湖南省株洲市第四中学高一英语牛津译林版《M3U2grammar》知识点讲解(1)

[词条1]throughout
[课文原句] Through out history, people from many different countries and cultures have lived together in Britain. (Page 22, Lines 1-2)
[点拨] throughout在这里为介词,意为"贯穿；遍及",相当于all over。

又如: His paintings are famous throughout / all over the world.
[拓展] throughout也可以用作副词,表示"自始至终；各处；遍及"。

例如:
①Facing danger, the father remained calm throughout in order to protect his family.
②The whole house was painted white throughout.
[词条2]raise
[课文原句] At this point, many English people worked as servants who raised animals and cooked for the Normans.(Page 23, Lines 37-39)
[点拨] raise是及物动词,意为"饲养"。

又如:
Many farmers who raised pigs have earned a lot of money this year.
[拓展]
◆raise也可以表示"抚养,养大(孩子或动物等)；种植(农作物)"。

例如:
①The mother raised her child all by herself when her husband w orked abroad.
②The old lady raised many chickens and a large field of corn.
◆raise也常用来表示"举起,抬起,升起；提高；募集"。

例如:
①Hearing what I said, she raised her eyes and stared at me with surprise.
②The prices of most goods in this super-market have been raised a little.
③The man raised money by selling his house to pay back the debt.
[词条3]adopt
[课文原句] By the latter half of the 14th century, English was adopted by all classes in England.(Page 23, Lines 48-49)
[点拨] adopt在这里作及物动词,意为"采用"。

又如:
I like your teaching method and I shall adopt it in my school.
[拓展] adopt还可以表示"收养"。

例如:
The middle-aged couple were eager to have a child, so they adopted one.
[词条1]be made up of
[课文原句] The English language is made up of the rules and vocabulary each group of people brought to Britain with them.(Page 22, Lines 3-4)
[点拨] be made up of在这里意为"由……组成,由……构成",相当于本课的另一个短语consist of。

又如:
Our school is made up of a campus, a playground, two labs and three teaching buildings.＝Our school consists of a campus, a playground, two labs and three teaching buildings. [拓展]
◆注意和几个相近的词组相区分:be made of"由……制成",be made from"由……制成(用于原材料不易看出的场合)",be made in"在某地制造",be made by"由某人制造"。

例如:
①Are these tables all made of stone?
②It’s not easy to tell what this kind of paper is made from.
③The coat that I bought in A merica was made in China.
④These beautiful bags are made by these young girls.
◆我们以前学过词组make up,意为"编造,捏造,杜撰"。

例如:
The father made up an interesting story to make his son laugh.
[词条2]pickup
[课文原句] This is because many pairs of words and phrases have similar meanings in English, for example, pick up and lift up.(Page 22, Lines 19-20)
[点拨] pick up在这里相当于lift up,表示"拿起"。

又如:
He stopped walking and bent to pick up a coin on the floor.
[拓展] pick up含义很丰富,还可以表示"恢复精神；得到；搭载；接(人)"等。

例如:
①According to the doctor, he will pick up in half a year.
②Where did you pick up the news?
③The bus always stops by the roadside to pick up passengers.
④ Vicky’s father always picks her up at the school gate after class.
[词条3]contribute to
[课文原句] Many factors contributed to the development of this new type of English.(Page 22, Lines 25-26)
[点拨] contribute to在这里意为"是……的成因之一",to是介词。

又如:
She told me that what you had said to her contributed to her success.
[拓展] contribute to还可以表示"捐献；投稿"。

例如:
Many people contributed food and clothing to the flooded areas.
①The man tried to contribute articles to that magazine, but failed.
疑问词引导的名词性从句
在第一单元中我们学习了名词性从句的一些基本知识,学会了根据从句在整个复合句中所作的成分来判断名词性从句的类型。

今天我们来重点分析一下由疑问词引导的名词性从句。

一、引导名词性从句的疑问词一般分为两类,即连接代词和连接副词。

连接代词常见的有what, which, who, whom, whose；连接副词常见的有how, when, where 和why。

例如:
①Who has taken the MP4 player is not clear. (主语从句)
②What we can’t get seems better than what we have. (主语从句)
③Please advise me which book I should read first. (宾语从句)
④I have no idea when they can come back to school. (同位语从句)
⑤The important thing is how we can improve our English. (表语从句)
二、疑问词引导的名词性从句要用陈述句语序。

英语中,从句不是一个单独的简单句,所以疑问词引导名词性从句时,从句要用陈述句语序。

例如:
①Why she was late for the meeting was unknown.
②What she told me is that her novel has been translated into English.
三、注意what引导的名词性从句。

在第一单元中我们学习了that也可引导名词性从句,在实际运用中,我们常将其与what 引导的名词性从句混淆。

what引导名词性从句时,相当于"先行词+关系代词",意为"……事(物、人)",在从句中一定充当某个成分,或是主语,或是宾语,或是表语。

而that引导名词性从句时,在从句中既不充当任何成分,也无实际意义,仅起连接作用,但一般不省略(宾语从句除外)。

例如: What surprised me most was that the little girl could play the violin so well.
(what在主语从句中作主语,that在表语从句中不作成分)
注意:部分同学之所以误用what或that是因为没有分清名词性从句和定语从句。

定语从句不能由what引导,而关系代词that在定语从句中可作主语、宾语或表语。

what ＝先行词＋关系代词,当关系代词作宾语或表语时可以省略。

例如:
①He is no longer what he used to be.＝He is no longer the person (that) he used to be.
②Pay attention to what the teacher said. ＝Pay attention to all (that) the teacher said.
四、从句作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数。

无论主语从句有多长,一般都作单数处理。

例如:
①When we will start has not been decided yet.
②What you are doing seems very difficult.
注意:当what引导的主语从句后面的表语是复数名词时,系动词要用复数形式。

例如: What he wants to buy are three books and two pens.。