过去分词知识点详解(初中英语专项复习) (2)

过去分词知识点详解（初中英语专项复习）
分词、过去分词的意义
分词是一种非谓语动词形式，既保留了动词（不能充当谓语）的用法，又具备了形容词或副词的功能（修饰、补充），在句中常用作表语、定语、状语以及宾语补足语。

可以分为现在分词（present participle）和过去分词（past participle）两种。

现在分词和过去分词主要差别在于：现在分词表示“主动和进行”，即一般情况下，现在分词与其修饰对象之间是主动关系或者表示现在进行的状态，而过去分词表示“被动和完成”（不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动，只表示完成，格格思考下为什么），即常用来表示和其修饰对象是被动关系或者表示已经完成的动作。

过去分词用法
过去分词充当定语（定语：用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的词）
充当定语的过去分词相当于形容词，主语就是它所修饰的名词。

及物动词的过去分词作定语，既表被动又表完成；不及物动词的过去分词作定语，只表完成。

譬如：
We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions.
我们必须（使）我们的思想适应变化了的环境。

The concert given by their friends was a success.
他们朋友举行的音乐会大为成功。

过去分词充当表语（表语属于主语补足语，是指说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的词或从句，起表述作用，常位于系动词be、become、appear、seem、look、sound、feel、get、smell等词之后。

）
譬如：
The library is now closed.
图书馆关门了。

这里注意区分与被动语态的区别：过去分词作表语，主要是表示主语的状态，而被动语态则强调动作。

譬如：
The cup was broken by my little sister yesterday.
茶杯是昨天我小妹打碎的。

过去分词充当状语（状语一般是用来修饰动词，表达动作的时间、地点、频率、方式、原因、程度等的成分）
譬如：
Written in a hurry, this article was not so good.
因为写得匆忙，这篇文章不是很好。

（原因状语从句）
Grown in rich soil,these seeds can grow fast.
如果种在肥沃的土壤里，这些种子能长得很快。

（条件状语从句）
过去分词充当宾语补足语宾语（补足语指在英语中有些及物动词，接了宾语意义仍不完整，还需要有一个其他的句子成分，来补充说明宾语的意义、状态等，简称宾补。

宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语）
有以下4类：
表示感觉或心理状态的动词，如：see,watch,observe,look at,hear,listen to,feel,notice,think等；譬如：
He found his hometown greatly changed.
他发现他的家乡变化很大。

表示"致使"意义的动词，即使动词，如：have,make,get,keep,leave等；
I'll have my hair cut tomorrow.
明天我要理发。

表示思维活动的动词如consider，know，think等；
I consider the matter settled.
我认为这件事解决了。

表示爱憎,意愿的动词如want，wish，like，hate等；
I wanted two tickets reserved.
我要预定两张机票。

过去式、过去分词规则+不规则变化
规则变化：
（1）一般动词加-ed
譬如：work——worked，visit——visited
（2）以e结尾的动词加-d。

譬如：live—lived，agree—agreed
（3）以“辅音字母+ y ”结尾的动词，将"y" 变为"i" ，再加-ed。

譬如：study—studied，cry—cried，try—tried
（4）重读闭音节（以一个辅音字母结尾，辅音前边有且只有一个元音，最后一个音节是重读音节，最后一个辅音字母发其相对应的辅音符号的音。

）结尾，先双写该辅音字母，再加“-ed”。

譬如：stop—stopped，drop—dropped
不规则变化：
AAA型：
动词原形过去式过去分词
cost cost cost
cut cut cut
hit hit hit
hurt hurt hurt
let let let
put put put
read read read
set set set
shut shut shut spread spread spread
动词原形过去式过去分词beat beat beat
动词原形过去式过去分词become became become come came come overcome overcame overcome run ran run
动词原形过去式过去分词build built built burn burnt burnt buy bought bought bring brought brought catch caught caught deal dealt dealt
dig dug dug dream dreamt dreamt feed fed fed
feel felt felt
fight fought fought find found found get got got have/has had had hear heard heard
hold held held keep kept kept
lay laid laid
lead led led
learn learnt learnt leave left left
lend lent lent
light lit lit
lose lost lost make made made mean meant meant meet met met
pay paid paid
say said said
sell sold sold send sent sent shine shone shone
sit sat sat
sleep slept slept smell smelt smelt speed sped sped spend spent spent stand stood stood stick stuck stuck sweep swept swept teach taught taught
tell told told
think thought thought understand understood understood win won won
动词原形过去式过去分词be(am/is)was been
be(are)were been bear bore born begin began begun blow blew blown
break broke broken choose chose chosen do did done draw drew drawn drink drank drunk drive drove driven eat ate eaten fall fell fallen give gave given go went gone grow grew grown hide hid hidden know knew known lie lay lain mistake mistook mistaken ride rode ridden ring rang rung rise rose risen see saw seen shake shook shaken sing sang sung speak spoke spoken steal stole stolen swin swan swun take took taken throw threw thrown wake woke woken wear wore worn
write wrote written。