齿轮加工工艺分析

9.7 典型齿轮加工工艺分析
9.7.1 圆柱齿轮加工工艺程的内容和要求
圆柱齿轮的加工工艺程一般应包括以下内容：齿轮毛坯加工、齿面加工、热处理工艺及齿面的的精加工。

在编制工艺过程中，常因齿轮结构、精度等级、生产批量和生产环境的不同，而采取各种不同的工艺方案。

如图 9-12为一直齿圆柱齿轮的简图，表9-6 列出了该齿轮机械加工工艺过程。

从中可以看出，编制齿轮加工工艺过程大致可以划分如下几个阶段：
1)齿轮毛坯的形成：锻件、棒料或铸件；
2)粗加工：切除较多的余量；
3)半精加工：车、滚、插齿；
4)热处理：调质、渗碳淬火、齿面高频感应加热淬火等
5)精加工：精修基准、精加工齿形
9.7.2齿轮加工工艺过程分析
1、基准的选择
对于齿轮加工基准的选择常因齿轮的结构形状不同而有所差异。

带轴齿轮主要采用顶点孔定位；对于空心轴，则在中心内孔钻出后，用两端孔口的斜面定位；孔径大时则采用锥堵。

顶点定位的精度高，且能作到基准重合和统一。

对带孔齿轮在齿面加工时常采用以下两种定位、夹紧方式。

（1）以内孔和端面定位这种定位方式是以工件内孔定位，确定定位位置，再以端面作为轴向定位基准，并对着端面夹紧。

这样可使定位基准、设计基准、装配基准和测量基准重合，定位精度高，适合于批量生产。

但对于夹具的制造精度要求较高。

（2）以外圆和端面定位当工件和加剧心轴的配合间隙较大时，采用千分表校正外圆以确定中心的位置，并以端面进行轴向定位，从另一端面夹紧。

这种定位方式因每个工件都要校正，故生产率低；同时对齿坯的内、外圆同轴要求高，而对夹具精度要求不高，故适用于单件、小批生产。

综上所述，为了减少定位误差，提高齿轮加工精度，在加工时应满足以下要求：
1)应选择基准重合、统一的定位方式；
2)内孔定位时，配合间隙应近可能减少；
3)定位端面与定位孔或外圆应在一次装夹中加工出来，以保证垂直度要求。

2、齿轮毛坯的加工
齿面加工前的齿轮毛坯加工，在整个齿轮加工过程中占有很重要的地位。

因为齿面加工和检测所用的基准必须在此阶段加工出来，同时齿坯加工所占工时的比例较大，无论从提高生产率，还是从保证齿轮的加工质量，都必须重视齿轮毛坯的加工。

在齿轮图样的技术部要求中，如果规定以分度圆选齿厚的减薄量来测定齿侧间隙时，应注意齿顶圆的精度要求，因为齿厚的检测是以齿顶圆为测量基准的。

齿顶圆精度太低，必然使测量出的齿厚无法正确反映出齿侧间隙的大小，所以，在这一加工过程中应注意以下三个问题：
1)当以齿顶圆作为测量基准时，应严格控制齿顶圆的尺寸精度；
2)保证定位端面和定位孔或外圆间的垂直度；
3)提高齿轮内孔的制造精度，减少与夹具心轴的配合间隙；
3、齿形及齿端加工
齿形加工是齿轮加工的关键，其方案的选择取决于多方面的因素，如设备条件、齿轮精度等级、表面粗糙度、硬度等。

常用的齿形加工方案在上节已有讲解，在此不再叙述。

齿轮的齿端加工有倒圆、倒尖、倒棱和去毛刺等方式。

如图 9-13所示。

经倒圆、倒尖后的齿轮在换档时容易进入啮合状态，减少撞击现象。

倒棱可除去齿端尖角和毛刺。

图9-14是用指状铣刀对齿端进行倒圆的加工示意图。

倒圆时，铣刀告诉旋转，并沿圆弧作摆动，加工完一个齿后，工件退离铣刀，经分度再快速向铣刀靠近加工下一个齿的齿端。

齿端加工必须在淬火之前进行，通常都在滚（插）齿之后，剃齿之前安排齿端加工。

4、轮加工过程中的热处理要求
在齿轮加工工艺过程中，热处理工序的位置安排十分重要，它直接影响齿轮的力学性能及切削加工性。

一般在齿轮加工中进行两种热处理工序，即毛坯热处理和齿形热处理
9.7.1 圆柱齿轮加工工艺程的内容和要求
圆柱齿轮的加工工艺程一般应包括以下内容：齿轮毛坯加工、齿面加工、热处理工艺及齿面的的精加工。

在编制工艺过程中，常因齿轮结构、精度等级、生产批量和生产环境的不同，而采取各种不同的工艺方案。

如图9-12为一直齿圆柱齿轮的简图，表9-6 列出了该齿轮机械加工工艺过程。

从中可以看出，编制齿轮加工工艺过程大致可以划分如下几个阶段：
1)齿轮毛坯的形成：锻件、棒料或铸件；
2)粗加工：切除较多的余量；
3)半精加工：车、滚、插齿；
4)热处理：调质、渗碳淬火、齿面高频感应加热淬火等
5)精加工：精修基准、精加工齿形
9.7.2齿轮加工工艺过程分析
1、基准的选择
对于齿轮加工基准的选择常因齿轮的结构形状不同而有所差异。

带轴齿轮主要采用顶点孔定位；对于空心轴，则在中心内孔钻出后，用两端孔口的斜面定位；孔径大时则采用锥堵。

顶点定位的精度高，且能作到基准重合和统一。

对带孔齿轮在齿面加工时常采用以下两种定位、夹紧方式。

（1）以内孔和端面定位这种定位方式是以工件内孔定位，确定定位位置，再以端面作为轴向定位基准，并对着端面夹紧。

这样可使定位基准、设计基准、装配基准和测量基准重合，定位精度高，适合于批量生产。

但对于夹具的制造精度要求较高。

（2）以外圆和端面定位当工件和加剧心轴的配合间隙较大时，采用千分表校正外圆以确定中心的位置，并以端面进行轴向定位，从另一端面夹紧。

这种定位方式因每个工件都要校正，故生产率低；同时对齿坯的内、外圆同轴要求高，而对夹具精度要求不高，故适用于单件、小批生产。

综上所述，为了减少定位误差，提高齿轮加工精度，在加工时应满足以下要求：
1)应选择基准重合、统一的定位方式；
2)内孔定位时，配合间隙应近可能减少；
3)定位端面与定位孔或外圆应在一次装夹中加工出来，以保证垂直度要求。

2、齿轮毛坯的加工
齿面加工前的齿轮毛坯加工，在整个齿轮加工过程中占有很重要的地位。

因为齿面加工和检测所用的基准必须在此阶段加工出来，同时齿坯加工所占工时的比例较大，无论从提高生产率，还是从保证齿轮的加工质量，都必须重视齿轮毛坯的加工。

在齿轮图样的技术部要求中，如果规定以分度圆选齿厚的减薄量来测定齿侧间隙时，应注意齿顶圆的精度要求，因为齿厚的检测是以齿顶圆为测量基准的。

齿顶圆精度太低，必然使测量出的齿厚无法正确反映出齿侧间隙的大小，所以，在这一加工过程中应注意以下三个问题：
1)当以齿顶圆作为测量基准时，应严格控制齿顶圆的尺寸精度；
2)保证定位端面和定位孔或外圆间的垂直度；
3)提高齿轮内孔的制造精度，减少与夹具心轴的配合间隙；
3、齿形及齿端加工
齿形加工是齿轮加工的关键，其方案的选择取决于多方面的因素，如设备条件、齿轮精度等级、表面粗糙度、硬度等。

常用的齿形加工方案在上节已有讲解，在此不再叙述。

齿轮的齿端加工有倒圆、倒尖、倒棱和去毛刺等方式。

如图9-13所示。

经倒圆、倒尖后的齿轮在换档时容易进入啮合状态，减少撞击现象。

倒棱可除去齿端尖角和毛刺。

图9-14是用指状铣刀对齿端进行倒圆的加工示意图。

倒圆时，铣刀告诉旋转，并沿圆弧作摆动，加工完一个齿后，工件退离铣刀，经分度再快速向铣刀靠近加工下一个齿的齿端。

齿端加工必须在淬火之前进行，通常都在滚（插）齿之后，剃齿之前安排齿端加工。

4、轮加工过程中的热处理要求
在齿轮加工工艺过程中，热处理工序的位置安排十分重要，它直接影响齿轮的力学性能及切削加工性。

一般在齿轮加工中进行两种热处理工序，即毛坯热处理和齿形热处理
如何编制齿轮加工工艺过程?
今有42CrMo 材料齿轮,模数10,齿数68,齿宽200,齿轮精度8HL(GB/T10095),请问各位专家,从毛坯(铸坯还是锻坯?)到最后完成,如何设计工艺路线?急盼
从零件图看,此零件要求不高, 42CrMo属于中淬透性调质钢 1铸造(ZG42CrMo,轮辐上孔不铸出,其余放余量),去浇冒口,清砂，完全退火，喷丸清砂。

2粗车 3调质 4精车 5划钻(或模钻)轮辐上孔 6线切割内孔键槽(如轮辐上孔已铸出,割孔至尺寸) 7滚齿8钳工修毛刺,棱边倒钝。

因是全加工件,可省去静平衡齿轮加工工艺在<机械制造工艺学>有专业介绍
谢谢，不过我的<机械制造工艺学>课本上没有介绍，可能太老了。

我们现在实际路线是先铸造，后调质，然后粗精车，滚齿，划钻，插键槽。

请问： 1. 不知加工前就调质，是否可以（因42CrMo属于中淬透性调质钢）？ 2. 8级精度，线速度9-10m/s，滚齿机是否可以达到，是否需磨齿？
1教课书上是没的,专业书上有介绍
2铸后要完全退火,铸后直接调质也可以,但对调质质量有影响
3先钻孔后滚齿,可以用压板压紧滚齿,孔己铸出是另当别论了
4滚齿后是否需磨齿,看实际需要。

铸后直接调质是否还要先完全退火?
不管什么铸件,铸后肯定要去应力热处理
去应力退火好象是低温退火,也就是说铸后既可完全退火,也可进行低温退火
铸后热处理功能;1去应力,2获得不同晶向组织,3改善切削性能或为后热处理作准备
铸后热处理由铸造厂负责处理
不同铸件,用不同的铸后热处理方法
不要省去预先热处理,否则对后热处理质量有影响
退火由铸造厂负责，回来后我们再进行调质处理；还是直接由铸造厂不退火仅进行调质处理？
铸造,完全退火。

不要省去完全退火而直接调质,可以完全退火+调质
回厂后不提倡调质后再金加工,应分粗、精加工,
一般调质前要经粗加工,1改善调质性能,2减少金加工应力
END点到为止
8级精度，滚齿机可以达到，不需磨齿。

要先退火消应,再粗车-调质-精车.我看到KA TU是这样做的.因为毛胚表面不处理调质会不均匀.
8级精度根本就不需要磨齿的，如果实在想保证的话，剃一下齿就可以了，剃齿就可以达到7级精度了！
调质之后就可以粗精车的！
8级精度，滚齿肯定能达到的！
机械加工工艺卡片
机械加工工艺卡的样板
管理提醒：
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我自己用的机械加工工艺卡！
机械加工工艺手册软件版
管理提醒：
本帖被whkl 执行锁定操作(2008-03-14)
您有足够的威望或权限浏览此文章,以下是加密内容:
共分为33个部分相当不错的软件可以免去翻手册的烦琐可以大大的提高你的工作效率软件格式：ISO
安装文件打开方式：虚拟光驱
软件含序列号、破解。

附中文版虚拟光驱放在第九部分后
《机械加工工艺手册（软件版）》R1.0是在机械工业出版社出版的《机械加工工艺手册》1套3册的基础上，对其进行充实、更新并进行了软件化编制而成的。

与传统的工具书相比，《机械加工工艺手册（软件版）》R1.0数据更全面、功能更加强大，使用更加方便，其内容由两部分组成：
第一部分（上篇）是数据查询模块，提供了在工艺设计过程中可能需要查询的工艺数据资料，包括金属切削原理、材料及热处理、毛坯及余量、机械加工质量、机械加工工艺规程制定、车削、铣削、钻削、镗削、拉削、磨削、精密加工及超精密加工、特种加工、螺纹加工、齿轮加工、花键加工、难加工材料的切削加工、柔性自动化加工等，是目前国内机械加工工艺方面数据较为齐全的资料库软件。

提供目录查询、索引查询、模糊查询、条件组合查询等查询方式。

第二部分（下篇）为用户提供一个实用的计算机辅助工艺设计（CAPP）系统，该CAPP系统是一个经过企业实际使用证明其切实可用且效率较高的计算机辅助工艺设计（CAPP）系统，使工艺设计过程计算机化、信息处理自动化。

在《机械加工工艺手册（软件版）》上只附有交互型CAPP系统，提供了针对企业的实际资源情况，建立适应本企业需求的工艺数据库（包括加工设备库、工装库、工时定额库、工艺术语库、切削用量库、材料库、毛坯库、工艺文件库等等）及实施CAPP的必须工具，这样可以减轻工艺人员的重复性劳动。

关于某铆焊车间管理流程和工艺流程的调查报告
三个月前，笔者进入了该公司的铆焊车间了解管理流程和工艺流程。

该车间有82人，分6个班组：下料组、拼点组、焊接组、起重组、后勤组、油漆组。

每个组有人数15-20人不等。

车间每月完成吨位数在1200吨以上，产值在2000万以上。

是全厂完成吨位和产值最高的车间。

车间设主任一名，全面负责车间生产安全劳动纪律等各个方面的工作，另设书记一名，副主任二名，这四个职位是脱产的。

另外设工会主席一名，团支部书记一名，妇女委员一名，都不脱产，与其他员工一样参加各自所在班组的生产劳动。

工会、团支部和妇联很少搞活动。

每个班组设组长一名，安全员一名，每个礼拜一早晨7：30---8：00，以班组为单位开安全会，回顾总结上礼拜的安全生产情况，有没有出事故或者事故苗头,为安全生产敲一下警钟。

车间实现主任负责制。

新工人进厂，先到劳资科报到，填写劳动合同，到仓库领取工作服等劳保用品和榔头扳手等生产工具。

然后去车间，服从车间的调度，听候吩咐。

这时候你就成为一名正式的公司员工了。

每天上下班都由车间和班组考勤。

若有私事须向车间请假。

不再可以自由散漫了。

在公司实习期间，也必须服从公司的规章制度与出勤制度。

每个月公司都会召集生产会议，安排每个车间当月的任务。

由生产科管理进度。

现在以生产一只大铁箱为例看一下这个车间是如何运作的。

技术科给车间下发了一张图纸，要求用一公分厚的普通钢板做一只长宽高都是一米的大铁箱，与图纸订在一起下发的还有工艺流程卡。

图纸上标明了这只大铁箱是做什么用的，是哪个工地上用的，用什么样的钢板型号等等，工艺流程卡告诉员工做这只大铁箱有哪几道工序、每道工序的先后次序、每道工序的工时数，工时是每个职工最关心的。

因为工时越多则奖金越高。

比如这只一米见方的铁箱的工序是从下料组到拼点组到焊接组再到油漆组。

工艺卡上会标明下料5小时，拼点10小时，焊接组10小时，油漆5小时，合计需要30小时。

首先由车间把图纸和工艺卡发到下料组，下料组拿到图纸后，组长把图纸交给具体负责制作的工作面，工作面的人员去供应科钢材仓库领钢材，用剪扳机或者乙炔割下6块1000×1000×10 的
钢板，除去毛刺或者氧化渣，交给质量科的检验员验收合格后，下料组的任务就完成了。

图纸、工艺卡和6块铁板由下料组交还车间，车间按照工艺卡上所写的工时数开给制作人员工时单。

到了月底，职工把完成的工时数上报给车间，每个工时若是2元，下料组割了6块钢板，就是说，他们那个月月底可以拿到10元奖金了。

然从以上的工艺流程我们来分析车间是怎样进行管理的。

在车间与外部其他科室的关系上是这样的：在生产进度上车间对生产科负责，如果生产任务很繁重，生产科就会要求车间安排加班，生产科只管进度而不管质量，也就是对效率进行管理；在产品质量和安全生产上对质量科负责，每道工序完工之后，质量科都会对半成品进行检验，而不是等到产品制作完成后才去检验，质量科只管质量而不管效率；而车间必须既抓质量也抓效率。

具体的制作过程由技术科给予指导，遇到技术上的难题向一线工人直接向技术科的工程师请教。

每月月底，车间按照质量科验收合格的产品工时数，经生产科确认后，向财务科领取本月的工资奖金。

在车间的内部管理上是这样的：车间把生产任务安排给班组，班组再安排给工作面，由工作面负责具
体的产品制作。

产品制作即不是单个的工人，也不是班组去完成的，而是由工作面去完成的。

工作面是产品制作的最小单位。

每个工作面由2---5人组成，班组成员一般是固定的，而工作面成员是自由组合的，常常变动。

常常变动有利于组合成最佳搭档可以提高工作效率，也促进同事之间的和睦相处。

每个月的奖金高低是按工作面进行分配，如果出勤率相同，每个工作面的员工的奖金基本相同。

各个工作面之间的差异可能会很大，体现了多劳多得的分配原则。

（英文版）
Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen
party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Y ears, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations
repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth
Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department
The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political
Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision
of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Y an to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and
to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on。