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m2012
M2012IntroductionM2012 is an advanced software system that provides a wide range of tools and features for businesses and individuals. This document will provide an overview of the capabilities and benefits of M2012, explaining how it can be used to simplify everyday tasks and improve overall efficiency.FeaturesM2012 offers a comprehensive set of features that cater to various needs. Some of the key features include:1. Task ManagementM2012 provides a powerful task management system that enables users to create, assign, and track tasks. With customizable priority levels and due dates, users can easily manage their workload and ensure timely completion of tasks. The intuitive user interface allows for seamless navigation and quick access to task details, making the overall process more efficient.2. Customer Relationship Management (CRM)M2012 includes a robust CRM module that helps businesses maintain and nurture their customer relationships. The CRM module allows users to store customer information, track interactions, manage sales leads, and generate reports. By centralizing customer data and providing valuable insights, M2012 enhances customer engagement and helps in driving business growth.3. Document ManagementM2012 offers a comprehensive document management system that enables users to securely store, organize, and share files. With version control and permissions management, users can collaborate effectively and have full control over access to sensitive documents. The search functionality allows for quick retrieval of documents, eliminating the need for manual searching and saving valuable time.4. Project CollaborationM2012 facilitates seamless collaboration on projects through its dedicated project management module. Users can create and assign tasks, track progress, and communicate with team members all within the system. The real-time notification feature ensures that everyone stays updated on project developments, enhancing coordination and improving overall project efficiency.5. Reporting and AnalyticsM2012 includes a robust reporting and analytics module that provides valuable insights into business performance. Users can generate customized reports, visualize data through charts and graphs, and analyze trends. By leveraging these features, businesses can make data-driven decisions and optimize their operations for better results.BenefitsImplementing M2012 into your business workflow can result in several key benefits, including:1. Increased ProductivityBy streamlining various processes and providing a centralized platform, M2012 eliminates the need for multiple tools and systems. This consolidation allows users to save time and focus on their core responsibilities, ultimately driving productivity improvements.2. Enhanced CollaborationM2012’s collaborati on features enable team members to easily communicate, share files, and collaborate on projects in real-time. This eliminates delays caused by the exchange of emails or the use of separate collaboration tools, fostering a more seamless and efficient work environment.3. Improved Customer EngagementThe CRM module in M2012 helps businesses deliver personalized experiences to their customers. By storing crucial customer information and tracking interactions, businesses can better understand customer needs and preferences, leading to improved customer engagement and loyalty.4. Data-Driven Decision MakingThe reporting and analytics module in M2012 provides valuable insights into business performance. By analyzing trends and visualizing data, businesses can make informed decisions and optimize their strategies for better results.5. Time and Cost SavingsM2012 eliminates the need for manual and repetitive tasks, saving users valuable time. By reducing administrative overhead and improving process efficiency, businesses can achieve cost savings and allocate resources more effectively.ConclusionM2012 is a powerful software system that offers a wide range of features to streamline workflows and enhance productivity. With its task management, CRM, document management, project collaboration, and reporting capabilities, businesses can simplify everyday tasks, improve customer engagement, and make data-driven decisions. By implementing M2012, businesses can unlock new levels of efficiency and achieve better results in less time.。
Overview
5 W. Scacchi, CMAG Presentation, 9 March 2007
Other Motivating Applications
• Game-based virtual worlds
– Most MMOG companies don’t know their own processes, nor those active/emerging within game community (e.g., external/gray markets for in-game resources)
Discovering socio-technical and cultural evolution processes
• New OSSD processes under study
– Joining and contributing to a project in progress – Role-task migration: from project periphery to center – Alliance formation and community development
Process discovery
• Participant observation (online, Web-based ethnography) to tailor process meta-model • Collection, annotation, and tracking of participant created/modified artifacts
– Objects of interaction marking events and event flow – How objects are situated in facilitating collaboration, conflict, or conflict mitigation – Requires scalable, concurrent content crawling and indexing – Guided by meta-model and multi-mode process models
雅思写作---小作文overview应该这样写
雅思写作---小作文overview应该这样写雅思小作文除了第一句话复述题目外，接下来要写的就是overview了，也就是对图表的最明显的，有概括性的特征的描述。
Overview的具体位置可以是跟在复述题目的句子之后，作为开头段，也可以单独成段，或者有些范文中将这一概括放在结尾作为conclusion，这些形式都可以。
但是如何找准主要特征呢?下面将结合具体的例子总结overview应该怎么写才能拿高分，希望对雅思考生能够有所帮助。
首先，overview应该从三个角度展开：1. overall trend整体趋势2. biggest rise/ fall/ change最大变化项目3. comparison对比其次，overview具体内容应该这样写：1. 写1-2个总体的特征2. 不用带具体数值3. 对比和最大值，或整体趋势往往需要结合起来写4. 可以加一些功能性语言：总体看来overall; 最明显的是… It is obvious that…等最后，咱们结合例子来看是如何体现的：1. 找最大值The British were the biggest spenders in all six categories among the nations compared in the bar chart while the lowest spending levels were attributed to the residents of Belgium2. 总体数量比较Overall, there were more male research students than females in 2005.3. 总体趋势比较Overall, the consumption of margarine and butter decreased over period given while for low fat and reduced spreads, it rose.4. 总体占比对比+总体趋势变化It is clear that Yemen had the younger population in the year 2000, and the same is predicted for the year 2050. The populations of both countries are predicted to get older over the 50 year period.5. 变化性对比As is seen from the given illustration, men were well ahead of women in all the job sectors in Freedonia in 1975. However the scenario changed in the 1995 and women did a remarkable progress in their professions.6. 最大值最小值对比The television was the most popular consumer durable while dishwasher was the least common type of durables the British people had during the years 1972 to 1983.7. 最大值+总量对比Overall, it can be seen that donated food accounted for the majority of the income, while program services accounted for the most expenditure. Total revenue sources just exceeded outgoings.8. 总体趋势+对比+最大值Overall, there was an increase in the number of visits to and from the UK and there were more visits abroad by UK residentsthan visits to the UK by overseas residents over the period given. Furthermore, the most popular country to visit by UK residents was France in 1999.。
NXP i.MX 8M EVK Board 硬件用户指南说明书
© 2018 NXP B.V.i.MX 8M EVK Board Hardware User's Guide1.IntroductionThis document is the hardware User’s Guide for the i.MX 8M Evaluation Kit (EVK) based on the NXP Semiconductor’s i.MX 8MDQLQ Applications Processor. This board is fully supported by NXPSemiconductor. This manual includes system setup and debugging, and provides detailed information on the overall design and usage of the EVK board from a hardware system perspective.1.1. Board overviewThe EVK board is a platform designed to showcase themost commonly used features of the i.MX 8MDQLQ Applications Processor in a small, low cost package. The i.MX 8M EVK board is an entry level development board, which gives the developer the option ofbecoming familiar with the processor before investing a large amount of resources in more specific designs. Table 1 lists the features of the i.MX 8M EVK board.NXP Semiconductors Document Number: IMX8MDQLQEVKHUGUser's GuideRev. 0, 01/2018Contents1.Introduction ........................................................................ 11.1. Board overview ....................................................... 1 1.2. Board contents ........................................................ 2 1.3. Board revision history ............................................. 2 2.Specifications ..................................................................... 32.1. Processor ................................................................. 4 2.2. Boot mode operations and selections ...................... 4 2.3. Power tree ............................................................... 6 2.4. LPDDR4 DRAM memory ...................................... 8 2.5. SD card slot (J1601) ............................................... 8 2.6. eMMC memory (U601) .......................................... 9 2.7. Ethernet connector (J1201) ..................................... 9 2.8. USB connector (J901, J903) ................................... 9 2.9. Audio input/output (J1101) ..................................... 9 2.10. UART connector (J1701) ........................................ 9 2.11. JTAG connector (J401) ......................................... 10 2.12. Extension port (J1801) .......................................... 10 2.13. MIPI-CSI/MIPI-DSI connector (J1501, J1502, J1503) 102.14. User interface buttons ........................................... 11 2.15. WiFi/BT (U1301/J1401) ....................................... 12 2.16. User interface LED indicators ............................... 12 2.17. HDMI connector (J1001) ...................................... 12 3.PCB information .............................................................. 13 3.1. EVK design files (13)IntroductionTable 1. Board featuresProcessor NXP Applications Processor MIMX8MQ6DVAJZAADRAM memory Micron 3 GB LPDDR4 MT53B768M32D4NQ-062 WT:B Mass storage Micron 16 GB eMMC5.0 MTFC16GAKAECN-2M WTMicron 32 MB QSPI NOR MT25QL256ABA1EW9MicroSD card connector SD3.0 supportedPower NXP PMIC PF4210 + Discrete DCDC/LDODisplay interface HDMI 2.0a ConnectorDSI interface (Mini-SAS connector)Ethernet 1 GB Ethernet with RJ45 connectorUSB x1 USB (2.0/3.0) Type-C connector x1 USB (2.0/3.0) host connectorAudio connectors 3.5 mm Stereo Headphone outputDebug connectors JTAG (10-PIN header) MicroUSB for UART debugCamera CSI interface (Mini-SAS connector)WiFi/Bluetooth x1 on board WiFi/BT module x1 M.2 slot (KEY-E type)Buttons ONOFF, RESETLED Indicators Power status, UARTExpansion Port FPC connector (SAI ports)PCB 3.937-inch x 3.937-inch (10 cm x 10 cm), 10-layer board1.2. Board contentsThe i.MX 8M EVK contains the following items:•i.MX 8M EVK board•USB Cable (x1 Standard USB TYPE-A to MicroUSB TYPE-B connector; x1 Standard USB TYPE-A to USB TYPE-C connector)•12V/5.0A Power Supply•Quick Start Guide1.3. Board revision history•Rev A0/A1•Rev B1/B2•Rev B3The board assembly version will be printed on a label, usually attached to the bottom side. The assembly version will be the letter designation following the schematic revision: 700-29615 REV _.2. SpecificationsThis section provides the detailed information about the electrical design and practical considerations that go into the EVK board. Figure 1 describes each block in the high-level block diagram of the EVK board.Figure 1. MCIMX8M-EVK block diagramFigure 2 shows the overview of the i.MX 8M EVK board.SpecificationsFigure 2. i.MX 8M EVK board overview2.1. ProcessorThe i.MX 8MDQLQ processors represent NXP Semiconductor’s latest achievement in integrated multimedia-focused products offering high performance processing with a high degree of functional integration, targeted towards the growing market of connected devices. The i.MX 8MDQLQ processor features NXP’s advanced implementation of the Quad ARM Cortex®-A53+ ARM Cortex®-M4 core, which operates at speeds up to 1.5 GHz. i.MX 8MDQLQ includes integrated power management module that reduces the complexity of external power supply and simplifies the power sequencing. Each processor provides a 32-bit DDR3/LVDDR3/DDR4/LPDDR4 memory interface and other interfaces for connecting peripherals, such as HDMI, LCD, WLAN, Bluetooth™, GPS and camera sensors.For more detailed information about the processor, please refer to the datasheet and reference manual on /i.MX8M.2.2. Boot mode operations and selectionsThe i.MX 8MDQLQ Applications Processor can be the boot configuration selected on SW802 or by the boot configuration stored on internal eFUSE. Alternatively, the i.MX 8MDQLQ can download a program image from a USB connection when configured in serial downloader mode. The method used to determine where the processor finds its boot information is from two dedicated BOOT MODE pins. Table 2 shows the values used in the two methods.Figure 3. Boot modeTable 2. Boot mode pin settingsBOOT_MODE1 BOOT_MODE 0 Boot source0 0 Boot from fuses0 1 Serial downloader1 0 Internal boot1 1 ReservedIt is important for the developer to remember that these two pins are tied to the BOOT modules, therefore, on i.MX 8M EVK board, use a dual-switch (SW802) to select the input voltage of these two pins, 0 or 3.3 V. If the developer wants to boot the program Image from the Fuses Mode, the position of the switch 1 and 2 must be set to OFF, it is the same principle to choose the Serial Downloader Module or Internal Boot Module to load bootable code into the processor.If the method of determining the bootable source code is selected to be from the hardware, then the developer must set the switch S802:MODE0 to OFF, MODE1 to ON, and the four i.MX 8MDQLQ pins must be set on the EVK board as Table 3 and Figure 4.Table 3. Boot mode settingBOOT configuration SW801Boot from EMMC 0010Boot from SD2 1100SpecificationsFigure 4. Boot mode settingOn the i.MX 8M EVK board, the default boot mode is from eMMC device. There is one SD connector on the board. The board will check the eMMC connector first and then the SD connector. If you put the boot card into SD connector, and set the boot configuration as “BOOT from SD2”, the board will boot from the SD by default.NOTEFor more information about the boot module, such as the meaning ofevery bit of the Boot Switch, please refer to i.MX 8MDQLQ ReferenceManual on /i.MX8M.2.3. Power treeThere is a +12 V external wall power supply that needs to be connected to the i.MX 8M EVK board at connector J902. The other powers from internal adapters, on the EVK board, use discrete device to power the system. Figure 5 shows the power tree.Figure 5. Power tree diagramIn Figure 5, the developer can get all the voltage supply rails used on the EVK board. When some modules are not working, the developer needs to test whether the voltage of this module is correct. Table 4 lists the power rails on the board.SpecificationsTable 4. Power railsmScale850SRC TYPE Value SEQ PWR rail1 NVCC_SNVS 3.32 VDD_SNVS 0.9RTC_RESET_B3 VDD_SOC/VDDA_0P9 DC/DC BUCK 0.94 VDD_ARM DC/DC BUCK 0.9/1.04 VDD_GPU PMIC PF4210 0.9/1.04 VDD_VPU PMIC PF4210 0.9/1.04 VDD_DRAM PMIC PF4210 1.05 VDDA_1P8_xxx PMIC PF4210 1.85 VDDA_DRAM PMIC PF4210 1.86 NVCC_3V3 DC/DC BUCK 3.36 NVCC_1V8 PMIC PF4210 1.86 NVCC_DRAM PMIC PF4210 1.1/1.2/1.357 NVCC_SD2 LDO 1.8/3.38 1.8V PHY PMIC PF4210 1.88 0.9V PHY PMIC PF4210 0.98 3.3V PHY PMIC PF4210 3.3POR_BNOTEIf an alternate power supply is used (not the original power supply), itshould be no more than 20 V; otherwise the board will not work.2.4. LPDDR4 DRAM memoryThe i.MX 8M EVK board has one 768 Meg × 32 (4 channels × 16 I/O) LPDDR4 SDRAM chip (MT53B768M32D4NQ-062 WT:B) for a total of 3 GB RAM memory.In the physical layout, the LPDDR4 chip is placed on the TOP side, the data traces are not necessarily connected to the LPDDR4 chips in sequential order, but for ease of routing, are connected as best determined by the layout and other critical traces.The DRAM_VREF can be created by a simple voltage divider using 1.5 K Ohm 1% resistors and 0.1uF capacitors for stability. The relatively smaller-value resistors provide enough current to maintain a steady mid‐point voltage. The calibration resistors used by the LPDDR4 chips and processor are 240 Ohm 1% resistors.2.5. SD card slot (J1601)There is one MicroSD card connectors (J1601) on the i.MX 8M EVK board. J1601 on the i.MX 8M EVK board is the TF slot for SD2 interface. By default, this MicroSD connector supports one 4-bitSD3.0 card or MMC card.2.6. eMMC memory (U601)The eMMC interface is connected to uSDHC1 of i.MX 8M. It can support eMMC 5.0, eMMC and hinge type. MicroSD socket are co-layout, and the eMMC device is populated by default on the EVK board. To boot from eMMC, you need to change the Boot-mode switch (SW801) settings as shown in Table 3.2.7. Ethernet connector (J1201)There is one gigabit Ethernet module on the i.MX 8MDQLQ processor. The developer can use the ENET connector to send/receive the ENET signals. The Ethernet subsystem of the i.MX 8M EVK board is provided by the Qualcomm AR8031 Ethernet Transceiver (U1201). The Ethernet Transceiver (or PHY) receives standard RGMII Ethernet signals from the MAC-NET core of the i.MX 8MDQLQ Applications Processor. The processor takes care of all Ethernet protocols at the MAC layer and above. The PHY is only responsible for the Link Layer formatting. The PHY receives the clock signal from the ENET_TXC pin of i.MX 8MDQLQ processor.When the developer uses the i.MX 8M EVK board for the first time, he must set the MAC address for the EVK board. The MAC address is printed on the connector very clearly, and the developer just needs to set MAC address same as it.2.8. USB connector (J901, J903)The i.MX 8MDQLQ Applications Processors contain two USB 2.0/3.0 OTG controllers, with two integrated USB PHY. On the EVK board, one is used for USB host port and the other for the USB TYPE-C port.2.9. Audio input/output (J1101)The main Audio DAC used on the EVK board is CIRRUS LOGIC Low Power, high quality Stereo DAC, WM8524. The digital interface between i.MX 8MDQLQ and WM8524 includes three signals: SYNC_CLK, BCLK, and DACDAT. The i.MX 8MDQLQ also provides the MCLK to WM8960.i.MX 8M EVK includes one headphone interface (J1101). J1101 is a 3.5 mm 4-pole (or TRRS) phone jack.2.10. UART connector (J1701)The i.MX 8MDQLQ Applications Processor has four independent UART Ports (UART1 – UART4). Usually the developer can use a DB9 connector and a level shifter such as MAX3232 to complete the UART debug circuit. Nowadays, many computers may not have a RS-232 DB9 connector, so on the EVK board, SILICON LABS’s CP2105, there is a USB to Serial UART IC to cover the UART signal to the USB signal.SpecificationsOn the EVK board, UART1_TXD & UART1_RXD are used to output serial debugging information for A53-core. UART2_TXD & UART2_RXD are used to output serial debugging information for M4-core. No RTS or CTS signals are sent from the Processor to the Debug connector as these signals are ignored by most applications. The required terminal settings to receive debug information during the boot cycle are as shown in Table 5.Table 5. Terminal setting parametersData Rate 115,200 BaudData bits 8Parity NoneStop bits 12.11. JTAG connector (J401)The i.MX 8MDQLQ Applications Processor accepts five JATG signals from an attached debugging device on dedicated pins. A sixth pin on the processor accepts a board HW configuration input, specific to the EVK board only. The five JTAG signals used by the processor are:•JTAG_TCK TAP Clock•JTAG_TMS TAP Machine State•JTAG_TDI TAP Data In•JTAG_TDO TAP Data Out•JTAG_nTRST TAP Reset Request (Active Low)2.12. Extension port (J1801)One Expansion port (J1801) is provided on the EVK board to generate audio card connector, and the developer can use the processor to perform audio features development.2.13. MIPI-CSI/MIPI-DSI connector (J1501, J1502, J1503)The i.MX 8MDQLQ processor supports dual MIPI-CSI and single MIPI-DSI. The connectors are designed to support camera and LCD. The connectors are as shown in Figure 6.Figure 6. MIPI-DSI/CSI connector2.14. User interface buttonsThere are two user interface buttons on the EVK board.2.14.1. Power button (SW1701)The chip supports the use of a button input signal to request main SoC power state changes (i.e. ON or OFF) from the PMU.ON/OFF can be configured as debounce, OFF-to-ON time, and max timeout. The debounce and OFF-to-ON time can be configured as 0, 50, 100 and 500 ms. Debounce is used to generate the power-off interrupt. In the ON state, if ON/OFF button is held longer than the debounce time, the power-off interrupt is generated. OFF-to-ON time supports the time it takes to request power-on after a button has been held longer than the configured time. In the OFF state, if ON/OFF button is held longer than the OFF-to-ON time, the state will transit from OFF to ON. Max timeout can be configured as 5 s, 10 s, 15 s and disable. Max timeout can also be the time for requesting power down after ON/OFF button has been held for the defined time.PCB information2.14.2. Reset button (SW1702)In the ON state, holding the RESET button (SW1702) will force to reset the power rails except the VDD_SNVS on the i.MX 8M EVK board. The i.MX 8MDQLQ applications processor will be immediately turned off and reinitiate a boot cycle from the OFF state.2.15. WiFi/BT (U1301/J1401)The MCIMX8M EVK board has two ways to support WiFi/BT function:1.Chip on board WiFi: LBEE5U91CQ-TEMP;2.M.2 WiFi/BT card.Both ways share the same UART interface for BT function, so the BT function cannot be used at the same time. For WiFi, there are two standalone PCIe interfaces for this purpose, and WiFi function can be used at the same time.2.16. User interface LED indicatorsThere are two LED indicators on the board. These LEDs have the following functions: •Main Power Supply (D1601)—Green – CPU is running on OD mode.—Red – WALL_12V_DC_JACK is provided and SW701 is powered on.—OFF – The board is powered off.•UART (D1702/D1703)—Green light flashing – The UART data transmitted to PC.—Orange light flashing – The UART data received from PC.2.17. HDMI connector (J1001)The i.MX 8M EVK board has a Type-A HDMI connector that can playback 4K video.3. PCB informationThe overall dimensions of the i.MX 8M EVK board PCB are shown in Figure 3. The EVK board is made with standard 10-layer technology. The material used was FR-4, and the PCB stack-up information is shown in Table 6.Table 6. Board stack up informationLayer Description Coppoer (Oz.) Dielectric thickness (mil)1 Signal 0.333Dielectric TU768P:2.741mil2 GND 1Dielectric TU768P:3.94mil3 Power 1Dielectric TU768P:4.409mil4 Signal 1Dielectric TU768P:3.94mil5 GND 1 3.0Dielectric TU768P:4.491mil6 Signal 1Dielectric TU768P:3.94mil7 GND 1Dielectric TU768P:4.465mil8 Signal 1Dielectric TU768P:3.94mil9 GND 1Dielectric TU768P:2.743mil10 Signal 0.3333.1. EVK design filesYou can download the schematics, layout file, gerber files, and BOM from /i.MX8M.NOTEThe CPU dies when the temperature is over 95°C due to some use cases. Itis strongly recommended to install fans on the heatsink to avoid anypotential damages to the PCBA. You can get fans from/i.MX8M.Document Number: IMX8MDQLQEVKHUGRev. 0 1/2018How to Reach Us: Home Page: / Web Support:/supportInformation in this document is provided solely to enable system and softwareimplementers to use NXP products. There are no express or implied copyright licenses granted hereunder to design or fabricate any integrated circuits based on the information in this document. NXP reserves the right to make changes without further notice to any products herein.NXP makes no warranty, representation, or guarantee regarding the suitability of its products for any particular purpose, nor does NXP assume any liability arising out of the application or use of any product or circuit, and specifically disclaims any and all liability, including without limitation consequential or incidental damages. “Typical”parameters that may be provided in NXP data sheets and/or specifications can and do vary in different applications, and actual performance may vary over time. All operating parameters, including “typicals,” must be validated for each customer application by customer’s technical experts. NXP does not convey any license under its patent rights nor the rights of others. NXP sells products pursuant to standard terms and conditions of sale, which can be found at the following address: /SalesTermsandConditions .NXP, the NXP logo, NXP SECURE CONNECTIONS FOR A SMARTER WORLD, Freescale, the Freescale logo are the trademarks of NXP B.V. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners.Arm, the Arm logo, and Cortex are registered trademarks of Arm Limited (or its subsidiaries) in the EU and/or elsewhere. All rights reserved. © 2018 NXP B.V.。
Stata软件快速指南说明书
19Immediate commandsContents19.1Overview19.1.1Examples19.1.2A list of the immediate commands19.2The display command19.3The power,precision,and sample-size commands19.1OverviewAn immediate command is a command that obtains data not from the data stored in memory but from numbers typed as arguments.Immediate commands,in effect,turn Stata into a glorified hand calculator.There are many instances when you may not have the data,but you do know something about the data,and what you know is adequate to perform statistical tests.For instance,you do not have to have individual-level data to obtain the standard error of the mean,and thereby a confidence interval, if you know the mean,standard deviation,and number of observations.In other instances,you may actually have the data,and you could enter the data and perform the test,but it would be easier if you could just ask for the statistic based on a summary.For instance,youflip a coin10times,and it comes up heads twice.You could enter a10-observation dataset with two ones(standing for heads) and eight zeros(meaning tails).Immediate commands are meant to solve those problems.Immediate commands have the following properties:1.They never disturb the data in memory.You can perform an immediate calculation as an asidewithout changing your data.2.The syntax for these commands is the same,the command name followed by numbers,whichare the summary statistics from which the statistic is calculated.The numbers are almost always summary statistics,and the order in which they are specified is in some sense“natural”.3.Immediate commands all end in the letter i,although the converse is not ually,if thereis an immediate command,there is a nonimmediate form also,that is,a form that works on the data in memory.For every statistical command in Stata,we have included an immediate form if it is reasonable to assume that you might know the requisite summary statistics without having the underlying data and if typing those statistics is not absurdly burdensome.4.Immediate commands are documented along with their nonimmediate counterparts.Thus,if youwant to obtain a confidence interval,whether it be from summary data with an immediate command or using the data in memory,use the table of contents or index to discover that[R]ci discusses confidence intervals.There,you learn that ci calculates confidence intervals by using the data in memory and that cii does the same with the data specified immediately following the command.12[U]19Immediate commands19.1.1ExamplesExample1Let’s take the example of confidence intervals.Professional papers often publish the mean,standard deviation,and number of observations for variables used in the analysis.Those statistics are sufficient for calculating a confidence interval.If we know that the mean mileage rating of cars in some sample is24,that the standard deviation is6,and that there are97cars in the sample,we can calculate .cii means97246Variable Obs Mean Std.err.[95%conf.interval]9724.609207722.7907325.20927We learn that the mean’s standard error is0.61and its95%confidence interval is[22.8,25.2].To obtain this,we typed cii means(the immediate form of the ci means command)followed by the number of observations,the mean,and the standard deviation.We knew the order in which to specify the numbers because we had read[R]ci.We could use the immediate form of the ttest command to test the hypothesis that the true mean is22:.ttesti9724622One-sample t testObs Mean Std.err.Std.dev.[95%conf.interval]x9724.6092077622.7907325.20927 mean=mean(x)t= 3.2830 H0:mean=22Degrees of freedom=96 Ha:mean<22Ha:mean!=22Ha:mean>22 Pr(T<t)=0.9993Pr(|T|>|t|)=0.0014Pr(T>t)=0.0007Thefirst three numbers were as we specified in the cii means command.ttesti requires a fourth number,which is the constant against which the mean is being tested;see[R]ttest.Example2We mentionedflipping a coin10times and having it come up heads twice.We can use cii proportions to compute,for example,the99%confidence interval:.cii proportions102,level(99)Binomial exactVariable Obs Proportion Std.err.[99%conf.interval]10.2.1264911.0108505.6482012The cii proportions command requires that we specify the number of trials and the number of successes from a binomial experiment;see[R]ci.[U]19Immediate commands3The immediate form of the bitest command performs exact hypothesis testing:.bitesti102.5Binomial probability testN Observed k Expected k Assumed p Observed p10250.500000.20000Pr(k>=2)=0.989258(one-sided test)Pr(k<=2)=0.054688(one-sided test)Pr(k<=2or k>=8)=0.109375(two-sided test)For a full explanation of this output,see[R]bitest.Example3Stata’s tabulate command makes tables and calculates various measures of association.The immediate form,tabi,does the same,but we specify the contents of the table following the command:.tabi510\214colrow12Total151015221416Total72431Fisher’s exact=0.2201-sided Fisher’s exact=0.170The tabi command is slightly different from most immediate commands because it uses‘\’to indicate where one row ends and another begins.4[U]19Immediate commands19.1.2A list of the immediate commandsCommand Reference Descriptionbitesti[R]bitest Binomial probability testcci[R]Epitab Tables for epidemiologistscsiirimccicii[R]ci Confidence intervals for means,proportions,and variances esizei[R]esize Effect size based on mean comparisonprtesti[R]prtest Tests of proportionssdtesti[R]sdtest Variance comparison testssymmi[R]symmetry Symmetry and marginal homogeneity teststabi[R]tabulate twoway Two-way tables of frequenciesttesti[R]ttest t tests(mean-comparison tests)twoway pci[G-2]graph twoway pci Paired-coordinate plot with spikes or linestwoway pcarrowi[G-2]graph twoway pcarrowi Paired-coordinate plot with arrowstwoway scatteri[G-2]graph twoway scatteri Twoway scatterplotztesti[R]ztest z tests(mean-comparison tests,known variance)19.2The display commanddisplay is not really an immediate command,but it can be used as a hand calculator..display2+57.display sqrt(2+sqrt(3^2-4*2*-2))/(2*3).44095855See[R]display.19.3The power,precision,and sample-size commandspower,ciwidth,gsbounds,and gsdesign are not technically immediate commands because they do not do something on typed numbers that other commands do on the dataset.They do,however, work strictly on numbers you type on the command line and do not disturb the data in memory.power and ciwidth perform power,precision,and sample-size analysis.See the Stata Power, Precision,and Sample-Size Reference Manual.gsbounds and gsdesign calculate stopping boundaries and sample sizes for group sequential designs.See the Stata Adaptive Designs:Group Sequential Trials Reference Manual.Stata,Stata Press,and Mata are registered trademarks of StataCorp LLC.Stata andStata Press are registered trademarks with the World Intellectual Property Organization®of the United Nations.Other brand and product names are registered trademarks ortrademarks of their respective companies.Copyright c 1985–2023StataCorp LLC,College Station,TX,USA.All rights reserved.。
EMMREML软件说明说明书
Package‘EMMREML’October12,2022Type PackageVersion3.1Date2015-07-20Title Fitting Mixed Models with Known Covariance StructuresAuthor Deniz Akdemir,Okeke Uche GodfreyMaintainer Deniz Akdemir<****************************>Depends Matrix,statsDescription The main functions are'emmreml',and'emmremlMultiKernel'.'emm-reml'solves a mixed model with known covariance structure using the'EMMA'algo-rithm.'emmremlMultiKernel'is a wrapper for'emmreml'to handle multiple random compo-nents with known covariance structures.The function'emmremlMultivariate'solves a multivari-ate gaussian mixed model with known covariance structure using the'ECM'algorithm. License GPL-2NeedsCompilation noRepository CRANDate/Publication2015-07-2205:52:07R topics documented:EMMREML (2)emmreml (2)emmremlMultiKernel (4)emmremlMultivariate (6)Index91EMMREML Fitting mixed models with known covariance structures.DescriptionThe main functions are emmreml,and emmremlMultiKernel.emmreml solves a mixed model with known covariance structure using the EMMA algorithm in Kang et.al.(2008).emmremlMulti-Kernel is a wrapper for emmreml to handle multiple random components with known covariance structures.The function emmremlMultivariate solves a multivariate gaussian mixed model with known covariance structure using the ECM algorithm in Zhou and Stephens(2012).DetailsPackage:EMMREMLType:PackageVersion: 3.1Date:2015-07-20License:GPL-2Author(s)Deniz Akdemir,Okeke Uche GodfreyMaintainer:Deniz Akdemir<****************************>ReferencesEfficient control of population structure in model organism association mapping.Kang,Hyun Min and Zaitlen,Noah A and Wade,Claire M and Kirby,Andrew and Heckerman,David and Daly, Mark J and Eskin,Eleazar.Genetics,2008.Genome-wide efficient mixed-model analysis for association studies.Zhou,Xiang and Stephens, Matthew.Nature genetics,2012.emmreml Solver for Gaussian mixed model with known covariance structure.DescriptionThis function estimates the parameters of the modely=Xβ+Zu+ewhere y is the n vector of response variable,X is a nxq known design matrix offixed effects,Z isa nxl known design matrix of random effects,βis qx1vector offixed effects coefficients and u ande are independent variables with N l(0,σ2u K)and N n(0,σ2e I n)correspondingly.It also producesthe BLUPs and some other useful statistics like large sample estimates of variances and PEV.Usageemmreml(y,X,Z,K,varbetahat=FALSE,varuhat=FALSE,PEVuhat=FALSE,test=FALSE)Argumentsy nx1numeric vectorX nxq matrixZ nxl matrixK lxl matrix of known relationshipsvarbetahat TRUE or FALSEvaruhat TRUE or FALSEPEVuhat TRUE or FALSEtest TRUE or FALSEValueVu Estimate ofσ2uVe Estimate ofσ2ebetahat BLUEs forβuhat BLUPs for uXsqtestbetaχ2test statistics for testing whether thefixed effect coefficients are equal to zero.pvalbeta pvalues obtained from large sample theory for thefixed effects.We report the pvalues adjusted by the"padjust"function for allfixed effect coefficients.Xsqtestuχ2test statistic values for testing whether the BLUPs are equal to zero.pvalu pvalues obtained from large sample theory for the BLUPs.We report the pvalues adjusted by the"padjust"function.varuhat Large sample variance for the BLUPs.varbetahat Large sample variance for theβ’s.PEVuhat Prediction error variance estimates for the BLUPs.loglik loglikelihood for the model.Examplesn=200M1<-matrix(rnorm(n*300),nrow=n)K1<-cov(t(M1))K1=K1/mean(diag(K1))covY<-2*K1+1*diag(n)Y<-10+crossprod(chol(covY),rnorm(n))#training setTrainset<-sample(1:n,150)funout<-emmreml(y=Y[Trainset],X=matrix(rep(1,n)[Trainset],ncol=1),Z=diag(n)[Trainset,],K=K1)cor(Y[-Trainset],funout$uhat[-Trainset])emmremlMultiKernel Function tofit Gaussian mixed model with multiple mixed effects withknown covariances.DescriptionThis function is a wrapper for the emmreml tofit Gaussian mixed model with multiple mixed effects with known covariances.The modelfitted is y=Xβ+Z1u1+Z2u2+...Z k u k+e where y is the n vector of response variable,X is a nxq known design matrix offixed ef-fects,Z j is a nxl j known design matrix of random effects for j=1,2,...,k,βis nx1vec-tor offixed effects coefficients and U=(u t1,u t2,...,u tk )t and e are independent variables withN L(0,blockdiag(σ2u1K1,σ2u2K2,...,σ2ukK k))and N n(0,σ2e I n)correspondingly.The function pro-duces the BLUPs for the L=l1+l2+...+l k dimensional random effect U.The variance parameters for random effects are estimated as(ˆw1,ˆw2,...,ˆw k)∗ˆσ2u where w=(w1,w2,...,w k)are the kernel weights.The function also provides some useful statistics like large sample estimates of variances and PEV.UsageemmremlMultiKernel(y,X,Zlist,Klist,varbetahat=FALSE,varuhat=FALSE,PEVuhat=FALSE,test=FALSE)Argumentsy nx1numeric vectorX nxq matrixZlist list of random effects design matrices of dimensions nxl1,...,nxl kKlist list of known relationship matrices of dimensions l1xl1,...,l k xl kvarbetahat TRUE or FALSEvaruhat TRUE or FALSEPEVuhat TRUE or FALSEtest TRUE or FALSEValueVu Estimate ofσ2uVe Estimate ofσ2ebetahat BLUEs forβuhat BLUPs for uweights Estimates of kernel weightsXsqtestbeta Aχ2test statistic based for testing whether thefixed effect coefficients are equal to zero.pvalbeta pvalues obtained from large sample theory for thefixed effects.We report the pvalues adjusted by the"padjust"function for allfixed effect coefficients.Xsqtestu Aχ2test statistic based for testing whether the BLUPs are equal to zero.pvalu pvalues obtained from large sample theory for the BLUPs.We report the pvalues adjusted by the"padjust"function.varuhat Large sample variance for the BLUPs.varbetahat Large sample variance for theβ’s.PEVuhat Prediction error variance estimates for the BLUPs.loglik loglikelihood for the model.Examples####example#Data from Gaussian process with three#(total four,including residuals)independent#sources of variationn=80M1<-matrix(rnorm(n*10),nrow=n)M2<-matrix(rnorm(n*20),nrow=n)M3<-matrix(rnorm(n*5),nrow=n)#Relationship matricesK1<-cov(t(M1))K2<-cov(t(M2))K3<-cov(t(M3))K1=K1/mean(diag(K1))K2=K2/mean(diag(K2))K3=K3/mean(diag(K3))#Generate datacovY<-2*(.2*K1+.7*K2+.1*K3)+diag(n)Y<-10+crossprod(chol(covY),rnorm(n))#training setTrainsamp<-sample(1:80,60)funout<-emmremlMultiKernel(y=Y[Trainsamp],X=matrix(rep(1,n)[Trainsamp],ncol=1),Zlist=list(diag(n)[Trainsamp,],diag(n)[Trainsamp,],diag(n)[Trainsamp,]),Klist=list(K1,K2,K3),varbetahat=FALSE,varuhat=FALSE,PEVuhat=FALSE,test=FALSE)#weightsfunout$weights#Correlation of predictions with true values in test setuhatmat<-matrix(funout$uhat,ncol=3)uhatvec<-rowSums(uhatmat)cor(Y[-Trainsamp],uhatvec[-Trainsamp])emmremlMultivariate Function tofit multivariate Gaussian mixed model with with knowncovariance structure.DescriptionThis function estimates the parameters of the modelY=BX+GZ+Ewhere Y is the dxn matrix of response variable,X is a qxn known design matrix offixed effects, Z is a lxn known design matrix of random effects,B is dxq matrix offixed effects coefficients and G and E are independent matrix variate variables with N dxl(0,V G,K)and N dxn(0,V E,I n) correspondingly.It also produces the BLUPs for the random effects G and some other statistics. UsageemmremlMultivariate(Y,X,Z,K,varBhat=FALSE,varGhat=FALSE,PEVGhat=FALSE,test=FALSE,tolpar=1e-06,tolparinv=1e-06)ArgumentsY dxn matrix of response variableX qxn known design matrix offixed effectsZ lxn known design matrix of random effectsK lxl matrix of known relationshipsvarBhat TRUE or FALSEvarGhat TRUE or FALSEPEVGhat TRUE or FALSEtest TRUE or FALSEtolpar tolerance parameter for convergencetolparinv tolerance parameter for matrix inverseValueVg Estimate of V GVe Estimate of V EBhat BLUEs for BGpred BLUPs for GXsqtestBχ2test statistics for testing whether thefixed effect coefficients are equal to zero.pvalB pvalues obtained from large sample theory for thefixed effects.We report the pvalues adjusted by the"padjust"function for allfixed effect coefficients.XsqtestGχ2test statistic values for testing whether the BLUPs are equal to zero.pvalG pvalues obtained from large sample theory for the BLUPs.We report the pvalues adjusted by the"padjust"function.varGhat Large sample variance for BLUPs.varBhat Large sample variance for the elements of B.PEVGhat Prediction error variance estimates for the BLUPs.Examplesl=20n<-15m<-40M<-matrix(rbinom(m*l,2,.2),nrow=l)rownames(M)<-paste("l",1:nrow(M))beta1<-rnorm(m)*exp(rbinom(m,5,.2))beta2<-rnorm(m)*exp(rbinom(m,5,.1))beta3<-rnorm(m)*exp(rbinom(m,5,.1))+beta2g1<-M%*%beta1g2<-M%*%beta2g3<-M%*%beta3e1<-sd(g1)*rnorm(l)e2<-(-e1*2*sd(g2)/sd(g1)+.25*sd(g2)/sd(g1)*rnorm(l))e3<-1*(e1*.25*sd(g2)/sd(g1)+.25*sd(g2)/sd(g1)*rnorm(l))y1<-10+g1+e1y2<--50+g2+e2y3<--5+g3+e3Y<-rbind(t(y1),t(y2),t(y3))colnames(Y)<-rownames(M)cov(t(Y))Y[1:3,1:5]K<-cov(t(M))K<-K/mean(diag(K))rownames(K)<-colnames(K)<-rownames(M)X<-matrix(1,nrow=1,ncol=l)colnames(X)<-rownames(M)Z<-diag(l)rownames(Z)<-colnames(Z)<-rownames(M)SampleTrain<-sample(rownames(Z),n)Ztrain<-Z[rownames(Z)%in%SampleTrain,]Ztest<-Z[!(rownames(Z)%in%SampleTrain),]##For a quick answer,tolpar is set to1e-4.Correct this in practice.outfunc<-emmremlMultivariate(Y=Y%*%t(Ztrain),X=X%*%t(Ztrain),Z=t(Ztrain),K=K,tolpar=1e-4,varBhat=FALSE,varGhat=FALSE,PEVGhat=FALSE,test=FALSE)Yhattest<-outfunc$Gpred%*%t(Ztest)cor(cbind(Ztest%*%Y[1,],Ztest%*%outfunc$Gpred[1,],Ztest%*%Y[2,],Ztest%*%outfunc$Gpred[2,],Ztest%*%Y[3,],Ztest%*%outfunc$Gpred[3,])) outfuncRidgeReg<-emmremlMultivariate(Y=Y%*%t(Ztrain),X=X%*%t(Ztrain),Z=t(Ztrain%*%M), K=diag(m),tolpar=1e-5,varBhat=FALSE,varGhat=FALSE,PEVGhat=FALSE,test=FALSE)Gpred2<-outfuncRidgeReg$Gpred%*%t(M)cor(Ztest%*%Y[1,],Ztest%*%Gpred2[1,])cor(Ztest%*%Y[2,],Ztest%*%Gpred2[2,])cor(Ztest%*%Y[3,],Ztest%*%Gpred2[3,])IndexEMMREML,2emmreml,2emmremlMultiKernel,4 emmremlMultivariate,69。
Work Report ---Krystal Li
Package qual
Pre-con SAM
Temperature cycling
Baking
Soaking
SAM
Reபைடு நூலகம்low
实验前后两次SAM测试，检测芯片失效情况
进行FT测试验证实验结果
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TC TCB: -55ºC ~ 125ºC, 200/500/1000cycle 分别FT测试，检测芯片是否失效 TCC: -65ºC ~ 150ºC, 200/500/1000cycle 分别FT测试，检测芯片是否失效 HAST 130ºC, 85%RH, 1.1Vcc, 96h/164h分别FT测试，检测芯片是否失效 HTSL 150ºC, 168h/500h/1000h分别进行FT测试，检测芯片是否失效
SLT
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Overview
Name Project Ball map/Pin list MK.2 ESD/ Latch-up Orion2 TLP FT测试 Product SC2133D 季丰 季丰 / SC9850J (SharkLJ1) Director Sheng/Wenqi Sheng Sheng / Sheng Status Done Ongoing Ongoing Prepare Done
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85ºC, 85%RH, 1.1Vcc, 168h/500h/1000h分别进行FT测试，检测芯片是否失效
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Shmoo C-V curve 3D X-RAY SAT FA OBICH EMMI TDR FIB SEM
IBM EMMS Content Mastering 程序概述说明书
IBM EMMS Content Mastering ProgramOverviewThe Electronic Media Management System (EMMS) Content Mastering Pro-gram manages and controls the prepara-tion of digital content that can be distrib-uted over open networks and protected against unauthorized copying or use. W ith the EMMS Content Mastering Program, content owners or authorized third parties can prepare, package and distribute elec-tronic content and associated promo-tional material for use by authorized and enabled EMMS aggregators, distributors, retailers and consumers. T he architecture that supports the EMMS Content Master-ing Program is comprehensive and flex-ible, allowing it to adapt to different distri-bution networks, distribution models, data types and industry applications.Highlights•Enables content owners to implement advanced rights-management capabili-ties to enforce usage of their assets only by authorized users and processes •Enables new electronic routes to market and new revenue sources by supporting a variety of content-usage and distribu-tion models for content owners •Allows importation of content and metadata from many different sources •Supports watermarking to inhibit piracy and unauthorized use or copying •Supports common digital compression/decompression technologies and multiple compression rates•Enables comparison of original and processed tracks to ensure high fidelity •Provides enhanced security features and tamper detection for encrypted digital content and usage rights•Creates customized streaming music clips in RealNetworks G2 format for promotional activities•Enables unattended batch-processing operations•Allows for technology upgrades including encoding, encryption and watermarking techniquesThe features of this program allow all operations to run in unattended batch mode with manual interaction required only to initiate the processing and, option-ally , to perform quality assurance of the end product prior to dispersal of secure containers to the hosting services. T he Workflow Manager is provided to coor-dinate all processing efficiently and to manage unattended batch operations. This system was designed to allow for technology upgrades including enhanced watermarking or encoding techniques. Because the plug-in inter-faces for the EMMS Content Mastering Program are externalized, technology upgrades can be added as they become available, or they can change to complywith developments in industry standards.Electronic Media Management SystemThe EMMS Content Mastering Program contains the following tools:Workflow ManagerThis tool controls the sequence of pro-cessing steps, coordinates the flow of activities among the processing tools and dispatches jobs. It allows simultaneous batch encoding of several titles. Process-ing can be implemented to allocate work to individuals on different systems.Metadata ManagerThe Metadata Manager is responsible for coordinating the data-collection and job-submission process. It is used to import data and reference collateral files, and to provide a means for manual entry of all desired metadata and file references. T he Metadata Manager provides features to create audio files for processing by cap-turing audio tracks from an audio CD or parsing DDP streams from files or Exabyte tape to create audio files for pro-cessing. T he Metadata Manager controls the definition and assignment of digital property rights: defines the number of versions of the product to be created; and specifies what compression algorithm and bit rate should be used for each version. It also provides functions to create sample audio clips and to compress them toRealAudio G2 streaming format. Features exist in the Metadata Manager to preview artwork, audio tracks, sample clips and lyrics files.Watermarking toolThe watermarking tool is responsible for embedding selection identification infor-mation and copy control information into the audio streams of each track file of the selection based on SDMI-adopted data standards. T his enables unauthor-ized copies to be tracked down to their originator. T he watermark is imperceptible to the listener and cannot be removed without damaging the music.Encoding toolThe encoding tool uses industry-standard encoding technologies to compress the audio data to a more manageable file size for data transmission and storage while maintaining the quality of the audio as close to the original signal as possible. A pluggable interface is provided to support encoding technologies as they evolve with little or no customization. Support is currently available for multiple encoding technologies. In each case, licensing requirements are the responsibility of the content owner. T he tool supports multiple encoding formats and/or compression rates for each piece of music in a single processing step, thereby enabling music to be efficiently prepared for different con-nection rates and distribution methods.Quality control toolThe quality control tool provides for qual-ity-assurance testing for audio, data and metadata files, prior to encryption and packaging of the content into securecontainers. Album information, referenced Web sites, artwork, lyrics (if provided), and the audio files can be reviewed. Quality assurance can be performed all at once or distributed across multiple groups, each validating the type of data for which they are responsible. Playback of the compressed track file, the original track file, and optionally watermarked or preprocessed track files can be com-pared with an A/B player provided by the quality control tool. Individual or multiple tracks can be approved or rejected andqueued for reprocessing.Secure container toolThis tool creates unique keys and per-forms encryption so that only a licensed consumer can download and access the music. All referenced files, such as art-work, lyrics, audio clips and compressed song files are packaged into a seriesof secure containers. Promotional secure container files are created for electronic music stores or distributors, and content-secure container files are created for content host servers.Content dispersal toolThe content dispersal tool transfers pro-motional secure containers to electronic retail Web sites for integration into their online store. It transfers the encrypted content-secure containers to content host servers for subsequent distribution to licensed consumers.Price utilityThe price utility is used to assign prices to each specific usage condition associated with each selection. Price specifications can reflect wholesale- or commission-based pricing models. Optional or supple-mental price information, such as special discounts or geographic pricing, can also be specified. A series of price changes can be scheduled to take effect at defined dates or periods of time.Key featuresSecurity•Utilizes secure containers to help prevent unauthorized use of content, usage rules, metadata and other high-value informa-tion during transmission and storage •Provides rights-management capabilities to specify criteria for licensing and use of digitally prepared contentFlexibility•Provides formatting and security forcontent in a way that supports a varietyof content usage and distribution models,enabling dynamic management of thedistribution chain•Imports content and metadata frommany different sources, including audioCDs, DDP files on tape or other media,WA V and AIFF files, and other sources•Supports multiple standard compressiontechnologies and rates•Supports multiple pricing models•Creates customized streaming clipsin RealNetworks G2 format forpromotional use•Promotes high fidelity through theability to compare original and processedtracks•Provides job queuing and dispatchingfor unattended operations and integrationinto studio mastering processes•Automatically disperses content andmetadata to specified content hostsand retailers•Based on upgradable architecturethat can support new technologyadvances in encoding, encryptionand watermarkinge-business servicesIBM Global Services is ready to assistcompanies at every stage in the contentlife cycle. IBM Global Services offers:assessment of requirements, developmentof a functional specification, execution ofany customization or extensions to EMMSContent Mastering Program, integrationwith existing applications or systems, andmanagement of the deployment. IBMGlobal Services also offers managedoperations and outsourcing services.IBM Global Services is available to makeEMMS an optimized solution for contentdistribution that meets each company’sindividual needs.System RequirementsIBM EMMS AdministratorRequirementsAdministrators are expected to have:•Windows NT (or Windows 2000, asappropriate) system administration skills•IBM DB2 database administration skills•Experience configuring TCP/IP serverapplicationsSoftwareAttention: The Content Mastering Programmust be treated as a system and not as anapplication. As such, please refrain frominstalling any software applications otherthan those listed below.•Microsoft Windows NT 4.0 with WindowsNT Service Pack 6 (or higher) orMicrosoft Windows 2000 Server•IBM DB2 Universal Database WorkgroupEdition 7.1(Other Versions and ServicePacks not supported)•Adobe Acrobat Reader 4.0 (or higher)•Microsoft Internet Explorer 4.0 (or higher)•Real Networks RealPlayer Basic (orhigher) (needed only if using Real Audiofiles)•Encoder licenses for all codecs to beused©Copyright IBM Corporation 2001IBM Corporation8051 Congress Avenue Boca Raton, FL 33487U.S.A.Printed in the United States of America 8-01All Rights ReservedReferences in this publication to IBM products or ser-vices do not imply that IBM intends to make them available in all countries in which IBM operates.The IBM logo, IBM, DB2 and DB2 Universal Database are trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation in the United States and/or other coun-tries.Other company , product, and service names may be trademarks or service marks of others.Microsoft, W indows, W indows NT , and the Windows logo are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States, other countries, or both.Pentium is a trademark of Intel Corporation in the United States, other countries,or both.Printed on recycled paperOrdering information for the EMMS Content Mastering ProgramDescription Part NumberEMMS Content Mastering Program PRPQ # P91669; 5799-D69Recommended Minimum HardwareAttention: Y our hardware configuration may vary depending on your currentrequirements and projected future growth.•Dual 500-Mhz Pentium processors •512-MB of memory •72-GB hard disk •CD-ROM drive•100 Base-T Ethernet adapter•Any audio adapter supported byMicrosoft Windows NT 4.0 or Windows 2000•19-inch display capable of at least 1280x1024 resolution with 24-bit color •Plextor UltraPlex PX-32TS, PX-40TS, PX-40TW , PX-W1210A, or PX-W124TS CD drive (needed only if capturing content from audio CD’s)•8-mm tape drive, compatible with Exabyte EXB-8505HE-0000 (needed only if pro-cessing DDP data streams from tape)For more informationT o learn more about the EMMS Content Mastering Program, contact your local IBM sales representative, or visit our Web site at /software/emmsDIDA215E。
功率分立器件的可靠性测试与失效分析
功率分立器件目前主要是硅基芯片，通过在６英寸或８英寸等的硅晶圆上，采用与集成 电路生产相同的工艺过程制造出来。设计、工艺可靠性等重点采用热载流子注入测试（ＨＣＩ， Ｈｏｔ Ｃａｒｒｉｅｒ Ｉｎｊｅｃｔｉｏｎ）、经时介质击穿（ＴＤＤＢ，Ｔｉｍｅ—Ｄｅｐｅｎｄｅｎｔ Ｄｉｅｌｅｃｔｒｉｃ Ｂｒｅａｋｄｏｗｎ）、非描 位电感性开关测试（ＵＩＳ，ＵｎｄａｍｐｅｄＩｎｄｕｃｔｉｖｅ Ｓｗｉｔｃｈｉｎｇ）等测试项目来评价。
Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ：Ｐｏｗｅｒ ｄｉｓｃｒｅｔｅ ｄｅｖｉｃｅ ｐｌａｙｓ ａ ｋｅｙ ｒｏｌｅ ｉｎ ｅｌｅｃｔｒｏｎｉｃｓ ａｎｄ ｐｏｗｅｒ ｓｙｓｔｅｍ，ａｎｄ ｈｉｇｈ ｒｅｌｉａｂｉｌｉｔｙ ｉｓ ｅｓｓｅｎｔｉａｌ．Ｒｅｌｉａｂｉｌｉｔｙ ｉｓ ｍａｉｎｌｙ ｅｖａｌｕａｔｅｄ ｂｙ ｒｅｌｉａｂｉｌｉｔｙ ｔｅｓｔｉｎｇ．Ｅｓｔａｂｌｉｓｈｍｅｎｔ ｏｆ ｄｅｓｉｇｎ ａｎｄ ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ ｍｕｓｔ ｗｉｔｈｓｍｎｄ ｔｈｅ ｒｅｌｉａｂｉｌｉｔｙ ｑｕａｌｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎ，ａｎｄ ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔ ｍｕｓｔ ｐａｓｓ ｔｈｅ ｒｅｌｉａｂｉｌｉｔｙ ｔｅｓｔｉｎｇ．Ｔｈｅ ｐａｐｅｒ ｄｅｓｃｒｉｂｅｓ ｔｈｅ ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｃｅ ｏｆｒｅｌｉａｂｉｌｉｔｙ ｑｕａｌｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎ ｏｆｐｏｗｅｒ ｄｉｓｃｒｅｔｅ，
Ｒｅｌｉａｂｉｌｉｔｙ Ｔｅｓｔｉｎｇ ａｎｄ Ｆａｉｌｕｒｅ Ａｎａｌｙｓｉｓ ｏｆ Ｐｏｗｅｒ Ｄｉｓｃｒｅｔｅ Ｄｅｖｉｃｅ
EMMI-OBIRCH的原理及应用
◆Type B (broad spectrum from visible to nearly IR) ・Current leakage at reversed biased PN junction ・Micro plasma leakage at oxide layer ・Hot electrons
Difference between IR-OBIRCH and EMMI
Comparison of LCD/OBIRCH and EMMI
Q&A
反偏p-n结的发光原理是隧穿产生的电子和价带中空穴的复合或者是雪崩产生的电子空穴对的复合。所发射的光子的能量可以大于禁带能量。其光谱在可见光范围内有一个宽的分布（ 650-1050 nm ）。只有当反偏p-n结已经击穿，或者结上存在缺陷而产生漏电时，反偏p-n结发的光才能被探测到。
1.反偏p-n结及其发光机制
OBIRCH的基本原理 OBIRCH lock-in简介 OBIRCH的应用及实际失效案例分析 EMMI的基本原理 Advanced EMMI (InGaAs)简介 EMMI的应用及实际失效案例分析 OBIRCH与EMMI的区别
Principle of Lock-in Detection Method
EMMI and InGaAs
OBIRCH的基本原理 OBIRCH lock-in简介 OBIRCH的应用及实际失效案例分析 EMMI的基本原理 Advanced EMMI (InGaAs)简介 EMMI的应用及实际失效案例分析 OBIRCH与EMMI的区别
Real Case Study
Case1：SW TDDB ISD Analysis
Outlines
Product_overview
PRODUKT-ÜBERSICHTHeintzmann weltweit …unter Tage …über Tage …alle Tage Heintzmann worldwide –underground –at surfarce –on safe groundBergbau,Tunnelbau,Verbindungen/Zubehör,Sonderkonstruktionen,Wärmebehandlung,Werkstoffprüfung PRODUCT-RANGE:Mining,Tunnelling,Connections/Accessories,Steel Construction,Heat Treatment,Material TestingBochumer Eisenhütte HeintzmannBergbau MiningMehrals 155Jahre Erfahrung im Berg-bau zeichnen die Bochumer Eisenhütte Heintzmann aus.Das bekannteste Pro-dukt ist das von Heinrich Toussaint und Egmont Heintzmann erfundene TH-Aus-bausystem.Es wird seit 1932sowohl im Bergbau als auch für den Stollen-und Tunnelbau eingesetzt und seitdem kontinuierlich verbessert.Durch ein spe-zielles Verfahren,welches mit den dafür notwendigen Anlagen im Hause entwickelt wurde,wird der Grubenaus-baustahl seit 1955in Bochum vergütet.Verbindungen /ZubehörBochumer Eisenhütte Heintzmann is characterised by more than 155years of experience in mining.Best known product is the TH support system,in-vented by Heinrich Toussaint and Eg-mont Heintzmann.Being in use in mining and tunnelling since 1932the TH support system is continuously im-proved.Through a special process –developed by Bochumer Eisenhütte Heintzmann with the according equip-ment at our premises –the mining sup-port steel is quenched and tempered since 1955.F o t o :D S K S c h m i d tF o t o :D S K S c h m i d tSonderkonstruktionen Steel ConstructionKonstruktivesKnow-how in Ver-bindung mit der jahrzehntelangen Erfahrung in der Stahlbehandlung bildet die Basis für den Entwurf und die Umsetzung von Sonderausbau-formen.Dazu gehören z.B.Abzweige,Schachtglocken oder Kavernen.Eingesetzt werden sie im Berg-und Tunnelbau sowie beim Bau von Wasserkraftwerken.Bei der erfolgreichen Realisierung von Projekten im Stahl-und Hallenbau nutzen unsere Kunden diese Erfah-rungen auch über Tage.Know how in design engineering linked with decades of experience in steel processing provides a basis for concept and realisation of special sup-port solutions.These are used in mining,tunnelling and construction of hydro power plants.Typical are e.g.junctions,pit bottoms or caverns.Our clients benefit from these experiences also aboveground in execution of struc-tural steelwork and steel buildings.WerkstoffprüfungF o t o :D S K S c h m i d tWärmebehandlung Heat TreatmentBereitsseit 1955werden vonder Bochumer Eisenhütte Heintzmann Grubenausbauprofile vergütet.Auf-grund dieser langjährigen Erfah-rung zählen wir die Wärme-behandlung in Durchlauföfen zu un-serem Dienstleistungsangebot.Be-arbeitet werden in erster Linie Stab-und Profilstahl sowie Rohre.Ein-satzbereiche sind u.a.die Automo-bilindustrie und der Bereich Öl-und Gasgewinnung.Folgende Wärmebehandlungsarten werden durchgeführt:•Normalglühen•Vergütung (Härten und An-lassen)•Glühen auf Scherfestigkeit •Lösungsglühen und Ab-schrecken von AustenitenSince 1955Bochumer Eisenhütte Heintzmann is quenching and tem-pering mining sections.Due to this long lasting experience heat treat-ment in continuous furnaces is part of our services.Predominantly rods and sections like tubes are proces-sed.Application areas are a.o.au-tomotive industry and producing of oil and gas.Listed treatment types can be done:•Normalising•Quenching and tempering •Annealing to shearing strength •Solution annealing and tempering of austenitesZur Qualitätsprüfung unserer eige-nen und der im Lohnauftrag gefer-tigten Produkte stehen in unserem Hause moderne Prüfeinrichtungen zur Verfügung.Folgende Material-prüfungen können durchgeführt wer-den:Härte-und Mikrohärteprüfun-gen,Zugversuche,Kerbschlagbie-geversuche,Biege-,Zug-und Druck-prüfungen,mobile Ultraschallprü-fungen,Oberflächenrissprüfungen,Gefügebeurteilungen.Alle Prüfeinrichtungen haben die Genauigkeitsklasse 1mit MPA-und DB Zulassung.For verification of products’quality we are running modern test equip-ment at our plant.Following mate-rial tests can be done:hardness and microhardness test,traction test,beam impact test,tensile and com-pression test,ultrasonic sounding,surface crack test,microstructure evaluation.All equipment has got accuracy class 1with MPA and DB approval.Material TestingTunnelbau TunnellingDievielseitigen Vorteile des TH-Rinnenprofils,wie z.B.die ausge-glichenen statischen Werte,leichte Einbaumöglichkeit oder erhöhte Sicherheit,werden auch im Tunnel-bau geschätzt.Häufig kommt das umgekehrt gebogene TH-Rinnen-profil zum Einsatz.Die permanente konstruktive Weiterentwicklung von nachgiebigem und starrem Bogen-ausbau hat zum heutigen Standard geführt und wird weltweit einge-setzt.Zum Lieferumfang gehören auch Stützmittel aus einstegigen (GI-,HE-)und aufgelösten Profilen (3-und 4-Gurt-Gitterträger).Stauchelemente und Ankertechnik runden die Pro-duktpalette ab.Miscellaneous advantages of TH section,e.g.balanced static va-lues,easy assembly and higher safety,are appreciated in tunnel-ling,too.Often reverse bent TH section is used.Ongoing design-engineering development of yiel-dable and rigid arched support leads to present-day standard and worldwide use.Scope of delivery are also support elements made of single web secti-ons (GI,HE)and lattice girders (3-bar and 4-bar).Product range is completed by stress controllers and bolting material.Parallel zur Weiterentwicklung der unterschiedlichen Profiltypen er-folgte die Optimierung der dazu-gehörigen Verbindungstechnik.Die umfangreiche Verbindungs-technik-und Zubehörpalette um-fasst stverteilerschienen,Verbolzungen,W-Bleche,Vor-pfänddielen,Verzugmatten,Stüt-zen,Kappschuhe und vieles mehr.Parallel to further development of different types of sections the ac-cording connecting material was optimized.Connections /AccessoriesThe extensive range of connecting ma-terial and accessories comprises e.g.load distribution beams,struts,W-straps,fore poling sheets,lagging sheets,props,jointing shoes and many others.F o t o :A l p T r a n s i tG o t t h a r d A GF o t o :D IG I T A L s t o c kVon Norden und Süden kommend von der A 43auf die A 40,Fahrtrichtung Essen,bis Ausfahrt Bochum Zentrum (Ausfahrt 35).Von Osten und Westen kommend auf der A 40bis Ausfahrt Bochum Zentrum (Ausfahrt 35).Ab hier der Beschilderung Richtung Zentrum fol-gen (Herner Straße ca.1,5km),rechts abbiegen auf den Nordring (ca.0,5km folgen),rechts auf den Imbuschplatz (ca.0,1km folgen),rechts in die Klosterstraße.Nach 0,4km haben Sie unse-ren Standort Klosterstraße (Werk 2)erreicht.Auch per Flugzeug und mit öffentlichen Ver-kehrsmitteln sind wir gut zu erreichen.Weitere Details und Wegalternativen finden Sie bei www.be-heico.de unter …Ihr Weg zu uns“.Im Bergbau steht der Sicherheitsaspekt an oberster Stelle.Unter dem Dach der HEINTZMANN Gruppe wollen wir Know-how bündeln und Synergien nutzen,um unsere Erfahrungen auch in neuen Geschäftsfeldern erfolgreich einzu-setzen.Not only in mining does safety has top priority.Therefore,we at Heintzmann group combine our Know how and create synergies for a successful use of our experience in existing and new business areas.Mit Sicherheit Synergien nutzen To benefit fromsynergiesS t a n d 04.2007.T e c h n i s c h e Än d e r u n g e n v o r b e h a l t e n .G e s t a l t u n g :i m p u l s M a r k e t i n g -S e r v i c e s ,H e r n e .T i t e l b i l d :u .a .F o t l i a u n d D S K S c h m i dtBochumer EisenhütteHeintzmannBochumer Eisenhütte Heintzmann GmbH &Co.KG Klosterstrasse 4644787Bochum,GERMANY Tel.:+49(0)2349118-0Fax:+49(0)2349118-228www.be-heico.de info@be-heico.deP .O.Box 301Cedar Bluff,VA 24609,USA Heintzmann-Silesia Przedsiebiorstwo P .U.H.Spolka z o.o.Ul.Objazdowa 541-9222Radzionków,POLSKAHeintzmann Sicherheitssysteme GmbH &Co.KG Bessemerstrasse 8044793Bochum,GERMANY Tel.:+49(0)2349144-0www.heintzmann-si.deSGGT Strassenausstattungen GmbH Bahnhofstrasse 3566564Ottweiler,GERMANY Tel.:+49(0)SGGT Maschinen-und Anlagenbau GmbH &Co.KG Bahnhofstrasse 3566564Ottweiler,GERMANY Tel.:+49(0)SOLOSAR S.a.r.l.3,rue Guillaume SchoettkeZ.I.–Parc d´Activités du Grand Bois 57200Sarreguemines,FRANCE Tel.:+33(0)387985604www.solosar.fr。
M A T H CIRCUS用户指南说明书
M*A*T*HCIRCUSUser's GuideCopyright Steve Luckett, Bruce Mitchell and David Smith, 1993, 1996.First published in 1993 by Greygum Software, Ashgrove, Queensland, Australia.All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, storage in an information retrieval system, or otherwise, without the prior writtenpermission of the publisher.M*A*T*H CIRCUS is distributed in the United States of America by Power Industries, Inc., 37 Walnut Street, Wellesley Hills, MA 02181. User support is available by calling800 395-5009.OVERVIEWM*A*T*H CIRCUS is a collection of puzzles based on the theme of a circus. The puzzles are "mathematical" in that they require reasoning, but they are better described as problem-solving activities, designed to stimulate the user and to provoke clear thinking in an enjoyable and challenging manner. There are twelve puzzles, each with five levels of difficulty. Together, these address a wide range of ages and abilities.M*A*T*H CIRCUS provides challenging and thought-provoking entertainment for all ages. The lowest levels of many of the puzzles are suitable for the youngest members of the family — even those at pre-reading ages. Most puzzles have very little text. The youngest users might need help from an older person to read any text and explain the concept of the puzzle. However, once they grasp the intent of each puzzle, they will be able to meet the challenge. The middle levels generally require more persistence and the development of a strategy, while everyone —including adults —should find the top levels of some of the puzzles quite tricky.Older children and parents should avoid giving too much help to younger users. Help them to read any text and to understand what each puzzle is about, but let them work out the solutions for themselves. Remember that it might take younger children some time to work out what appears obvious to an older person.There is no one correct solution to each puzzle. It is up to the user to explore and to work out a suitable approach. If you are not sure what to do, guess. Solutions are found through trial and error — even if it requires more error than trial!GETTING STARTEDINSTALLATIONDOS (If You Are Not Running Windows)1. Place the M*A*T*H CIRCUS disk in the disk drive.2. At the DOS prompt, type A:\INSTALL (or replace A with the letterthat signifies the disk drive in which you placed the M*A*T*H CIRCUS disk) and press ENTER.3. Follow the instructions that appear on the screen and M*A*T*HCIRCUS will be installed successfully.Windows1. Place the M*A*T*H CIRCUS disk in the disk drive.2. Start Windows if it is not already running.3. Select Run from the File menu.4. Type A:\INSTALL in the Command Line box (or replace A with theletter that signifies the disk drive in which you placed the M*A*T*H CIRCUS disk) and press ENTER.5. Follow the instructions that appear on the screen and M*A*T*HCIRCUS will be installed successfully.Creating a Windows Icon for M*A*T*H CIRCUSThe software installation automatically creates the directory C:\CIRCUS in which to store M*A*T*H CIRCUS — unless you specify otherwise. If you choose another directory or drive, replace C:\CIRCUS in these instructions with the appropriate information.1. With the Program Manager window active, click on the group in whichyou want the M*A*T*H CIRCUS icon to appear. For example, you might choose the Games group.2. Select New from the File menu, click on Program Item, and click onOK.3. Fill in the dialog box that appears with the following information(pressing TAB rather than ENTER at the end of each line):Description: Math CircusCommand Line: CircusWorking Directory: C:\CIRCUS4. Now click on the button labeled Change Icon. You will see a messagesaying that no icons are available. Ignore this and click on OK.5. A Change Icon dialog box will appear. In the box labeled File Name,type C:\CIRCUS\CIRCUS.ICO.6. Click on OK. An icon of a circus tent will appear.7. Click on OK to leave the Change Icon dialog box, and again on OK toreturn to the Program Manager window.8. Double-click on the program group in which M*A*T*H CIRCUS isinstalled and you should find the circus icon.9. Double-click on this icon to launch M*A*T*H CIRCUS. REGISTRATIONWhen you start M*A*T*H CIRCUS for the first time, a screen will appear asking you to register the software by typing in your name. You do this only once — the registration screen will not appear again.LAUNCHING M*A*T*H CIRCUSHOW TO START THE SOFTWAREDOS Without WindowsTo run M*A*T*H CIRCUS from a floppy disk:1. At the DOS prompt, type A: and press ENTER (or replace A with theletter that signifies the disk drive in which you placed the M*A*T*H CIRCUS disk).2. At the A:\> prompt, type CIRCUS and press ENTER.3. M*A*T*H CIRCUS will start.To run M*A*T*H CIRCUS from a hard drive:1. Type C:and ENTER at the DOS prompt, then CD CIRCUS andENTER to change to the directory in which M*A*T*H CIRCUS was installed.2. Type CIRCUS at the C:\CIRCUS> prompt and press ENTER.3. M*A*T*H CIRCUS will start.If M*A*T*H CIRCUS was installed in a different directory, replace the directory name CIRCUS in these instructions with the name of the directory in which M*A*T*H CIRCUS was installed.With WindowsTo launch the software from Windows, double-click on the M*A*T*H CIRCUS icon. Use the instructions above to create a Windows icon for M*A*T*H CIRCUS.HOW TO DRIVE THE SOFTWAREEvery screen has a number of choices available. Each is shown in a rectangular box that contains some text or an icon. The user chooses the required one, using a mouse or the keyboard. If you experience difficulty, see the section below on Troubleshooting to solve any problems.Using a MouseThis is the normal navigation method. Move the mouse until the pointer highlights the required choice, then click the left-hand mouse button. If your mouse has two or three buttons, you can click the right-hand mouse button to step through the choices instead of moving the mouse.Using the DOS KeyboardYou can use the SPACE BAR to step through the available choices, pressing ENTER when the required choice is highlighted. Note that the pointer will appear even if you are not using a mouse.Driving Each PuzzleAt the top of each puzzle screen is a bar containing various icons. The gauge shows the level of difficulty. The five dots indicate the five levels of difficulty, and also indicate whether or not each level has been solved — a green dot if it has, a red dot if success is elusive. Click on the arrows on each side of the gauge to select the level you want to attempt. Click on thecheck-mark icon to start the puzzle, and click on the circus-tent icon to return to the puzzle menu.QuittingYou should quit M*A*T*H CIRCUS by returning to the main menu and selecting Quit. However, if for some reason you wish to quit immediately, this can be achieved by typing CTRL-C or CTRL-Q.THE MAIN MENUINSTRUCTIONSClick on "Instructions" to receive a brief description of how to operate M*A*T*H CIRCUS using a mouse or the keyboard. The icons that appear at the top of each puzzle are also explained.START M*A*T*H CIRCUSClick on "Start Math Circus" to try any of the puzzles. Another menu will appear with the following four items.Start a New CircusThis option allows your progress to be saved when you want to quit M*A*T*H CIRCUS. It enables you to continue from the same point the next time you play, providing a record of the level you have reached in each puzzle. Up to fourteen circuses can be saved — enough for most families!When you start a new circus, you will be asked to type in your name. Next, choose the puzzle you want to attempt to solve. There is also an option allowing you to check your progress, so you can see which levels you have solved at any time. Each time you successfully solve a puzzle, your achievement is recorded.Continue a Saved CircusChoose this to resume a saved circus. The names of all saved but incompletecircuses will be displayed. Click on the one you want or select it and press ENTER.Just PracticeThis option allows you to attempt any of the puzzles without having to save your progress. Many of the puzzles have a random renewal so that each level will be slightly different each time it is selected.Do not select this option if you intend to quit M*A*T*H CIRCUS to work out a puzzle on paper. Invariably, when you restart the program and go to put your customized solution into practice, the puzzle will be different. It's best to start a new circus in the first place, and then return to that circus when you want to apply your solution.CancelClicking on this option returns you to the main menu.SOUND MENUThere are two kinds of sound used in M*A*T*H CIRCUS. The first is the introductory music that plays when the program is launched. The second comprises the sound effects that accompany each puzzle. The Sound Menu allows each type of sound to be turned on or off.There is also an option in the Sound Menu to use Sound Blaster. Turning on Sound Blaster will improve the sound and music quality of M*A*T*H CIRCUS if you have a Sound Blaster card. If you turn on the option and the computer does not have a card or the necessary driver, an error message will appear. If you do have a Sound Blaster card and it doesn't work when the option is turned on, follow the advice in the Troubleshooting section below.DELETE SAVED CIRCUSESUse this option to delete any one or all saved circuses. The program allows for fourteen saved circuses. Once the limit is reached, you will have to deletesome if you want to save others.QUITSelect this option when you want to leave M*A*T*H CIRCUS.TROUBLESHOOTINGMOUSE DOES NOT WORKRemember that you do not need a mouse to operate M*A*T*H CIRCUS. If you find that your mouse works properly in Windows but does not work when you launch M*A*T*H CIRCUS, then you do not have a suitable mouse driver installed on your computer. Even though your mouse works successfully in Windows, you may not have a mouse driver suitable for operating in a DOS environment. Windows uses its own mouse driver, but a separate driver is needed to use a mouse with non-Windows programs such as M*A*T*H CIRCUS. This is the case even if M*A*T*H CIRCUS is launched from within Windows.When your computer was set up, a mouse driver would have been installed and your AUTOEXEC.BAT or CONFIG.SYS file should contain an entry that starts up the mouse driver when your computer is turned on. Your mouse should have been supplied with a disk that contains all its possible drivers — and instructions for their installation. Use it to install the driver that runs your mouse for non-Windows programs.If you do not have the disk, contact your computer dealer and ask for a mouse driver that allows the mouse to operate outside Windows.SOUND BLASTER DOES NOT WORKM*A*T*H CIRCUS supports Sound Blaster, provided that suitable hardware and software are correctly installed on your computer. M*A*T*HCIRCUS has been tested on 386, 486, and Pentium computers —with genuine Sound Blaster cards and current drivers —and started from both DOS and Windows. However, because of the variety of sound cards and software, their numerous possible settings, and the varying speeds of different computers, you might experience problems — particularly running M*A*T*H CIRCUS from within Windows.If you have a Sound Blaster card but receive the message that it is not available, try launching M*A*T*H CIRCUS from DOS. To do this, you must quit Windows altogether. It is not enough to double-click on the MS-DOS icon in Windows.If Sound Blaster operates by launching M*A*T*H CIRCUS from DOS, then there is a clash between Windows and Sound Blaster. You need to check that your drivers are the most current versions. If your sound card is only a "compatible" and not a genuine Sound Blaster card, there may be no option but to switch off Sound Blaster in the M*A*T*H CIRCUS Sound Menu.Other errors that occur when running M*A*T*H CIRCUS through Windows can also be caused by clashes with the sound system. The solution is to either launch M*A*T*H CIRCUS from DOS or switch off Sound Blaster in the Sound Menu.OPENING MUSIC PLAYS SLOWLY OR ODDLYOn some slower computers, particularly if they are running Windows, the opening music might play irregularly or slowly — or completely freeze. The animation on the title screen might also be jerky or run very slowly. There might also be odd clicks from the speakers. To relieve any of these problems, you can turn off the opening music or Sound Blaster in the M*A*T*H CIRCUS Sound Menu.CAN'T REACH THE SOUND MENUA clash involving the program's sound system might be so bad that you can't launch M*A*T*H CIRCUS to turn off Sound Blaster! If this occurs, change to the M*A*T*H CIRCUS directory and type SOUNDOFF and ENTER at the C:\CIRCUS> prompt.Now launch M*A*T*H CIRCUS again. There will be no sound. You can go to the Sound Menu and turn on sound effects and music again, but you should leave Sound Blaster off.SOLUTIONSIdeally, no one should need these. The whole point is to try to find the solutions for yourself! If you become really stuck, however, you can obtain a copy of the puzzle solutions by calling Power Industries at 800 395-5009.。
mecumi
mecumiMecumi1. IntroductionMecumi is a revolutionary software program that aims to streamline and optimize the workflow of businesses across various industries. This documentation provides a comprehensive guide on how to use Mecumi effectively, highlighting its key features, functions, and benefits. By the end of this document, users will have a clear understanding of Mecumi's capabilities and how to leverage them for improved productivity.2. Getting StartedTo begin using Mecumi, users need to first install the software on their preferred device or access it through a web browser. Once installed, users are prompted to create an account and log in. The user-friendly interface of Mecumi ensures a seamless onboarding experience, allowing users to quickly navigate through the different sections and tools.3. Features and Functions3.1 Task ManagementOne of the primary features of Mecumi is its advanced task management system. Users can create, assign, and track tasks effortlessly within the software. Each task can be associated with specific deadlines, priorities, and dependencies. Through the intuitive dashboard, users can view and update the status of ongoing tasks, ensuring that projects stay on track and deadlines are met.3.2 Collaboration ToolsMecumi offers robust collaboration features that enable team members to collaborate effectively, regardless of their physical location. Users can create teams, invite members, and assign tasks to them. The software allows for real-time messaging and file sharing, creating a centralized platform for seamless communication. With Mecumi, team members can work together efficiently and keep everyone informed about any updates or changes.3.3 Time TrackingEfficient time management is crucial for businesses to maintain productivity and meet deadlines. Mecumi simplifies time tracking by enabling users to log their working hours accurately. Users can start and stop timers for each task, providing a clear overview of how much time is spent on different activities. This feature is especially beneficial forbusinesses that bill their clients based on time spent on projects.3.4 Analytics and ReportsMecumi provides comprehensive analytics and reporting functionalities to give users a clear overview of their team's performance and project progress. Users can generate detailed reports that encompass various metrics, such as task completion rates, time spent on different projects, and individual performance. These insights help businesses make data-driven decisions and identify areas for improvement.4. Benefits of Using Mecumi4.1 Increased ProductivityBy streamlining task management, enhancing collaboration, and simplifying time tracking, Mecumi significantly improves productivity within organizations. The intuitive interface and advanced features help teams stay organized, effectively allocate resources, and complete projects on time.4.2 Enhanced CommunicationMecumi's collaboration tools facilitate seamless communication among team members, regardless of their physical location. Real-time messaging, file sharing, and taskassignment features ensure that everyone remains on the same page, expediting decision-making and minimizing misunderstandings.4.3 Improved Project ManagementWith Mecumi's advanced project management functionalities, businesses can efficiently plan, assign, and track tasks. The software's ability to monitor progress, set deadlines, and identify dependencies ensures that projects stay on track and are completed successfully.4.4 Data-Driven Decision MakingMecumi's analytics and reporting capabilities provide businesses with valuable insights into their operations. By analyzing various metrics, organizations can gain a deep understanding of their performance, identify bottlenecks, and make informed decisions to optimize productivity.5. ConclusionMecumi offers a comprehensive solution for businesses looking to streamline their workflows, improve communication, and enhance overall productivity. With its advanced task management, collaboration tools, time tracking, and analytics features, Mecumi empowersorganizations to manage projects efficiently and make data-driven decisions. By harnessing the power of Mecumi, businesses can achieve operational excellence and stay ahead in today's competitive landscape.。
微软移动方案策略和微软移动信息服务器MMIS概述
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Folder Structure (1/2)
Target build output Source Files Simulator Configuration
Simulator solution project
XRG
Simulator project file
Copyright © 2008 MStar Semiconductor, Inc. All rights reserved.File MgrS来自VMultimedia
(CameraSrv, Resource AudioPlaySrv…)
Mgr FMRSRV…)
Service (SIMSRV, (BTSRV,
CCSRV..)
SRV
SRV
Copyright © 2008 MStar Semiconductor, Inc. All rights reserved.
Multimedia operation
Result UI operation
SDK Platform
Copyright © 2008 MStar Semiconductor, Inc. All rights reserved.
Thank you!
Copyright © 2008 MStar Semiconductor, Inc. All rights reserved.
EMMI Overview
Copyright © 2008 MStar Semiconductor, Inc. All rights reserved.
Abstract
• • • • • • • • • EMMI (Enhanced MMI)平台架構 MAE(MMI Application Engine)架構 Driver 架構 EMMI 設計概念 MMI App & Tools MMI interface layer NOR Flash 內容簡介 平台目錄結構 3rd Party & SDK
Copyright © 2008 MStar Semiconductor, Inc. All rights reserved.
EMMI Platform Architecture
(APM, MEMMGR…)
Shell (MMI
Application Engine)
MAE SERVICE
MAE Service (Battery....)
Folder Structure (2/2)
MMI Applications Target Product Product Make file MMI AP Launcher
MMI Service MMI Service Wrapper MMI Widget
MMI Resource
Copyright © 2008 MStar Semiconductor, Inc. All rights reserved.
Display Battery Touch Motion
Event Manager
Timer Manager
…
Copyright © 2008 MStar Semiconductor, Inc. All rights reserved.
MAE Description
• IShell: IShell這個介面主要用來管理應用程式及其相關的物件。包 含應用程式本身，應用程式所產生的widget、service等。它提供了相 關的API，包括生成/刪除物件，啟動/終止應用程式. • IShell主要包含以下幾個元件: – APM: 管理應用程式的生存週期、暫停(suspend)/恢復(resume) 等。 – MEM MGR: 提供整合過後的記憶體相關API。 – EVT MGR: 處理MAE所接收到的message. – TIMER MGR:提供虛擬的計數器供物件(包含應用程式)使用. • MAE Services:提供一些特定的service，如 battery service.
Copyright © 2008 MStar Semiconductor, Inc. All rights reserved.
3rd Party & SDK
Vendor Task
(e.g. JAVA, WAP, …)
MMI Task
SDK operation
(MMI UI operation)
ResMgr
Widget/ Service
Create\Register Widget and Service
Copyright © 2008 MStar Semiconductor, Inc. All rights reserved.
EMMI
Copyright © 2008 MStar Semiconductor, Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2008 MStar Semiconductor, Inc. All rights reserved.
EMMI Design Concept
App Control Change Window Change Property of Srv or Widget
Change Window By Wdg/Srv CB Window
Copyright © 2008 MStar Semiconductor, Inc. All rights reserved.
App Design Concept
Resource Tool
Image Melody String Font Menu Setting XRG Tool xxx.c xxx.h CUS Wnd Wnd Wnd Wnd
MAE Description
• MMI Applications : 存放所有應用程式的目錄。 • MMI AP Launcher : 提供App之間相互溝通的API。 • MMI Service: 存放所有service的目錄 (Ex, SIM, PHB, CC…)。應用 程式不需直接呼叫Service API，而是透過service wrapper layer. • MMI Service Wrapper: 應用程式若要使用service相關API，只需要 呼叫相對應的service wrapper即可，不需要直接呼叫到service。 • MMI Widget : 提供所有widgets給應用程式使用(Ex, Text, Image, Menu…)。
• Code and CUS大小取決於手
0x00FF FFFF
機軟體的軟件內容，內容越 多，size就越大。 • RAI file system 主要用來儲 存使用者設定的資訊(如情境模 式設定等…) • Back Trace 用來儲存硬體 exception data.可由其中找出發 生exception的原因。(size會因 不同的flash size而改變) • E2P 指的是EEPROM，用來儲 存底層一些系統設定，和應用 程式無關。 – E2P & Backtrace one sector Size: 8KB – Other one sector size: 64KB
Copyright © 2008 MStar Semiconductor, Inc. All rights reserved.
MMI Interface Layer
Copyright © 2008 MStar Semiconductor, Inc. All rights reserved.
NOR Flash
Copyright © 2008 MStar Semiconductor, Inc. All rights reserved.
• ESL: (e.g: esl_fmr_itf.c) – ESL 為MMI透過send message與driver之間溝通的介面。 – 這層介面的主要目的為隔開driver和MMI之間的關係(僅透過send message) • ISL: (e.g: isl_fmr_itf.c) – ISL 為非MMI物件透過send message與driver之間溝通的介面。 – 這層介面主要目的為對不同的硬體物件提供統一的接口。 • ESH: (e.g: fmr_handler.c) – ESH主要負責處理task上的message。 • CSL: (e.g: csl_fmr.c) – driver level porting layer, 若要使用客製化的driver，只需要將其 整合進CSL(符合CSL的接口)。 – 同樣的，若要porting一個新的driver，也只要整合進CSL即可(符合 CSL的接口)
E2P (4 sectors, 32KB) BACK TRACE (4 sectors, 32KB) RAI File System (768KB) FREE CUS (depends)
n x Sector
Code (depends)
m x Sector
0x0000 0000
Copyright © 2008 MStar Semiconductor, Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2008 MStar Semiconductor, Inc. All rights reserved.
Driver - Description
MAE Architecture
MAE Shell
Application Manager Memory Manager
SERVICE
• BaseApplet 每個應用程式皆為一個BaseApplet的物件，BaseApplet提供一個 EventCB table給應用程式來註冊想要接收的訊息，並協助管理 service的使用。 • Window 視窗是存在於應用程式中,作為應用程式與使用者之間提供與接收資 訊的媒介。每個應用程式可以產生多個視窗，用來控制及呈現畫面。 • Window manager 應用程式透過視窗管理者(window manager)來控制視窗，包含生成、 關閉等。 • Service Wrapper 應用程式若需要使用service的功能，只需要呼叫service wrapper提供 的API即可，不需要直接對service進行註冊，然後才能使用。