2020-2021大学《生物专业英语》期末课程考试试卷B(含答案)

2020-2021《生物专业英语》课程考试试卷B
(答案一律填在答题纸上)
一、单词翻译（中英文互译，共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）
1．核苷、核苷酸
2. 基因型、表现型
3. 染色质、染色体
4. 菌丝、菌丝体
5．受精、杂种不育性
6．heterozygous \ homozygous
7．exponential growth curve\logistic growth curve
8．gene amplification \ semiconservative replication
9. meiosis \mitosis
10.centromere \centriole
二．判断题（每题1分，共12分）
1. Unlike other cell membranes, the nuclear envelope has no pores.
2. Light-dependent reactions take place in the chloroplast stroma.
3. Plant cells have the most prominent centrioles.
4. Homozygous organisms produce only one type of gamete for a gene.
5. Not all organisms exhibit semiconservative replication.
6. The sequence of bases on the DNA molecule carries the genetic
information.
7. The first living cells were probably aerobic heterotrophs.
8. The first cells could not have appeared without the protection of the
ozone layer.
9. Most basidiomycetes undergo asexual reproduction.
10. Prior to fertilization, the egg’s electrical charge is positive.
11. A phylogeny traces lines of descent.
12. Competition and predation are examples of dendity-dependent factors. 三、阅读理解（共20小题，每小题2分，共40分）
(1) Wide-ranging research on tooth decay has recently produced some surprising findings. One indicates that cheddar may actually inhibit the tooth-decay process. It seems to have decay-slowing effect on human teeth if it is eaten immediately after sugar. Why cheese should have such an effect is unknown. It is speculated that the food might interfere with the acid that decays teeth or with bacteria that produce the acid. If so, it would be the first common food found to have this useful property. The other surprising research finding was that heavily sweetened cereals proved about equally potent in causing decay whether they contained eight percent sugar or almost eight times that much.
1. According to the passage, how many of the test results were
unexpected?
A. One
B. Two
C. Three
D. Eight
2. According to the passage, what effect does cheddar cheese seem
to have?
A.It interferes with the function of teeth.
B.It makes sugar taste sweeter.
C.It decreases the rate at which teeth decay.
D.It helps in the digestion of food.
3. It can be inferred from the passage that the research on the
relationship between cheese and tooth_______.
A. has been discredited
B. will be slowed considerably
C. has been found to be conclusive
D. will be continued
4. Researchers discovered that sweetened cereals were______.
A. important nutritionally
B. all surprisingly heavy in sugar
C. more expensive than cheese
D. all equally harmful to teeth
(2) Insect,s lives are very short and they have many enemies, but they must survive long enough to breed and perpetuate their kind. The less insect like they look, the better their chance of survival. To look “inedible”by resembling or imitating plants, is a deception widely practiced by insects .Mammals rarely use this type of camouflage, but
The stick caterpillar is well named. It is hardly distinguishable from a brown or green twig. This caterpillar is quite common and can be found almost anywhere in North America. It is also called “measuring worm” of “inchworm”. It walks by arching its body, then stretching out and grasping the branch with its front feet, then looping its body again to bring the hind feet forward. When danger threatens, the stick caterpillar stretches its body away from the branch at an angle and remains rigid and still, like a twig, until the danger has passed.
Walkingsticks, or stick insects, do not have to assume a rigid, twiglike pose to find protection, they look like inedible twigs in any position. There are many kinds of walkingsticks, ranging in size from the few inches of the North American variety to some tropical species that may be over a foot long. When at rest their front legs are stretched out. Some of the tropical species are adorned with spines or ridges, imitating the thorny bushes or trees in which they live.
Leaves also seem to be a favorite object for insects to imitate. Many butter flies can suddenly disappear from view by folding their wings and sitting quietly among the foliage that they resemble.
1.What is the main subject of the passage?
A.Catepillars that live in trees
B.The feeding habits of insects
C.How some insects camouflage themselves
D.Insects that are threatened with extinction
2.In lines 1, the word “enemies”refers to______.
A.other creatures competing for space
B.extreme weather conditions
C.creatures that eat insects
D.inedible insects
3.According to the passage, how does the stick caterpillar make itself look like a twig?
A.By holding its body stiff and motionless
B.By looping itself around a stick
C.By changing the color of its skin
D.By laying its body flat against a branch
4.Which of the following is true of stick insects?
A.They resemble their surroundings all the time.
B.They make themselves look like other insects.
C.They are camouflaged only when walking.
D.They change color to make themselves invisible.
5.Which of the following are not mentioned in the passage as objects
that are imitated as a means of protection?
A. Thorns
B.Flowers
C.Leaves
D.Sticks
6.In which paragraph does the author describe the way in which stick
caterpillars move?
A.Paragraph one
B.Paragraph two
C.Paragraph three
D.Paragraph four
(3) Most animals use more than one species as food. Therefore, the
term “food web”is a better description of food relationships than
“food chain”. A food web is a complex feeding system that contains
several food chains. For example, mice, rabbits, and deer eat plants.
owls eat mice and rabbits. Mountain lions eat rabbits and deer. These
five species are parts of food chains that together form a food web.
The first link in a food chain is always a green plant. Only organisms
with chlorophyll, such as green plants can make food. for example,
the first link aquatic food chains is algae. Most algae are microscopic
green plants that produce food by photosynthesis. In photosynthesis,
energy from sunlight converts carbon dioxide and water to sugar. Tiny
fish in lakes, streams and oceans eat algae. In turn, these tiny fish
are eaten by larger fish. The larger fish are eaten by still larger
fish. The food supply for fish is made by algae. This food is then
passed through the food chains as one animal eats another.
Organisms may be divided into three groups based on how they obtain
food. These groups are producers, decomposer and consumer. Organisms
containing chlorophyll are producers. thus, green plants are producers. Animals that eat other animals and plants as consumers. Microbes, one-celled organisms that cause the decay of dead plants
and animals are decomposers. Since decomposers cannot make their own
food, they are also consumers.
1.The main purpose of the passage is to_______.
A.determine which food chain is the most efficient
B.describe the food network among plants and animals
C.explain the process of photosynthesis in green plants
D.appeal to conservationists to protect endangered plant species
2.According to the author, what is a “food web”?______
A. A complicated system of several food chains
B. A society that distributes food
C. The relationship of one green plants to another
D. The device that spiders use to catch food
3. Which of the following would most likely be the first link in a food chain?_____
A. Termites
B. Fish
C. Lions
D. Grass
4. The author divides organisms according to______.
A. how they use up energy
B. how they obtain food
C. how much energy they require in order to move
D. whether they live on the land or in the sea
5. Which of the following organism could not be a consumer as described in the passage?
A. a microbe
B. a rabbit
C. a tree
D. a fish
(4) Lichens can be spectacular for anyone who cares to look ,but few people take the trouble. Often modestly colored and seemingly two-dimensional as they cling to whatever surface they find, they grow in the background; as though designed to be ignored. Yet they hold a special fascination for botanists, partly because they present mysteries still to be solved and partly because they do so many things so well.
No casual observer of a lichen would ever suspect that it was a composite of interacting life forms. The seemingly uncomplicated lichen is actually composed of a fungus and a colony of algae (or blue green algae, which some scientists now consider to be bacteria). A few species even include all three of these diverse forms of life. A complete lichen is strikingly different from its separated partners in both appearance and biochemistry; many produce unique compounds which cannot be made by the component organisms alone.
Lichens grow in almost every natural habitat imaginable, from deserts to tropical rain forests—even on the back of certain beetles in New Guinea and inside rocks(along with algae) in the otherwise barren dry valleys of Antarctica.
Many species can not tolerate extreme heat, cold or dryness. Very few, however, can survive heavy air pollution, and many live only where the air is very clean. The disappearance of lichens from an area gives warning of a threatened environment.
1. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?_____
A. The versatility and complexity of the lowly lichen
B. The hidden characteristics of algae colonies
C. The disappearance of the lichen species
D. The habitats of spectacular fungi
2. The author states that lichens grow “as though designed to be ignored” because they
are______.
A. not totally understood by botanists
B. troublesome to collect for the purposes of study
C. uncomplicated in their internal structure
D. not easily noticed by observers
3. According to the author, most people are unaware that lichen is a____.
A. leafy plant
B. class of simple bacteria
C. two-dimensional life form
D. Combination of organisms
4. The “unique”compounds mentioned in the second paragraph are produced_____.
A. through the cooperative efforts of the lichen’s parts
B. only under laboratory conditions
C. through one of the three possible processes
D. once in the lichen’s life cycle
5. The author implies that lichens might be used to____.
A. find water sources
B. destroy unwanted plant life
C. test for air purity
D. provide food in remote areas
四、短文翻译（第1题18分，第2题20分,共38分）1．Difference Between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Two major classes of cells, prokaryotes and eukaryotes, exist in nature and both types are used in industrial fermentation processes. The cellular properties of the two types are different.
Bacterial cells belong to prokaryotes, and fungal yeast, animal and plant cells belong to eukaryotes. Both are used in fermentation processes.
Eukaryotic cells have a distinct nucleus surrounded by a membrane, nuclear DNA is associated with proteins and exists as a definite structures celled chromosomes. The cells also contain other structures or organelles having specific physiological or biochemical functions, such as mitochondria（线粒体） and enzymes associated with these organelles which, but, are found in the protoplasm（原生质）and plasma membrane of prokaryotes.
In contrast, prokaryotes lack a well-defined nucleus so that the
genetic material in the form of double stranded DNA is not separated from Array other cell constituents by its own membrane. These cells also lack other specialized organelles present in eukaryotes. Bacteria may contain small DNA fragments (called plasmids) in addition to the single major genome.
2．载体是一个复制子，其基因可保留在寄主细胞内，载体包括质粒和寄主于细菌的噬菌体。

质粒载体应含有一些单一的普通限制性内切酶的切点，还要有一段抗生素抗性的决定子，以便于选择转化子。

切断载体所用的酶与切断染色体DNA的内切酶相同，得到的DNA片段与线状的载体在有DNA连接酶存在的情况下混合培养，产生共价连接的DNA分子，结果，混合物中可得到多种多样的DNA分子。

这包括二聚体、三聚体和多聚体DNA片段以及重新环化的质粒。

其中有些质粒会插入一段目标DNA片段，这样就得到了杂合的质粒，即重组质粒。

Notes:
噬菌体 phage 限制性内切酶 restriction endonuclease
抗生素抗性 antibiotic resistance 决定子 determinant
共价的 covalently 二聚体 dimers
三聚体 trimers 多聚体 multimers
2020-2021《生物专业英语》课程考试试卷B答案一．单词翻译(每题1分，共10分)
1 nucleoside nucleotide
2 genotype phenotype
3 chromatin chromosome
4 hypha mycelium
5 fertilization hybrid sterility
6 杂合的、纯合的
7指数生长曲线、逻辑生长曲线8 基因扩增、半保留复制
9 减数分裂、有丝分裂10 着丝粒、中心粒
二．判断题（每题1分，共12分）
F，R，F，R，F，R，F，F，F，F，R，R
三．阅读理解（每题2分，共40分）
1 B、C、D、D
2C、C、A、A、B、B
3B、A、D、B、C
4A、D、D、A、C
四．翻译（参考答案）（第一题，18分，第二题，20分，共38分）
1．原核生物与真核生物的区别
自然界中的细胞可以分为两大类，原核细胞与真核细胞。

这两种微生物都被应用于工业发酵过程当中。

这两种细胞的细胞特性是不同的。

细菌属于原核生物，酵母菌、动物和植物细胞属于真核生物。

这两种微生物都被应用于工业发酵过程当中。

真核细胞有一个明确的，被膜包被的核。

细胞核DNA与蛋白质结合，形成一个染色体结构。

真核细胞同时含有其他具有特定生理学及生化功能的细胞器或者结构体，例如线粒体，以及与这些细胞器相连的酶。

类似的结构在原核细胞当中，是存在于细胞质或者质膜当中的。

相反，在原核细胞当中，缺少一个明确的细胞核，因此，双螺旋结构的DNA 并没有通过特定的膜与其他的细胞组分分离开。

原核细胞同样缺少真核细胞当中那些特定的细胞器。

除了主要的染色体组以外，细菌可能含有小的DNA片断（称之为质粒）。

2．The vector is the replicon that will enable the gene to be maintained in the host cell and include plasmids and phages for bacterial hosts. Plasmid vectors should have single sites for common restriction endonuclease and antibiotic resistance determinants that allow selection of transformants. The vector is cut with the same enzyme as that used to generate the chromosomal DNA fragments, and fragments and linearized vector are incubated with DNA ligase which covalently joins the DNA molecules. A heterogeneous population of molecules results, including dimers, trimers and multimers of fragment and recircularized plasmids. Some plasmids will contain an inserted fragment thus producing a hybrid ,recombinant plasmid.。