2015年中国矿业大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)

2015年中国矿业大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
题型有：1. Reading Comprehension 2. Cloze 3. English-Chinese Translation 4. Chinese-English Translation 5. Writing
Reading Comprehension
The purpose of the American court system is to protect the rights of the people. According to American law, if someone is accused of a crime, he or she is considered innocent until the court proves that the person is guilty. In other words, it is the responsibility of the court to prove that a person is guilty. It is not the responsibility of the person to prove that he or she is innocent. In order to arrest a person, the police have to be reasonably sure that a crime has been committed. The police must give the suspect the reasons why they are arresting him and tell him his rights under the law. Then the police take the suspect to the police station to “book”him. “Booking” means that the name of the person and the charges against him are formally listed at the police station. The next step is for the suspect to go before a judge. The judge decides whether the suspect should be kept in jail or released. If the suspect has no previous criminal record and the judge feels that he will return to court rather than run away—for example, because he owns a house and has a family—he can go free. Otherwise, the suspect must put up bail. At this time, too, the judge will appoint a court layer to defend the suspect if he can’t afford one. The suspect returns to court a week or two later. A lawyer from the district attorney’s office presents a case against the suspect. This is called a hearing. The attorney may present evidence as well as witnesses. The judge at the hearing then decides whether there is enough reason to hold a trial. If the judge decides that there is sufficient evidence to call for a trial, he or she sets a date for the suspect to appear in court to formally plead guilty or not guilty. At the trial, a jury of 12 people listens to the evidence from both attorneys and hears the testimony of the witnesses. Then the jury goes into a private room to consider the evidence and decide whether the defendant is guilty of the crime. If the jury decides that the defendant is innocent, he goes free. However, if he is convicted, the judge sets a date for the defendant to appear in court again for sentencing. At this time, the judge tells the convicted person what his punishment will be. The judge may sentence him to prison, order him to pay a fine, or place him on probation. The American justice system is very complex and sometimes operates slowly. However, every step is designed to protect the rights of the people. These individual rights are the basis, or foundation, of the American government.
1．What is the main idea of the passage?
A．The American court system requires that a suspect prove that he or she is innocent.
B．The US court system is designed to protect the rights of the people.
C．Under the American court system, judge decides if a suspect is innocent or guilty.
D．The US court system is designed to help the police present a case against the suspect.
正确答案：B
解析：本文的第一段第一句话“The purpose of the American court system is to protect the fights of the people．”就点明了文章的主旨，即美国法院系统的作用是保护人民的权利，因此选择B。

2．What follows “In other words” (Para. 1)?
A．An example of the previous sentence.
B．A new idea about the court system.
C．An item of evidence to call for a trial.
D．A restatement of the previous sentence.
正确答案：D
解析：第一段中“In other words”后面说证明一个人是否有罪是法院的责任。

在接下来的几段中阐述了从警察逮捕嫌疑人，到法官决定是否让嫌疑人保释，再到陪审团判定是否有罪。

据此可知，“In other words”后面应是对以前宣判过程的另一种表述。

因此选择D。

3．According to the passage, “he can go free” (Para. 3) means .
A．the suspect is free to choose a lawyer to defend him
B．the suspect does not have to go to trial because the judge has decided he is innocent
C．the suspect will be informed by mail whether he is innocent or not
D．the suspect does not have to wait in jail or pay money until he goes to trial
正确答案：D
解析：本题细节定位于第三段第三、四句话“If the suspect has no previous criminal record and the judge feels that he will return to court rather than run away—for example，because he owns a house and has a family--he can go free．Otherwise，the suspect must put up bail．”。

由此可知，如果嫌疑人没有前科，法官认为他不会逃跑——例如他有房产或家庭，嫌疑人就可以被释放。

否则，嫌疑人必须支付保释金。

据此可知，“he can go free”的意思是嫌疑人在接受审判前不必待在监狱里或支付保释金，因此选择D。

4．What is the purpose of having the suspect pay bail?
A．To pay for the judge and the trial.
B．To pay for a court lawyer to defend the suspect.
C．To ensure that the suspect will return to court.
D．To ensure that the suspect will appear in prison.
正确答案：C
解析：本题细节定位于第三段第三、四句话“the judge feels that he will return to court rather than run away—for example，because he owns a house and has a family—he can go free．Otherwise，the suspect must put up bail．”。

由此可知，因为嫌疑人有房产或家庭，法官认为他会回到法院而不会逃跑，嫌疑人就可以被释放。

否则，嫌疑人必须支付保释金。

据此可知，让嫌疑人支付保释金的目的是确保嫌疑人会回到法院，因此选择C。

During the two years that passed between the death of his father and his establishment in London, Gibbon had made a preliminary examination of the ground that must be covered in the history of the Roman Empire which he proposed to write. As soon as he had a house to himself, he started the actual work of writing, and composed and three times rewrote the first chapter, twice patiently recasting the second and third, before he was “tolerably satisfied” with the effect he had achieved, and the flow of composition became, paragraph by paragraph, more regular and rapid. We are told that, while composing, he walked to and fro across the library, and that the whole paragraph was complete when he finally regained his chair and resorted to pen and ink. The necessary reference, which he added later, he had already jotted down on cards. A friend suspected that he was working too fast; but Gibbon reassured him; the whole works, he said, had undergone a long and elaborate process of correction and revision; his “diligence and accuracy, “ he afterwards told the world, were confirmed by his conscience. Thus he awaited the day of final publication without undue anxiety. During February, 1775, the first volume of The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire appeared in the book-shops. His publishers had originally calculated on five hundred copies, but, with almost prophetic insight had increased this number to a thousand. The first edition to appear was immediately sold out, and two further editions were very soon exhausted. A great fit of fame seized on the modest author. His pride was immensely approved; but it would be idle to pretend that he was either ashamed or startled. Besides, he had still far to go. For the next eleven years, though he never retired from the world and remained an attentive, if somewhat impassive, observer of the various revolutions of society and politics, the record of Gibbon’s life is very largely the record of his work’s development, as the original scheme gradually expanded through half of dozen volumes. Than the Decline and Fall there is probably no book of equal size and scope more thoroughly filled with the characteristic quality of a single man’s intelligence. It is not that the historian makes arbitrary of unjustified attacks into the pages of his history; he has no reason to impose himself, for, in fact, he is always there —not as a figure rising inappropriately between the reader and his subject, but as an influence that colours every scene, moderates the verbal rhythm of each successive period, and links episode to episode in the same harmonious pattern.
5．We learn from the passage the Gibbon______.
A．was not satisfied with his work because he wrote too fast
B．made elaborate revision to his work
C．rewrote every chapter of his history
D．found it necessary to rewrite the work three times
正确答案：B
解析：本题细节定位于第一段第五句话“A friend suspected that he was working too fast；but Gibbon reassured him；the whole works，he said，had undergone a long and elaborate process of correction and revision”。

由此可知，吉本的一个朋友怀疑他写得太快；但吉本向他保证，所有作品都经过长时间的精心修改和校对才完成，因此选择B。

6．Which of the following is NOT true as regards Gibbon’s writing methods?
A．Gibbon walked to and fro in the library while composing his paragraphs.
B．Gibbon did not have a chair in his library at the beginning of his writing.
C．When he took up his pen to write, Gibbon wrote the whole paragraph without stopping.
D．While composing his work, Gibbon took down the necessary reference to be added later.
正确答案：C
解析：本题细节定位于第一段第二句话“As soon as he had a house to himself, he started the actual work of writing，and composed and three times rewrote the first chapter, twice…he had achieved”。

由此可知，吉本开始写作时，第一章修改了三次，第二、三章重写了两次。

再定位于第一段第三句话“We are told that…and that the whole paragraph was complete when he finally regained his chair and resorted to pen and ink．”由此可知，当吉本总算取回了椅子后，整个段落才完成。

C项说吉本一口气写完全部段落，与文中的说法不符，因此选择C。

7．On its first appearance the History______.
A．was incomplete
B．was undersold
C．sold 3, 000 copies
D．greatly surprised the author
正确答案：C
解析：本题细节定位于第一段第八、九句话“His publishers had originally calculated on five hundred copies，but，with almost prophetic insight had increased this number to a thousand．The first edition to appear was immediately sold out，and two further editions were very soon exhausted．”。

由此可知，吉本的著作开始出版时，出版商最初计划印500本，但后来将数量增加到1000本。

第一版一问世就立刻销售一空，而后增加的两次再版也很快售完。

据此可以推知，吉本的著作一共售出3000本，因此选择C。

8．The author considers that Gibbon______.
A．made constant influence on his readers with his work
B．gave a very prejudiced picture on the reader
C．was himself a figure in the history he wrote
D．made several experiments in literary style
正确答案：A
解析：本题细节定位于第二段第四句话“he has no reason to impose himself, for, in fact，he is always there——not as a figure rising inappropriately between the reader and his subject，but as an influence…”。

由此可知，吉本没有理由在读者和他的著作主题之间充当不适宜的角色，而是一直具有影响力。

据此可以推知，作者认为，吉本的著作一直影响着他的读者，因此选择A。

On the outskirts of the city, there is a business based on an understanding of probabilities. It is a jail alai fronton, a cavernous court where athletes play a fast game for the entertainment of gamblers and the benefit of, among others, the state treasury. Not coincidentally, Connecticut is one of just seven states still fiercely determined not to have an income tax. Gambling taxes yielded $76.4 million last year, which is not a large slice of Connecticut’s $2.1 billion budget, but it would be missed, and is growing. Last year Americans legally wagered $15 billion, up 8 percent cover 1976. Lotteries took in 24 percent more. Stiffening resistance to taxes is encouraging states to seek revenues from gambling, and thus to encourage gambling. There are three rationalizations for this: State-run gambling controls illegal gambling. Gambling is a painless way to raise revenues. Gambling is a “victimless”recreation, and thus is a matter of moral indifference. Actually, there is evidence that legal gambling increases the respectability of gambling, and increases public interest in gambling. This creates new gamblers, some of whom move on to illegal gambling, which generally offers better odds. And as a revenue-raising device, gambling is severely regressive. Gamblers are drawn disproportionately from minority and poor populations that can ill-afford to gamble, that are especially susceptible to the lure of gambling, and that especially need a government that will not collaborate with gambling entrepreneurs, as in jai alai, and that will not become a gambling entrepreneur through a state lottery. A depressing number of gamblers have no margin for economic losses and little understanding of the probability of losses. Between 1975 and 1977 there was a 140 percent increase in spending to advertise lotteries —lotteries in which more than 99.9 percent of all players are losers. Such advertising is apt to be especially effective, and cruel, among people whose tribulations make them susceptible to dreams of sudden relief. Grocery money is risked for such relief. Some grocers in Hartford’s poorer neighborhoods report that receipts decline during jai alai season. Aside from the injury gamblers do to their dependents, there is a more subtle but more comprehensive injury done by gambling. It is the injury done to society’s sense of elemental equities. Gambling blurs the distinction between well-earned and “ill-gotten”gains. Gambling is debased speculation, a lust for sudden wealth that is not connected with the process of making society more productive of goods and services. Government support of
gambling gives a legitimating imprimatur to the pursuit of wealth without work. “It is, “ said Jefferson, “the manners and spirit of a people which preserves a republic in vigor.”Jefferson believed in the virtue-instilling effects of agricultural labor. Andrew Jackson denounced the Bank of the United States as a “monster”because increased credit creation meant increased speculation. Martin Van Buren warned against “a craving desire...for sudden wealth.” The early nineteenth century belief was that citizens could be distinguished by the moral worth of the way they acquired wealth; and physical labor was considered the most ennobling labor. It is perhaps a bit late to worry about all this: the United States is a developed capitalist society of a sort Jefferson would have feared if he had been able to imagine it. But those who cherish capitalism should note that the moral weakness of capitalism derives, in part, from the belief that too much wealth is allocated in “speculative” ways, capriciously, to people who earn their bread neither by the sweat of their brows nor by wrinkling their brows for socially useful purpose. Of course, any economy produces windfalls. As a town grows, some land values soar. And some investors (like many non-investors) regard stock trading as a form of roulette. But state-sanctioned gambling institutionalizes windfalls, whets the public appetite for them, and encourages the delusion that they are more frequent than they really are. Thus do states simultaneously cheat and corrupt their citizens.
9．Which of the following sentences best summarizes the main idea of the passage?
A．Although some poor people lose money in state-run gambling, it has various benefits.
B．State-run gambling is no good because it encourages the pursuit of wealth without work.
C．State-run gambling makes people lose money and crave for gains without pains.
D．The United States is a developed capitalist society, so it is normal for wealth in it to be allocated in speculative ways.
正确答案：C
解析：纵观全文得知，国家从赌博业中增加税收，因而鼓励人们赌博。

文中以人们购买彩票为例，说明绝大多数的赌徒都是输家。

政府对赌博的支持使不劳而获合法化。

据此可以推知，文章主要是讲国有赌博业使人们失去金钱，渴望不劳而获，因此选择C。

10．The author mentions grocers’ receipt decline to______.
A．show people are busy in jai alai season
B．make a distinction between well-earned and ill-gotten gains
C．show there is a more subtle but more comprehensive injury done by gambling D．illustrate people lose money in jai alai season and cannot afford groceries
正确答案：D
解析：本题细节定位于第十段第一句话“Grocery money is risked for such relief．Some grocers in Hartford’s poorer neighborhoods report that receipts decline during jai alai season．”。

由此可知，为了摆脱困苦，赌徒们冒险将购买食品杂货的钱用于赌博。

哈特福德贫困区的杂货商们报告说，在回力球赛季期间他们的收入下降了。

据此可以推知，人们在回力球赛季赌博输钱，没钱购买食品杂货，因此选择D。

11．Why does the author use the phrase “A depressing number of gamblers” in the underlined sentence?
A．Because the gamblers are depressed.
B．Because the number of gamblers is decreasing.
C．Because the number of gamblers is large.
D．Because the gamblers are debased.
正确答案：A
解析：本题细节定位于短语所在段的第二句话“Between 1975 and 1977 there was a 140 percent increase in spending to advertise lotteries—lotteries in which more than 99．9 percent of all players are losers．”。

由此可知，从1975年到1977年，用于彩票广告的费用增加了140％；而在所有彩票购买者中，超过99．9％的人是输家。

据此可以推知赌徒们很沮丧，因此选择A。

12．What is the essential tone of the passage?
A．Ironic.
B．Humorous.
C．Calm.
D．Critical.
正确答案：D
解析：根据文中的用词“moral indifference道德冷漠”“ill-gotten gains不义之财”“cheat and corrupt欺骗和腐化”可以推知，文章的感情基调应是批评，因此选择D。

The spectacular aurora light displays that appear in Earth’s atmosphere around the north and south magnetic poles were once mysterious phenomena. Now, scientists have data from satellites and ground-based observations from which we know that the aurora brilliance is an immense electrical discharge similar to that occurring in a neon sign. To understand the cause of auroras, first picture the Earth enclosed by its magnetosphere, a huge region created by the Earth’s magnetic field. Outside the magnetosphere, blasting toward the earth is the solar wind, a swiftly moving plasma of ionized gases with its own magnetic filed. Charged particles in this solar wind speed earthward along the solar wind’s magnetic lines of force with a spiraling motion. The Earth’s magnetosphere is a barrier to the solar winds, and forces the charged particles of the solar wind to flow around the magnetosphere itself. But in
the polar regions, the magnetic lines of force of the Earth and of the solar wind bunch together. Here many of the solar wind’s charged particles break through the magnetosphere and enter Earth’s magnetic field. They then spiral back and forth between the Earth’s magnetic poles very rapidly. In the polar regions, electrons from the solar wind ionize and excite the atoms and molecules of the upper atmosphere, causing them to emit aurora radiations of visible light. The colours of an aurora depend on the atoms emitting them. The dominant greenish white light comes from low energy excitation of oxygen atoms. During huge magnetic storms oxygen atoms also undergo high energy excitation and emit crimson light. Excited nitrogen atoms contribute bands of colour varying from blue to violet. Viewed from outer space, auroras can be seen as dimly glowing belts wrapped around each of the Earth’s magnetic poles. Each aurora hangs like a curtain of light stretching over the polar regions and into the higher latitudes. When the solar flares that result in magnetic storms and aurora activity are very intense, aurora displays may extend as far as the southern regions of the United States. Studies of auroras have given physicists new information about the behavior of plasmas, which has helped to explain the nature of outer space and is being applied in attempts to harness energy from the fusion of atoms.
13．What does the passage mainly discuss?
A．The methods used to observe auroras from outer space.
B．The formation and appearance of auroras around the Earth’s poles.
C．The factors that cause the variety of colours in auroras.
D．The periodic variation in the display of auroras.
正确答案：B
解析：本文第一段提出了极光这种现象，第二段介绍了极光形成的原因，第三段阐释了极光颜色形成的原理。

据此可以推知，文章主要论述的是地球两极极光的外观与形成原理，因此选择B。

14．The passage describes the magnetosphere as a barrier (Line 9) because______.
A．its position makes it difficult to be observed from Earth
B．it prevents particles from the solar wind from easily entering Earth’s atmosphere
C．it increases the speed of particles from the solar wind
D．it is strongest in the polar regions
正确答案：B
解析：本题细节定位于第二段第三、四句话“Charged particles in this solar wind speed earthward along the solar wind’s magnetic lines of force with a spiraling motion．The Earth’s magnetosphere is a barrier to the solar winds，and forces the charged particles of the solar wind to flow around the magnetosphere itself”。

由此可
知，太阳风中的带电粒子快速地向地球移动，地球的磁层是一道阻隔太阳风的屏障，并迫使太阳风中的带电粒子绕地球的磁层流动。

据此可知，地球的磁层可以阻隔太阳风中的粒子轻易地穿过大气层，因此选择B。

15．Auroras may be seen in the southern regions of the United States when______.
A．magnetic storms do not affect Earth
B．solar flares are very intense
C．the speed of the solar wind is reduced
D．the excitation of atoms is low
正确答案：B
解析：本题细节定位于倒数第二段最后一句话“When the solar flares that result in magnetic storms and aurora activity are very intense，aurora displays may extend as far as the southern regions of the United States”。

由此可知，当太阳耀斑和极光活动非常强烈时，在远至美国的南部地区可能会出现极光。

因此选择B。

16．The passage supports which of the following statements about scientists’understanding of auroras?
A．Before advances in technology, including satellites, scientists knew little about auroras.
B．New knowledge about the fusion of atoms allowed scientists to learn more about auroras.
C．Scientists cannot explain the cause of the different colours in auroras.
D．Until scientists learn more about plasma physics, little knowledge about auroras will be available.
正确答案：A
解析：本题细节定位于第一段第一和第二句话“The spectacular aurora light displays that appear in Earth’s atmosphere…were once mysterious phenomena．Now, scientists have data from satellites and ground-based observations…in a neon sign”。

由此可知，在地球南北磁极周围的大气层中出现的极光曾经是神秘的现象。

如今，科学家们己经从卫星和地面观测得到的数据了解了这种现象。

据此可知，在包括卫星在内的科技进步之前，科学家对极光现象所知甚少，因此选择A。

Today, we are going to be continuing our discussion of evolution, specifically how the forces of natural selection and environmental pressures interact. Last time we said that for any species the most important urge is to reproduce and ensure survival of the species. Now any organism has a set amount of energy it can’t devote to the task of reproduction to produce eggs, find a mate, rear its offspring, etc. But different species have different strategies for how they use that energy. Let’s look at two examples to clarify this. For this purpose we’ll compare two aquatic animals: the blue whale and the American shad. The blue whale reproduces quite slowly. Females don’t reach sexual maturity until they are about ten years old. They take an entire year
to give birth, and the calf is dependent on its mother for at least the next 6 months. That means at maximum, blue whales can reproduce once every two years, and it’s often more like every three years. In the context of this low birth rate, every calf is valuable, and a considerable amount of energy is devoted to caring for the calf and ensuring its survival. The American shad reach sexual maturity in as little as three years. They breed every single year. And in one breeding season a female American shad may lay as many as 300, 000 eggs. Of course, only a tiny fraction of these will survive to become mature shad themselves. After the female shad lays her eggs, she moves back into the ocean leaving her young to fend for themselves. So blue whales and American shad employ entirely different reproductive strategies that kind of lie on opposite ends of the spectrum. Blue whales invest all of their energy into a small number of offspring, while American shad put their energy into reproducing in huge numbers but with a very low chance of survival into maturity. Many other species follow one of these two reproductive strategies. Those that fit into the pattern of the blue whale are known as K-strategies, and those that reproduce in large numbers with low chances of survival for individual offspring are known as R-strategies. So what determines whether a species evolves to be a K-strategist or R-strategist? Well, it largely has to do with the environmental pressures that the species faces and how they fit into their overall habit. Blue whales are the biggest organisms in the ocean, and as such they have no natural predators. What’s more, their large bodies mean that they can build up large reserves of fat to sustain them when food is scarce. As a result, a mature blue whale has a very good chance of survival from year to year. In fact, if a blue whale manages to survive its childhood and reach maturity, it will most likely continue to live until it either dies of disease or old age. What all this means is that the blue whale population tends to be pretty stable. It generally doesn’t experience massive or sudden declines, or at least it didn’t until humans started disrupting its habitat. American shad lead a much riskier existence. Even when they reach maturity they are preyed upon by a number of larger fish. Moreover, their population is much more susceptible to food shortage and mass starvation. But this is balanced out by the shad’s ability to reproduce quickly, but it can always bounce back.
17．What is the main topic of the passage?
A．Environments competition between K-strategists or R-strategists.
B．The reproductive strategies of various marine species.
C．How environmental influences affect the chances of survival for offspring.
D．Energy allocation in reproduction and the factors that influence it.
正确答案：B
解析：本文先是以蓝鲸和美国鲥鱼这两种水生物种的不同繁殖模式引出R 策略和K策略，然后从物种面临的环境压力方面解释了决定某一物种进化成两种繁殖策略之一的原因。

据此可以推知，文章的主题应是不同海洋物种的繁殖策略，因此选择B。

18．Which of the following is True of K-strategists?
A．They are generally large predators that prey on small species.
B．They invest most of their energy in a small number of strong offspring.
C．They generally have a high chance of survival once they reach maturity.
D．They are usually found in habitats with plentiful food resources.
正确答案：C
解析：本题细节定位于倒数第二段第四句话“if a blue whale manages to survive its childhood and reach maturity, it will most likely continue to live until it either dies of disease or old age”。

由此可知，如果一只蓝鲸能在幼时存活下来并长到成年，它就很有可能继续活下去，直到因疾病或年老而死去。

从文中己知蓝鲸的繁殖模式被称为K策略，可知C项的说法与文中相符，因此选择C。

19．Which of the following species is most likely to be an R-strategist?
A．The koala.
B．The gorilla.
C．The kangaroo.
D．The polar bear.
正确答案：D
解析：本题细节定位于第四段第二句话“Blue whales invest all of their energy into a small number of offspring，while American shad put their energy into reproducing in huge numbers but with a very low chance of survival into maturity．”和倒数第三段第二、三句话“Those that fit into the pattern of the blue whale are known as K-strategies…it largely has to do with the environmental pressures that the species faces…”。

由此可知，蓝鲸将所有精力都投入到养育数量很少的幼鲸上，而美国鲥鱼的精力投入到大量繁殖上，但其后代的生存率却很低。

蓝鲸的繁殖模式被称为K策略，美国鲥鱼的繁殖模式被称为R策略。

物种的进化策略在很大程度上与其面临的环境压力有关。

据此可以推知，北极熊很可能发展成R策略这种繁殖模式，因此选择D。

20．How does the passage explain why various species have evolved to be R-strategists or K-strategists?
A．By discussing the environmental pressures faced by various species.
B．By explaining the life cycles of R-strategists and K-strategists.
C．By discussing the evolutionary origins of several species.
D．By comparing the chances of survival between R-strategists and K-strategists.
正确答案：D
解析：本题细节定位于最后两段。

由此可知，蓝鲸在海洋中没有天敌，而且它们巨大的身体还可以储备大量的脂肪，支撑它们度过食物匮乏时期。

因此成年蓝鲸的生存率很高。

相比而言，美国鲥鱼的生存风险却大得多，当它们长成后还会被一些较大的鱼捕食。

此外，它们更容易受到食物短缺的影响。

据此可以推知，
文章通过比较两类物种的生存率来解释不同的物种进化成为R策略模式或K策略模式的原因，因此选择D。

Cloze
One of the most fascinating fields of psychology is memory. This passage is going to【C1】______a few things about how to classify and【C2】______memory. One of the most common ways to【C3】______memory is based on time and duration of use. Typically, memory is divided into【C4】______types. Sensory memory holds information for only an instant, then it fades【C5】______. This is long enough to register an impression【C6】______one or more of our five senses-sight, hearing, touch, smell, or taste. If you want to keep the information for longer than a second, you have to put it into your working memory【C7】______allows us to hold on to things for as long as we think about them. You continue holding the information in your memory 【C8】______you got the final answer. It is something like a kind of【C9】______storage place. However, if working memory【C10】______all we had, we would be very limited. Essentially working memory【C11】______between how we experience the environment and our long-term memory. The long-term memory is involved with【C12】______that is stored for【C13】______lengths of time. In fact, memory that is tested after about one minute behaves in a very similar way【C14】______memory tested after a day, a week, or even years, 【C15】______many scientists believe that any memories more than one minute old are part of our long-term memory. Interestingly, in a sense, our memories change and become somewhat【C16】______, since our memory is designed to keep or preserve【C17】______. There are three main【C18】______of measuring how much a person remembers. The first is to recall and see how much is remembered and forgotten. The second is recognition, which is more【C19】______. Recognition doesn’t require you to produce anything, and【C20】______, is easier than remembering everything you saw. The third basic method is relearning. By measuring the time people need to relearn information, we can calculate how much information they have stored in their long-term memories the first time.
21．【C1】
A．say
B．speak
C．talk
D．claim
正确答案：A
解析：A项say意为“说，讲”，侧重说的内容，后面宾语多为原话或其他名词、代词、句子等成分；B项speak意为“讲，谈”，通常用作不及物动词，侧重说话的能力和方式。

当speak用作及物动词带宾语时，宾语往往是某种语言的名称；C项talk意为“说话，交谈”，一般用作不及物动词，后面不带宾语；。