined19.[A] limited[B] subjected[C] converted[D] directed20.[A] paradoxical[B] incompatible[C] inevitable[D] continuousSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. “Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,”according to Dr. Yehuda,chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital.Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities”for stress. “It’s not necessarily that women don’t cope as well. It’s just that they have so much more to cope with,”says Dr. Yehuda. “Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men’s,”she observes, “it’s just that they’re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. “I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.”Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. “I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.”Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. “It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez’s experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.21.Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?[A] Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.[B] Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.[C] Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.[D] Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.22.Dr. Yehuda’s research suggests that women[A] need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.[B] have limited capacity for tolerating stress.[C] are more capable of avoiding stress.[D] are exposed to more stress.23.According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be[A] domestic and temporary.[B] irregular and violent.[C] durable and frequent.[D] trivial and random.24.The sentence “I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”(Line 6, Para. 5) shows that[A] Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.[B] Alvarez’s salary barely covered her household expenses.[C] Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.[D] Alvarez paid practically everything by check.25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Strain of Stress: No Way Out?[B] Responses to Stress: Gender Difference[C] Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say[D] Gender Inequality: Women Under StressText 2It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors’names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer. The Internet - and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it - is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the report’s authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.26.In the first paragraph, the author discusses[A] the background information of journal editing.[B] the publication routine of laboratory reports.[C] the relations of authors with journal publishers.[D] the traditional process of journal publication.27.Which of the following is true of the OECD report?[A] It criticizes government-funded research.[B] It introduces an effective means of publication.[C] It upsets profit-making journal publishers.[D] It benefits scientific research considerably.28.According to the text, online publication is significant in that[A] it provides an easier access to scientific results.[B] it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.[C] it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.[D] it facilitates public investment in scientific research.29.With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to[A] cover the cost of its publication.[B] subscribe to the journal publishing it.[C] allow other online journals to use it freely.[D] complete the peer-review before submission.30.Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the text?[A] The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.[B] A new mode of publication is emerging.[C] Authors welcome the new channel for publication.[D] Publication is rendered easier by online service.Text 3In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today’s people - especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations - apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. And they aren’t likely to get any taller. “In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we’ve pretty much gone as far as we can go,”says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients - notably, protein - to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,average height - 5′9″for men, 5′4″for women - hasn’t really changed since 1960.Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. “There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism,”says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.Genetic maximums can change, but don’t expect this to happen soon. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, “you could use today’s data and feel fairly confident.”31.Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to[A] illustrate the change of height of NBA players.[B] show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S..[C] compare different generations of NBA players.[D] assess the achievements of famous NBA players.32.Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?[A] Genetic modification.[B] Natural environment.[C] Living standards.[D] Daily exercise.33.On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?[A] Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.[B] Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.[C] Americans are the tallest on average in the world.[D] Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.34.We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future[A] the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size.[B] the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged.[C] genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen.[D] the existing data of human height will still be applicable.35.The text intends to tell us that[A] the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern.[B] human height is becoming even more predictable.[C] Americans have reached their genetic growth limit.[D] the genetic pattern of Americans has altered.Text 4In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw - having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy. More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong - and yet most did little to fight it.More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was “like having a large bank account,”says Wiencek, author of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the “peculiar institution,”including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.And the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states.Still, Jefferson freed Hemings’s children - though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.36.George Washington’s dental surgery is mentioned to[A] show the primitive medical practice in the past.[B] demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.[C] stress the role of slaves in the U.S. history.[D] reveal some unknown aspect of his life.37.We may infer from the second paragraph that[A] DNA technology has been widely applied to history research.[B] in its early days the U.S. was confronted with delicate situations.[C] historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson’s life.[D] political compromises are easily found throughout the U.S. history.38.What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson?[A] His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.[B] His status as a father made him free the child slaves.[C] His attitude towards slavery was complex.[D] His affair with a slave stained his prestige.39.Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.[B] Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.[C] Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.[D] Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.40.Washington’s decision to free slaves originated from his[A] moral considerations.[B] military experience.[C] financial conditions.[D] political stand.Part BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The time for sharpening pencils, arranging your desk, and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended. The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit, stand up, or lie down to write. (41)Be flexible. Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next, but do not permit it to railroad you. If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now, work it into the draft.(42) Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait until you revise. Concentrate on what you are saying. Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors.(43) Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way, and, if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere, you will not lose any writing on the other side.If you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands. Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing. (44) These printouts are also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions.Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing. The student who wrote “The A & P as a State of Mind”wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women. (45)Remember that your initial draft is only that. You should go through the paper many times - and then again - working to substantiate and clarify your ideas. You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper. Rewrite. The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic. Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts. Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.[A]To make revising easier, leave wide margins and extra space between lines so that you caneasily add words, sentences, and corrections. Write on only one side of the paper.[B]After you have clearly and adequately developed the body of your paper, pay particular attention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs. It’s probably best to write the introduction last, after you know precisely what you are introducing. Concluding paragraphs demand equal attention because they leave the reader with a final impression.[C]It’s worth remembering, however, that though a clean copy fresh off a printer may look terrific, it will read only as well as the thinking and writing that have gone into it. Many writers prudently store their data on disks and print their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of power failures or other problems.[D]It makes no difference how you write, just so you do. Now that you have developed a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made.[E]Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis, which explains how the setting influences Sammy’s decision to quit his job. Instead of including that paragraph, she added one that described Lengel’s crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A & P “policy”he enforces.[F]In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in “A & P,”the student brings together the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to his refusal to accept Lengel’s store policies.[G]By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say, you will very likely discover more than your notes originally suggested. Plenty of good writers don’t use outlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write. Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draft the first time around.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) In his autobiography, Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with extraordinary modesty. He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely, but (46) he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations. He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness of apprehension or wit, such as distinguished Huxley. (47) He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics. His memory, too, he described as extensive, but hazy. So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry. (48) On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning. This, he thought, could not be true, because the “Origin of Species”is one long argument from the beginning to the end, and has convinced many able men. No one, he submits, could have written it without possessing some power of reasoning. He was willing to assert that “I have a fair share of invention, and of common sense or judgment, such as everyfairly successful lawyer or doctor must have, but not, I believe, in any higher degree.”(49) He adds humbly that perhaps he was “superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully.”Writing in the last year of his life, he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years. Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of many kinds gave him great pleasure. Formerly, too, pictures had given him considerable, and music very great, delight. In 1881, however, he said: “Now for many years I cannot endure to read a line of poetry. I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music.”(50) Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.Section IIIWritingPart A51.Directions:You have just come back from Canada and found a music CD in your luggage that you forgot to return to Bob, your landlord there. Write him a letter to1) make an apology, and2) suggest a solution.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)真题详解完型填空1、答案：B解析：本题测试语义逻辑衔接。
2010年考研英语二真题全文翻译答案超详解析
2010 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题答案与解析Section I Use of English一、文章题材结构分析本文是取材于新闻报道，叙述了猪流感的爆发，产生的严重影响以及政府采取的针对性措施。
首段和第二段简述了猪流感的爆发引起世界各国的重视。
第三段引用专家的观点，认为瘟疫并不严重。
第四段和第五段以墨西哥及美国的情况为例，说明了猪流感的严重性和致命性。
第六段叙述了联邦政府针对猪流感的具体措施。
二、试题解析1.【答案】D【解析】上文提到“…was declared a global epidemic…”，根据declare 的逻辑（“宣布为”），可知应该选D 项designated“命名，制定”，而不是C 项commented“评论”，这是典型的近义词复现题目。
2．【答案】C【解析】本题目可依据“句意”找到意思线索，选出答案，难度在于出处句是个长难句。
本句的理解应该抓住alert、meeting 和a sharp rise 三者的关系，根据after a sharp rise 可知是rise（“病例数的增加”）是meeting（“日内瓦专家会议”）的原因，由此可推导出alert 并非是meeting 的原因，而是结果，即meeting 使得alert 升级。
根据上述分析可以排除B、D 选项，B 项activated“激活，激起”，D 项“促使，引起”，此两项的选择都在讲alert 导致了meeting的召开。
而C 项followed 意思是“紧随，跟在……之后”，体现出after 的逻辑，完全满足本句rise 之后是meeting，meeting 之后是alert 的逻辑，所以是正确项。
而A 项proceeded“继续”，属不及物动词，不可接宾语，用法和逻辑用在此处都不合适。
3．【答案】B【解析】本题目应该关注并列连词and，从并列呼应来看：空格后的表达in Britain…对应前面的in Australia，所以空格处rising _____ 应该对应a sharp rise in cases（“病例数的剧增”），因此空格处是“数量”的逻辑才对。
2008年考研英语真题详细解析(3)
2008年考研英语真题详细解析(3)应用文范文Dear Bob,I am writing to express my apology to you.Several days ago, I borrowed your music CD when I lived in your house. Unfortunately, after I came back from Canada, I found it in my luggage. I was in such a hurry that I forgot to return it to you. I will send it to you by post or express as soon as possible. If necessary, I will compensate for any troubles it may cause.Once again, I feel so sorry for any inconvenience caused. Please accept my apologies.Sincerely yours,Li Ming大作文范文As is illustrated in the picture, the two disabled persons whose crippled legs are bound together do a lot of traveling. Accordingly, this far-reaching picture reflects a common phenomenon in today's society: the people who are in the dark want to turn the corner but they can not make it respectively and in turn they have to choose to pull together in times of trouble.There are several reasons accounting for this. Since we have to live in an on-the-move lifestyle, we may encounter various plights, where we would be at a loss rather than to seek for others' assistance. Further more, if we do not offer help to each other when we confront dilemma, we would not realize our dream. And no issue in China is as basic to build up the society in harmony as to conduct coordination in face of disasters.Judging from what have been argued above, people have come to realize the value of mutual aid. It is, therefore, necessary that some effective steps be made to advocate spirit of supporting each other. To begin with, the government shouldmake laws to encourage people to unite. In addition, people should enhance the awareness of caring each other especially when they are in trouble. Only in those ways, can we make people, even not being acquaintance, help each other.。
2010年考研英语完型填空之答案详解
摘选自星火图书《考研英语各个击破系列——完形填空三步突破法》Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)In 1924 American’ National Research Council sent to engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lignting__1__workers productivity. Instead, the studies ended __2___giving their name to the “Hawthorne effect”, the extremely influential idea that the very___3____to being experimented upon changed subjects’ behavior.The idea arose because of the __4____behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant. According to __5____of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not __6____what was done in the experiment; ___7_someting was changed ,productivity rose. A(n)___8___that they were being experimented upon seemed to be ____9___to alter workers’ behavior ____10____itself.After several decades, the same data were _11__ to econometric the analysis. Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store _12 __the descriptions on record, no systematic _13__ was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to__ 14__ interpretation of what happed.__ 15___ , lighting was always changed on a Sunday .When work started again on Monday, output __16___ rose compared with the previous Saturday and__ 17 __to rise for the next couple of days.__ 18__ , a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers__ 19__ to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case , before __20 __a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged” Hawthorne effect “ is hard to pin down.1. [A] affected [B] achieved [C] extracted [D] restored2. [A] at [B]up [C] with [D] off3. [A]truth [B]sight [C] act [D] proof4. [A] controversial [B] perplexing [C]mischievous [D] ambiguous5. [A]requirements [B]explanations [C] accounts [D] assessments6. [A] conclude [B] matter [C] indicate [D] work7. [A] as far as [B] for fear that [C] in case that [D] so long as8. [A] awareness [B] expectation [C] sentiment [D] illusion9. [A] suitable [B] excessive [C] enough [D] abundant10. [A] about [B] for [C] on [D] by11. [A] compared [B]shown [C] subjected [D] conveyed12. [A] contrary to [B] consistent with [C] parallel with [D] pealliar to13. [A] evidence [B]guidance [C]implication [D]source14. [A] disputable [B]enlightening [C]reliable [D]misleading15. [A] In contrast [B] For example [C] In consequence [D] As usual16. [A] duly [B]accidentally [C] unpredictably [D] suddenly17. [A]failed [B]ceased [C]started [D]continued18.[A]Therefore [B]Furthermore[C]However[D]Meanwhile19.[A]attempted[B]tended[C]chose[D]intended20. [A]breaking [B]climbing [C]surpassing [D]hiting1. [A]。
2008-2010年全国卷试题+录音稿+答案
2008年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（全国卷I）第一节（共5小题，每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话，每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置，听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
例：How much is the shirt?A. ￡19.15B. ￡9.15C. ￡9.18答案是B。
1. What is the weather like?A. It’s raining.B. It’s cloudy.C. It’s sunny.2. Who will go to China next month?A. Lucy.B. Alice.C. Richard.3. What are the speakers talking about?A. The man’s sister.B. A film.C. An actor.4. Where will the speakers meet?A. In Room 340.B. In Room 314.C. In Room 223.5. Where does the conversation most probably take place？A. In a restaurant.B. In an office.C. At home.第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）听下面5段对话或独白，每段对话或独白后面有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。
听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。
每段对话或独白读两遍。
听第6段材料，回答第6至8题。
6. Why did the woman go to New York?A. To spend some time with the baby.B. To look after her sister.C. To find a new job.7. How old was the baby when the woman left New York?A. Two months.B. Five months.C. Seven months.8. What did the woman like doing most with the baby?A. Holding him.B. Playing with him.C. Feeding him.听第7段材料，回答第9至11题。
考研英语2008年真题解析
考研英语2008年真题解析考研英语对于众多学子来说是一道难关，而深入剖析历年真题是攻克这一难关的重要途径。
下面我们就来对 2008 年的考研英语真题进行全面解析。
首先是完形填空部分。
这部分主要考查考生对词汇、语法、固定搭配以及上下文逻辑关系的理解和把握。
2008 年的完形填空在词汇难度上适中，重点考查了一些常见的高频词汇以及它们在具体语境中的运用。
比如，对于动词、名词、形容词和副词的词义辨析，需要考生结合上下文准确判断。
同时，一些固定搭配和短语的考查也较为常见，这就要求考生在平时的学习中注重积累。
在语法方面，主要涉及了时态、语态、从句等知识点。
通过对句子结构的分析，判断出正确的语法形式。
对于上下文逻辑关系的理解也至关重要，考生需要通过关键词、连接词等线索，理清文章的脉络和逻辑走向，从而选出最合适的选项。
阅读理解是考研英语中的重头戏。
2008 年的阅读理解文章题材广泛，涵盖了科技、文化、社会等多个领域。
这就要求考生具备较为广泛的知识背景和较强的阅读能力。
从题目类型来看，主旨题、细节题、推理题和词义猜测题等均有涉及。
主旨题需要考生对整篇文章的主旨有清晰的把握，不能局限于某一段落或细节。
细节题则要求考生能够准确找到文中对应的信息，并进行仔细比对。
推理题需要考生在理解原文的基础上，进行合理的推断和引申。
词义猜测题则考查考生根据上下文推测生词词义的能力。
在阅读过程中，考生不仅要快速获取文章的关键信息，还要能够理解作者的观点和态度。
对于一些长难句的理解，也是考生需要突破的难点。
通过分析句子的结构，找出主干，从而准确理解句子的含义。
新题型部分，2008 年考查的是排序题。
这种题型相对较难，需要考生对文章的整体结构和逻辑有较强的把握能力。
在解题时，要注意寻找段落之间的衔接词、指示代词等线索，从而确定段落的先后顺序。
翻译部分，2008 年的句子结构较为复杂，涉及了多种语法现象和词汇的特殊用法。
考生需要准确理解句子的意思，并用地道、通顺的汉语表达出来。
2010高考完形填空真题
2010年高考英语试题分类汇编——完形填空2．（10江西）When Alice started to cycle home from Jenny’s house, she wasn’t nervous. She was certainly not afraid of the dark. __36_, it was only a 15-minute ride home. But halfway there, she began to wish that she hadn’t been so __37__.As she rounded a sharp bend, it suddenly __38__ cold — very cold. Alice’s breath became puffs of white cloud and her legs were so cold that it became hard to ride.With her heart beating fast, she struggled so hard to move __39__ that she didn’t hear the car which suddenly appeared beside her. She stopped by the road. The big black car also __40__. Slowly, the passenger-window began to slide down. Alice held her breath. In the soft light inside the car, something __41__. Then, the light brightened and Alice was staring at a sweet, grey-haired old lady. “Hello, dear,”said the old lady. “I need __42__. I’m afraid I’m lost. I need to find the nearest airport. I must be there in the next five minutes.”“Airport? You __43__ are lost,” Alice said. “You need to go back five kilometers __44__ you reach the T-junction. Turn left and __45__ for about another 10 kilometers to the main highway. From there, just follow the __46__ to the airport. But I’m afraid there’s no __47__ you’ll get there in five minutes!”“Thank you very much, dear,” replied the old lady. “Don’t worry — I’ll __48__ in time.”The __49__ moved up and the car started off. A little way ahead, it __50__ and with headlights flashing, it drove past Alice. But then, something __51__ happened. The car began changing. First, its color __52__from black to silvery-grey. Then, the wheels began disappearing, but the car continued to move forward, __53__ just above the ground. As the car __54__ into the dark sky, the big red tail-lights grew larger and larger and glowed more and more brightly. With a faint whistling __55__, the car was gone in seconds, leaving Alice shaking her head in disbelief…36 A However B Besides C Therefore D Otherwise37 A brave B excited C curious D stubborn38 A fell B seemed C proved D grew39 A aside B around C forward D backward40 A arrived B stopped C stayed D started41 A gathered B existed C dropped D moved42 A help B gas C rest D water43 A necessarily B normally C basically D certainly44 A if B until C unless D as45 A drive B walk C follow D march46 A address B signs C notices D guidance47 A doubt B room C time D way48 A have it B get it C make it D finish it49 A door B window C headlight D wheel50 A passed B rushed C turned D continued51 A strange B sensitive C imaginable D horrible52 A developed B appeared C spread D faded53 A rolling B floating C drawing D flashing54 A pointed B returned C broke D rose55 A tune B voice C sound D tone36. 答案：B。
2010年考研英语完型填空之答案详解4页
2010年考研英语完型填空之答案详解4页1. 2019年考研英语一真题In the past few years, 1.______ has emerged as one of the most promising technologies for the future of healthcare.2.______ , it involves the use of machine learning algorithms to analyze vast amounts of data generated by patients and medical practitioners, in order to identify patterns and insights that can be used to improve patient outcomes.1. A. machine learning2. C. Essentially解析：本题考查词汇理解和语境推断能力。
第一句话中出现了“machine learning algorithms”这一词组，可以推断出答案为A。
第二句话中出现了“involves”和“in order to”，可以推断出答案为C。
2. 2018年考研英语一真题In the early 20th century, the world was in the midst of a technological revolution. 1.______ , the invention of the automobile, the airplane, and the telephone all occurred within a few short years of each other, transforming the way people lived and worked.1. D. Simultaneously解析：本题考查词汇理解和语境推断能力。
2008考研英语(一)真题及答案解析
2008考研英语（一）真题及答案解析Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is 1 to say it anyway. He is that 2 bird, a scientist who works independently 3 any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not 4 thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.5 he, however, might tremble at the6 of what he is about to do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only7 that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in8 are a particular people originated from central Europe. The process is natural selection.This group generally do well in IQ test, 9 12-15 points above the 10 value of 100, and have contributed 11 to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the 12 of their elites, including several world-renowned scientists,13 they also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts, 14 ave previously been thought unrelated. The former has been 15 social effects, such as a strong tradition of 16 ucation. The latter was seen as a (an) 17 genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately18 is argument is that the unusual history of these people has 19 em to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this 20 ate of affairs.1.[A] selected[B] prepared[C] obliged[D] pleased2.[A] unique[B] particular[C] special[D] rare3.[A] of[B] with[C] in[D] against4.[A] subsequently[B] presently[C] previously[D] lately5.[A] Only[B] So[C] Even[D] Hence6.[A] thought[B] sight[C] cost[D] risk7.[A] advises[B] suggests[C] protests[D] objects8.[A] progress[B] fact[C] need[D] question9.[A] attaining[B] scoring[C] reaching[D] calculating10.[A] normal[B] common[C] mean[D] total11.[A] unconsciously[B] disproportionately[C] indefinitely[D] unaccountably12.[A] missions[B] fortunes[C] interests[D] careers13.[A] affirm[B] witness[C] observe[D] approve14.[A] moreover[B] therefore[C] however[D] meanwhile15.[A] given up[B] got over[C] carried on[D] put down16.[A] assessing[B] supervising[C] administering[D] valuing17.[A] development[B] origin[C] consequence[D] instrument18.[A] linked[B] integrated[C] woven[D] combined19.[A] limited[B] subjected[C] converted[D] directed20.[A] paradoxical[B] incompatible[C] inevitable[D] continuousSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. “Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,”according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital.Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities”for stress. “It’s not necessarily that women don’t cope as well. It’s just that they have so much more to cope with,”says Dr. Yehuda. “Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men’s,”she observes, “it’s just that they’re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. “I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.”Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. “I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.”Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. “It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez’s experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.21.Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs[A] Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.[B] Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.[C] Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.[D] Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.22.Dr. Yehuda’s research suggests that women[A] need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.[B] have limited capacity for tolerating stress.[C] are more capable of avoiding stress.[D] are exposed to more stress.23.According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be[A] domestic and temporary.[B] irregular and violent.[C] durable and frequent.[D] trivial and random.24.The sentence “I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”(Line 6, Para. 5) shows that[A] Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.[B] Alvarez’s salary barely covered her household expenses.[C] Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.[D] Alvarez paid practically everything by check.25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text[A] Strain of Stress: No Way Out[B] Responses to Stress: Gender Difference[C] Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say[D] Gender Inequality: Women Under StressText 2It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors’names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer. The Internet - and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it - is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the report’s authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities orinternational laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.26.In the first paragraph, the author discusses[A] the background information of journal editing.[B] the publication routine of laboratory reports.[C] the relations of authors with journal publishers.[D] the traditional process of journal publication.27.Which of the following is true of the OECD report[A] It criticizes government-funded research.[B] It introduces an effective means of publication.[C] It upsets profit-making journal publishers.[D] It benefits scientific research considerably.28.According to the text, online publication is significant in that[A] it provides an easier access to scientific results.[B] it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.[C] it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.[D] it facilitates public investment in scientific research.29.With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to[A] cover the cost of its publication.[B] subscribe to the journal publishing it.[C] allow other online journals to use it freely.[D] complete the peer-review before submission.30.Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the text[A] The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.[B] A new mode of publication is emerging.[C] Authors welcome the new channel for publication.[D] Publication is rendered easier by online service.Text 3In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today’s people - especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations - apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. And they aren’t likely to get any taller. “In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we’ve pretty much gone as far as we can go,”says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients -notably, protein - to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height - 5′9″for men, 5′4″for women - hasn’t really changed since 1960.Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. “There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism,”says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.Genetic maximums can change, but don’t expect this to happen soon. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, “you could use today’s data and feel fairly confident.”31.Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to[A] illustrate the change of height of NBA players.[B] show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S..[C] compare different generations of NBA players.[D] assess the achievements of famous NBA players.32.Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text[A] Genetic modification.[B] Natural environment.[C] Living standards.[D] Daily exercise.33.On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree[A] Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.[B] Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.[C] Americans are the tallest on average in the world.[D] Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.34.We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future[A] the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size.[B] the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged.[C] genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen.[D] the existing data of human height will still be applicable.35.The text intends to tell us that[A] the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern.[B] human height is becoming even more predictable.[C] Americans have reached their genetic growth limit.[D] the genetic pattern of Americans has altered.Text 4In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52,was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw - having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy. More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong - and yet most did little to fight it.More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was “like having a large bank account,”says Wiencek, author of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the “peculiar institution,”including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.And the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states.Still, Jefferson freed Hemings’s children - though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.36.George Washington’s dental surgery is mentioned to[A] show the primitive medical practice in the past.[B] demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.[C] stress the role of slaves in the U.S. history.[D] reveal some unknown aspect of his life.37.We may infer from the second paragraph that[A] DNA technology has been widely applied to history research.[B] in its early days the U.S. was confronted with delicate situations.[C] historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson’s life.[D] political compromises are easily found throughout the U.S. history.38.What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson[A] His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.[B] His status as a father made him free the child slaves.[C] His attitude towards slavery was complex.[D] His affair with a slave stained his prestige.39.Which of the following is true according to the text[A] Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.[B] Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.[C] Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.[D] Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.40.Washington’s decision to free slaves originated from his[A] moral considerations.[B] military experience.[C] financial conditions.[D] political stand.Part BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The time for sharpening pencils, arranging your desk, and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended. The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit, stand up, or lie down to write. (41)Be flexible. Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next, but do not permit it to railroad you. If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now, work it into the draft.(42) Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait until you revise. Concentrate on what you are saying. Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors.(43) Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way, and, if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere, you will not lose any writing on the other side.If you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands. Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing. (44) These printouts are also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions.Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing. The student who wrote “The A & P as a State of Mind”wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women. (45)Remember that your initial draft is only that. You should go through the paper many times - and then again - working to substantiate and clarify your ideas. You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper. Rewrite. The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic. Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts. Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.[A]To make revising easier, leave wide margins and extra space between lines so that you can easily add words, sentences, and corrections. Write on only one side of the paper.[B]After you have clearly and adequately developed the body of your paper, pay particularattention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs. It’s probably best to write the introduction last, after you know precisely what you are introducing. Concluding paragraphs demand equal attention because they leave the reader with a final impression.[C]It’s worth remembering, however, that though a clean copy fresh off a printer may look terrific, it will read only as well as the thinking and writing that have gone into it. Many writers prudently store their data on disks and print their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of power failures or other problems.[D]It makes no difference how you write, just so you do. Now that you have developed a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made.[E]Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis, which explains how the setting influences Sammy’s decision to quit his job. Instead of including that paragraph, she added one that described Lengel’s crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A & P “policy”he enforces.[F]In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in “A & P,”the student brings together the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to his refusal to accept Lengel’s store policies.[G]By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say, you will very likely discover more than your notes originally suggested. Plenty of good writers don’t use outlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write. Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draft the first time around.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) In his autobiography, Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with extraordinary modesty. He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely, but (46) he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations. He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness of apprehension or wit, such as distinguished Huxley. (47) He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics. His memory, too, he described as extensive, but hazy. So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry. (48) On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning. This, he thought, could not be true, because the “Origin of Species”is one long argument from the beginning to the end, and has convinced many able men. No one, he submits, could have written it without possessing some power of reasoning. He was willing to assert that “I have a fair share of invention, and of common sense or judgment, such as every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have, but not, I believe, in any higher degree.”(49) He adds humbly that perhaps he was “superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully.”Writing in the last year of his life, he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects hismind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years. Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of many kinds gave him great pleasure. Formerly, too, pictures had given him considerable, and music very great, delight. In 1881, however, he said: “Now for many years I cannot endure to read a line of poetry. I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music.”(50) Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.Section IIIWritingPart A51.Directions:You have just come back from Canada and found a music CD in your luggage that you forgot to return to Bob, your landlord there. Write him a letter to1) make an apology, and2) suggest a solution.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)真题详解完型填空1、答案：B解析：本题测试语义逻辑衔接。
2008年考研英语完形真题及答案解析(二)
2008年考研英语完形真题及答案解析（二）答案详解1.【解析】[B] 语义衔接题。
本题目选择动词过去分词形式，构成be…to 的结构，在句子中充当谓语。
选项A. selected 选择;B. prepared 准备;C. obliged迫使，责成;D. pleased 高兴。
前边相邻句子The idea that some people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. “一些人比另一些人聪明，这一观点一直是人们不敢明确提出来的假设之一。
”本题所在句子由But一词引导，在句义上与前一句相反，即“打算或准备说了”，故选B。
2.【解析】[D] 语义衔接/词汇辨析题。
本题目选择形容词，在句子中充当定语。
选项A. unique 独一无二的;B. particular 特殊的，特别的;C. special 特殊的;D. rare 珍惜的，罕见的，珍贵的。
rare birds意为“稀世珍品，旷世奇才，罕见人(物)”，Gregory Cochran打破常规，准备说了，因此像是“出头鸟”。
3.【解析】[A] 惯用衔接题。
independent其后应搭配of，意为“独立于，不依赖于”。
还应注意dependent后面还可搭配on，但意为“依赖于，依靠于”。
He is that rare bird, a scientist who works independently any institution. “他就是那个稀有之人，是一位不依赖于任何机构的独立的科学家”。
4.【解析】[C] 语义衔接题。
本题目选择副词，在句子中充当状语。
句子叙述到He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which ruffled many scientific feathers when it was first suggested. “他普及了这种观点，即某些以前人们认为不是由细菌引起的疾病实际上是传染病，这一观点一经提出就引起了极大争议。
点评2010年北京英语高考完形填空(附详细解析)
点评2010年北京英语高考完形填空（附详细解析）杨瑶[标签：完形填空教师点评高考2010年高考刚刚落幕，杨瑶老师第一时间对北京高考完形进行了详尽地解析，并与过去三年完形考题进行了纵向对比研究，得出如下结论。
一、考点解析2007-2010年高考英语完形填空词性考点分布图从词性角度分析，完形填空的重点是实词，其中名词和动词所占比例又相对较高。
虚词考察虽少，但大多较为灵活，比如通过与动词的搭配来考察考生对介词词义的理解程度，比如通过连词考察考生对句子衔接的把握。
根据分布可以看出，2010年高考命题在词性考察的平衡性上有所调整，争取覆盖所有词性，以体现考生的综合素质。
因此词汇量的扩充是攻克完形填空的第一关。
二、命题特点2010年的完形的选材沿用了往年的风格，为叙述为主，夹叙夹议，涉及细致心理活动描写，往往是一个从消极到积极的转变过程。
附：07年第一人称叙述，08年第一人称叙述，09年第三人称叙述，10年第一人称叙述。
2007-2010年高考英语完形填空综合考察点分布图1、为突出完形填空这一题型的“选拔功能”需要，语篇层面的题目逐年递增，2010年的考察尤其突出这点。
对于四个选项，如果孤立地看对应挖空的句子，或许都能满足句子的要求，即使个别小题中四个备选答案的词类有不相同者，其语法功能也往往是一样的。
考生只有结合上下文语境才能选择出正确答案。
此外，每年的完形填空都会有一两道考察知识迁徙能力的题目，要么选项是考生不熟悉的单词，要么是考生没见过的搭配。
比如07年的break the news，是由课本中的“breaki ng news”迁徙而来；比如10年的lively，是由课本中的“live shows”引申出来。
另外，由于完形填空综合性较强，因此词组层面和句子层面的试题比例大致应该会固定在50%左右，不可掉以轻心。
从答案分布上看，仍然体现均等原则，今年的完形答案中ABCD选项各五个，这个技巧尤其适用于高分段考试在复查时提高正确率。
2010年高考英语试题分类汇编——完形填空[附详细解析]全国通用-真题在线
![2010年高考英语试题分类汇编——完形填空[附详细解析]全国通用-真题在线](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/cb9959bb856a561253d36f14.png)
2010年高考英语试题分类汇编——完形填空（10湖南）B ehind our house is the start of a fascinating trail (小径). This trail is one of the old roads that wind through untold miles of forest. My 36 , Beans, and I walk the trail frequently. Normally, Beans sniffs alongside the trail to follow the smell of a deer track or 37 some cause known only to him.B eans is a white dog, quite handsome and very 38 . He not only understands what we tell him, but also often makes sounds as if he were trying to 39 back.One morning, we took a different route, which led us to an unfamiliar trail. I was sure this trail would eventually lead us to our familiar 40 . But, no. We seemed to be far off course. After two hours, I suddenly realized that Beans probably 41 the way home. So I urged, "Beans, take me home." He ran down a new trail. But it merely led to an intersection (岔道口) of trails.Soon it became 42 that we were getting nowhere. I began to picture the rest of the day in the 43 , without food or drink. We had walked about ten miles. But Beans seemed totally 44 . The sniffing and exploring was going well for him.Finally, we 45 a crossroad near a highway. Lady Luck suggested I should turn left. We did and 46 reached a cottage beside a field. I knocked on the door and explained my situation to an old man. He laughed and then drove us home.Since our adventure, I 47 that Beans probably knew all along how to get home. He was just having too much fan exploring new trails.36. A. deer B. dog C. lady D. man37. A. imagine B. consider C. explore D. present38, A. smart B. sweet C. slow D. shy39. A. turn B. kick C. jump D. speak40. A. driveway B. path C. crossroad D. highway41. A. knew B. saw C. showed D. made42. A, mysterious B. ridiculous C. fascinating D. apparent43. A. house B. forest C. field D. cottage44. A. unconcerned B. unconscious C. undecided D. uncomfortable45. A. left for B. went off C. came to D. drove toward46. A. punctually B. frequently C. formally D. shortly47. A. regretted B. remembered C. concluded D. confirmed【语篇解读】我的狗Beans领着我沿着一条不熟悉的小路散步而迷路了，结果好不容易才回到家。
2008年考研英语真题及解析
2008年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）答案详解Section I Use of English一、文章总体分析这是一篇议论文。
文章主要介绍了个别民族群体智商高于人类平均水平。
文章首段第一句话点明了中心论点。
第二段则分析了产生这一现象的原因——进化的结果。
第三段通过“进化”的纽带把高智商与遗传疾病联系起来，说明高智商的人更容易患上一些遗传疾病。
二、试题具体解析1.[A] selected挑选，选拔[B] prepared 准备，打算，愿意(做某事)[C] obliged 迫使，责成[D] pleased 高兴【答案】B【考点】词义辨析【难度系数】0.236【解析】该空的前后语境为“有些群体的人可能比其他群体更加聪明，这是人们一直不敢明说的假说之一。
但是，不管怎么样，Gregory Cochran 说出来”。
显然，从语义上应该可以看出Gregory Cochran表述这一观点是一种主动行为，从而排除A和C；而从第一句可以看出他所研究的这一课题也不应该是一个让人高兴的主题，故排除D。
因此答案只有B。
2.[A] unique独一无二的[B] particular特殊的，独特的[C] special特殊的，特别的[D] rare罕见的，珍贵的【答案】D【考点】固定搭配【难度系数】0.160【解析】从文章内容看，显然该空填入的词应该是用来形容Cochran是一个什么样的人的。
从上文我们可以看到，他总是做一些常人不敢做的事情，显然这个词既要表现他这类人很少，同时要表达出作者对Cochran正面评价，突出其优秀性，四个词中只有D能表达这种语义，故答案为D。
本题从另一个角度来说，a rare bird是一固定搭配，指一类人。
其他三个词与bird搭配都不能指人，同样得出答案为D。
3.[A] of[B] with[C] in[D] against【解析】independently只能与选项A介词of搭配，意思是“不依赖于，独立于”。
考研英语10年真题答案
考研英语10年真题答案考研英语十年真题答案一、2008年真题答案Section Ⅰ Use of English1-5 DBBBA 16 bringing 20 average6-10 DCAAB 17 in11-15 DDCCC 18 would have 19 inSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart A Reading comprehension21-25 AABDD 30.html26-29 CADBPart B Cloze31-35 CDBAC 36-40 ADAABSection Ⅲ Translation41. Collecting stamps became an important hobby for many young people. If you are one of them, welcome to join our stamp collection club.42. Successful learning depends on efficient methods and regular practice.43. Jane used to be very shy, but now she has become more outgoing and confident.44. The professor gave a lecture on ancient civilization, which lasted for two hours.45. The bridge was built over the river, connecting the two villages with each other.Section Ⅳ WritingPart A Sentence Translation46. Energy conservation is a pressing issue that we should all pay attention to.47. It is imperative that immediate measures be taken to alleviate air pollution.48. Learning a foreign language requires patience and perseverance.49. The teacher praised John for his remarkable achievements in science.50. New technologies, if properly used, can greatly improve our lives.Part B Essay WritingThe Ways to Improve Reading ComprehensionAs an essential skill in academic studies, reading comprehension plays a crucial role in a student's learning process. However, many students often struggle with this skill and find it difficult to understand and remember what they have read. In order to enhance reading comprehension, several effective strategies can be adopted.Firstly, it is important to preview the text before reading. By quickly scanning the title, headings, and subheadings, as well as the first and last sentences of each paragraph, students can get a general idea of the content and structure of the text. This helps activate their prior knowledge and prepare their minds for what they are about to read.Secondly, active reading is essential for understanding the text. This involves highlighting or underlining key points and unfamiliar words, as well as taking notes and summarizing the main ideas of each paragraph. By actively engaging with the text, students can better grasp the information and improve their overall comprehension.Furthermore, extensive reading can significantly improve reading comprehension. Regular reading of a variety of texts, such as newspapers, magazines, and novels, exposes students to different writing styles, vocabulary, and ideas. This not only expands their knowledge base but also enhances their ability to understand and analyze complex texts.In addition, building a strong vocabulary is crucial for reading comprehension. Learning and reviewing words on a regular basis, as well as using them in context, can greatly improve a student's ability to comprehend and interpret the meaning of the text. It is also beneficial to use dictionaries and other language resources to expand vocabulary and clarify any uncertainties.Last but not least, practice makes perfect. Constant practice through solving reading comprehension exercises and taking mock tests helps students become familiar with different question types and develop effective strategies to deal with them. Regular practice also improves students'reading speed and accuracy, enabling them to read efficiently and comprehend the text more effectively.In conclusion, improving reading comprehension requires a combination of strategies including previewing, active reading, extensive reading, vocabulary building, and regular practice. By applying these strategies consistently, students can enhance their comprehension skills, ultimately leading to success in their academic studies.Word Count: 569。
考研英语(二)完形真题(2010-2016年)
考研英语（二）完形真题汇总2010-2016 年-不可一词无讲究不可一句无分析-2010 年考研英语（二）Cloze TestDirections: Read the following passage. For each numbered blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET l.(10 points)The outbreak of swine flu that was first detected in Mexico was declared a global epidemic on June 11, 2009. It is the first worldwide epidemic1by the World Health Organization in 41 years.The heightened alert2an emergency meeting with flu experts in Geneva that convened after a sharp rise in cases in Australia, and rising3in Britain, Japan, Chile and elsewhere. But the epidemic is "4" in severity, according to Margaret Chan, the organization's director general,5the overwhelming majority of patients experiencing only mild symptoms and a full recovery, often in the6of any medical treatment.The outbreak came to global7in late April 2009, when Mexican authorities noticed an unusually large number of hospitalizations and deaths8healthy adults. As much of Mexico City shut down at the height of a panic, cases began to9in New York City, the southwestern United States and around the world.In the United States, new cases seemed to fade10warmer weather arrived. But in late September 2009, officials reported there was11flu activity in almost every state and that virtually all the12tested are the new swine flu, also known as (A) H1N1, not seasonal flu. In the U.S., it has13more than one million people, and caused more than 600 deaths and more than 6,000 hospitalizations.Federal health officials14Tamiflu for children from the national stockpile and began 15orders from the states for the new swine flu vaccine. The new vaccine, which is different from the annual flu vaccine, is16ahead of expectations. More than three million doses were to be made available in early October 2009, though most of those17doses were of the FluMist nasal spray type, which is not18for pregnant women, people over 50 or those with breathing difficulties, heart disease or several other19. But it was still possible to vaccinate people in other high-risk group: health care workers, people20infants and healthy young people.-不可一词无讲究不可一句无分析-1.[A] criticized[B] appointed[C]commented[D] designated2.[A] proceeded[B] activated[C] followed[D] prompted3.[A] digits[B] numbers[C] amounts[D] sums4.[A] moderate[B] normal[C] unusual[D] extreme5.[A] with[B] in[C] from[D] by6.[A] progress[B] absence[C] presence[D] favor7.[A] reality[B] phenomenon[C] concept[D] notice8.[A]over[B] for[C] among[D] to9.[A] stay up[B] crop up[C] fill up[D] cover up10.[A] as[B] if[C] unless[D] until11. [A] excessive[B] enormous[C] significant[D]magnificent12.[A]categories[B] examples[C] patterns[D] samples13.[A] imparted[B] immerse[C] injected[D] infected14.[A] released[B] relayed[C] relieved[D] remained15.[A] placing[B] delivering[C] taking[D] giving16.[A] feasible[B] available[C] reliable[D] applicable17.[A] prevalent[B] principal[C] innovative[D] initial18.[A] presented[B] restricted[C] recommended[D] introduced19.[A] problems[B] issues[C] agonies[D] sufferings20.[A] involved in[B] caring for[C] concerned with[D] warding off-不可一词无讲究不可一句无分析-2011 年考研英语（二）Cloze TestDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the exploration of cyber-crime that has1across the Web.Can privacy be preserved2bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly3?Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation's cyber-czar, offered the federal government a4to make the web a safer place-a "voluntary trusted identity" system that would be the high-tech5of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled6one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential7to a specific computer, and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to8 a federation of private online identity systems. Users could9which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver's license10by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these "single sign-an" systems that make it possible for users to11just once but use many different services.12, the approach would create a "walled garden" in cyberspace, with safe "neighborhoods" and bright " streetlights" to establish a sense of a13community.Mr. Schmidt described it as a "voluntary ecosystem" in which "individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with14, trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure15which the transaction runs. "Still, the administration's plan has16privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would17be a compulsory Internet "driver's license" mentality.The plan has also been greeted with18by some computer security experts, who worry that the "voluntary ecosystem" envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet 19They argue that all Internet users should be20to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.-不可一词无讲究不可一句无分析-1.[A] swept[B] skipped[C] walked[D] ridden2.[A] for[B] within[C] while[D] though3.[A] careless[B] lawless[C] pointless[D] helpless4.[A] reason[B] reminder[C] compromise[D] proposal5.[A] information[B] interference[C] entertainment[D] equivalent6.[A] by[B] into[C] from[D] over7.[A] linked[B] directed[C] chained[D] compared8.[A] dismiss[B] discover[C] create[D] improve9.[A] recall[B] suggest[C] select[D] realize10.[A] released[B] issued[C] distributed[D] delivered11. [A] carry on[B] linger on[C] set in[D] log in12.[A] In vain[B] In effect[C] In return[D] In contrast13.[A] trusted[B] modernized[C] thriving[D] competing14.[A] caution[B] delight[C] confidence[D] patience15.[A] on[B] after[C] beyond[D] across16.[A] divided[B] disappointed[C] protected[D] united17.[A] frequently[B] incidentally[C] occasionally[D] eventually18.[A] skepticism[B] tolerance[C] indifference[D] enthusiasm19.[A] manageable[B] defendable[C] vulnerable[D] invisible20.[A] invited[B] appointed[C] allowed[D] forced-不可一词无讲究不可一句无分析-2012 年考研英语（二）Cloze TestDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Millions of Americans and foreigners see GI.Joe as a mindless war toy ,the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be .To the men and women who1in World War II and the people they liberated ,the GI.was the2man grown into hero ,the pool farm kid torn away from his home ,the guy who3all the burdens of battle ,who slept in cold foxholes,who went without the4of food and shelter ,who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder .this was not a volunteer soldier ,not someone well paid ,5an average guy ,up6the best trained ,best equipped ,fiercest ,most brutal enemies seen in centuries.His name is not much.GI. is just a military abbreviation7Government Issue ,and it was on all of the article8to soldiers. And Joe? A common name for a guy who never 9it to the top .Joe Blow ,Joe Magrac …a working class name.The United States has10 had a president or vice president or secretary of state Joe.GI .Joe had a11career fighting German, Japanese, and Korean troops. He appears as a character, or a12of American personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of GI. Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent Ernie Pyle. Some of the soldiers Pyle13 portrayed themselves in the film. Pyle was famous for covering the14side of the war, writing about the dirt-snow –and-mud soldiers, not how many miles were15or what towns were captured or liberated, His reports16the “willie” cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden. Both men17the dirt and exhaustion of war, the18of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep.19Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries, G.I. Joe was any American soldier,20the most important person in their lives.-不可一词无讲究不可一句无分析-1.[A] performed[B]served[C]rebelled[D]betrayed2.[A] actual[B]common[C]special[D]normal3.[A]bore[B]cased[C]removed[D]loaded4.[A]necessities[B]facilities[C]commodities[D]properties5.[A]and[B]nor[C]but[D]hence6.[A]for[B]into[C] form[D]against7.[A]meaning[B]implying[C]symbolizing[D]claiming8.[A]handed out[B]turn over[C]brought back[D]passed down9.[A]pushed[B]got[C]made[D]managed10.[A]ever[B]never[C]either[D]neither11.[A]disguised[B]disturbed[C]disputed[D]distinguished12.[A]company[B]collection[C]community[D]colony13.[A]employed[B]appointed[C]interviewed[D]questioned14.[A]ethical[B]military[C]political[D]human15.[A]ruined[B]commuted[C]patrolled[D]gained16.[A]paralleled[B]counteracted[C]duplicated[D]contradicted17.[A]neglected[B]avoided[C]emphasized[D]admired18.[A]stages[B]illusions[C]fragments[D]advances19.[A]With[B]To[C]Among[D]Beyond20.[A]on the contrary[B] by this means[C]from the outset[D]at that point-不可一词无讲究不可一句无分析-2013 年考研英语（二）Cloze TestDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically.1, a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions of such a society have been2for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment “would soon revolutionize the very3of money itself,” only to 4itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so5in coming?Although e-money might be more convenient and may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work6the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very7to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the8form of payment. Second, paper checks have the advantage that they9receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to10. Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of "float"-it takes several days11a check is cashed and funds are12from the issuer's account, which means that the writer of the check can earn interest on the funds in the meantime.13electronic payments are immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer. Fourth, electronic means of payment14 security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information15there.Because this is not an16occurrence, unscrupulous persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and17funds by moving them from someone else’ s accounts into their own. The18of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a whole new field of computer science has developed to19security issues. A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic20that contains a large amount of personal data on buying habits. There are worries that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby encroaching on our privacy.-不可一词无讲究不可一句无分析-1.[A] However[B] Moreover[C] Therefore[D] Otherwise2.[A] off[B] back[C] over[D] around3.[A] power[B] concept[C] history[D] role4.[A] reward[B] resist[C] resume[D] reverse5.[A] silent[B] sudden[C] slow[D] steady6.[A] for[B] against[C]with[D] on7.[A] imaginative[B] expensive[C] sensitive[D] productive8.[A] similar[B] original[C] temporary[D] dominant9.[A] collect[B] provide[C] copy[D] print10.[A] give up[B] take over[C] bring back[D] pass down11. [A] before[B] after[C] since[D] when12.[A] kept[B] borrowed[C] released[D] withdrawn13.[A] Unless[B] Until[C] Because[D] Though14.[A] hide[B] express[C] raise[D]ease15.[A] analyzed[B] shared[C] stored[D] displayed16.[A] unsafe[B] unnatural[C] uncommon[D] unclear17.[A] steal[B] choose[C] benefit[D] return18.[A] consideration [B] prevention[C] manipulation [D] justification19.[A] cope with[B] fight against [C] adapt to[D] call for20.[A] chunk[B] chip[C] path[D] trail-不可一词无讲究不可一句无分析-2014 年考研英语（二）Cloze TestDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Thinner isn’t always better. A number of studies have1that normal-weight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to those who are overweight. And there are health conditions for which being overweight is actually2. For example, heavier women are less likely to develop calcium deficiency than thin women.3among the elderly, being somewhat overweight is often an4of good health.Of even greater ___5___ is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define. It is often defined ___6___ body mass index, or BMI. BMI ___7__ body mass divided by the square of height. An adult with a BMI of 18 to 25 is often considered to be normal weight. Between 25 and 30 is overweight. And over 30 is considered obese. Obesity, ___8___,can be divided into moderately obese, severely obese, and very severely obese.While such numerical standards seem9, they are not. Obesity is probably less a matter of weight than body fat. Some people with a high BMI are in fact extremely fit,10others with a low BMI may be in poor11.For example, many collegiate and professional football players12as obese, though their percentage body fat is low. Conversely, someone with a small frame may have high body fat but a 13 BMI.Today we have a(an)14to label obesity as a disgrace.The overweight are sometimes 15in the media with their faces covered. Stereotypes16with obesity include laziness, lack of will power,and lower prospects for success.Teachers,employers,and health professionals have been shown to harbor biases against the obese.17very young children tend to look down on the overweight, and teasing about body build has long been a problem in schools.Negative attitudes toward obesity,18in health concerns, have stimulated a number of anti-obesity19.My own hospital system has banned sugary drinks from its facilities. Many employers have instituted weight loss and fitness initiatives. Michelle Obama launched ahigh-visibility campaign20childhood obesity, even claiming that it represents our greatest national security threat.-不可一词无讲究不可一句无分析-1.[A] denied[B] conduced[C] doubled[D] ensured2.[A] protective[B] dangerous[C] sufficient[D]troublesome3.[A] Instead[B] However[C] Likewise[D] Therefore4.[A] indicator[B] objective[C] origin[D] example5.[A] impact[B] relevance[C] assistance[D] concern6.[A] in terms of[B] in case of[C] in favor of[D] in of7.[A] measures[B] determines[C] equals[D] modifies8.[A] in essence[B] in contrast[C] in turn[D] in part9.[A] complicated[B] conservative [C] variable[D] straightforward10.[A] so[B] unlike[C] since[D] unless11.[A] shape[B] spirit[C] balance[D] taste12.[A] start[B] quality[C] retire[D] stay13.[A] strange[B] changeable[C] normal[D] constant14.[A] option[B] reason[C] opportunity[D] tendency15.[A] employed[B] pictured[C] imitated[D] monitored16.[A]compared[B] combined[C] settled[D] associated17.[A] Even[B] Still[C] Yet[D] Only18.[A] despised[B] corrected[C] ignored[D] grounded19.[A] discussions[B] businesses[C] policies[D] studies20.[A] for[B] against[C] with[D] without-不可一词无讲究不可一句无分析-2015 年考研英语（二）Cloze TestDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)In our contemporary culture, the prospect of communicating with -- or even looking at -- a stranger is virtually unbearable. Everyone around us seems to agree by the way they fiddle with their phones, even without a1underground.It's a sad reality -- our desire to avoid interacting with other human beings -- because there's2to be gained from talking to the stranger standing by you. But you wouldn't know it,3into your phone. This universal armor sends the4: "Please don't approach me."What is it that makes us feel we need to hide5our screens?One answer is fear, according to Jon Wortmann, executive mental coach. We fear rejection, or that our innocent social advances will be6as "creepy,". We fear we'll be7. We fear we'll be disruptive. Strangers are inherently8to us, so we are more likely to feel9when communicating with them compared with our friends and acquaintances. To avoid this anxiety, we 10to our phones. "Phones become our security blanket," Wortmann says. "They are our happy glasses that protect us from what we perceive is going to be more11 .”But once we rip off the bandaid, tuck our smartphones in our pockets and look up, it doesn't12so bad. In one 2011 experiment, behavioral scientists Nicholas Epley and Juliana Schroeder asked commuters to do the unthinkable:Start a13 . They had Chicago train commuters talk to their fellow14. "When Dr. Epley and Ms. Schroeder asked other people in the same train station to15how they would feel after talking to a stranger, the commuters thought their16 would be more pleasant if they sat on their own," the New York Times summarizes. Though the participants didn't expect a positive experience, after they17with the experiment, "not a single person reported having been snubbed."18 , these commutes were reportedly more enjoyable compared with those sans communication, which makes absolute sense, 19human beings thrive off of social connections. It's that20: Talking to strangers can make you feel connected.-不可一词无讲究不可一句无分析-1.[A] ticket[B] permit[C] signal[D] record2.[A] nothing[B] link[C] another[D] much3.[A] beaten[B] guided[C] plugged[D] brought4.[A] message[B] cede[C] notice[D] sign5.[A] under[B] beyond[C] behind[D] from6.[A] misinterpret[B] misapplied[C] misadjusted[D] mismatched7.[A] fired[B] judged[C] replaced[D] delayed8.[A] unreasonable[B] ungrateful[C] unconventional [D] unfamiliar9.[A] comfortable[B] anxious[C] confident[D] angry10.[A] attend[B] point[C] take[D] turn11. [A] dangerous[B] mysterious[C] violent[D] boring12.[A] hurt[B] resist[C] bend[D] decay13.[A] lecture[B] conversation [C] debate[D] negotiation14.[A] trainees[B] employees[C] researchers[D] passengers15.[A] reveal[B] choose[C] predict[D] design16.[A] voyage[B] flight[C] walk[D] ride17.[A] went through [B] did away[C] caught up[D] put up18.[A] In turn[B] In particular[C] In fact[D] In consequence19.[A] unless[B] since[C] if[D] whereas20.[A] funny[B] simple[C] logical[D] rare-不可一词无讲究不可一句无分析-2016 年考研英语（二）Cloze TestDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Happy people work differently. They ’ re more productive, more creative, and willing to take greater risks. And new research suggests that happiness might influence__1__firm’s work, too.Companies located in places with happier people invest more, according to a recent research paper.__2__, firms in happy places spend more on R&D (research and development). That ’s because happiness is linked to the kind of longer-term thinking__3__for making investments for the future.The researchers wanted to know if the__4__and inclination for risk-taking that come with happiness would__5__the way companies invested. So they compared U.S. cities ’average happiness__6__by Gallup polling with the investment activity of publicly traded firms in those areas.__7__enough, firms’ investment and R&D intensity were correlated with the happiness of the area in which they were__8__.But is it really happiness that ’s linked to investment, or could something else about happier cities__9__why firms there spend more on R&D? To find out, the researchers controlled for various__10__that might make firms more likely to invest –like size, industry, and sales--and for indicators that a place was__11__to live in, like growth in wages or population. The link between happiness and investment generally__12__even after accounting for these things.The correlation between happiness and investment was particularly strong for younger firms, which the authors__13__to “less codified decision making process” and the possible presence of“younger and less__14__managers who are more likely to be influenced by sentiment. ”The relationship was__15__stronger in places where happiness was spread more__16__.Firms seem to invest more in places where most people are relatively happy, rather than in places with happiness inequality.__17__ this doesn’t prove that happiness causes firms to invest more or to take a longer-term view, the authors believe it at least__18__at that possibility. It ’ s not hard to imagine that local culture and sentiment would help__19__how executives think about the future. “It surely seems plausible that happy people would be more forward-thinking and creative and__20__R&D more than the average,” said one researcher.-不可一词无讲究不可一句无分析-1.[A] why[B] where[C] how[D] when2.[A] In return[B] In particular[C] In contrast[D] In conclusion3.[A] sufficient[B] famous[C] perfect[D] necessary4.[A] individualism[B] modernism[C] optimism[D] realism5.[A] echo[B] miss[C] spoil[D] change6.[A] imagined[B] measured[C] invented[D] assumed7.[A] Sure[B] Odd[C] Unfortunate[D] Often8.[A] advertised[B] divided[C] overtaxed[D] headquartered9.[A] explain[B] overstate[C] summarize[D] emphasize10.[A] stages[B] factors[C] levels[D] methods11. [A] desirable[B] sociable[C] reputable[D] reliable12.[A] resumed[B] held[C]emerged[D] broke13.[A] attribute[B] assign[C] transfer[D]compare14.[A] serious[B] civilized[C] ambitious[D]experienced15.[A] thus[B] instead[C] also[D] never16.[A] rapidly[B] regularly[C] directly[D] equally17.[A] After[B] Until[C] While[D] Since18.[A] arrives[B] jumps[C] hints[D] strikes19.[A] shape[B] rediscover[C] simplify[D] share20.[A] pray for[B] lean towards [C] give away[D] send out。
2010年考研试题翻译——完型部分
Section I Use of English完形填空译文：1924年，美国国家研究委员会派出两名工程师到位于芝加哥附近的霍桑电话配件场指导一系列实验。
委员会希望工程师能弄清楚车间照明如何影响工人的生产效率。
然而，这些研究最终以得出“霍桑效应”——这一极具影响力的理论而告终，它说明充当实验对象这一行为改变了实验对象的表现。
此结论是根据工厂女工那些令人费解的行为得出的。
根据实验记录，照明增强时，女工们每小时的产出会增加；照明减弱时，也是如此。
实验做了什么无关紧要；只要有变化发生，工人的生产效率就会提高。
似乎仅仅是意识到自己成为实验对象这件事本身就足以改变工人的行为。
几十年之后，有人对同一组数据进行了计量经济学分析。
结果显示，“霍桑实验”还隐藏了另一个让人意外的结果。
与所记录的描述相反，没有系统证据能够证明生产效率是随照明的变化而改变的。
结果证明，可能是特殊的实验方式导致了对试验对象的误导性解释。
比如，工厂照明变化总是发生在周日。
周一再次开始工作时，产量也恰在此时比上周六要高，然后在接下来的几天还会持续升高。
但是，将没有进行实验的几周的生产数据进行对比后发现，周一的产量总是会增加。
在任何情况下，工人在每星期的最初几天往往都比较卖力，继而趋于平稳，最后逐渐放松。
这表明，所谓的“霍桑效应”仍然难以说清。
Section II Reading ComprehensionText 1在过去的25年里，在英文报纸行业中发生了许多变化，其中，影响最为深远的或许是艺术报道的范围和严肃性已呈难以遏制的衰落之势。
对于40岁以下的普通读者来说，他们几乎无法想象，曾经有一段时间，在大多数大城市的报纸上都能够读到高质量的文艺评论。
事实上，20世纪出版的评论文集的内容很大一部分来自于报纸评论。
今天阅读这类书会让人感到惊叹；这类涉及高深学识的内容竟曾被认为适合刊登在面向普通读者发行的日报上。
距离我们更为遥远的是：20世纪初期到第二次世界大战前夕，英国的报纸评论方式广泛，当时，新闻用纸非常便宜，而且对于它们所刊登的出版物来说，时髦的文艺评论被认为是一种装饰。
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★★★光明版★★★十年考研英语完形真题逐句解析(2008——1999)2008 (翻译见P174)Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name.【整句翻译】【讲词】hypothesis n.（名词）【复数】hy.poth.e.ses 缩写hyp.,hypoth.【考研真相】【云注】本句主干：The idea is one of those hypotheses. 主语、表语后面都有定语从句。
But Gregory Cochran is prepared to say it anyway.【整句翻译】【讲词】be prepared to do sth 打算、准备，愿意做某事。
【考研真相】He is that rare bird, a scientist who works independently of any institution.【整句翻译】【讲词】rare bird n. 稀有的人或物,珍品。
independently of 独立于...之外。
——《朗道》【考研真相】He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not previously thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.【整句翻译】【讲词】bacterium n. 细菌(复数为bacteria)。
【考研真相】Even he, however, might tremble at the thought of what he is about to do.【整句翻译】【讲词】tremble at 被…吓得发抖。
at the thought of 一想到…(就)。
【考研真相】Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only suggests that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. 【整句翻译】【讲词】together with 和…一同, 连同…。
bring about 造成, 引起〔导致〕(某事)。
【考研真相】The group in question are a particular people originated from central Europe.【整句翻译】【讲词】originate from 来自…; 源于…。
【考研真相】The process is natural selection.【整句翻译】【讲词】natural selection n. 自然选择,物竞天择说。
【考研真相】This group generally do well in IQ test, scoring 12-15 points above the mean value of 100, and have contributed disproportionately to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the careers of their elites, including several world-renowned scientists, affirm.【整句翻译】【讲词】do well in 成绩好,…做得好。
mean value n. 平均数[值]。
mean n.平均数，平均值。
【考研真相】【云注】此处scoring…虽为分词短语作状语，但score疑为不及物动词。
above the mean value of 100作状语，前面的12-15 points反而是作它的定语。
They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer.【整句翻译】【讲词】genetic diseases 遗传疾病。
breast cancer n. 乳癌。
suffer from 患(某种病); 受(某种病痛)折磨。
You must have suffered from a cold.你一定是感冒了。
【考研真相】【云注】本句语序有所变化。
原顺序是：They also suffer from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer more often than most people.These facts, however, have previously been thought unrelated.【整句翻译】【讲词】【考研真相】The former has been put down to social effects, such as a strong tradition of valuing education.【整句翻译】【讲词】the former 前者。
put down to v. 归因于。
【考研真相】The latter was seen as a (an) consequence of genetic isolation.【整句翻译】【讲词】genetic isolation 遗传隔离。
【考研真相】Dr.Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately linked.【整句翻译】【讲词】【考研真相】His argument is that the unusual history of these people has subjected them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this paradoxical state of affairs.【整句翻译】【讲词】subject to v. 使服从,使遭受。
subject vt. 使服从, 征服, 制伏。
paradoxical adj. 自相矛盾的。
state of affairs n. 事态,情势。
【考研真相】2007 (翻译见P120)全文：By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. The roughly 20 million inhabitants of these nations looked hopefully to the future. Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian Colonialism, many of the leaders of independence shared the ideals of representative government, careers open to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the right to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. Generally there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a common set of laws.On the issue of freedom of religion and the position of the church, however, there was less agreement among the leadership. Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one allowed by the Spanish crown. While most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism as the official religion of the new states, some sought to end the exclusion of other faiths. The defense of the Church became a rallying cry for the conservative forces.The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing equality of everything. Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had promised in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain’s remaining colonies. Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much slower because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies produced. Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was unprepared for self-rule and democracy.逐句解析：By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations.【整句翻译】【讲词】【考研真相】The roughly 20 million inhabitants of these nations looked hopefully to the future.【整句翻译】【讲词】look to the future 考虑未来。