语言学试卷汇总考试

Translate the following terms from English into Chinese.把下列术语翻译成中文
1.duality of structure _________结构的二元性_______________
2.General Linguistics ________普通语言学________________
3.voiceless consonant _________清辅音_______________
plementary distribution ________互补分布________________
5.free morpheme ________自由词素________________
6.immediate constituent ________直接成份________________
ponential Analysis ________成份分析________________
8.American Structuralism ________美国结构主义________________
9.zero morph _________零语子_______________
10.structural ambiguity _________结构歧义_______________
11.productivity _________多产性______________
12.linguistic competence __________语言能力______________
13.manner of articulation _________发音方法_______________
14.intonation language _________语调语言_______________
15.allophone __________音位变体______________
16.inflectional morpheme _________曲折语素_______________
17.phrase marker __________短语标记______________
18.denotation __________指示______________
19.Systemic-Functional Grammar __________系统功能语法______________
20.bound morpheme __________粘着语素______________
21.cultural transmission __________文化传播______________
22.Descriptive Linguistics __________描写语言学______________
23.derivational morpheme ___________派生词素_____________
24.consonant ___________辅音_____________
25.tone language ___________声调语言_____________
26.empty morph ___________虚语子_____________
27.syntax ___________语法_____________
plementary antonym ___________互补反义词_____________
29.mode of discourse ____________话语方式____________
30.free variation _______自有变异_________________
31.displacement __________取代______________
32.paradigmatic relation __________集合体关系______________
33.voiced consonant __________浊辅音______________
34.minimal pair __________极小对______________
35.phoneme __________音位______________
36.lexical ambiguity __________词法的歧义性______________
37.connotation __________内涵______________
nguage acquisition device __________语言习得机制______________
39.constituency __________选区______________
40.alien __________相异______________
41.design feature __________设计特点______________
42.Theoretical Linguistics __________理论语言学______________
43.diphthong __________双元音______________
44.contrastive distribution __________对立分布______________
45.translation-loan __________借译词______________
46.ultimate constituent __________主要成分______________
47.relational opposite __________关系对立词______________
48.genre __________类型______________
49.dependency __________从属______________
50.denizen __________居民______________
51.arbitrariness __________任意______________
52.linguistic performance ___________语言行为_____________
53.vowel ___________元音_____________
54.free variation ___________自由变异_____________
55.derivational morpheme _________派生词素_______________
56.surface structure __________表层结构______________
57.mode of discourse ___________话语方式_____________
58.gradable antonym __________分级反义词______________
59.Innateness Hypothesis __________天赋假说______________
plementary antonym __________互补反义词______________
61.interchangeability _______可交换性_________________
62.syntagmatic relation ________结构关系________________
63.pure vowel _________纯元音_______________
64.intonation language _________语调语言_______________
65.bound morpheme __________粘着语素______________
66.linguistic competence __________语言能力______________
67.deep structure __________深层结构______________
68.semantic field __________语义场_____________
69.context of situation ___________情境语境_____________
70.manner of articulation ___________发音方法_____________
71.discreteness ___________组件_____________
72.Applied Linguistics _________应用语言学_______________
73.immediate constituent __________直接成分______________
74.place of articulation __________发音部位______________
75.phoneme ___________音位；音素_____________
76.zero morph _________零语子_______________
77.structural ambiguity __________结构歧义______________
78.hyponymy __________上下位关系______________
79.tenor of discourse ___________语旨_____________
ponential Analysis __________成分分析______________
Answer the following questions.回答一下问题
1.What are the differences between grammatical competence and pragmatic competence
2.What is the difference between free morphemes and bound morphemes Illustrate it with examples.
3.What are the three syntactic relations Illustrate them with examples.
4.What does it mean to say that language is arbitrary Illustrate it with examples.
5.What is the difference between tone languages and intonation languages Illustrate it with examples.
6.Explain the differences between inflectional affixes and derivational affixes in terms of both function and position.
7.What does it mean to say that language is a system Illustrate it with examples.
8.What is the difference between an empty morph and a zero morph Illustrate it with examples.
9.What are the differences between surface structure and deep structure Illustrate them with examples.
10.What does it mean to say that language is symbolic Illustrate it with examples.
11.What is a morpheme Illustrate the relationship between morphemes, morphs, and allomorphs with examples.
12.What are the three general types of antonyms And how do they differ from each other
13.What are the three sub-branches of phonetics How do they differ from each other
14.What does Semantic Filed Theory mainly propose Illustrate it with examples.
15.What is the difference between segmental features and supra-segmental features What are the supra-segmental
features in English
16.What are the design features of languages
17.How does denotation differ from connotation Illustrate their difference with examples.
18.Why do we say “absolute synonyms are rare or even non-existent” Illustrate it with examples.
19.What does it mean to say that language is dual-structured
20.What does compounding mean Illustrate with examples the differences between hyphenated compounds, solid
compounds and open compounds
21.What are the essential factors for determining sentence meaning Illustrate them with examples.
22.How does a diachronic description of a language differ from a synchronic description of a language Illustrate their
difference with examples.
23.What are the three conditions for forming a minimal pair Illustrate it with examples.
24.What does clipping mean in morphology Illustrate with examples the difference between back clipping, front
clipping, front and back clipping, and phrase clipping.
Practical work.
Write the symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions：写对应于每一个下面语音描述的符号
Example: a voiceless velar plosive [k]
1) a voiced bilabial plosive __ [b] ____
2) a voiceless labiodental fricative __ [f] ____
3) a voiced bilabial nasal __ [ m ] ____
4) a high front unrounded vowel __[ i ]___
5) a voiced bilabial glide __[w]____
6) a voiceless dental fricative __[θ]____
7) a voiced labiodental nasal __ [?] ____
8) a mid central unroudned vowel ___[ ?:] ___
9) a voiced velar plosive __ /g/ ____
10) a voiceless alveolar fricative _[θ:]_____
11) a voiced alveolar liquid __ ____
12) a mid back rounded vowel __[?:] ____
13) a voiced dental fricative __[ e ] ____
14) a voiceless alveo-palatal affricative __ / ? /____
15) a voiced post-alveolar liquid __ /?/ ____
16) a high back rounded vowel __ [u] ____
17) a voiceless bilabial plosive ___[p]___
18) a voiced alveolar fricative __[s]____
19) a voiceless post-alveolar affricate __ [t??] ____
20) a low front unrounded vowel __[a]____
21) a voiceless alveo-palatal fricative __t____
22) a voiced post-alveolar affricate __[z]____
23) a voiceless palatal plosive __[c]____
24) a mid front unrounded vowel _[ε]___
25) a voiceless alveolar plosive __ [t] ____
26) a voiced alveolar nasal ______
27) a voiced palatal glide ______
28) a low central unrounded vowel __Λ____
29) a voiced alveo-palatal fricative __x____
30) a voiceless dental fricative __[θ]____
31) a voiced alveo-palatal affricate ______
32) a low back rounded vowel _[ ?]_____
Divide the following words into separate morphemes by placing a “+” between each morpheme and the next:
Example: bookshelf = book + shelf
1)manly = man+ly
2)encourage = en+cour+age
3)placement = place+ment
4)agreement = agree+ment
5)affixes =
6)footprint = foot+print
7)underestimation= under+estimation
8)disapproval = dis+approval
9)gentleman = gentle+man
10)entertainment = enter+tain+ment
11)entitle = en+title
12)reread =re+read
13)unfit = un+fit
14)waterbed = water+bed
15)disorderly = dis+order+ly
16)unsuccessful = un+success+ful
17)structural = structural
18)sweeten = sweet+en
19)marker = mark+er
20)decided = decid+ed
21)exciting = excit+ing
22)greenhouse = green+house
23)disgraceful = dis+grace+ful
24)enlargement = en+large+ment
25)informed =inform+ed
26)amazing = amaz+ing
27)advanced =advance+ed
28)enrich =en+rich
29)deafen =deaf+en
30)undergo = un+dergo
31)irregularly = ir+regular+ly
32)decoded = decod+ed
33)incorrect = in+correct
34)undo = un+do
35)weekly = week+ly
36)functional =func+tion+al
37)illiterate = ill+iterate
38)sleepwalk = sleep+walk
39)unmanly = un+man+ly
40)befriended = be+friend+ed
41)disobey = dis+oney
42)rewrite = re+write
43)yearly = year+ly
44)troublesome = trouble+some
45)talented = talent+ed
46)lookout = look+out
47)boyishness = boy+ish+ness
48)disappearance = dis+appear+ance
49)supervise = super+vise
50)costly = cost+ly
51)inspiring = inspire+ing
52)prescription =pre+scrip+tion
53)threaten = threat+en
54)overlook = over+look
55)undesirable = un+desir+able
56)irreplaceable = ir+re+place+able
57)eatable = eat+able
58)amusement = amuse+ment
59)monthly = month+ly
60)generalize =generalize
61)logical =logic+al
62)grandfather = grand+father
63)incorruptible = in+corrupt+ible
64)reenactment =re+enact+ment
Match the names of linguistic figures in column A with the schools or theories or works of linguistics in column B:
Column A Column B
1)Saussure ( d ) a. Systemic-Functional Grammar
2)Halliday ( a ) b. The London School
3)Firth ( b ) c.Transformational-Generative Grammar
4)Chomsky ( c ) d. The Founder of Structuralism
系统功能语法（Systemic-functional Grammar）由英国语言学家韩礼德（Halliday）
伦敦学派是以长期在伦敦大学的东方与非洲研究学院教授语音学与语言学并于1944 年成为英国第一任语言学教授弗斯(Firth)为首的语言学派
换-生成语法（Transformational-generative grammar，简称TG）是美国语言学家乔姆斯基
Column A Column B
5)Chomsky ( c ) a. American Structuralism
6)Bloomfield ( a ) b. Relational Grammar
7)Lamb ( b ) c. Syntactic Structures
8)Perlmutter and Postal ( d ) d. Stratificational Grammar
Column A Column B
9)Chomsky ( b ) a. The Prague School
10)Mathesius ( a ) b. Aspects of The Theory of Syntax
11)Malinowski ( d ) c. Case Grammar
12)Fillmore ( c ) d. Coral Gardens and Their Magic
Column A Column B
13)Chomsky ( b ) a. American Structuralism
14)Firth ( d ) b. The Minimalist Program
15)Bloomfield ( a ) c. The Distinctive Feature Theory
16)Jakobson ( c ) d. The Founder of the London School
Column A Column B
17)Chomsky ( c ) a. Montague Grammar
18)Hjelmslev ( d ) b. Lexical-Functional Grammar
19)Montague ( a ) c. The Innateness Hypothesis
20)Brasnan & Kaplan ( b ) d. The Copenhagen School
Column A Column B
21)Chomsky ( b ) a. The Copenhagen School
22)Jakobson ( d ) b. Language Acquisition Device
23)Mathesius ( c ) c. Communicative Dynamism
24)Hjelmslev ( a ) d. The Distinctive Feature Theory
Column A Column B
25)Chomsky ( d ) a. The Founder of the London School
26)Halliday ( c ) b. The Founder of Structuralism
27)Firth ( a ) c. Systemic-Functional Grammar
28)Saussure ( b ) d. The Extended Standard Theory
Column A Column B
29)Chomsky ( b ) a. Coral Gardens and Their Magic
30)Hjelmslev ( d ) b. The Classical Theory
31)Jakobson ( c ) c. The Distinctive Feature Theory
32)Malinowski ( a ) d. The Copenhagen School
Draw the deep structure phrase markers for the following two sentences:
1)John is attending the class.
2)Mary could have seen the film.
3)Mary is chasing the dog.
4)John could have read the book.
5)Tom is eating an orange.
6)Nancy could have done her homework.
7)Johnson is reading a book.
8)David could have finished his homework.
9)David is singing a song.
10)Tim could have told the truth.
11)Tim is playing the piano.
12)Johnson could have stolen the wallet.
13)Nancy is playing the badminton.
14)Mary could have seen the poster.
15)George is doing his homework.
16)David could have read the novel.。