初中英语语法全解——形容词
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初中英语语法全解——形容
词
一、形容词概述
形容词是用来修饰名词或部分代词,说明人或事物的性质、状态或特征的词。
(一)形容词的种类
1.性质形容词
性质形容词是指直接说明事物的性质、特征的形容词。
它有等积変化,可以用程度副词修饰,在句中可以作定语、表语和宾语补足语。
大部分形容词时性质形容词。
She is a very clever girl.
We must do something to make the world more beautiful.
2.叙述形容词
叙述形容词一般只能作表语,所以又称为表于形容词。
这类形容词没有等级的变化,也不可以用程度副词修饰。
如:afraid,alive,alone,asleep,awake,ill等。
Please turn down the radio. The baby is asleep.
If you are ill, you must see the doctor.
(二)形容词的构成
英语中,自身是形容词的占大多数。
如:hot; big; long; tall等。
有少数形容词是由其他词变化而来的。
(1)名词+后缀构成的形容词
(2)复合形容词
复合形容词是指几个词共同组成并起形容词作用的词。
主要用作定语,不作表语。
常见的有以下几种:
二、形容词的句法功能
1.作定语
形容词作定语,用来修饰名词或代词。
We are good friends.
It’s a good car, but I’m looking for something newer.
2.作表语
形容词置于连系动词之后作表语。
You look pretty with your hair down.
It’s easy for me.
3.作宾语补足语
形容词放在宾语之后作宾语补足语。
I like my job because I want to make sick people better.
I find them very useful.
4.作状语
形容词作状语,常用来说明主语的情况。
The girl went to school, cold and hungry.
5.作主语或宾语
“the+形容词”表示一类人或物,可以用作主语或宾语。
The rich should help the poor.
No one knows this better than the young.
三、形容词的位置
1. 位于名词前
形容词修饰名词作定语,一般置于名词之前。
We went to a beautiful beach.
2. 形容词后置的情况
(1)形容词修饰复合不定代词something, anything, someone, everyone以及复合不定副词somewhere 等时,形容词要后置。
We can find something good for him.
(2)形容词与数量词连用作定语时,形容词要后置。
The room is four meters long and three meters wide.
(3)形容词短语作定语时,要后置。
This is a lake famous for its scenery.
(4)表于形容词alive, asleep, awake等有时也可以作定语,作定语时要后置。
She was the only person awake that night.
3.多个形容词的排列顺序
多个形容词修饰名词时,通常的顺序为:限定词(these, those...)+数量词(two...)+描绘性形容词(大小,长短,高矮,形状,新旧,颜色)+出处+材料+类别、用途+名词。
平时在学习中要多积累、多体会,以增强语感。
She has beautiful long black hair.
四、形容词的比较等级
1.形容词比较级和最高级的构成
(1)规则变化
(2)不规则变化
2.形容词比较等级的用法
(1)原级比较
①表示双方程度相同时,用“as+形容词原级+as”表示。
I think David should be the new chairperson because he’s just as smart as my uncle.
②表示双方程度不同时,用“not as/so+形容词原级+as”表示。
I think English is not as interesting as math.
(2)比较级
①两者比较时,一方高于或低于另一方,用比较级,其结构为“比较级+than”。
You carry it ——you’re stronger th an I am.
②比较级前可以用much, even, far, a lot, a little, still等来修饰,以加强语气。
My schoolbag is much heavier than hers.
(3)最高级
表示三者或三者以上的人或事物进行比较,用最高级。
形容词最高级前要加定冠词the,后面可带of/in短语来说明比较的范围。
其结构为“the+最高级+of/in...”
What’s the best movie theater?
(4)原级比较的特殊用法
①表示倍数时,用“...time+as+形容词原级+as”。
This box is twice as large as that one.
The house is three times as big as ours.
②表示半数时,用“half as +形容词原级+as”。
This bridge is half as long as that one.
Their room is half as big as ours.
③在“most+形容词原级”中,most没有最高级的意思,而是表示“非常”的意思,而且most前没有定冠词the。
She is a most beautiful.
(5)比较级的特殊用法
①表示“越来越......”,用“比较级+and+比较级”。
Your English is getting better and better.
②表示“越......,越......”,用“the+比较级,the+比较级”。
The harder you work, the more you will get.
③表示倍数时,用“...times+比较级+than”。
This city is twice larger than ours.
④表示“两者中比较...的”,用“the+比较级+of the two”。
This apple is the bigger of the two.
⑤比较级前用“数词+名词”表示确定的度量。
Tom is two years older than I/me.
(6)最高级的特殊用法
①表示“最......之一”,用“one of the+最高级+复数名词”。
He has been working hard and is now one of the best students in his class.
②最高级前加序数词表示“第几.......的”。
He is the second tallest boy in our class.
(7)比较等级的转换
①原级比较中的“not as/so...as...”可以转换为“比较级+than...”。
Jim is not as tall as Jack.= Jack is taller than Jim.
②比较级可以表示最高级的意义。
a.比较级+than any other+名词单数
Tom is the tallest in his class.= Tom is taller than any other student in his class.
b.比较级+any of the other+名词复数
Tom is the tallest in his class.= Tom is taller than any of the other students in his class.
c.比较级+than+anyone else
Tom is the tallest in his class.= Tom is taller than anyone else in his class.
d.No on
e...+比较级+than...
Tom is the tallest in his class.= No one is taller than Tom in his class.
3.没有比较等级的形容词
英语中,有些形容词没有比较等级。
主要有以下几种:
(1)表示事物性质、材料的形容词。
如:wooden, electric, chemical等。
(2)表示方位的形容词。
如: western, southern, middle, right等。
(3)表示绝对状态的形容词。
如:deaf, blind, 等。
(4)表示alive等。
(5)表示国际的形容词。
如:Chinese, American, Canadian等。
(6)表示几何形状的形容词。
如:round, oval, rectangular, cubic等。
(7)表示时间的形容词。
如:future, present, past等。
(8)表示“终极”意义的形容词,如:whole, complete, total等。
五、含有形容词的固定短语和常用句型
1.含有形容词的固定短语
英语中,有些形容词后需要接介词,构成固定的短语。
常见的有:
① be+形容词+at
be good at be surprised at be angry at be poor/bad at
② be+形容词+about
be worried about be sorry about be careful about be nervous about be strict about
③ be+形容词+for
be famous for be ready for be good for be bad for be known for be sorry for
④ be+形容词+in
be interested in be weak in
⑤ be+形容词+of
be afraid of be fond of be full of be proud of be tired of be short of
be sure of
⑥ be+形容词+to
be kind to be nice/friendly to be polite to
⑦ be+形容词+with
be angry with be strict with be busy with be patient with be popular with
be pleased/satisfied with
2.含有形容词的常用句型
①It’s+形容词+of+somebody+不定式
此句型表示“某人做某事是......的”。
常用于此句型的形容词有kind, nice, good, polite, clever, foolish, lazy, right, wrong等。
It’s kind of you to help me learn math.
It’s really clever of you to find your way back here.
②It’s+形容词+for+somebody+不定式
此句型表示“做某事对某人来说是......的”。
也可以用“It’s+形容词+that从句”表示此意。
常用于此句型的形容词有difficult, easy, hard, dangerous, safe, useful, impossible, necessary等。
It’s unusual for Donald to be so bad-tempered.
It’s important that we look after the earth.
③somebody be+形容词+不定式
此句型表示“某人做某事是.....的”。
用于此句型的形容词是glad, pleased, happy, sorry, sad等表示感情或情绪的形容词。
I’m glad to receive your letter again.
I’m sorry to give you so much trouble.
六、常见易混形容词辨析
1. good, fine, nice, well
good, fine , nice, well这四个词都作形容词,都有“好”的意思。
但是用法有区别。
①good是通用词,可以表示各种品质方面的优异,从美学到道德规范几乎都可以使用。
It’s an old film, but it’s very good.
Good evening!
②fine表示“美好的,精湛的”;也可以表示“健康的”;天气“晴朗的”。
This is a fine watch.
It is a fine day.
③nice表示“令人愉快的,宜人的”。
She is very nice girl.
④well表示身体好。
I don’t feel very well.
2. alone, lonely
①alone作形容词,意为“单独,无伴的”,通常只作表语。
He was alone in the house.
② lonely作形容词,意为“孤单的,寂寞的”,可以用作表语,也可以修饰名词作定语。
When his wife and two little children left him, he was very lonely.
3.interesting, interested
①interesting是形容词,意为“令人感兴趣的”,表示事物本身是有趣的。
I have many interesting storybooks.
② interested也是形容词,多用于be interested in 之中,表示某人对某事感兴趣。
I am only interested in English.
4.exciting, excited
exciting和excited两个词都是由excite派生而成,都是形容词,都有“兴奋的、激动的”的意思,但是用法有所不同。
exciting表示“使人兴奋的,令人激动的”,指物;而excited表示“兴奋的、激动的”,指人。
I’m so excited that we’re going to New York.
I’ve got some very exciting news for you.
5.ill, sick
ill, sick都是形容词,都表示“生病的”,但用法不同。
①ill是表语形容词,常作表语。
His mother is ill, so he has to stay at home.
②sick既可以作表语,也可以作定语。
Although he was sick, he went to work.
When Nightingale was seventeen, she told her family that she was going to help sick people.
6.true, real
true和real都作形容词,意为“真的”或“真实的”,可以互换使用,但是它们有细微的差异。
①true有两层基本的含义:一是“真的”,此意义指符合一定标准的、符合一定模式的。
如:a true revolutionary(一名真正的革命者);另一层含义是“真实的”,此意义主要是指符合真实情况。
Tom is my true friend.
②real可以表示相对于“假的”的“真的”,即某物外表与其实质之间的一致性。
此外,real所表示的“真实”正好与“现象的”相对。
如something real(真实存在的东西)是可以摸得到的。
因此,real所表示的“真实的”,实际上指的是“客观存在的”。
I’m learning to skate on real ice.
7.huge, large, big, great
huge, large, big, great都有“大”的意思,但并不总能互相换用。
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①huge强调尺寸、体积“庞大”。
They have a huge mouth and can eat fish as big as themselves.
②large侧重表示三维量值,强调体积,修饰人时,指个子大。
此外它也可以表示范围、能力和数量方面的大。
Do you want the large size, or the small size?
③big可以表示体积大,但不同于large。
如: a large box只能说明箱子大,未必重,而a big box不仅指体积大而且含有此箱子很重的意思。
此外,big还含有“重大的;严重的”的意思。
因此可以用big 来修饰problem,但不能用large。
He works in a big factory.
④当用great表示物理量值方面的大时,它总给人以惊奇甚至惊诧的感觉,有时表示给人以敬畏的印象。
所以只有great可以译为“伟大”。
Swimming in the seaside is great fun.
Beethoven was a great musician.
例题解析
( )1. ---Is there _____ in today’s newspaper?
---No. I think everything in it is boring.
A.interesting anything
B. somebody interesting
C. interesting something
D. anything interesting
解析:anything用于疑问句,表示“某事”,排除B与C;形容词修饰复合不定代词置于其后,排除A 和C,故选D。
( )2. No mountain in the world is as ______ as Qomolangma
A.high
B. higher
C. highest
D. tall
解析:as+形容词原级+as译为“和......一样”故选A。
( )3. Their classroom is as _____ as ours.
A.cleaner
B. clean
C. the cleanest
D. much cleaner
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解析:“as+形容词原级+as”是固定结构,意思是“和......一样”,四个选项中,只有clean是原级,故选B。
( )4. I think that you need to eat _____ sweets and more fruit.
A.few
B. fewer
C. little
D. less
解析:由题中的“and more”可推断,设空处对应比较级;修饰可数名词并表示肯定意义,用fewer,故选B。
( )5. Which subject do you like _____, English or math?
A.well
B. better
C. best
D. good
解析:表示两者间的比较,用比较级,故选B。
( )6. As we know, the Yangtze River is one of _____ rivers in the world.
A.long
B. longer
C. longest
D. the longest
解析:“one of+最高级+复数名词”是固定结构,表示“最......的......之一”,故选D。
( )7. Life is _____ the unexpected. Whatever we do, try our best.
A.full of
B. proud of
C. instead of
D. because of
解析:BCD项与句意不符;be full of充满符合句意,故选A。
( )8. The cake tastes _____ and it is really delicious.
A.well
B. badly
C. good
D. bad
解析:由“确实可口”推断,蛋糕尝起来“好”,排除B和D;well作形容词译为身体好,故排除,描述事物品质好选C。
( )9. My father caught a big fish this morning, but I caught a _____ one. I feel great!
A.smaller
B. biggest
C. bigger
D. big
解析:由最后一句“我感觉特别棒”推断,“我抓的鱼比父亲抓的更大”,故选C。
( )10. ---How’s it going?
--Pretty good. All my new classmates _____ me.
A.are angry with
B. are friendly to
C. are hard on
D. are sorry for
解析:由“相当好”推断,“新同学对我友好”;be friendly to表示“对.....友好”,故选B。
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