高中英语非谓语动词精讲精练— 现在分词和过去分词(无答案)

高中英语非谓语动词精讲精练—分词
定义：动名词和现在分词皆由动词构，并总以v-ing 形式结尾。

当v-ing 形式作用象名词时，叫做________，而当v-ing 形式其作用象形容词或副词时，就叫做___________。

特征：现在分词既具有________的一些特征，又具有________和____的句法功能。

分词的分类：
分词是动词非谓语形式的一种，包括现在分词和过去分词。

现在分词表示：________，动作____________。

过去分词表示：_________，动作_____________。

分词的作用:
现在分词可用于：
①构成进行时。

e.g. We are studying English.
②当____________作状语。

e.g. The children came, singing and dancing.
③当____________作定语、宾补和表语。

e.g. Falling leaves danced in the air.
I saw many birds flying along the river.
The story is very moving.
过去分词可用于：
①构成完成时。

e.g. The play had begun when we arrived there.
②构成被动语态。

e.g. English is widely spoken in the world.
③当副词作状语。

e.g. Seen here, the city looks more beautiful.
④当形容词作定语、宾补和表语。

e.g. a boy named Tom
I saw the girl killed with my own eyes.
I’m interested in English.
分词的选用：
主要依据这个分词在句子的逻辑主语和该分词的关系来决定是用现在分词还是过去分词。

如果逻辑主语是这个分词的动作执行者，就要用现在分词，如果是这个分词的动作的承受着，就要用过去分词。

____________ (see) from the top of the hill , we found the park was very beautiful .
从山上看去，我们发现这个公园很美。

_______(see) from the top of the tower , the south foot of the mountain is sea of trees. 当从塔顶看的时候，南边的山脚是一片树的海洋。

现在分词和过去分词的区别: 他们的区别表现在语态和时态上。

从语态上来区别：
1.语态上现在分词无论是及物动词或是不及物动词，一般都表示主动的意思。

Do you know the woman talking to Tom?
= Do you know the woman who is talking to Tom? ( 定语从句，主动语态) Entering the city, they saw a lot of soldiers marching.
When they entered the city , they saw a lot of soldiers marching.(状语从句，主动语态)
2.及物动词的过去分词一般表示被动。

The soldier wounded in the war has become a doctor.
The soldier who was wounded in the war has become a doctor.
Seen from the top of the hill, the city is more beautiful.
If it is seen from the top of the hill , the city is more beautiful.
2.从语态上来区别
现在分词：表示正在进行的动作
及物动词：过去分词：表示已经完成的动作
现在分词：表示进行的意思
不及物动词：过去分词：表示完成的意思，而非表被动
China is a developing country and American is a developed country.
(vi)现在分词表示正在进行(vi)过去分词表示完成
= China is a country that is developing and America is a country that has developed .
分词的语法功能：
现在分词的时态和语态：
分词所表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生。

分词与其逻辑主语的关系时被动的，要用被动语态
1._________( look) out of the window, I can see many cars and buses.
2._________ (see) from the top of Dragon Tower, Harbin looks more beautiful.
3.The teacher came in, _______many students.(follow)
4.The teacher came in, _______by many students.(follow)
如果强调分词表示的动作正在进行时，要用分词的进行时态。

1.____________ (repair), the building is forbidden to enter.
2.The house ______________ (build) now is a Hope Project School.
3.Passing by the accident scene, I saw the man badly hurt____________(carry) onto an ambulance.
如果强调分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前，要用完成形式。

Not having finished his homework ,Tom was made to stay at school .
Having closed all the windows ,I went home
Having been invited to the party ,Tom was very happy .
分词的句法功能：
作定语：
(1)现在分词作定语，当分词单独做定语时，放在所修饰的名词前；如果是分词短语做定语放在名词后。

In the following year she worked even harder. 在后来的几年中，他学习更努力了。

The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father.正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。

现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能，
如：in the following years也可用in the years that followed;
the man speaking to the teacher可改为the man who is speaking to the teacher.
(2)动词的-ed形式作定语表示被动与完成，其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的中心词,是它动作的承受者。

作定语的过去分词如果是单个词，一般放在名词的前面。

如果是过去分词短语，要放在名词的后面，相当于一个含有被动语态的定语从句。

Japan is a developed country.日本是一个发达国家。

The largest collection ever found in England was one of about 200,000 silver pennies. (=which were ever found…)曾经在英国发掘的最大的一批硬币有大约20万枚银便士。

(3)表示情感的动词的ed形式作定语
表示情感的动词的ed形式常见有
disappointed(失望的)，astonished(惊讶的)，excited(激动的)，interested(感兴趣的)，frightened(害怕的)，moved(感动的)，pleased（高兴的），puzzled （不解的），satisfied(满足的)，surprised(惊奇的)，touched （感动的），worried（担忧的）等。

这类此都有“被怎样了的”意义”表示中心词的状态，中心词一般是人。

The excited football fans were singing in loud voices.那些兴奋的球迷在高声唱歌。

The frightened child kept trembling all the time.那个被吓坏的男孩一直在发抖。

注意：用来修饰人的过去分词有时可以转移到修饰非人的事物，这种过去分词在形式上虽不直接修饰人，但它所修饰的事物仍与人直接有关。

The boy looked up with a pleased expression. 男孩带着满意的表情举目而视。

(4)己完全形容词化动词的ed形式作定语
有些动词的ed形式己完全形容词化，作前置定语时，其含义与同形的作后置定语的动词的ed形式不完全相同。

I’m going to buy some used books tomorrow. 明天我要去买一些旧书。

（旧的）
注意：
a.如果分词修饰由some/any/no+ thing/body/one 所形成的不定代词或指示代词those 时，分词在这些被修饰的词的后面。

Anyone swimming will be punished.正在游泳的任何人都将受到惩罚。

b.分词短语作定语时，在被修饰的名词之后。

I have a radio made in China.我有一台中国生产的收音机。

The girl dressed in white is Mary.穿白衣服的小姑娘是玛丽。

2分词短语作定语时与谓语动词的时间关系
分词短语作定语时，要注意分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作之间的时间关系。

分词作定语时，现在分词有进行意味和主动意味，过去分词有完成意味和被动意味。

因此，一般来讲，用现在分词时，要符合以下两个条件之一：
a分词所表示的动作与谓语所表示的动作同时发生。

The road joining the two villages is very wide.
=The road that joins the two villages is very wide.连接这两个村子的路非常宽。

They lived in a room facing the north thirty years ago.
=They lived in a room which faced the north thirty years ago.三十年前，他们住在朝北的房间里。

b.分词所表示的是现在正发生的动作。

The man running over there is our chairman.=The man who is running over there is our chairman.正在朝那边跑的那个人是主席。

I know the young man sleeping on the bench.=I know the young man who is sleeping on the bench.我认识正在长凳上睡觉的那位年轻人。

如果分词需要表示动作是主动的，而又在谓语动作之前发生，则要用定语从句表示，在谓语动作之后发生则要用不定式或从句表示。

The man who came yesterday comes again.
The man coming yesterday comes again.(×)昨天来过的那个人又来了。

（在谓语动词comes 之前发生）
The students to attend the meeting (who will attend the meeting )will arrive here
tomorrow.要参加会议的学生们明天到达这里。

（动作在谓语动词will arrive 之后发生）
3.何时用现在分词的被动语态形式
如果一个及物动词作定语，既要表达进行意味，又要表达被动意味时，用此形式。

The question being discussed is very important.
=The question that is being discussed is very important.
正在（被）讨论问题十分重要。

The skyscraper being built is still higher than that built the year before last.
=The skyscraper that is being built is still higher than that(one) that was built the year before last.正在建造的那幢摩天大楼比前年造的那幢还要高。

Do you know the boy being punished by our teacher?
=Do you know the boy who is being punished by our teacher?
你认识正在被我们老师处罚的那个男孩吗？
如果指的是将来的动作就要用不定式的被动形式（或定语从句）来表示。

注意：动词的-ing形式和不定式在表示时间方面的差别。

动词的-ing形式表示的是正在进行，而不定式表示的是将来的动作。

The meeting being held now is very important.现在正在召开的会议非常重要。

The meeting to be held next week is very important.下周举行的会议非常重要。

You are welcome to a party to be given in our class at 7∶30pm,Dec.25.欢迎您参加12 月25 日晚上7∶30 在我班如开的晚会。

Those who have handed in their compositions may go home.定语从句
Those having handed in their compositions may go home.(×)谁交了作文就可以回家了。

注意: 完成形式一般不用于作定语。

4.何时用过去分词作定语
因为过去分词只有一种形式，而它又包含完成和被动意味。

因此要符合下列条件：a.过去分词表示的动作是在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生。

This is a picture painted by my father.=This is a picture that was painted by my father.
这是一张我父亲画的画。

（分词painted 所表示的动作发生在谓语动词is 之前）The letter mailed last night will reach him tomorrow.
=The letter that was mailed last night will reach him tomorrow.昨日寄出那封信，明天将会寄达他手中。

b.分词表示的动作是没有一定时间性的。

Goods imported from abroad are not always better than those made in China.进口的高品并不一定比国产的好。

Is it a letter written in pencil?这是用铅笔定的信吗？
注意:分词短语作定语时，和定语从句一样，也有限定性和非限定性两种。

限定性分词短语前后没有逗号，非限定性分词短语有逗号，有时两种形式句子有很大的区别。

His brother working as a teacher lives in Tianjing.=His brother who works as a teacher lives in Tianjing.他当老师的哥哥住在天津。

（他有不止一个兄弟）
His brother, working as a teacher, lives in Tian jing.他的哥哥是个老师，住在天津。

（他只有一个哥哥）
The meeting, attended by over five thousand people, welcomed the great hero. 他们举行了欢迎英雄的大会，到会的有五千多人。

过去分词作定语与其修饰的词是被动关系，相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。

如：Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists.
The book, written in1957, tells the struggle of the miners.
=The book, which was written in 1957, tells the struggle of the miners.
不定式、现在分词和过去分词的被动式作定语的区别
不定式、现在分词和过去分词的被动式均可以作定语修饰名词性成分，且都和被修饰语有被动关系。

但三者的意思不同。

不定式表示是将来，现在分词表示的是正在进行，而过去分词表示的则是已经完成。

例如：
Have you read the novel written by Jack London? (既完成，也被动)
The novel being talked about in the conference was written by Jack London.
(正在被讨论)
The novel to be published was written by Jack London. (将要被出版)
因此，在具体作题时，我们需要根据题目所提供的已知因素推断这种时间关系，才能最后做出正确的选择。

例如：
The bridge _______ (build) costs more than 100 million dollars and it will be completed next month.
不定式的主动式和被动式作定语的区别
不定式作定语时，如果被修饰词和该不定式之间有逻辑上的动宾关系，一般用主动形式。

例如：
I can’t make it because I have mountains of work to do.
They only had a small cold house to live in. (这个吊尾介词不能被省略)
They are lucky enough to have such a person to depend on.
但是，如果表示的是另外一种概念，根据需要，我们必须得用不定式的被动式。

例如：
Do you have anything to do? 你有没有事情做？(you 和to do有主谓关系)
Do you have anything to be done? 你有没有事情要我帮你做？(you 和to do没有主谓关系)
同理：
Do you have any to buy? (你自己买)
Do you have anything to be bought? (要我帮你买)
Do you have anything to type? (你自己打字)
Do you have anything to be typed? (要我帮你打字)
5．分词、动名词、不定式作定语时的区别
练习1：
分词作定语与动词不定式作定语的区别是：现在分词表示主动、进行之意；去分词表示被动与完成；而不定式表示在谓语动词表示的动作之后即将发生的动作。

例如：
The question __________ (discuss) at the meeting yesterday is of quite importance. The question _____________ (discuss) at the meeting now is of quite importance. The question ______________ (discuss) at the meeting tomorrow is of quite importance.
我丢了我爸爸送我的手表。

I lost the watch __________________________.
I lost the watch___________________________.
I lost the watch___________________________.
我的表丢了，它是我爸送的。

The watch, __________________________, is lost.
The watch, __________________________, is lost.
The watch, __________________________, is lost.
I lost my watch; ____________by my father.
I lost my watch and _________was given by my father.
I lost my watch. ________ was given by my father.
这将是我们明年将建造的图书馆。

This will be our library; __________________next year.
This will be our library _________________next year.
This will be our library _________________ next year.
This will be our library ________________ next year.
这是我们去年建造的图书馆。

This is the library _________________ last year.
This is the library___________ last year.
正在建造的建筑物是我们的图书馆。

The building ______________________is our library.
The building _______________ is our library.
1.The first textbook ______ ( write) for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
2.What’s the language ______(speak) in Germany?
3.Prices of daily goods ____ ( buy) through a computer can be lower than store prices.
4.When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door ______ (say) “Sorry to miss you; will call later.”
5. There was a terrible noise ___________ (follow) the sudden burst of light.
6.The computer centre, _______ (open) last year, is very popular among the students in this school.
7.I'm calling to enquire about the position_________ (advertise) in yesterday's China Daily.
st night, there were millions of people _______ (watch) the opening ceremony live on TV.
9.The lecture, ________(start) at 7:00 pm last night, was followed by an observation
of the moon with telescopes.
10.Toady there are more airplanes _____ (carry) more people than ever before in the skies.
11. His first book_________(publish) next month is based on a true story.
12.There are still many problems _________ (solve) before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.
总结：谓用非谓语动词作定语,就是用一个非谓语动词/词组去修饰一个名词
非谓语动词作定语的原理:就是将一个定语从句简化为一个定语词汇或词组,其规则如下:
名词+ that / which / who + (主动语态)…
to do sth(主动将来含义)
简化:名词+ doing sth(主动一般或主动进行含义)
having done (主动完成含义)
名词+ that / which / who + (be done:被动态从句)
to be done(被动将来含义)
done(被动一般含义)
简化:名词+ being done(被动进行含义)
having been done(被动完成含义)
因此,当我们难以确定该用非谓语的何种形式来作定语时,我们可以用从句还原法来帮我们一把.
例:When we arrived at his house, we couldn’t see any _______(remaining, remained) guests there.
=When we arrived at this house, we couldn’t see any guests who ________(remained, were remained) there.
注意：只可用to do, to be done作定语的几种情况:
sb have(有) sth / sb to do
I have something to say. (逻辑关系: I---say---something)
She has a question to ask the teacher.(逻辑关系:She---ask---the teacher---a question) We have a new plan to talk about with you.
(逻辑关系:We---talk about a new plan with you)
sb find sth to do
sbA give / offer sbB + sth to do
*使用本句式时应特注意: 判断have是“有”动词而不是“使”动词.
被修饰的名词(sb / sth与后面的to do为被动反射关系,与句子的主语为主动发出关系,因此这个to do必须是一个vt,如果是一个vi,就必须在其后面+一个正确的介词,即:用to do的主动形式来表示与前面名词之间的被动关系!
例:(1.)I have nobody to go to see the film_______(需要介词吗?)
(2.)He is said to have 3 children to bring___?___/ to raise___?____/ to care __?___.
(3.)We failed to find even a single bed to sleep ____?___ in the hotel.
(4)Would you please give a chair to sit ____?___?
(5)On Christmas Day, his mother gave him a new coat to dress.(改错)
4.)need, way, right(权利), chance, reason, 等词后面可用to do作定语.
5.)被修饰的名词前有：
the + 序数词/ the + last / the only + 名词+ to do sth / to be done
He is always the first ( students) to ask questions.
He is always the first (student) to be asked questions.
作宾语补足语
1.理解下表中所列的关系
When I came in, I saw her dancing happily. （主动进行）
I saw him go to the cinema.（主动，全过程）
We heard her singing next door.（主动进行）
We heard the song sung by her next door. （被动完成）
We heard the song being sung next door. （被动进行）
2.下列动词和短语必须以用不定式作宾语补足语
wish, want, ask, require/request, order, warn, allow/permit, forbid, expect, remind, encourage, inspire, call on, depend on
注意：advise/allow/permit/forbid +宾语+不定式作宾语补足语
advise/allow/permit/forbid +动名词作宾语时
①What did the librarian _____ out of the library?
A. permit to take
B. forbid to be taken
C. allow to take
D. insist being taken
②I don’t allow ______ in my office and I don’t allow my family ______ at all.
A. to smoke…smoking
B. smoking…to smoke
C. to smoke…to smoke
D. smoking…smoking
3. 在think, consider, find等动词后常用to be +adj.结构作宾语补足语，有时to be 省略。

We all discover him (to be) kind and honest.
4.几个特别的结构
▲have+宾语+do/doing/done
①“ have + 宾语+ do sth ”意为“让/叫/使某人做某事”。

此结构中的have 是使役动词，宾语后的do sth 是不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语。

The boss often has them work for 14 hours a day.老板经常要他们一天工作14 个小时。

②“have +宾语+ doing”意为“叫/让/使某人做某事或让某种情况发生”。

宾语后面用现在分词作宾语补足语，表示宾语与现在分词表示的动作之间为主动关系，且动作正在进行。

Don’t have the dog barking much, Lilin. 李林，别让狗狂吠不停。

③“ have + 宾语+do ne”意为“让/叫/使/请别人做某事”或者是“遭受/遭遇了……，此时，主语是无意中的受害者，而不是动作的执行者”的意思。

宾语后面用过去分词作宾语补足语，说明宾语与过去分词表示的动作之间是被动关系。

We had the machine mended just now.我们刚才请人把机器修好了。

He had his leg injured while playing football.他在踢足球时腿受了伤。

▲get+宾语+to do/doing/done
三种结构的意义请参看上述“have+宾语+do/doing/done”的意义解释。

He got his sister to help him with his clothes. 他让姐姐帮他洗衣服。

Can you really get that old clock going again 你真的能让那辆旧钟再走起来吗？Doris got her bad tooth pulled out in the hospital. 多丽丝在医院把坏牙拔了。

▲catch sb. doing sth逮住某人干某事
If she catches me readi ng her diary, she’ll be furious.如果她抓住我偷看她的日记，她会愤怒的。

▲make + oneself + done
oneself 与其后的过去分词存在着动宾关系，或者说是被动关系
He raised his voice in order to make himself heard. 他提高了嗓门为了使别人听清他的讲话。

练习：不定式和分词作宾语补足语或主语补足语表达的意义不同。

I heard her ______( sing) an English song just now.
I heard her ________ (sing) an English song when I passed by her room yesterday.
I heard the English song ______( sing) many times.
I heard the English song ____________( sing) when I passed by her room yesterday. . Alexander tried to get his work _______in the medical circles .
A. to recognize
B. recognizing
C. recognize
D. recognized While waiting for the opportunity to get , Henry did his best to perform his duty.
A. promote
B. promoted
C. promoting
D. to promote
5.The manager was satisfied to see many new products _________(develop) after great effort.
6.Let those in need ________ (understand)that we will go all out to help them.
7. They knew her very well. They had seen her ________ (grow) up from childhood.
8. The missing boy were last seen ________ (play)near the river. (全国卷)
9. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see ________ the next year.
A. carried out
B. carrying out
C. carry out
D. to carry out
“have+宾语+非谓语动词”是高考英语中一个非常重要的考点，请先看几道考题：10.—Excuse me sir, where is Room 301?
—Just a minute. I’ll have Bob ______ (show) you to your room.
11.— Did Peter fix the computer himself?
—He ______, because he doesn’t know much about computers.
A. has it fixed
B. had fixed it
C. had it fixed
D. fixed it
12. Jenny hopes that Mr. Smith will suggest a good way to have her written English ______ (improve) in a short period.
13.那时她看到一位女士正从火车站跑出来。

At that time she saw a lady ___________ (run) out of the railway station.
14.他站在那里的时候注意到两个人走进了酒吧。

When he stood there, he noticed two men __________ (walk) into the pub.
15.我们急忙赶到现场，发现这座建筑完全毁掉了。

We hurried to the scene and found the building totally __________ (destroy).
16.人们常早起去海边看太阳从海上升起
People often get up early to watch the sun______ (rise) from the sea at the seaside.
17.有人听到他常常抱怨公路上的噪音。

He is often heard _________ ( complain) about the noise from the road.
作状语
一、时间状语
Hearing the news, he jumped for joy. 听了这消息时高兴得跳了起来。

Asked who he was, he made no reply. 当问到他是谁时，他没作回答。

上面两句中的分词短语均用作时间状语，均可改为时间状语从句，其中现在分词短语hearing the news相当于when he heard the news，过去分词短语asked who he was相当于when he was asked who he was。

二、原因状语
Being sick I stayed at home. 我因病呆在家中。

Much discouraged，she moved on to London. 她很沮丧，搬到了伦敦。

两句中的分词短语均用作原因状语，其中现在分词短语being sick相当于as he was sick，过去分词短语much discourage相当于as she was discouraged。

三、条件状语
Working hard, you will succeed. 如果努力工作，你就可以成功。

Compared with you, I still have a long way to go. 跟你比较起来，我还差得很远呢。

两句中的分词短语均用作条件状语，其中第一句中的现在分词短语working hard相当于if you work hard，第二句中的compared with you相当于if I was compared with you。

四、让步状语
Although living miles away, he never came late. 虽然住在几英里以外，他从未迟到。

Defeated, he remained a popular boxer. 虽然被击败了，他仍是一个受欢迎的拳击手。

两句中的分词短短语均表示让步，含有“虽然”“尽管”之意，其中第一句中的although living miles away相当于although he lived miles away；第二句中的defeated相当于though he was defeated。

doing sth.作让步状语：
Working so hard, he failed again.
Living miles away, he attended the course. 虽然住在几英里以外，他仍去上课。

Defeated, he remained a popular boxer. 虽然被击败了，他仍是一个受欢迎的拳击手。

☆理解技巧：
分词(短语)用作让步状语通常可转换成由从属连词though, although, no matter…等引导的让步状语从句，如上面两句也可转换成：
Although he lived miles away, he attended the course.
Thought he was defeated, he remained a popular boxer.
五、方式状语
He made a lot of money selling waste materials. 他靠卖废料赚了不少钱。

I’m returning you letter as requested. 我按要求给你退信。

第一句中的现在分词短语selling waste materials表示方式，相当于by selling waste materials；第二句的as requested也表示方式，相当于as it is required。

六、伴随状语
He was lying on the sofa watching TV. 他躺在沙发上看电视。

He came in, followed by his wife. 他走了进来，后面跟着他的妻子。

两句中的分词短语均表示伴随，第一句中的watching TV伴随谓语动作was lying 同时进行；第二句中的followed by his wife伴随谓语动作came in同时发生。

doing sth.作伴随状语：
Four people entered the room looking around in a curious way.
= Four people entered the room and looked around in a curious way.
七、结果状语
I fell, striking my head against the door. 我摔倒在地，头撞到门上。

He died, leaving his wife with five children. 他死了，留下他妻子和五个孩子。

两句中的striking my head against the door和leaving his wife with five children均为结果状语，分别表示“摔倒”和“死”所带来的结果。

doing sth.作结果状语：
There is mud and water everywhere, making it difficult to travel from place to place. making it difficult to travel from place to place 是结果状语。

现在分词作结果状语表示一种必然性（自然结果）。

（making 可以改为which makes，相当于一个前因后果的非限制性定语从句。

）
He comes home late every evening, making his wife very angry. 他每天回来得很晚，这是他的妻子很生气。

=He comes home late every evening, which makes his wife very angry.
=He comes home late every evening, and it makes his wife very angry.
Mary failed all her exams, making both her parents very angry. 玛丽未能通过一门考试，这是她父母非常生气。

特别注意：现在分词短语作伴随状语
伴随状语出现的条件是：
1) 由一个主语发出两个动作
2) 或同一个主语处于两种状态，
3) 或同一个主语发出一个动作时又伴随有某一种状态。

伴随状语的逻辑主语一般情况下必须是全句的主语，伴随状语与谓语动词所表示的动作或状态是同时发生的。

Can't you read?' Mary said angrily pointing to the notice.
She came running towards me.
The children ran out of the room, laughing and talking merrily.
They stood there for an hour, watching the game.
She sat at the desk reading a newspaper.
Traveling by jeep, we visited a number of cities.
Following the guide, they started to climb.
伴随状语首先是一种状语，用来修饰动词的，同时是表示与谓语动词同时进行，即伴随着谓语动词的动作同时进行。

如：
He said it angrily pointing at the notice on the wall.他生气地说着，手指着墙上的布告。

这里，point与said同时进行，因此，pointing在这里是现在分词作伴随状语，表示主动和正在进行。

例子:1 He died doing what made him happiest.
2 He laughed looking at the funny boy.
过去分词作状语相当于状语从句。

1. Asked why he didn’t do it, he began to cry.
过去分词作时间状语相当于时间状语从句
_________________ asked why he didn’t do it, he began to cry.
2. Given more time, I’ll catch up with you.
过去分词作条件状语相当于条件状语从句
_________________ given more time, I’ll catch up with you.
3. Born and brought up in the village, he knows a lot of people there.
过去分词作原因状语相当于原因状语从句
________________born and brought up in the village, he knows a lot of people there.
4. Defeated many times, they continue to fight.
过去分词作让步状语相当于让步状语从句
____________________ defeated many times, they continued to fight.
e.g.5. The teacher entered the classroom, followed by a group of students.
表示方式和伴随情况时可以转换为一个并列的谓语成分。

The teacher entered the classroom ___________________ by a group of student.
过去分词作状语时, 为了使意义更加明确,也可以在pp.前加上对应的连词when, as, if 等等.
1. When asked why he didn’t do it, he began to cry.
2. If given more time, I’ll catch up with you.
3. As / Because born and brought up in the village, he knows a lot of people there.
4. Although defeated many times, they continue to fight.
注意：带有连词的过去分词结构相当于一个省略句,省略的部分为主语+be的相应变化形式.
1）现在分词与过去分词作状语时的区别
选择现在分词还是过去分词，关键看主句的主语。

如分词的动作是主句的主语发出，分词就选用现在分词，反之就用过去分词。

_______________London (夜里参观伦敦)at night, you are a bit like in a dream.
______ (当有人夜里来访)at night , you must make sure the visitor really your friend. _________________________ (写完了所有的信之后)，I had a drink and went out. ________ (信写完之后)，the letter should be read to the one who asks you to write it. 从山顶看,我们能看到一个美丽的公园。

___________(see) from the top of the hill, we can see a beautiful park.
从山顶看,公园很美丽。

_________ (see) from the top of the hill, the park is beautiful.
2.系表结构表示主语所处的状态
____ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. ( lose)
______ in white, she looks more beautiful.( dress)。