优秀英汉翻译教案

优秀英汉翻译教案
3.1.1 将单词分译成汉语的句子
1. She was pardonably proud of her wonderful cooking.
她可以谅解地为自己高超的烹调技艺感到自豪。

她自夸她高超的烹调技艺，这是有情可原的。

2. The ancients tried unsuccessfully to explain how a rainbow is formed.
古人曾试图说明虹是怎样产生的，但没有成功。

3. Chairman Mao might have spoken with unders tandable pride of his policy of “self-reliance.”
毛主席在谈到他的“自力更生”的政策时,也许有些自豪感,这是可以理解的。

4. He shook his head and his eyes were wide, then narrowed in indignation.
他摇了摇头，两目睁得圆圆的，接着又眯成一条线，脸上露出了愤怒的神色。

3.1.2 将词组或短语译成汉语的句子
1.I wrote four books in the first three years, a record never touched before.
我头三年写了四本书，打破了以往的记录。

2. I’m surprised to learn that he lost the game.
我惊奇地获悉他在比赛中失利了。

我听说他在比赛中失利了，感到十分意外。

3. Men are too clever to let themselves be cheated by fashion designers.
男人们很聪明，他们不会上时装设计师的当。

4. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, a universally accepted law.
能量既不能被创造也不能被消灭，这是一条普遍公认的规律。

5. Their power increased with their number.
他们人数增加了，力量也随之增强。

3.1.3 将分句译成句子
1. On behalf of all of your American guests, I wish to thank you for the incomparable hospitality for which the Chinese people are justly famous throughout the world.
我谨代表所有美国客人向你们表示感谢，感谢你们的无可比拟的盛情款待，中国人民以这种盛情款待而闻名世界。

2. He just stood there with his arms folded when he might have given me a hand.
他本可以帮我一把，却偏偏只是站在那儿袖手旁观。

3. Basic education is the key area where according to a study of 30 countries by an outstanding economist the return is 30%.
基础教育是一个关键领域；据一位著名经济学家对30个国家的研究，其收益率为30%。

4. Three may keep secret if two of them are dead.
若要三人保密，除非两人死去。

3.2 名词性从句的译法
4. It’s quite probable that he is gone.（他已经走了，那是很可能的。

）
他很可能已经走了。

5. It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.<> 用that,what,how等引导的宾语从句汉译时一般不需要改变它在原句中的顺序。

1. I told him that because of the last condition, I’d have to turn it down.
我告诉他，由于那是最后一个条件，我只得谢绝。

2. Can you hear what I said?
你能听得到我所讲的吗？
用it 作假宾语的句子，汉译时that 引导的宾语从句一般可按原文顺序；it不译。

I made it clear to them that they must hand in their papers befor e 10 o’clock in the morning.
我向他们讲清楚了的，他们必须在上午十点前交卷。

有时译文中也可将that引起的宾语从句提前。

如：
I regard it as an honor that I am chosen to attend the meeting.
我被选参加会议，感到光荣。

（一）同位语从句不提前，如：
1. He expressed the hope that he would come over to visit China again.
他表示希望再到中国来访问。

（二）同位语从句提前，如：
2. But I knew I c ouldn’t trust him. There was always the possibility that he was a political swindler.
但我知道不能轻信他。

他是个政治骗子这种可能性总是存在的。

3. Yet, from the beginning, the fact that I was alive was ignored.
然而，从一开始，我仍然活着这个事实却偏偏被忽视了。

（三）增加“即”或用冒号、破折号分开，如：
3. But considered realistically, we had to face the fact that our prospects were less than good.
但是现实地考虑一下，我们不得不正视这样的事实：我们的前景并不妙。

Exercises:
1. It was natural that now the conversation turned to the tragic events that had taken place there a month before.
2. It is clear that she has some great sorrow.
3. A principle of science tells what usually happens under certain conditions.
4. I took it for granted that he would sign the document.
5. He is surprised to read the news in the newspaper that his father should be still alive.
3.3 长句的译法
所谓切断法，就是按英语句子的语序把英语长句“化整为零”，按意群将长句断开译成若干汉语分句。

如：
If you reach Chicago by train and spend only an hour or two there you will feel the light wind off the lake which gives it the name “ Windy city”.
如果你乘坐火车抵达芝加哥，即使只在那里逗留一两个小时，你也会感觉到从湖边吹拂过来的阵阵清风，这就是芝加哥之所以叫做“风城”的缘故。

在遇到长句时，应首先考虑能否把此句化整为零，在采用切断法时，要注意的一个问题是适当运用汉语的关联词。

3.3.2 拆译法（分句法）
就是将英语句子中有些成分从句中拆出来另行处理，或置于句尾，以利用句子的总体安排。

如：
The president said at a press conference dominated by questions on yesterday’s election results that he co uld not explain why the Republicans had suffered such a widespread defeat, which in the end would deprive the Republican Party of long-held superiority in the House.
在一次记者招待会上，问题集中于昨天的选举结果，总统就此发了言。

他说他不能够解释为什么共和党遭到了这样大的失败。

这种情况最终会使共和党失去在众院中长期享有的优势。

And I take heart from the fact that the enemy, which boasts that it can occupy the strategic point in a couple of hours, has not yet been able to take even the outlying regions, because of the stiff resistance that gets in the way.
由于受到顽强抵抗，吹嘘能在几个小时内就占领要地的敌人甚至
还没有能占领外围地带，这一事实使我增强了信心。

第四章：辞格的翻译
由于东西文化的不同，也造成了英汉比喻的差异。

在英语中能引起美感的比喻直译到汉语中却往往平淡无奇，不知所云，甚至引起歧异和误解。

4.1.1: 保留喻体形象
喻体和喻义完全相同的英汉对应成语和谚语一般可采取直译方法，保留原喻体。

（一）保持喻义不变，喻体不变，修辞手段不变
1. The eye is the window of the heart.
眼睛是心灵的窗户。

The tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants. It is its natural manure.
自由之树须常以爱国志士和暴君的血来浇灌，这些鲜血是自由之树的天然肥料。

Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.
书有浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。

（二）既译出原文喻体又点出其喻义
1.Bri tain’s economic policy is now being pulled by the magnet of the next election.
下一次大选磁铁般地牵引着英国经济政策。

2. I’ve got one of my Sahara thirsts on tonight.
今晚我又觉得象撒哈拉沙漠那样干渴。

3. Advice and correction roll off him like water off a duck’s back.
劝导对他好象水过鸭背似的不起作用。

4.1.2：替换喻体形象
由于英汉语言存在着文化上的差异，有些比喻翻译时如保留原喻体形象不利于读者理解，而汉语中恰有相应的固定比喻，这时可用符
合中国人习惯，且能引起读者同样联想，同样情感的比喻来替换。

Mr. Smith may serve as a good secretary, for he is as close as an oyster.
史密斯先生可以当个好秘书，因为他守口如瓶。

She felt that she must not yield, she must go on leading her humdrum life. This was her punishment for having made a mistake. She had made her bed, and she must lie on it .
她觉得她不能打退堂鼓，她必须继续过她那单调的生活。

这是她犯了错误受到的惩罚，她要自食其果。

1.Lock the stable door after the horse is stolen.
2. Throw a sprat to catch a whale.
1.亡羊补牢
2.抛砖引玉
Translate the following Paragraph
The flakes were falling thick and hard now, pouring past the window, a waterfall of mystery. Occasionally, one would stick to the glass, as if reluctant to tumble to its fate. Then, slowly, slipping and sliding down the glass, it would melt, its beauty fleeting. Gone. ------- First Snow
4.2 矛盾修饰法（oxymoron）
矛盾修饰法是把意义上相互矛盾或不协调的两个词或词组放在一起使用，组成句子描述一个事物，表达一种思想或说明一个道理这些词或词组从字面上看似乎自相矛盾，但仔细回味便会感到意味深长，妙趣横生。

如：a living death, a clever fool
汉语中有一种称为反映（对顶）的修辞格与英语的矛盾修饰法十分相象。

如：陌生的朋友等
2. …though I cannot be said to be a flattering honest man, it must be denied but I am a plain-dealing villain…
我固然不是一个阿谀的正人君子，可是谁也不可否认我是一个正大光明的小人。

3. Better a witty fool than a foolish wit.
与其做愚蠢的智人，不如做聪明的愚人。

4. It is an open secret that the doctor and the nurse are already of one mind.
这位医生和护士情投意合已成为公开的秘密。

有的矛盾修辞格含有言外之意，如按字面意义直译出来会显的别扭而无法作到忠实于原文，遇到这种情况时，译时就需将原文的词义进行引申，使之通俗易懂，确切表达原意。

I despite its very vastness and power. It (New York) has the poorest millionaires, the small greatest men, the haughtiest beggars , the plainest beauties, the lowest skyscrapers, the dolefulest pleasures of any town I ever saw.
最贫穷的富翁，最矮小的伟人，最高傲的乞丐，最丑陋的美人，最低矮的摩天大楼，和最令人悲哀的欢乐。

4.2.2 有时可将矛盾修辞格中的两个词的修饰与被修饰的关系译为并列关系。

1. In the thought there was a bitter sweetness.
想到这里，她是甜中带苦，苦中带甜。

2. He could almost picture God the father looking down with sad wonder at this mischief.
他几乎可以想象天父上帝悲哀而惊异地俯视着这一片灾害。

1. Have you ever been at sea in a dense fog, when it seemed as if a tangible white darkness shut you in …and you waited with beating heart for somet hing to happen?
不知你是否有过这样的经历——在海上航行遇上了大雾，周围一片白，好象着实把你关在一个黑暗的地方……你的心也怦怦直跳，生怕出事。

4.3 轭式搭配法（Zeugma）
是指用一个词与句中两个或更多的词相搭配，其中只有一个搭配是合乎逻辑的，其他的都不能构成自然搭配。

这种修辞格的特点是：生动形象，风趣幽默，言简意赅，感染力强。

4.3.2 转换法
当轭式搭配是由一个介词和两个宾语组成，翻译时将其中一个介词短语译作状语，另一个译作谓语。

1. He left in a huff and a taxi.
他怒冲冲地乘出租车离开了。

2. She went home in a flood of tears and a sedan chair.
她泪如泉涌地坐着轿子回家了。

3. The general lost the town and his head.
那位将军因为失了城池而被斩首。

4. Mrs. Smith got out of bed and humor.
史密斯夫人郁郁寡欢地起了床。

4.3.3 分译法
如果是由一个动词和两个以上的宾语组成，译时将这一个动词与宾语分别搭配，并将动词的词义做适当引申，以适合与其搭配的宾语。

1. He lost the game and his temper.
他输了这一局，大发脾气。

2. Mr. White swallowed bread and butter and a spasm of emotion.
怀特先生吞下了奶油面包，忍住了一阵激动。

3. Tom took his hat and his leave.
汤姆拿起帽子，告辞离去。

4. She was dressed in a maid’s cap , a pinaf ore, and a bright smile.
她戴着女仆帽子，扎着围裙，脸上露出欢悦的微笑。

5. She lost her heart and necklace at a ball.
在一次舞会上，她倾心爱上了一个人，但却丢失了她的项链。

4.4 拟声的翻译（Onomatopoeia )
Onomatopoeia 是指模仿事物或动作声音而构成的词语。

它是一
种重要的构词法，也是一种重要的修辞手段，如运用恰当，可以加深印象，增强气势，提高文字对动态的描绘和音乐效果。

（二）在译文中改变拟声词在句中的功能
英语的拟声词大多是作动词和名词，而现代汉语的拟声词大都是当作动词和名词的修饰语用，直接作动词和名词的情况较少。

因此在翻译时往往在其后面加上一定的动词或名词，而把其译成修饰语，即副词或形容词。

1. All was quiet and still except for the distant tinkling of a piano.
除了远处一架钢琴的叮当叮当声外，万籁俱寂。

2. The car started with rheumatic wheezing.
汽车发出风湿病人似的呼哧呼哧声开动了。

3. Jack rattled the ice in his glass, round and round.
杰克来回哗啦啦地搅着杯子里的冰块。

4. The dishes crashed to the floor.
盘子碟子哗啦哗啦地落在地上打碎了。

5. Tracers started from three sides, right past my windows, these big pink streaks, zing,zing,zing. 曳光弹从三面向我射来，正好经过我的窗口，一道道巨大的粉红色曳光弹发出嗖……嗖……嗖的声音。

4.4.2 翻译时增加或减去拟声词
一、原文中没有拟声词，但为了增强表达效果，在译文语言习惯允许的情况下，译文中可以增加适当的拟声词。

1. Besides, I dreamt of nothing all last night but of fighting, and I thought the blood ran out of my nose as liquor out of a tap.
而且昨天夜里我做了一夜的梦，梦的全是打仗。

我觉得血从我鼻子里咕嘟咕嘟地往外淌，就象拔开塞子的酒桶似的。

2. That old man was sucking vigorously at a pipe.
那老头正在叭达叭达地抽着一个烟袋。

3. The tears she could not hold back fell on his face.
她那抑制不住的眼泪扑碌碌地落在他的脸上。

4. The logs were burning briskly in the fire.
木柴在火中哔哔剥剥地烧得正旺。

5. Tom fell asleep almost immediately.
汤姆几乎倒头就呼呼睡了。

6. The kids are crying loudly. 孩子们在哇哇大哭。

（二）原文中有拟声词，译文中减去拟声词
英译汉时，原文中的拟声词并不是在任何情况下都必须在译文中加以机械地复制。

拟声词的运用必须有利、有节。

1. They heard the roar of cannons as the enemy’s ship approached.
敌舰逼近时，他们听到了加农炮的轰击声。

2. After a neigh the poor horse fell down on the ground and could not stand up any longer.
那匹可怜的马长嘶一声，就跌倒在地，再也站不起来了。

3. The train puffed towards Tokyo from Sendai.
火车从仙台开向东京。

4. There came a murmur of conversation from the next room.
隔壁房间传来一阵轻轻的谈话声。

5. The squeaking of the radio was disturbing everybody.
收音机的声音在扰乱大家。

The cock in the yard crowed its first round.
院子里的公鸡已经叫头遍了。

所谓习语，是指经过人们长期使用沿袭而提炼出来的形式简洁、意义精辟的定型词组或短语。

就广义而言，习语包括成语、谚语、俗语、歇后语、俚语、格言等。

一、英汉习语比较
从形和义的角度来看，英汉习语的异同大体表现在以下四个方面：
A.英汉习语形义全同, 这类习语为数少，例如：
Barking dogs do not bite.
吠犬不咬人。

Who is contented, enjoys.
知足者常乐。

Misfortunes never come singly.
祸不单行。

It is harder to change human nature than to change rivers and mountains.
江山易改，本性难移。

Like father, like son.
有其父必有其子。

B. 习语形义基本相同, 这类习语比上面一类在数量上要多些，例如：
to take a load off one's mind
如释重负
to run in the same groove; to cut from the same cloth.
如出一辙
to make a beast of oneself
形同禽兽
He that hath been bitten by a serpent is afraid of a rope. 一朝被蛇咬，十年怕草绳。

Shallow streams make most din.
水深不响，水响不深。

Money makes the mare go.
有钱能使鬼推磨。

C.英汉习语形似义异,这类习语相当多，例如：When a dog is drowning every one offers him drink.
救了落水狗，反咬你一口（强调好心得不到好报）
狗若落水人人救（强调人人伸出援之手。

) Ignorance of the law is no excuse of breaking it.
不知者无罪（强调网开一面）
法盲犯法不可恕，（强调严格执行法律。

)
Strike while the iron is hot
趁热打铁(着重"抓紧行动")
(强调“抓住时机”)
D.英汉习语形异义似, 例如：
A word spoken is past recalling.
一言既出，驷马难追。

Great boast, small roast.
干打雷，不下雨。

Take not a musket to kill a butterfly.
杀鸡焉用宰牛刀。

to hit someone below the belt/to stab someone in the back 暗箭伤人
as weak as water
弱不禁风
E.英汉习语形义完全不同，例如：
cast one's bread upon the waters
不期望报答所作之事
keep the wolf from the door
免于饥饿，勉强度日
make one's blood freeze
令人恐惧
have bats in the belfry
头脑有点古怪
see the sun
活着
5.1.1 普通成语的翻译
直译法是翻译普通成语的一个主要方法，它有利于保留原文成语的比喻形象、民族特色和语言风格。

1. Her mind as she always said, was on something not so practical –castles in the air, really.
她头脑里整天想的，正如她常说的，不是很实际的东西——实在
是空中楼阁。

2. He is pouring oil in the flame.
他在火上浇油。

5.1.2 含有典故成语的翻译
5.1.3 意译法
1. You’d better pull up your socks next term.
下学期你最好加把油。

2. All you’re doing is to beat the air. Try to be practical!
你们所做的一切都是白费力气，还是实际点儿吧！
3. The teenagers don’t invite Bob to their parties because he is a wet blanket.
同伴们不邀请鲍勃参加他们的宴会，因为他是一个令人扫兴的人。

4. Don’t try to flog a dead horse. I’ve told you that you cannot go to Par is, and that is the end of the matter.
不要试做无用的事，我已告诉你，你不能去巴黎，这就是事情的结果。

Bury one’s head in the sand
To be full of beans
Don’t count your chicken until they are hatched.
Try to translate the following idioms
1.To take French leave
2.At one’s fingertips
3.To have a hand like a foot
4.As mute as a fish
5.To return good for evil
6.To shut one’s eyes against
7.To talk black into white
8.To face the music
9.Plain sailing
/doc/826257952.html,ugh and grow fat
11.A leap in the dark
12.To show one’s colours
13.to make a noise in the world
2：比喻惨重的失败
3：皮洛士的失败，得不偿失
4：悬在达摩克里斯头上的剑，随时都在威胁着
5：象约伯一样穷
6：为百合花上色，费力不讨好。

*皮洛士(Pyrrhus)是古希腊伊庇鲁斯国王，曾率兵至意大利与罗马交战，付出惨重代价，打败罗马军队，由此即以“皮洛士式的胜利”一词来借喻惨重的代价。

在西方人眼里，百合花是高贵、贞洁、美丽的象征，故为百合花上色自然是做徒劳无益之事。

*在《圣经》中，约伯以忍耐贫穷著称。

5.2 谚语的翻译
谚语是流传于民间的、形式相对稳定的、简洁而生动的语句，它总结了人民大众生活和工作的经验，具有诲人和劝解的功能。

5.2.2 意译法
1. He was left high and dry.
2. Beggars cannot be choosers.
他处在进退两难的境地。

做不了主，得随人家。

3. Many dogs soon eat up a horse.
人多好办事
4. She was born with a silver spoon in her mouth; she thinks she can do whatever she likes.
她生长在富贵之家，认为凡事都可以随心所欲。

5. I’m too old a dog that can’t learn new tricks.
我太老了，在也学不进什么新鲜玩意儿了。

5.2.4 汉语谚语套用法
汉语中有些谚语和英语中的谚语具有对应的关系，可借来一用。

1. Let’s put all the cards on the table.
让我们打开天窗说亮话吧。

2. Can the leopard change his spots.
江山易改，本性难易。

3. You can take a horse to the water but can’t make it dri nk.
老牛不喝水，不可强按头。

（不能强人所难）
4. Let another’s shipwreck be your sea-mark.
前车之覆，后车之鉴。

5. In the end things will mend.
车到山前必有路。

6. Man proposes, God disposes.
谋事在人，成事在天。

7. Diamond cut diamond.
强中自有强中手。

8. In the kingdom of the blind, the one-eyed man is king.
山中无老虎，猴子称大王。

9. Two heads are better than one.
三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮。

5.3 汉语四字成语的运用
不论原文是成语与否，都可考虑译成汉语的成语。

1. They wisely keep their own counsel and did not express their opinion too loudly.
他们明哲保身，决不大声发表言论。

2. Why do you love to find fault with someone?
你为什么总爱吹毛求疵？
3. To many Americans, China is still a faraway place ——unknown, unseen and fascinating.
仍然有许多美国人觉得中国远在天涯海角，鲜为人知，令人心驰神往。

4. He received this information with the utmost calmness and unconcern.
听到这话他镇定自若，无所牵挂。

5. How coldly and pitilessly!
多么冷酷无情啊！
5.4 俚语的翻译
英汉语都有委婉语，尤其见于表达有关不雅、不洁、令人生畏、令人讨厌的人或事物。

如：“死亡”
汉语：逝世、寿终、作古、谢世、归寂、坐化、牺牲、阵亡、殉职、捐躯、百年、与世长辞、崩驾、晏驾、薨、卒、不禄等等。

英语：pass away, go to one’s Maker,
sleep with one’s fathers,
join the great majority, join the angels,
pay the debt of nature, be with God,
be asleep in the Arms of God,
go to glory, go to a better world,
cross over the Great Divide,
sleep the final sleep, go west,
breathe one’s last,
take one-way ride,
lay down one’s knife and fork,
hide one’s name under daisies,
no Mayday,
“上厕所”
大便，小便、方便大解、小解、解手
去1号，去洗手间，去补妆，去卫生间
英语：
pay/answer a call of nature
wash one’s hands
use the bathroom,
relieve oneself, do a job for oneself,
do one’s business
Can I add some powder? Fix one’s face
coke-stop, nature stop
go to one’s private office
visit Lady Periam, visit the sand-box
“怀孕”：
Irish toothache
to wear the apron high
have a white swelling to
be expecting
a lady-in-waiting
swallow a watermelon seed
to be in a delicate/interesting condition
in a family way
eating for two
a mother-to-be
汉语: 有喜、重身子、双身子、产妇
“老人”：
汉语：
年迈、年长、上了年纪、上岁数、年事已高等等英语：senior citizen, elderly people
advanced in age,
the longer living
seasoned man
golden age
sunset years
third age
“身体胖”
英语：
big gal/girl
broad in the beam
chubby, plump, portly
To fill out
full-bodied, full-figured
king-sized,
on the heavy side
well-rounded
thickset
Of classic proportions
roly-poly
与汉语相比，英语委婉语不仅数量多，使用频繁，而且涉及的范围也相当广泛。

（一）、官方委婉语，如：
underutilization, human resources underdevelopment
严重的失业
negative saver
入不敷出的穷人
substandard housing, inner city
贫民区
house of correction, correctional facility
监狱
intelligence gathering
窃听
air support
空袭
circadian deregulation
伤亡
（二）、职业委婉语：人们为了提高某些行业的社会地位，常创造一些悦耳动听、冠冕堂皇的委婉语来称呼某些行业或职业，如：sanitary engineer
meat technologist
prison officer
clairvoyant reader
research consultant
funeral director
aisle manager
member of the oldest profession
（三）学校委婉语：教师为了不挫伤学生和家长的自尊心，常采用委婉语。

1. Lies 撒谎
Show difficulty in distinguishing between imaginary and factual material
2. Cheats 作弊
Needs help in learning to adhere to rules and standards of fair play
3. Steals 偷窃
Needs help in learning to respect the property rights of others
4. Is a bully 恃强欺弱
Has qualities of leadership but needs help in learning to use them democratically
5.4.2 赌咒语的翻译
Damn
1. I’ll be damned if I do.
我要干这事，就不是人。

2. God damn you!
混帐！该死的！
3. Damn it! 该死的！他妈的！
4. Damn this work (rain)!
讨厌的工作（雨）！
5. Translation be damned!
去他妈的翻译！
bloody
1. You bloody fool!
2. He is a bloody character!
3. It’s a bloody shame.
4. He’s bloody drunk.
第六章：文学文体的翻译
要使译文适应原文的风格，必须首先了解作品所处的时代，作家本身的民族，其写作特点与创作意图等等。

如：
He went away angrily. ——他拂袖而去。

（违反了民族风格，西方人不穿中国古代的阔袖长衫。

）
风格包括时代风格，民族风格，文体风格和作家的作品风格。

They (studies) perfect nature, and are perfected by experience…
读书补天然之不足，经验又补读书之不足。

6.3 适应原文作家的风格
在翻译时不可不先研究作者的风格问题，如果忽视了这一点，其结果是：只抓住了原文在体裁上的一些特征，而没有反映出作家的个人风格。

如彭斯的诗 A Red Red Rose
O, My luve’s like a red, red rose,
That’s newly sprung in June,
O, My luve’s like the melodie,
That’s sweetly play’d in tune.
6.4 适应原文的文体风格
1936年，爱德华八世在他禅位前，向英国国民发布广播讲话：
…But you must believe me when I tell you that I have found it impossible to carry the heavy burden of responsibility and to discharge my duty as king as I would wish to do, without the help and support of the woman I love.
But you must accord me credence when I state to you that I found it impossible to endure the heavy burden of responsibility
and to consummate the fulfillment of my stewardship as king without the assistance and cooperation of the lady upon whom I have bestowed my affection. ( on the newspapers)
下列四段英语表明同一议题的四个“正式的等级”：
旧式正式英语
To some scholars, instruction emanates from lecture or laboratory; to others it radiates from within. No scholar is so well taught as he who can teach himself.
学人中有受教于讲堂、实验室者，亦有教发之于内者。

能自教自学，则学人中之最上矣。

Try your best to translate the following two passages:
一般非正式英语
We think we learn from teachers, and we sometimes do. But the teachers are not always to be found in school or in great laboratories. Sometimes what we learn depends upon our own powers of insight.
The Answer
第七章：短文的翻译
It’s time to plant the bulbs. But I put it off as long as possible because planting bulbs means marking space in borders which are still flowering. Pulling out all the annuals which nature has allowed to erupt in overpowering purple, orange and pink, a final cry of joy. That would almost be murder, and so I’ll wait until the first night frost anaesthetizes all the flowers with a cold, creaky crust that causes them to wither; a very gentle death. Now I wonder through my garden indecisively, trying to hold on to the last days of late summer.
附：英语外来词分析
与生活相关的：
Green food, buffet, milkshake, toast, instant coffee, a jar of
beer, bikini, contact lenses, shampoo, mosaic, airbus, A TV( all-terrain vehicle), sauna, suntan, Viagra.
绿色食品、自助餐、奶昔、土司、速溶咖啡、扎啤、比基尼、隐形眼镜，香波、马赛克、空中客车、全地形车、桑拿浴、太阳浴、伟哥
与艺术、音乐有关的：
Soap opera, acid rock, big beat, jazz rock, break dance, the Spice Girls, background music, yo-yo, hula-hoop, boomerang , bungee jumping, water ballet, game point rally, karting 肥皂剧、迷幻摇滚乐、摇滚舞音乐、爵士摇滚、霹雳舞、辣妹组合、背景音乐、溜溜球、呼啦圈、飞镖、蹦极跳、水上芭蕾、局点、拉力赛、卡丁车
有关西方道德文化价值观念的词：
Generation gap
Culture gap
Bachelor mother
Call girls
Hippies
Yuppies
Punk
Streaking
White collar
Blue collar
Gray collar
Pink collar
Iron collar
Hi-tech park
Videophone
Laser printer
与计算机有关的词汇：
Information super-highway
Data bank
Dialog box
Hypertext
CAI(computer-assisted instruction)
Cybernaut
Cybersurfer
Cyber mania
Cyber bar
Cyber culture
World wide web
Cyber source
Please guess the following Chinese words meaning:
1. 马杀鸡
2. 销品茂
3. 按揭
4. 普列西登特
5. 葛郎玛
6. 奄巴萨托
7. 巴力门
8. 德律风
9. 德么可拉西
10. 塞因斯
11. 立邦（漆）
12. 哀的美敦书
13. 开麦拉
14. 西打
力戒翻译体
Control the purse strings
控制钱包上的带子
掌握财权/支出
a lying-in hospital
允许躺下的医院
产科医院
Polite society
上流社会
Mother is the boss in her kitchen.
妈妈负责做饭。

The president often considered economy in the White House kitchen.
总统常常考虑如何在白宫的膳食方面进行节约。

She stood there, in silent opposition.
她伫立着,无声地表示反对。

You are your greatest enemy if you are a coward; but if you are brave, you are your greatest friend.
怯懦，你就是自己最大的敌人；勇敢，你就是自己最好的朋友。

Unless it goes hand in hand with science, democracy will there abound.
除非和科学携手并进，民主将没有什么前途。

Anyone who plays with life will achieve nothing; anyone who cannot control himself will be a slave forever.
任何玩世不恭的人都必将一事无成，任何不能控制自己的人都将是奴隶。

谁玩世不恭，谁就一事无成；谁不能主宰自己，谁就会沦为奴隶。

Smith fell down when he ran fast to meet them.
史密斯跑过去迎接他们时，他摔倒了。

史密斯飞跑着迎接他们，不料摔倒了。

Tom struck another match when he approached.
当汤姆挨近的时候，他又划了一根火柴。

汤姆走上前,又划了一根火柴。