2020江苏专版高考英语二轮复习讲义:专题1 语法知识 第十节
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第十节形容词与副词
1.常考副词though,therefore,meanwhile,moreover,however的用法和区别。
2.形容词、副词的比较级
(1)比较级的修饰语常见的有:rather,much,still,even,far,any(用于否定句或疑问句),a lot,
a little,a great deal,by far,a bit 等。
(2)比较级+than...“比……更……”。
(3)the+比较级,the+比较级“越……,越……”。
3.形容词、副词的最高级
(1)三者或三者以上的比较用最高级。
(2)最高级的修饰语常见的有:序数词,by far,nearly,almost,by no means,not really,not quite,nothing like 等。
(3)“否定词+比较级”表示最高级意义。
4.几种带有否定词的比较句型
(1)no better than表示“和……一样;实际等于……”。
(2)no more ...than表示“同……一样不……”。
(3)no less...than表示“和……一样……;不逊于……”。
5.表示倍数的几个句型
(1)倍数+as+形容词/副词原级+as...
(2)倍数+形容词/副词比较级+than...
(3)倍数+the+性质名词(size/length/height等)+of...
(4)the+名词+be+倍数+what从句...
(5)the+名词+be+倍数+that/those of...
1.Unlike traditional gyms,app-backed gyms offer people options to exercise.
(2019·江苏,28) A.casual B.regular
C.flexible
D.tight
答案 C
解析考查形容词词义辨析。
句意为:与传统的健身房不同,有软件支持的健身房为人们提供了灵活的锻炼选择。
casual随便的;regular规则的;flexible灵活的;tight紧的。
2.A dog’s eating habit requires regular training before it is established.
(2019·天津,15) A.properly B.widely
C.originally
D.temporarily
答案 A
解析考查副词词义辨析。
句意为:狗的饮食习惯需要定期的训练才能正确地养成。
properly 正确地;widely广泛地;originally最初;temporarily临时地。
故选A。
3.Despite the poor service of the hotel,the manager is to invest in sufficient training for his staff.(2018·江苏,34)
A.keen
B.reluctant
C.anxious
D.ready
答案 B
解析考查形容词词义辨析。
句意为:虽然宾馆的服务很差,但经理仍然不愿意投资对员工进行充分的培训。
reluctant意为“不情愿的”,符合语境。
keen渴望的,着迷的;anxious担心的,焦虑的;ready准备好的,愿意的。
4.Only five years after Steve Jobs’ death,smart-phones defeated PCs in sales.
(2017·江苏,29) A.controversial B.contradictory
C.confidential
D.conventional
答案 D
解析考查形容词词义辨析。
句意为:仅仅在史蒂夫·乔布斯去世五年之后,智能手机的销售额就打败了传统的个人电脑。
语境提到smart-phones(智能手机),与之对应的PCs(personal computers)应该用形容词conventional修饰,表示“传统的”。
controversial有争议的;contradictory自相矛盾的;confidential机密的。
故选D。
5.The disappearance of dinosaurs is not necessarily caused by astronomical incidents.But ______ explanations are hard to find.(2017·江苏,34)
A.alternative
B.aggressive
C.ambiguous
D.apparent
答案 A
解析考查形容词词义辨析。
句意为:恐龙的灭绝不一定是因为天体的碰撞,但也难以找到别的解释。
空格处与前面的“未必”(not necessarily)呼应,这里用alternative表示“另外的,可替代的”。
aggressive好斗的,挑衅的;ambiguous模棱两可的,不明确的;apparent显而易见的,明白的。
6.A sudden stop can be a very frightening experience,if you are travelling at high speed.(2016·浙江,13)
A.eventually
B.strangely
C.merely
D.especially
答案 D
解析考查副词词义辨析。
句意为:突然停下来可能是一次非常可怕的经历,尤其是你正在高速行驶时。
especially特别,尤其,符合语境。
eventually最终;strangely奇怪地;merely 仅仅,只。
7.I have always enjoyed all the events you organized and I hope to attend in the coming years.(2016·浙江,18)
A.little more
B.no more
C.much more
D.many more
答案 D
解析考查比较级。
句意为:我一直喜欢你组织的所有活动,希望在未来几年里能参加更多的活动。
many more后省略了events。
根据句意可知选D。
8.The police officers decided to conduct a thorough and review of the case.(2015·江苏,31)
prehensive
plicated
C.conscious
D.crucial
答案 A
解析考查形容词词义辨析。
句意为:警官们决定对该案件进行一次彻底、详尽的审查。
comprehensive综合的,详尽的;complicated复杂的;conscious有意识的;crucial至关重要的。
根据and判断,所填词和thorough(彻底的,细致的)意思相近。
故选A项。
9.Most of us,if we know even a little about where our food comes from,understand that every bite put into our mouths was alive.(2015·浙江,13)
A.steadily
B.instantly
C.formerly
D.permanently
答案 C
解析考查副词词义辨析。
句意为:我们大多数人,如果对食物来源多少知道一点点的话,就会明白我们嘴里的每一口食物从前都是有生命的。
formerly以前,从前,符合语境。
steadily 稳固地,坚定地,不动摇地;instantly立刻,马上;permanently永久地,长期不变地。
10.Little Tom sat watching the monkey dancing in front of him.(2015·四川,9)
A.amaze
B.amazing
C.amazed
D.to amaze
答案 C
解析考查形容词作状语。
句意为:小汤姆吃惊地坐在那儿看着小猴子在他面前跳舞。
根据句意以及句子结构可知,空格处为形容词作状语,说明主语的状态。
主要考查B、C之间的区别,amazing令人吃惊的,常修饰物;amazed感到吃惊的,常修饰人。
根据句意,本题选C。
11.Thanks for your directions to the house;we wouldn’t have found it .(2014·江西,23)
A.nowhere
B.however
C.otherwise
D.instead
答案 C
解析考查副词词义辨析。
nowhere无处;however然而;otherwise否则,要不然;instead 反而。
句意为:谢谢你为我们指路,要不然我们找不到那所房子。
故C项正确。
诊断报告
解题方法
1.形容词词义辨析法
形容词的考查在高考试题中比较多,在解答试题时要根据具体的语境辨析所给选项。
2.副词词义辨析法
副词的考查在高考试题中也比较多,在解答试题时要根据具体的语境辨析所给选项。
具体来说,要注意:(1)一些副词的具体含义;(2)一些副词在具体句子中的辨析。
考点1形容词与副词的词义辨析
1.Tom is so creative a person that he always has lots of ideas in his mind,and sometimes we don’t even know what he is thinking about.
A.mean
B.novel
C.slim
D.instant
答案 B
解析考查形容词词义辨析。
mean吝啬的,刻薄的;novel新奇的;slim苗条的;instant立即的。
句意为:汤姆是那样一个有创造力的人,以至于他心中总是有很多新奇的想法。
有时我们甚至不知道他在想什么。
2.Pollution has reached high level in some urban areas,which is quite worrying.
A.disturbingly
B.slightly
C.exactly
D.flexibly
答案 A
解析考查副词词义辨析。
disturbingly令人不安地;slightly轻微地;exactly恰好地;flexibly 灵活地。
句意为:一些城市地区的污染已经达到了令人不安的程度,这是相当令人担忧的。
3.His comprehensive surveys have provided the most statements of how,and on what basis,data are collected.(2016·江苏,31)
A.explicit
B.ambiguous
C.original
D.arbitrary
答案 A
解析考查形容词词义辨析。
句意为:他全面的调查提供了关于如何收集信息及在什么基础上收集信息的最清楚明确的说明。
explicit清楚的,明晰的,详述的;ambiguous模棱两可的,含糊不清的;original起初的,原来的;arbitrary任意的,随心所欲的。
考点归纳
解决词义辨析题的关键是牢记某些高频词的词义,掌握词义的有效办法就是通过语境去记忆,通过背诵句子来记忆词汇的音、形、义。
1.—Did he break it accidentally (=by accident/by chance)?
—No,purposely (=on purpose).
——他是不小心把它打碎了吗?
——不是,是故意地。
2.Search your heart and ask if you’re equally to blame.
扪心自问,你是不是同样也应该受到谴责。
3.I’m especially (=particularly) fond of pop songs.
我尤其喜欢流行音乐。
4.Eventually (=Finally),he made it.
他终于成功了。
创设语境牢记下列高考高频词汇:
increasingly,largely,meanwhile,merely,completely,partly,practically,rarely,accessible,accurate,adaptable,addicted,adorable,affordable,aggressive,alternative,apparent,artificial,available,casual,cautious,complex,confident,constant,contradictory,controversial,dramatic,effective,flexible,frequent,individual,inevitable,optional,permanent,potential,relevant,skeptical,secure,sensitive,responsible,subtle,transparent,unique等。
考点2形容词与副词的比较等级
1.Nowadays the roles of husband and wife are not as defined as before,especially when both partners work and earn money for the family.
A.clear
B.clearer
C.clearly
D.more clearly
答案 C
解析根据语法知识可知,as...as...为同级比较结构,as与as之间要用形容词或副词的原级,故选项B和D首先被排除;又由于此处define作动词,它要用副词来修饰,故选C项。
句
意为:现在丈夫和妻子的角色不像以前定义的那么明确,尤其是双方都工作为家庭挣钱的情形下。
2.If there were no examinations,we should have at school.
A.the happiest time
B.a more happier time
C.much happiest time
D.a much happier time
答案 D
解析本题将比较的对象隐藏在虚拟条件句中,句意为:如果没有考试,我们在学校里会过得更开心。
much可用来修饰比较级;have a happy time过得开心。
3.—How is your recent trip to Sichuan?
—I’ve never had one before.
A.a pleasant
B.a more pleasant
C.a most pleasant
D.the most pleasant
答案 B
解析“否定词(never)+比较级”表示最高级的含义,表示这次四川之行是到目前为止玩得最开心的一次旅行,故答案为B。
句意为:——你最近去四川的旅行怎么样?——我以前从未玩得这么开心过。
4.Light-to-moderate smokers were to die of sudden heart problems than those who had never smoked.
A.as twice likely
B.twice more possible
C.twice more likely
D.as twice possible
答案 C
解析句意为:轻度至中度吸烟者死于突发心脏病的可能性是从不吸烟的人的两倍。
倍数表达法为“倍数+形容词/副词比较级+than...”;possible不用表示人的词作主语,故选C。
考点归纳
(一)形容词与副词的比较级
(1)—Goods imported from abroad are not always even better than those made in China.
—Yes.Some of the goods made in our country are of high quality.
——国外进口的商品并不一定比中国做得更好。
——没错。
我们国家生产的一些商品质量很好。
(2)It’s believed that the harder you work,the better result you’ll get.
人们相信,工作越努力,得到的结果将越好。
(二)形容词与副词的最高级
(1)The happiest are not those who own all the best things,but those who can appreciate the beauty of life.
最幸福的人们并不是拥有最好的东西的人,而是那些懂得欣赏生活的美好的人。
(2)I can’t agree with you more,but we can’t afford the money.
我非常同意你的观点,但我们负担不起这笔费用。
(三)表示倍数的几个句型
(1)The new stadium being built for the next Asian Games will be three times as big as the present one.
为迎接下一届亚运会而正在修建的体育场将是现在的三倍大。
(2)Mr Hilton is very pleased with the newly-built house,which is almost twice the size of the one he used to live in.
希尔顿先生对新建的房子很满意,这个房子几乎是他过去居住房子的两倍大。
考点3形容词作状语
1.They came back from their long walk and went into bed,.
A.tiredly but relaxing
B.tired but relaxing
C.tiredly but relaxed
D.tired but relaxed
答案 D
解析tired和relaxed都是过去分词转化来的形容词,这里用形容词短语作状语说明主语的特征。
句意为:他们经过长途跋涉回来后就上床睡觉了,人很累但是很放松。
2.—Could you please explain the assignment for Monday,Miss Smith?
—Certainly.Read the next chapter and come to class to discuss what you’ve read.
A.preparing
B.prepared
C.to prepare
D.to be prepared
答案 B
解析句意为:——史密斯小姐,请说明一下周一的任务好吗?——当然可以。
阅读下一章,来上课的时候准备好讨论你所读的内容。
根据句子结构可知设空处应为状语,表示状态。
此处prepared为过去分词转换为形容词,强调状态,说明到学校的时候已经准备好了。
考点归纳
形容词作状语表示伴随或结果,并不表示动作的方式。
(1)Having been out of touch with his parents for two years,Jones returned home,safe and sound.与父母失去联系两年后,琼斯安然无恙地回到了家中。
(2)Scared and alone,Joshua one day makes friends with a little mouse he calls Bethlehem who becomes his closest friend.
由于害怕和孤独,一天乔舒亚和一只被他叫作伯利恒的小老鼠成为朋友,之后那只小老鼠成了他最亲密的朋友。
考点4连接副词辨析
1.Progress so far has been very good. ,we are sure that the project will be completed on time.
A.However
B.Otherwise
C.Therefore
D.Besides
答案 C
解析“一直进展良好”与“按时完工”是因果关系,用therefore。
st night Mr Crook didn’t come back at the usual time. ,he met some friends and stayed out until midnight.
A.Meanwhile
B.However
C.Instead
D.Yet
答案 C
解析句意为:昨天晚上库鲁克先生没有按往常的时间回来,而是见了几个朋友,在外面待到半夜。
instead代替,反而,相反。
考点归纳
1.表示增补:besides,further,then,similarly,likewise,moreover
2.表示等同:similarly,likewise,equally
3.表示对比:rather,oppositely
4.表示概括:altogether,generally
5.表示列举:first(ly),second(ly),finally
6.表示条件:otherwise
7.表示让步:however,still,yet,nevertheless,though,anyway,instead
8.表示结果:therefore,consequently,accordingly,thus
9.表示时间过渡:meanwhile,sometimes,occasionally
10.表示同位关系:namely
11.表示着重特指:mainly,mostly,particularly,especially
考点5形容词与副词短语辨析
1.—Mom,is it really necessary to remove those smaller weeds from the flowerbed?
—Yes,they are destructive to the flowers.
A.little more
B.no less
C.not a bit
D.not in the least
答案 B
解析little more 稍多;no less居然,还是,仍然;not a bit 一点也不;not in the least一点也不,绝不。
句意为:——妈妈,真的有必要从花坛移除那些较小的杂草吗?——是的,它们对鲜花还是有破坏性的。
2.—What did you do last weekend?
—Oh,nothing .(2014·大纲全国,35)
A.much
B.else
C.ever
D.yet
答案 A
解析句意为:——上周末你干什么了?——哦,没(干)什么事。
nothing much和nothing else 是固定短语,nothing much意为“没什么事”,nothing else意为“没有别的东西,没有别的事情”;nothing不和ever构成固定短语,但可以一起用在句中,表示“没有什么事情曾经……”;nothing和yet也不能构成固定短语,但也可以同时出现在句中。
由语境可知,此处显然是表示“没什么事”。
故A项正确。
考点归纳
1.to be sure诚然,无疑
to be rigid刻板地说,死板地说
to be perfect完美地说
to be fair公平而言
to be frank坦率地讲
2.good/nice and...很,非常,完全
3.much less=still less(承接前述否定内容)更不用说
still more还有更多;更进一步
4.so much the better那样更好
for better or (for) worse不论是好是坏,不论是福是祸
5.Not a/one (little) bit!一点也不!
st but not least=last but by no means least最后但同样很重要的是
1.The people in the village are so that they are willing to help every visitor.
A.optimistic
B.energetic
C.enthusiastic
D.ambitious
答案 C
解析考查形容词词义辨析。
optimistic乐观的;energetic精力充沛的;enthusiastic热心的;ambitious有抱负的。
句意为:这个村里的人都很热心,他们愿意帮助每一位游客。
根据“they are willing to help every visitor”可知此处表示“热心的,热情的”,故C项正确。
2.For all the failure of his business,he remains optimistic and untroubled by his problems.
A.hopefully
B.approximately
C.seemingly
D.frequently
答案 C
解析考查副词辨析。
hopefully有希望地;approximately大约;seemingly似乎;frequently 频繁地。
句意为:对于生意上的失败,他仍然很乐观,似乎并没有被这些问题所困扰。
根据句意可知C项正确。
3.The church which is easily from my home is being rebuilt.
A.accessible
B.available
C.acceptable
D.responsible
答案 A
解析句意为:从我家很容易到达正在重建的教堂。
accessible容易接近的;available可获得的,有空的;acceptable可以接受的;responsible负责的,有责任的。
4.Office furniture like chairs and sofas should be attractive as well as comfortable.
(2019·南徐盐常4月联考) A.manually B.visually
C.physically
D.securely
答案 B
解析考查副词词义辨析。
manually手动地;visually视觉上,外表上;physically身体上;securely安全地。
句意为:像沙发和椅子这样的办公家具应该既美观又舒适。
根据句意可知此处是说“在视觉上吸引人”,故B项正确。
5.There will be an endless power of youth supporting the Chinese nation’s rejuvenation ______ the younger generation of the country has ideals,pursuits and shoulders.(2019·如皋高三三模) A.as far as B.so long as
C.even if
D.as if
答案 B
解析考查副词短语辨析。
句意为:只要年轻一代有理想、有追求、有担当,就有源源不断的青年力量支持中华民族伟大复兴。
as far as至于;so long as只要;even if即使;as if好像。
根据句意,故选B。
6.The old couple,country life,were unwilling to move to the city to live with their son.
A.accustomed to
B.buried in
C.addicted to
D.exposed to
答案 A
解析句意为:那对习惯了乡村生活的老夫妇不愿意搬到城市里和他们的儿子住在一起。
be accustomed to习惯于……,符合句意。
be buried in埋头于……;be addicted to对……有瘾;be exposed to暴露在……。
7.She thought herself her friends because her family was richer.
A.more superior to
B.more superior than
C.superior to
D.superior than
答案 C
解析superior更优秀,更出色,本身没有比较级,跟介词to连用,不与than连用。
句意为:她觉得自己比她的朋友们都优越,因为她家更富有。
8.—How did you find your trip to Water Park in the summer of 2016?
—I thoroughly enjoyed it.It was than I expected.
A.even much interesting
B.far more interesting
C.so far interesting
D.far from interesting
答案 B
解析根据题干中than可知,考查形容词比较级。
far修饰比较级,而far from是“远非”的意思。
句意为:——你觉得2016年夏天的水上公园之旅怎么样?——我玩得很尽兴。
比我预期的要有趣得多。
9.In physics classes,we want students to see science is fun,just about formulas and experiments.
A.rather than
B.more than
C.other than
D.less than
答案 A
解析考查副词短语。
句意为:在物理课上,我们想让学生们明白科学是有趣的,而不是仅仅有关公式和实验。
rather than而不是;more than不仅仅;other than除……之外;less than 少于。
故选A。
10.One should accomplish tasks instead of always turning to others for help.
A.independently
B.actively
C.skillfully
D.voluntarily
答案 A
解析考查副词辨析。
independently独立地;actively积极地;skillfully巧妙地;voluntarily 自愿地。
句意为:一个人应该独立完成任务,而不是总是向别人求助。
强化练(十)
Ⅰ.单项填空
1.I’m tired of the practice to assign endless homework to students in holidays.Actually,summer holiday is the perfect time to the books they meant to read.
A.controversial;compensate for
B.conventional;catch up on
C.confidential;push for
D.conscious;cater to
答案 B
解析形容词controversial有争议的;conventional传统的;confidential秘密的;conscious 有意识的,清醒的;动词短语compensate for补偿;catch up on补完,赶上;push for努力争取;cater to迎合。
句意为:我厌倦了给学生布置很多假期作业的传统做法。
实际上,暑假是学生补读自己想要读的书的最好时间。
根据句意可知B项正确。
2.Make sure you have your passport with you all the time in a foreign country,which would _______ cause trouble.
A.somehow
B.meanwhile
C.otherwise
D.anyway
答案 C
解析句意为:在国外务必把护照随身携带,否则会有麻烦。
somehow不知怎么地;meanwhile 同时;otherwise否则;anyway不管怎样。
分析句子可知,which would cause trouble.为非限制性定语从句,先行词为前面整个主句,前后句关系属于转折,故选C。
3.—It’s said that your boss will give you a fat raise soon.
—She’s very with promises but much less with money.
A.acquainted
B.tough
C.thrilled
D.liberal
答案 D
解析acquainted知晓的;tough艰苦的;thrilled激动的;liberal慷慨的。
句意为:——据说你的老板很快就会给你加薪。
——她对许诺很慷慨,但对钱就没那么慷慨了。
根据句意可知此处应与but后的内容表示相反的意思,故D项正确。
4.The popularity of government posts has dropped in recent years,though the civil service jobs are still favored by the Chinese as they offer a stable career.(2019·泰州四模)
A.relatively
B.regularly
C.roughly
D.rigidly
答案 A
解析句意为:近年来,政府职位的受欢迎程度有所下降,但公务员的职位仍然受到中国人的青睐,因为它们提供了相对稳定的职业。
relatively相对地;regularly规则地;roughly 粗略地;rigidly僵直地。
由“the civil service jobs are still favored by the Chinese”可知,公务员职位仍然受到中国人的青睐,因为与其他工作相比,它们提供了相对稳定的职业。
故A选项正确。
5.—Why not turn to Kevin? He saw what happened,so his is the only account.
—The problem is that he has refused to say anything about the accident.(2019·常州高三期末)
A.tentative
B.controversial
C.authentic
D.arbitrary
答案 C
解析tentative试验性的;controversial有争议的;authentic可信的,真实的;arbitrary武断的。
句意为:——为什么不去找凯文?他目睹了发生的一切,所以他的叙述是唯一可信的。
——问题是他拒绝对这次事故发表任何意见。
根据“He saw what happened”判断此处表示“真实可信的”,故C项正确。
6.—Look!Mary is crazily looking for something again!
—,she can’t find her keys.(2019·南京三模)
A.Typically
B.Occasionally
C.Accordingly
D.Particularly
答案 A
解析句意为:——看!玛丽又在疯狂地找东西了!——果然,她找不到钥匙了。
typically 典型,果然,通常;occasionally偶尔;accordingly因此;particularly特别地。
这里的typically 相当于it is typical/characteristic of sb.to do sth.“做某事是某人的典型特征”,故选A。
7.Our team is world-class and it was no surprise that we won by such a margin.
(2019·南京三模) A.low B.high
C.wide
D.narrow
解析句意为:我们的球队是世界级的,我们以如此大的优势获胜并不令人惊讶。
low低的;high高的;wide宽的;narrow窄的。
短语wide margin表示差距很大,故选C。
8.Thanks to her determination and perseverance on the piano lesson,she has a grasp of the subject.(2019·如皋高三三模)
prehensive
B.confidential
C.conservative
pulsory
答案 A
解析句意为:由于她在钢琴课上的决心和毅力,她对这个科目有了综合的把握。
comprehensive综合的;confidential机密的;conservative保守的;compulsory义务的。
根据句意,故选A。
9.The Aerospace Center Hospital has witnessed growth over the years,from one that only had tent-like wards into a modern regional medical center.
A.slight
B.tremendous
C.moderate
D.modest
答案 B
解析句意为:多年来,航天中心医院取得了巨大的发展,它从一个只有帐篷式病房的医院发展成了一个现代的区域医疗中心。
根据句中的“from one that only had tent-like wards into a modern regional medical center”可知,航天中心医院发生了巨大的变化,故tremendous巨大的,了不起的,符合语境。
slight轻微的,略微的;moderate适度的;modest些许的,不太大的。
10.Your face seems .I’ve probably met you here in the old days.
A.familiar
B.known
C.similar
D.alike
答案 A
解析句意为:你的脸看起来很熟悉,我以前可能在这里见过你。
familiar熟悉的;known 闻名的;similar类似的;alike相同的,相似的。
11.By accepting lower prices,organizers can sell tickets that would go unsell.
A.therefore
B.otherwise
C.instead
D.however
答案 B
解析therefore因此;otherwise否则;instead反而;however无论如何,然而,但是。
句意为:组织者可以通过低价出售把原本卖不出去的票卖出去。
12.Since I am now preparing for the college entrance examination,my parents are very ___ to me.
A.constant
B.conscious
C.considerate
D.grateful
解析句意为:因为我现在正在准备高考,我的父母对我很体贴。
considerate体贴的,符合句意。
constant不断的,持续的;conscious有意识的,神志清醒的,自觉的,刻意的;grateful 感激的,感谢的。
13.With the word “PM2.5”appearing in media reports,people pay greater attention to it and seek health tips for smoggy days.
A.occasionally
B.constantly
C.rarely
D.immediately
答案 B
解析occasionally偶然,有时候;constantly重复不断地;rarely难得地,少见地;immediately 立即,马上。
句意为:随着“PM2.5”一词不断出现在媒体报道中,人们越来越关注它,并为度过烟雾弥漫的日子寻求健康秘诀。
14.—Alice has just lost her husband to heart failure.
—Her smile can’t hide her sorrow.
A.controversial
pulsory
C.artificial
D.conventional
答案 C
解析controversial有争议的,引发争议的;compulsory强制性的;artificial不自然的,假的;conventional(行为、观念等)传统的,符合习俗的。
句意为:——爱丽丝刚刚失去了死于心力衰竭的丈夫。
——她那不自然的微笑掩盖不了她的悲伤。
15.It is said that the young man is to flee to some foreign country because of the campaign against him.
A.possible
B.maybe
C.probable
D.likely
答案 D
解析分析句子成分可知,此处作表语,maybe“也许”是副词,不能作表语;ACD三个选项都表示“可能的”,但只有likely可以使用人作主语。
句意为:据说这个年轻人因为反对他的运动可能会逃往境外某个国家。
Ⅱ.阅读理解
A
(2019·南京金陵中学、海安中学、外国语学校四模)
“Facts” That Are False
The $100 bill is the biggest bill in circulation.Although the federal government stopped printing them in 1945,currency notes of $500,$1,000,$5,000,and $10,000 are still legal tender.Most of them have been snatched up by private collectors.Between December 18,1934,and January 9,1935,the government put out $100,000 notes.However,they were only for transactions between Federal Reserve banks and never went out to the general public.
The Sahara is the world’s largest desert.Technically,Antarctica is.The U.S.Geological Survey defines desert as “dry land with a rainfall of usually less than ten inches per year that supports only sparse vegetation and a limited population of people and animals”.Antarctica averages only six inches of rain a year (mostly as snow) and is almost 5.5 million square miles.The Sahara is only 3.3 million square miles.
The green paste served with your sushi is wasabi.Wasabi is expensive and difficult to grow.Since it’s in the same family,most restaurants and food companies use horseradish (with food coloring) instead.Real wasabi is more complex and sweeter than what you get in a typical Japanese restaurant.
The ostriches would suffocate(窒息) if they did.If an enemy is approaching,a frightened ostrich will lay its head and neck flat against the ground as a camouflage (伪装) ploy.Some human onlookers have assumed that the birds’light-colored heads were actually in the sand.
语篇解读这是一篇说明文,介绍了四个虚假的“事实”。
16.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?
A.As other bigger bills are out of print,the $100 bill is still the biggest one.
B.Antarctica with very little rainfall is considered as the largest desert.
C.Horseradish can be substituted with wasabi for the similar taste and color.
D.An ostrich often uses its head as a weapon to fight against its enemy.
答案 B
解析细节理解题。
由第二部分可知,美国地质调查局将沙漠定义为“干旱的土地,每年的降雨量通常不到10英寸,只能维持稀疏的植被和有限的人口和动物的生存”。
南极洲平均每年只有6英寸的降雨量(大部分是雪),将近550万平方英里。
撒哈拉只有330万平方英里。
所以南极洲降雨量很少,被认为是最大的沙漠。
故B选项正确。
17.Which of the following is the best fit for the blank?
A.Ostriches can breathe in the sand.
B.Ostriches have very smart brains.
C.Ostriches bury their heads in the sand.
D.The ostrich’s head is the lightest in the world.
答案 C
解析推理判断题。
由第四部分可知,如果它们这样做会窒息的。
为了躲避危险,鸵鸟会躺在地下隐蔽起来。
这种习性后来被人误认为是鸵鸟在遇到危险时,会把头埋在沙土里。
所以本段主要在说,鸵鸟把头埋在沙子里是虚假的事实。
故本段的中心句为“鸵鸟把头埋在沙子里”,也是空白处要填的内容。
故C选项正确。
B
Abused kids may be hit and otherwise physically attacked by their parents.This leads them to see the world as a place where hugs and other positive responses to good behavior happen inconsistently.And this physical abuse doesn’t just leave kids black and blue.It also does harm to their ability to learn how to act at school and elsewhere.This can lead to the problem behaviors often seen in abused children in their later life.That’s the finding of a new study.And it is the first time researchers have linked trouble learning a basic form of social skills in children to their misbehavior years later.
Jamie Hanson and his colleagues focused on decision-making in abused kids.Their experiments showed that physically abused kids lag behind others in learning to make choices that lead to a reward.This was true even after many trials.
These children stick to what they learned early in life—that rewards are rare and unpredictable,but punishment is always waiting.In situations outside their families,physically abused kids fail to adjust flexibly to new behavioral rules.Such kids never learn rules for good behavior with teachers and other children.So they end up fighting peers on the playground and
acting out in class.
In one experiment,Hanson’s team studied 41 physically abused and 40 nonabused kids.They saw a picture of a bell or a bottle.Researchers told them to choose one of those objects to earn points they could exchange for toys—researchers randomly chose whether the valuable picture would be the bell or the bottle and decided the points of each picture,but generally,the kids choosing the bell would get more points than those choosing the bottle.Kids who got enough points could choose from several cool toys in the lab.Both groups of kids chose higher-point images more often as the experiment went on.But physically abused kids lagged behind.Hanson thinks the abused kids were held back by the expectations they had picked up at home.
If the new finding holds up,Hanson says,it could lead to new ways to help such kids.For example,these kids might get training in how to tell safe apart from dangerous settings.They might also get lessons on how to control their impulses.Treatments currently just focus on helping abused children feel safe and less anxious.
18.What does the study mainly find out?
A.Abused kids have a strong desire for rewards.
B.Abused kids tend to hold a positive attitude to life.
C.Physical abuse’s side effects can extend to kids’later life.
D.Physical abuse can lead to severe mental illness among kids.
答案 C
解析细节理解题。
根据第一段中的“And this physical abuse doesn’t just leave kids black and blue.It also does harm to their ability to learn how to act at school and elsewhere.This can lead to the problem behaviors often seen in abused children in their later life....to their misbehavior years later.”可知,这项研究发现,身体上受到虐待的消极影响会持续到孩子以后的生活中。
故选C。
19.What leads to the kids’ poor performance in the decision-making experiment?
A.The small number of rewards.
B.The complex rules of the experiment.
C.Others’ low expectations of them.
D.Their previous family life experience.
答案 D
解析细节理解题。
根据第三段的内容和倒数第二段中的“Hanson thinks the abused kids were held back by the expectations they had picked up at home.”可知,由于先前家庭经历的影响,这些孩子认为奖励是少见的,而惩罚却是时时都在的,在家庭之外的环境中他们也未能灵活地应对新的行为规则,从而导致了他们在做决定的实验中表现不佳。
故选D。