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THE WEIGHT OF THE ARK OF THE COVENANT
ELIHU A. SCHATZ
The Tabernacle in the time of Moses, as described in Exodus 25:10-22, was built to be a portable temple which could be transported from place to place in the desert. Therefore, the weights of its components could not be exces-sive. Most commentaries have ignored this point and have disregarded weight calculations. For example, Rashi on Exodus 26:17 assumes that the planks, that were 10 cubits high and 1.5 cubits wide, were 1 cubit (at least 43 centi-meters) thick. The weight of such planks would be at least 1320 pounds (600 kilograms), which would have made it impossible to transport 48 such planks (plus other planks and silver sockets) through the desert in four wagons pulled by only two oxen each (Num. 4:29-32; 7:8). An alternative estimate that the planks were only about one centimeter thick is therefore more likely correct.
In the light of the fact that most commentaries do not calculate the weight of the Tabernacle, I was pleased to see the article by Josiah Derby1 wherein he attempts to calculate the weight of the Ark of the Covenant, including the weight of the gold overlay. He calculates that weight at about 288 pounds (131 kilograms), and argues that is too heavy for four men to carry on their shoulders, each having to bear a load of about 72 pounds (33 kilograms). This conclusion disturbed me, because the Ark was carried many times on the shoulders of four men (see in particular Ex. 25:14; Num. 7:9; Jos. 3:13; 4:16; 6:12; I Kgs. 2:26: I Chr. 15:15).
I am, therefore, presenting a modified calculation of the weight of the Ark, based on the calculations in my commentary on the Book of Exodus2. This calculation will be performed in the scientific centimeter-gram system of units as well as the foot-pound units used by Derby. The weight for the Ark comes out to only 183 pounds (83 kilograms), which four men could carry on
Elihu A. Schatz has a Ph.D. in physical chemistry from the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, and ordination from Yeshiva University. He has authored over 100 articles and reports in the scientific field, and has published numerous books on the Bible. His biblical books include a commentary in Hebrew on almost the entire Tanakh (18 volumes), and books in Hebrew on biblical chronology, rationale of the biblical commandments, and biblical prophecies concern-ing modern times. He has also published in English the book Proof of the Accuracy of the Bi-ble. Rabbi Dr. Schatz resides in Hashmonaim, Israel.
ELIHU A. SCHATZ
JEWISH BIBLE QUARTERLY
116their shoulders without difficulty, each bearing a load of about 46 pounds (21
kilograms).
The calculations made by Derby need the following corrections:
1. The density of the gold is given as 1197 pounds/cubic foot (19.2
grams/cubic centimeter). This value is correct for pure gold. However, the
gold used in ancient times must have contained a percentage of impurities,
and its density would be closer to 1061 pounds/cubic foot (17.0 grams/cubic
centimeter).
2. The thickness of the gold overlay is assumed to be 1/64 inch (0.04 centi-
meters). However, my calculations show that the thickness should be approx-
imately 0.02 centimeters. In Exodus 38:24, the total weight of the gold for all
the vessels used is given as 29 talents and 730 shekels. The weight of a talent
is equivalent to 3000 shekels. Therefore, the total weight was 29 x 3000 +
730 = 87,730 shekels. Based on the data in the Encyclopedia Biblica 3 a she-
kel weighs 11.4 grams. Hence the total weight of gold was 2200.2 pounds
(1000.1 kilograms). I calculated the total weight of the gold for all the ves-
sels, and had to use a thickness for the gold overlay of 0.02 centimeters in
order to approximate this value. In actuality, I obtained a total weight of 2420
pounds (1100 kilograms), which I felt was close enough to the value stated in
the text considering all the assumptions and approximations that were in-
volved in the calculations.
3. The cubit was assumed to be 18 inches (45.7 centimeters). This is a fairly
reasonable value. However, the figures in the Siloam Inscription (eighth cen-
tury BCE) yield a slightly smaller value for the cubit. The inscription states
that the Siloam tunnel is 1200 cubits in length. The tunnel is still extant, and
the shortest measurement gives a length of 520 meters,4 from which is ob-
tained a value for the cubit of about 17 inches (43.2 centimeters).
4. The weight of the two Tablets of the Covenant is figured at 60 pounds
(27.3 kilograms). However, Moses came down from Mount Sinai carrying
both of them in one hand (Ex. 32:15, 34:4). It would be extremely difficult to
do this if they weighed 60 pounds. A more reasonable value would be 11
pounds (5 kilograms) for the two together. This would be the case if we as-
sume that the tablets were each 25 centimeters long by 20 centimeters wide
by 2 centimeters thick, and the density of the stone was 156 pounds/cubic
foot (2.5 gram/cubic centimeter). The Ten Commandments were written on
THE WEIGHT OF THE ARK OF THE COVENANT Vol. 35, No. 2, 2007 117
both sides of both of the flat stone tablets, perhaps with verses of Exodus 20 divided as 2-4, 5-7, 8-11, and 12-14.
5. The dimensions of the Ark were 2.5 cubits long by 1.5 cubits wide by 1.5 cubits high (Ex. 25:10). Counting the cubit as equal to 43.2 centimeters, the dimensions are 108.0 centimeters by 64.8 centimeters by 64.8 centimeters. If the wood was 1.0 centimeter thick, and the density of the wood was 0.5 gram/cubic centimeter, the weight of the wood was (32.3 pounds) 14.7 kilo-grams (2 x 64.8 x 64.8 x 1.0 x 0.5 + 3 x 108.0 x 64.8 x 1.0 x 0.5). Derby as-sumed that the weight of the wood was 50 pounds (22.7 kilograms).
6. The kapporet(cover of the Ark) consisted of two connected parts; the flat part that covers the Ark and the two cherubim that spread their wings over it (Ex. 25:17-21). Derby assumes that the flat part must be at least 1/16 inch thick (0.16 centimeter) so as not to buckle. However, the gold used is not pure gold, and a thinner layer of gold (such as 0.10 centimeter) would have sufficient structural strength. The weight of the flat part is then 108.0 x 64.8 x 0.10 x 1
7.0 = 11.9 kilograms (26.2 pounds). However, Derby gets a value of 52.73 pounds (24.0 kilograms), using a thickness of 0.16 centimeters for the flat part, 45.7 centimeters for the value of the cubit, and a density of 19.2 grams/cubic centimeter for the gold.
The weight of the cherubim cannot be calculated exactly because we do not know their exact size. Derby makes several assumptions, and calculates their weight to be 39.52 pounds (18.0 kilograms). My assumed weight for the che-rubim is somewhat higher; namely, 55.0 pounds (25.0 kilograms).
In total, he obtains 92.25 pounds (42.0 kilograms) for the weight of the kapporet. In contrast, I obtain 81.2 pounds (36.9 kilograms).
7. The gold overlay was applied to both the inside and outside of the Ark. The surface area of the wood is 2x2 x 64.8 x 64.8 + 2x3 x 108.0 x 64.8 = 58786.56 square centimeters. By multiplying this area by 0.02 for the thick-ness of the overlay and by 17.0 for the assumed density of the gold we obtain 20.0 kilograms (44.0 pounds) as weight of the gold overlay. In contrast, Der-by obtained a weight of 82.86 pounds (37.7 kilograms) for the gold overlay.
8. The diameter of the carrying poles (Ex. 25:13-15) was assumed to be approximately 2 inches (5.1 centimeters). Thereby, Derby obtained a weight of about 3 pounds (1.4 kilograms) for the poles, their gold overlay and the gold rings. My own calculations for the poles are more detailed. I assume that
ELIHU A. SCHATZ
JEWISH BIBLE QUARTERLY
118they were placed on the shorter sides of the Ark, and that they were 4 centi-
meters in diameter and 124.8 centimeters in length. This is equivalent to the
width of the Ark plus 60 centimeters necessary for the men to hold the poles
on their shoulders. The volume of the poles is then 2 x 1568 cubic centime-
ters, and their weight is 1.57 kilograms. The surface area of the poles is 2 x
1568.3 square centimeters and the weight of the gold overlay is 0.02 x 17 x
3136.6 = 1.07 kilograms. Hence, the total weight of the gold-coated poles is
1.57 + 1.07 =
2.6 kilograms (5.7 pounds). The weight of the four gold rings
that hold the carrying poles is almost negligible. I assumed that their thick-
ness was 0.2 centimeters, their inside diameter 4.0 centimeters, and that they
were complete circles. Their resultant weight is then 0.03 kilograms.
9. Derby's calculations did not include the weight of the decorative gold
molding (crown) all around the top of the Ark (Ex. 25 11). My estimate is
that the molding was one handbreadth (one-sixth of a cubit = 7.2 centimeters)
wide and 0.1 centimeter thick. This thickness provides sufficient structural
strength for the molding. Its weight is then 7.2 x 2 x (108 + 64.8) x 17 x 0.1 =
4.2 kilograms (9.2 pounds).
The total weight obtained for the Ark, as stated above, is 83 kilograms
(183 pounds), which consists of 5.0+14.7+11.9+25.0+20.0+2.6+0.03+4.2
kilograms. Each of the four men carrying the Ark would bear a weight of
about 21 kilograms (46 pounds), which can easily be tolerated on the shoul-
ders for extensive periods of time. If necessary, the carriers could use shoul-
der padding to ease the pressure of the poles on the shoulders.
NOTES
1. Josiah Derby, "The Gold of the Ark," Jewish Bible Quarterly, Vol. 33:4 (Oct. 2005) pp. 253-
256.
2. E.A. Schatz, Commentary by Elihu on the Book of Exodus (Hashmonaim, by the author,
2001) pp. 136-137 (in Hebrew).
3. Encyclopaedia Biblica (Jerusalem: Bialik Institute, 1962) Vol. 4, p. 867 (in Hebrew).
4. D.W. Thomas, Documents From Old Testament Times (New York: Harper Torchbook ed.,
1961) p. 209.
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XXXX annual work summary
Dear every leader, colleagues:
Look back end of XXXX, XXXX years of work, have the joy of success in your work, have a collaboration with colleagues, working hard, also have disappointed when encountered difficulties and setbacks. Imperceptible in tense and orderly to be over a year, a year, under the loving care and guidance of the leadership of the company, under the support and help of colleagues, through their own efforts, various aspects have made certain progress, better to complete the job. For better work, sum up experience and lessons, will now work a brief summary.
To continuously strengthen learning, improve their comprehensive quality. With good comprehensive quality is the precondition of completes the labor of duty and conditions. A year always put learning in the important position, trying to improve their comprehensive quality. Continuous learning professional skills, learn from surrounding colleagues with rich work experience, equip themselves with knowledge, the expanded aspect of knowledge, efforts to improve their comprehensive quality.
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yourself do better next year!
I wish you all work study progress in the year to come.。