Chapter 3 morphological structure
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对应
3.2 Morph (形素) The phonetic or 串 orthographic strings or 段、节 segments which realize morphemes are termed ‘morphs’. (体现词素的语音串和拼写字节)
Most
morphemes are realized by single morphs like
Inflectional
morphemes are confined to suffixes.
What
grammatical meaning can they express?
plurality,
tense, the comparative or superlative degree, possessive case…
3.1.1Definition of a morpheme:
Morpheme
is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.
In
other words, the morpheme is ‘the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.’ ( Crystal,
Free roots provide
(b) Bound roots: many Greek and Latin roots are bound.
-tain : contain, detain or retain, -ceive: conceive, deceive or receive.
Such
roots were once a word in Latin: tain from tenere: to hold; ceive from capere: to take.
They
have no identity outside the small group of words in which they appear.
Roots,
therefore, are the cores of English words. Roots are either free or bound.
(a) Free roots:
boy, moon, walk, black.
the English language with a basis for the formation of new words.
A
morpheme is 显示 manifested as one or more morphs in different environments. These morphs are called allomorphs.
morpheme
﹛would﹜
morph morph morph morph /wud/ /wəd/ /əd/ /d/
Characteristics (4) of Inflectional affixes:
②. Affixes
Affixes
are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function.
They
are considered as
bound morphemes.
They may be divided into inflectional and derivational types.
root versus affixational morphemes; free versus bound ~; derivational versus inflectional ~.
3.4.1 Roots and Affixes (词根) (词缀)
Roots(root
morphemes) and affixes (affixational morphemes).
allomorphs
Morphemes
in the abstract notion are put between braces like{ }.
Same
morphemic shapes represent different morphemes and thus have different meanings:
‘internationalization’ inter-, nation-, -al, -iz(e), -ation, each having meaning of its own. These segments can not be further divided; otherwise, none of them would make any sense. These minimal meaningful units are known as morphemes.
A
syllable is not the
same as a morpheme, since it has nothing
to do with meaning.
A
morpheme may be represented by one syllable,
like boy有意义部 分,是语言中最小的构词单位)
3.1.2 Differences between
morphemes and phonemes
A morpheme is a two-facet language unit which possesses both sound and meaning.
by two or more syllables, as in la.dy,
croc.o.dile and sal. a. man. der.
Often
the syllabic structure of a word and its morphemic structure do not correspond.
according to their position in a word. Plurality {s}: /s/, /z/, /iz/ {be}: /wƆz/(was), /wə:/(were)…
3.3 Allomorphs词(语)素变体 A morpheme may take various shapes or forms.
Bird, tree, green, sad, want…
These
morphemes coincide with words. And they are called ‘monomorphemic words’.(单语素单词)
Some
are realized by more than one morph
①.Roots:
A
root is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word.
(see examples)
work, workable, worker, worked, working. In each word the root is work, which is the basic unchangeable part, carrying the main lexical meaning.
vitamin vivacious
vivid
‘vit-’ or ‘viv-’: ‘life’ or ‘to live’ revive: to live again. vivid: ‘-id’: having a certain quality; having the quality of life; lively; active.
Chapter Three
Morphological Structure of English Words
Contents of today’s lecture:
Morpheme
Morph Allomorph
Types
of morphemes
3.1 Morphemes（词/语素、形位）
A
root, whether free or bound, generally carries the main component of meaning in a word.
what the following words have in common:
Notice
revive vital
Examples:
number is small and fixed: -the regular plural marker: -s in chairs, -es in boxes -possessive case: ‘s; -verbal endings, -s for the third person singular present tense; -progressive marker: -ing; -(e)d for the past tense and past participle -er, -est for the comparative and the superlative degree.
3.1.3 Differences between morphemes and syllables
How many syllables and morphemes are there in the following words? child boy lady crocodile salamander
The inflectional morpheme –(e)s of books, pigs, horses has the same meaning “ more than one,” yet it has three different phonological forms: / -s, -z,-iz/.
Examples:
{-s} tables, apples, cars: Plurality talks, opens, shouts: Person /finiteness boy’s, John’s, university’s: Case
3.4 Types of Morphemes
(a) Inflectional affixes (inflectional morphemes) (屈折词缀)
Inflectional
morphemes (affixes) indicate the syntactic relationships between words and function as grammatical markers.
A
phoneme only conveys sound distinction.
k: /k/ and u /ju:/ -phonemes (no meaning) a: /ei/ and i /ai/ -phonemes; but become morphemes only when ‘a’ is used as an indefinite article or a prefix, and ‘i’ used as the first person singular.
An
allomorph refers to a member of a set of morphs, which represent one morpheme. (一套形素 中的一个成员，表征一 个词素)
We
class morphs together as allomorphs of a single morpheme.
3.2 Morph (形素) The phonetic or 串 orthographic strings or 段、节 segments which realize morphemes are termed ‘morphs’. (体现词素的语音串和拼写字节)
Most
morphemes are realized by single morphs like
Inflectional
morphemes are confined to suffixes.
What
grammatical meaning can they express?
plurality,
tense, the comparative or superlative degree, possessive case…
3.1.1Definition of a morpheme:
Morpheme
is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.
In
other words, the morpheme is ‘the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.’ ( Crystal,
Free roots provide
(b) Bound roots: many Greek and Latin roots are bound.
-tain : contain, detain or retain, -ceive: conceive, deceive or receive.
Such
roots were once a word in Latin: tain from tenere: to hold; ceive from capere: to take.
They
have no identity outside the small group of words in which they appear.
Roots,
therefore, are the cores of English words. Roots are either free or bound.
(a) Free roots:
boy, moon, walk, black.
the English language with a basis for the formation of new words.
A
morpheme is 显示 manifested as one or more morphs in different environments. These morphs are called allomorphs.
morpheme
﹛would﹜
morph morph morph morph /wud/ /wəd/ /əd/ /d/
Characteristics (4) of Inflectional affixes:
②. Affixes
Affixes
are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function.
They
are considered as
bound morphemes.
They may be divided into inflectional and derivational types.
root versus affixational morphemes; free versus bound ~; derivational versus inflectional ~.
3.4.1 Roots and Affixes (词根) (词缀)
Roots(root
morphemes) and affixes (affixational morphemes).
allomorphs
Morphemes
in the abstract notion are put between braces like{ }.
Same
morphemic shapes represent different morphemes and thus have different meanings:
‘internationalization’ inter-, nation-, -al, -iz(e), -ation, each having meaning of its own. These segments can not be further divided; otherwise, none of them would make any sense. These minimal meaningful units are known as morphemes.
A
syllable is not the
same as a morpheme, since it has nothing
to do with meaning.
A
morpheme may be represented by one syllable,
like boy有意义部 分,是语言中最小的构词单位)
3.1.2 Differences between
morphemes and phonemes
A morpheme is a two-facet language unit which possesses both sound and meaning.
by two or more syllables, as in la.dy,
croc.o.dile and sal. a. man. der.
Often
the syllabic structure of a word and its morphemic structure do not correspond.
according to their position in a word. Plurality {s}: /s/, /z/, /iz/ {be}: /wƆz/(was), /wə:/(were)…
3.3 Allomorphs词(语)素变体 A morpheme may take various shapes or forms.
Bird, tree, green, sad, want…
These
morphemes coincide with words. And they are called ‘monomorphemic words’.(单语素单词)
Some
are realized by more than one morph
①.Roots:
A
root is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word.
(see examples)
work, workable, worker, worked, working. In each word the root is work, which is the basic unchangeable part, carrying the main lexical meaning.
vitamin vivacious
vivid
‘vit-’ or ‘viv-’: ‘life’ or ‘to live’ revive: to live again. vivid: ‘-id’: having a certain quality; having the quality of life; lively; active.
Chapter Three
Morphological Structure of English Words
Contents of today’s lecture:
Morpheme
Morph Allomorph
Types
of morphemes
3.1 Morphemes（词/语素、形位）
A
root, whether free or bound, generally carries the main component of meaning in a word.
what the following words have in common:
Notice
revive vital
Examples:
number is small and fixed: -the regular plural marker: -s in chairs, -es in boxes -possessive case: ‘s; -verbal endings, -s for the third person singular present tense; -progressive marker: -ing; -(e)d for the past tense and past participle -er, -est for the comparative and the superlative degree.
3.1.3 Differences between morphemes and syllables
How many syllables and morphemes are there in the following words? child boy lady crocodile salamander
The inflectional morpheme –(e)s of books, pigs, horses has the same meaning “ more than one,” yet it has three different phonological forms: / -s, -z,-iz/.
Examples:
{-s} tables, apples, cars: Plurality talks, opens, shouts: Person /finiteness boy’s, John’s, university’s: Case
3.4 Types of Morphemes
(a) Inflectional affixes (inflectional morphemes) (屈折词缀)
Inflectional
morphemes (affixes) indicate the syntactic relationships between words and function as grammatical markers.
A
phoneme only conveys sound distinction.
k: /k/ and u /ju:/ -phonemes (no meaning) a: /ei/ and i /ai/ -phonemes; but become morphemes only when ‘a’ is used as an indefinite article or a prefix, and ‘i’ used as the first person singular.
An
allomorph refers to a member of a set of morphs, which represent one morpheme. (一套形素 中的一个成员，表征一 个词素)
We
class morphs together as allomorphs of a single morpheme.