高中英语 Unit 2 Working the land 3 Section Ⅲ Learning

Section ⅢLearning about Language & Using Language
重点单词
写作词汇
1.regret n. 遗憾；懊悔
vt. 遗憾；惋惜
2.pest n. 害虫；害兽；害鸟
3.soil n. 土壤
4.root n. 根；根源
5.focus n. 焦点；中心点
vt. 集中；聚焦
6.reduce vt. 减少；减缩
7.ment n. 评论；议论
vi.& vt. 表达意见；作出评论
8.underline vt. 画底线标出；强调
拓展词汇
9.confuse vt.使迷惑；使为难→confusing adj.令人迷惑的→confused adj.感到迷惑的→confusion n．迷惑
10.chemical adj.化学的；关于化学的→chemistry n．化学→chemist n．化学家；药剂师
11.production n．生产；制造→produce vt.生产；制造→producer n．生产者；制片人
12.discovery n．发现；发觉→discover vt.发现；发觉；观察，观测
13.summary n．总结；摘要；概要→summarize vt.总结；概述
阅读词汇
anic adj. 有机的；器官的；组织的
15.fertilizer n. 肥料；化肥
16.bacteria n．(bacterium的复数形式)
细菌
17.nutrition n. 营养；滋养；食物
18.mineral n. 矿物；矿石
19.skim vt. 浏览；略读
20.industrial adj. 工业的；产业的
21.soybean n. 大豆
重点短语
1.in__need__of需要
2.build__up逐渐增强；建立；开发
3.lead__to导致；造成(后果)
4.in__addition另外
5.focus__on集中(注意力、精力等)于
6.keep...free__from/of使……免受(影响、伤害等)；
使……不含(有害物)
重点句型
1.现在完成进行时：Recently, however, scientists have__been__finding(一直发现) that long­term use of these fertilizers can caus e damage to the land and, even more dangerous, to people’s health.
2.现在分词短语作结果状语：Crops such as peas or soybeans put important minerals back into the soil, making__it__ready(使……准备好) for crops such as wheat or corn that need rich and fertile soil.
3.动名词作表语：Y ou want to sell your “green food”， but the problem is letting__people__know__about(让人们知道) your food and how good it is.
ⅠFast­reading
Match the main idea of each paragraph.
Para.1 A．Problems caused by chemical fertilizers.
Para.2 B．Farmers and customers turn to organic farming.
Para.3 C．Long­term use of chemical fertilizers can cause damage to the land and people’s health.
Para.4 D．Other methods to keep the soil fertile.
答案：CABD
ⅡCareful­reading
Read the text carefully and choose the best answer.
1．From the passage, we can see organic farmers are those who ________．A．grow crops with chemical fertilizers
B．grow crops with natural fertilizers
C．produce organic fertilizers
D．care for the environment
2．From the fourth paragraph, we know that ________．
A．it’s not good to plant grass between crops
B．peanuts use the surface of soil
C．peas and soybeans should be grown together with corn and wheat
D．vegetables that put down deep roots are harmful to the soil
3．________ so that the soil may not get exhausted.
A．Farmers grow the same crops year after year
B．Farmers use natural fertilizers
C．Farmers change crops every two or three years
D．Farmers use chemical fertilizers
4．How many ways do the organic farmers have to keep their soil fertile and healthy?
A．3. B．4.
C．5. D．6.
答案：1－4.BBCB
①chemical['kemIkl]adj.化学的；关于化学的
②organic[ɔː'ɡænIk]adj.有机的；器官的；组织的
organic farming有机耕作
③fertilizer['fɜːtIlaIzə]n.肥料；化肥
④production[prə'dʌkʃn]n.生产；制造
⑤bacteria[bæk'tIərIə]n.(bacterium[bæk'tIərIəm]的复数形式)细菌
⑥pest[pest]n.害虫；害兽；害鸟
⑦wash off洗掉
⑧build up逐渐增强；建立；开发
⑨lead to导致；造成(后果)
⑩nutrition[njuː'trIʃn]n.营养；滋养；食物
nutritious[nju'trIʃəs]adj.有营养的，营养丰富的
⑪mineral['mInərəl]n.矿物；矿石
⑫discovery[dI'skʌvərI]n.发现；发觉
⑬focus on(＝concentrate on)集中(注意力、精力等)于
focus['fəʊkəs]n.焦点；中心点
vt.集中；聚焦
⑭soil[sɔIl]n.土壤
⑮reduce[rI'djuːs]vt.减少；减缩
⑯fertile['fəːtaIl]adj.肥沃的；富饶的
⑰keep...free from/of
使……免受(影响、伤害等)；使……不含(有害物)
⑱soybean['sɔIbiːn]n.(＝soyabean)大豆
⑲root[ruːt]n.根；根源
【核心素养】
有机耕作的特点
1．庄稼品种：选择合适的品种，如抗病、抗虫品种。

2．栽培方式：轮作、间作、套作。

3．耕作技术：改进耕作技术，也可适时采用免耕等技术。

4．田间管理：注意不使用化学合成肥料、农药、植物生长调节剂等。

①肥料：使用有机肥(腐殖质管理)和豆科植物(利用互利共生原理固氮)。

②病虫害管理：物理防治(如黄板诱杀某些害虫、黑光灯诱杀某些害虫)和生物防治(利用天敌防治害虫)。

③除草：不使用除草剂，可采用中耕除草等传统方法。

5．与养殖业关系：使用农作物秸秆或青饲料饲养动物。

6．其他：提高生态系统的生物多样性。

CHEMICAL①OR ORGANIC②FARMING?
Over the past half century, using chemical fertilizers③ has bee very mon in farming. Many farmers weled them as a great way to stop crop disease and increase production④.Recently，however，scientists have been finding that long­term use of these fertilizers can cause damage to the land and, even more dangerous, to people’s health.
◆“over the past＋时间段”常与现在完成时连用；动词­ing短语using chemical fertilizers在此作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。

◆此处使用了现在完成进行时，表示动作从过去持续到现在，而且还会继续进行。

What are some of the problems caused by chemical fertilizers? First, they damage the land by killing the helpful bacteria⑤and pests⑥as well as the harmful ones.Chemicals also stay in the ground and underground water for a long time.This affects crops and, therefore, animals and humans, since chemicals get inside the crops and cannot just be washed off⑦.These chemicals in the food supply build up ⑧ in people’s bodies over time. Many of these chemicals can lead to⑨ cancer or other illnesses. In addition, fruit, vegetables and other food grown with chemical fertilizers usually grow too fast to be full of much nutrition B10.They may look beautiful, but inside there is usually more water than vitamins and minerals⑪.
◆过去分词短语caused by chemical fertilizers作后置定语，相当于定语从句that/which are caused by chemical fertilizers。

◆本句中过去分词短语grown with chemical fertilizers作后置定语，相当于定语从句that/which are grown with chemical fertilizers；本句中还包含一个“too...to...”结构，表示“太……而不能……”。

With these discoveries⑫， some farmers and many customers are beginning to turn to organic anic farming is simply farming without using any chemicals.They focus on⑬ keeping their soil⑭ rich and free of disease.A healthy soil reduces⑮ disease and helps crops grow strong and anic farmers, therefore, often prefer using natural waste from animals as fertilizer.They feel that this makes the soil in their fields richer in minerals and so more fertile ⑯.This also keeps the air，soil，water and crops free from⑰chemicals.
Organic farmers also use many other methods to keep the soil fertile. They often change the kind of crop in each field every few years, for example, growing corn
or wheat and then the next year peas or soybeans⑱. Crops such as peas or soybeans put important minerals back into the soil, making it ready for crops such as wheat or corn that need rich and fertile soil. Organic farmers also plant crops to use different levels of soil, for example, planting peanuts that use the ground’s surface followed by vegetables that put down deep roots⑲ .Some organic farmers prefer planting grass between crops to prevent wind or water from carrying away the soil，and then leaving it in the ground to bee a natural fertilizer for the next year’s crop.These many different organic farming methods have the same goal：to grow good food and avoid damaging the environment or people’s health．
◆动词不定式短语to keep the soil fertile作目的状语；其中keep the soil fertile 是“keep＋宾语＋宾补”结构。

◆the next year与peas or soybeans之间省略了growing。

◆现在分词短语making it ready for crops...soil作结果状语，该现在分词短语同时也属于“make＋宾语＋宾补”结构；其中还包含一个that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词wheat or corn。

◆that use the ground’s surface...deep roots为that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词peanuts；其中followed by vegetables...deep roots为过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰peanuts；该过去分词短语中还包含一个that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词vegetables。

◆此处为“leave＋宾语＋宾补”结构，动词不定式短语to bee a natural fertilizer 作宾补。

◆动词不定式短语to grow good food and avoid damaging the environment or people’s health作goal的同位语，说明goal的具体内容。

化学耕作还是
有机耕作？
在过去的半个世纪里，在耕作中使用化肥已经非常普遍。

很多农民欣然接受(使用)化肥，把化肥作为防止农作物疾病和提高产量的重要手段。

然而，最近科学家发现长期使用这些肥料会破坏土地，甚至更为危险的是，会对人们的健康造成危害。

化肥引起的问题有哪些呢？首先，它们在杀死有害的细菌和害虫的同时也会杀死有益的细菌和昆虫，从而破坏土地。

化学物质还会在土壤里和地下水中停留很长时间。

这影响
到庄稼，从而也会影响到动物和人，因为化学物质会进入到农作物里面，而不能被冲洗掉。

随着时间的推移，食物供应中的这些化学物质会在人体中逐渐累积。

这些化学物质中的很多会导致癌症或其他疾病。

除此之外，施过化肥的水果、蔬菜和其他食物通常因为生长得太快而营养不足。

它们可能看起来美丽，但是里面通常含的更多的是水分而不是维生素和矿物质。

由于这些发现，一些农民和许多消费者开始转向有机耕作。

有机耕作是不用任何化学物质的简单耕作。

他们主要是想保持土壤肥沃且免受病害。

健康的土壤会减少病害并且有助于农作物茁壮健康地生长。

因此，使用有机耕作的农民们通常爱使用天然的动物粪便当作肥料。

他们认为这可以让地里的土壤更富含矿物质，变得更肥沃。

这还可以让空气、土壤、水以及农作物不受化学物质的污染。

使用有机耕作的农民还使用很多其他的方法来使土壤保持肥沃。

在每一块地里，他们通常每隔几年就换种农作物，比如在种玉米或小麦后的一年种豌豆或大豆。

像豌豆或大豆这样的农作物将重要的矿物质带回土壤中，从而使之适宜于种植要求土壤肥沃的农作物，比如小麦或玉米。

使用有机耕作的农民还利用不同层次的土壤来种植农作物，比如，先种植生长在浅层土壤的花生，然后再种植扎根于深层土壤的蔬菜。

一些使用有机耕作的农民喜欢在农作物之间种草，以防止风或水使土壤流失，并且把草留在地里，成为来年农作物的天然肥料。

这些很多不同的有机耕作方法有着共同的目标：种植好的粮食，避免损害环境或者人们的健康。

confuse vt.使迷惑；使为难
(教材P13)It is important to explain this again or we will confuse the students.
重新解释一下很重要，否则我们会让学生们感到困惑。

(1)confuse A with/and B 把A与B混淆
(2)confused adj. (人)不知所措的；困惑的
be confused about... 对……感到困惑
(3)confusing adj. (事/物)令人困惑的；难懂的
①The old man is always confusing the boy with his younger brother.
老人总是把男孩和他的弟弟混淆。

②I would often get confused when I came across new words with a similar spelling.
当遇到拼写相似的生词时，我常常感到困惑。

[即学即练]——单句语法填空
①Confused(confuse) by the question, the boy turned to his teacher for further explanation.
②I always confuse John with his brother；they are so much alike.
[能力提升]——微写作
③(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)我对中国的餐桌礼仪非常困惑，如果你给我一些在晚宴上如何行为得体的建议我将感激不尽。

I am__quite__confused__by__Chinese__table__manners. I’d appreciate it if you could give me some tips on how to behave properly at a dinner party.
regret vt.遗憾；惋惜n．[U，C]遗憾；懊悔
(教材P13)His father says that he has never regretted sending his son to study abroad.
他爸爸说他从不后悔送他儿子出国学习。

(1)regret doing sth.＝regret having done sth.
后悔做了某事
regret to do sth. 遗憾将要做某事
(2)much to one’s regret 让某人深感遗憾的是
with regret 遗憾地
①If we don’t take action to protect the environment, we’ll live to regret it.
如果我们现在不采取措施保护环境的话，我们将抱憾终身。

②Much to our regret, we will not be able to visit you next year.
让我们深感遗憾的是，我们明年不能去拜访你了。

[即学即练]——单句语法填空
①Jerry did not regret giving(give) the ment but felt that he could have expressed it differently.
②We regret to__inform(inform) you that we cannot help you.
③I refused his invitation to his birthday party with regret.
build up逐渐增强；建立；开发
(教材P14)These chemicals in the food supply build up in people’s bodies over time. 随着时间的推移，食物供应中的这些化学物质会在人体中逐渐累积。

put upX贴；举起；建造；提供食宿
set up建立；开办
give up 放弃
add up 加起来
①Their achievements have built up my confidence and determination in my career.
他们取得的成就增强了我对事业的信心和决心。

②They have set up an organization to help the poor.
他们已成立了一个组织来帮助穷人。

[能力提升]——微写作
积极参加体育和户外活动十分有助于强身健体和丰富我们的学校生活。

Taking an active part in sports and outdoor activities are of great help to build__up__our__body__and__enrich__our__school__life．
lead to导致；造成(后果)；通向……
(教材P14)Many of these chemicals can lead to cancer or other illnesses.
这些化学物质中的很多会导致癌症或其他疾病。

lead sb.to do...使某人做……
lead sb.to... 带某人去……
lead the way 带路
lead sb.by the nose 牵着某人的鼻子走
①As the old saying goes，“All roads lead to Rome.”
常言道，条条大路通罗马。

②In class I will divide the students into small groups and lead them to practice speaking English in an interesting way.
在课堂上我会把学生分成小组，用有趣的方法让他们练习说英语。

[即学即练]——单句语法填空
①The discovery of new evidence led to the thief’s being__caught(catch)．
②He led me to__believe(believe) that he had a lot of influence.
[能力提升]——微写作
③众所周知，成功在于努力，而懒惰导致失败。

As we all know, success lies in hard work while__laziness__leads__to__failure．focus n．焦点；中心点vt.集中；聚焦
(教材P14)They focus on keeping their soil rich and free of disease.
他们主要是想保持土壤肥沃且免受病害。

(1)focus on 集中(注意力、精力等)于
focus/fix one’s attention on...
把注意力集中到……
(2)the focus of attention 关注的焦点
①To lead a happy life in the future, you should focus more on your career while you are young.
为了将来过上幸福的生活，趁着年轻你应该多关注你的事业。

②As is known to us, children are the focus of families, shouldering the hope of their parents.
众所周知，孩子是家庭的中心，承载着他们父母的希望。

[即学即练]——单句语法填空
①(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)Today, many Chinese people are learning Western styles and theories rather than focusing on Chinese traditions.
②With his attention focused(focus) on his homework, he forgot all about what
I had told him.
[能力提升]——一句多译
他担心的事太多，无法专心学习。

③With so many things to be worried about, he couldn’t focus__(his__attention)__on study. (focus)
④With so many things to be worried about, he couldn’t concentrate__on study. (concentrate)
reduce vt.减少；减缩；减弱
(教材P14)A healthy soil reduces disease and helps crops grow strong and healthy.
健康的土壤会减少病害并且有助于农作物茁壮健康地生长。

(1)reduce to... 减少到/降低到……
reduce by... 减少了/降低了……
(2)rise/increase ⎩
⎪⎨⎪⎧to... 增加到……by... 增加了…… ①If you want to lose weight, try to reduce the amount of fat in your diet. 如果你想减肥，请尽量减少饮食中的脂肪。

②All the shirts in this shop were reduced to ￡10 last Sunday.
上周日这个店里的所有衬衫都减至10英镑。

[即学即练]——单句语法填空
①It was foggy so the driver had to reduce speed to forty kilometres an hour. ②If you buy more than ten, they will reduce the price by 10 percent.
③Luckily, their salary has been increased by 20 percent since last year. ment n ．[C ，U ]评论；议论
vi .& vt.表达意见；作出评论
(教材P 15)Swap summaries with your partner and give each other ments .
和你的搭档交换摘要并互作评论。

(1)No ment ！ 无可奉告！
have/make ments/a ment about/on...
对……加以评论
(2)ment on... 对……发表评论
ment that... 评论说……
①He is an outspoken man and prefers to make ments on current affairs. 他是一个直言不讳的人，喜欢评论时事。

②—Do you have any ments about the cause of the emergency ？
——您对这起突发事件发生的原因有何评论？
—No ment!
——无可奉告！
[即学即练]——单句语法填空
①Miss Li went through my position and made some useful ments(ment) about it. ②I have no right to ment on the matter.
现在完成进行时
(教材P14)Recently, however, scientists have been finding that long­term use of these fertilizers can cause damage to the land and, even more dangerous, to people’s health.
然而，最近科学家发现长期使用这些肥料会破坏土地，甚至更危险的是，会对人们的健康造成危害。

have been finding是现在完成进行时。

现在完成进行时表示一个动作开始于过去，持续到现在，并强调现在还在进行。

现在完成时表示过去的动作或状态持续到现在并且已经完成，对现在造成影响，可能持续发生下去。

Tom，who has been learning English for many years，is fluent in spoken English now.
汤姆多年来一直学英语，现在英语口语很流利。

[即学即练]——单句语法填空
①The students have__been__working(work) hard on their lessons and their efforts will be rewarded with success in the end.
②(2019·某某卷)The musician along with his band members has__given(give) ten performances in the last three months.
现在分词(短语)作结果状语
(教材P14)Crops such as peas or soybeans put important minerals back into the soil，making it ready for crops such as wheat or corn that need rich and fertile soil.
像豌豆或大豆这样的农作物将重要的矿物质带回土壤中，从而使之适宜于种植要求土壤肥沃的农作物，比如小麦或玉米。

(1)现在分词(短语)作结果状语，表示自然而然的、意料之中的结果；
(2)不定式(短语)作结果状语表示偶然的、意料之外的结果，且前面常有only修饰。

①Many people moved to New York, making it the largest city in the USA.
很多人搬去了纽约，使之成为美国最大的城市。

②He cut off the wire, preventing a big fire.
他剪断电线，阻止了一场大火。

[即学即练]——单句语法填空
①He hurried to the airport, only to__be__told(tell) that the plane had taken off.
②His parents died early, leaving(leave) him an orphan.
Ⅰ品句填词
1．They didn’t finish the project on time; I regretted(后悔) that I didn’t give them a hand.
2．Billy has been praised for his ability to observe people and events around him and make fair ments(评论)．
3．It is well known that giving up smoking can reduce(减少) the risk of heart disease.
4．At the end of the news, they often give you a summary(总结) of the main stories.
5．We made some interesting discoveries(发现) about our own family.
6．China exported(出口) this special strain of super hybrid rice to many other countries last year.
7．Health and environmental problems have increasingly bee the focus(焦点) of attention.
8．Good nutrition(营养) is essential if patients are to make a quick recovery.
9．Yuan Longping has struggled(努力) for decades for hungry people in many parts of the world.
10．The man found an excellent method to increase the production without expanding(延长) the work time.
Ⅱ选词填空
build up; turn to; lead a quiet life; graduate from; rid...of; be rich in; thanks to; keep...free from
1．Thanks__to her hard work, she has got the chance to enter the national key university.
2．I love apples because they are__rich__in vitamin C.
3．I would appreciate it if you could give me some advice on how to rid myself of bad habits.
4．They are going to build__up their forces in the rural areas.
5．She wanted to lead__a__quiet__life,__so she decided to live in the countryside.
6．My teacher graduated__from an American college with a degree in English literature ten years go.
7．The country girl tried her best to work hard to keep herself free__from poverty.
8．Frank promised me that if I ever needed help I could always turn__to him.
Ⅲ完成句子
1．集中注意力学习是很重要的，尤其是在这样特殊的日子里。

Focusing__on__your__study is very important, especially on such particular days.
2．这名男子喝了咖啡，没有付钱就离开了，这使我很惊讶。

The man had his coffee and left without__paying,__which made me surprised.
3．她从沉睡中醒来，发现已经是早上9点了，她要迟到了。

She awoke__from a deep sleep, realizing that it was already 9 am and that she was late.
4．他的刻苦训练使他在奥运会上获得金牌成为可能。

His hard training makes__it__possible__for__him__to__win a gold medal in the Olympic Games.
5．他宁愿失去他的工作也不愿意向老板道歉。

He wouldrather__lose__his__job__than apologize to his boss.
Ⅳ课文语法填空
Over the past half century, it has bee very mon for farmers to use chemical fertilizers in farming. It’s a great way to stop crop disease and increase 1.production(produce). Recently, however, scientists 2.have__been__finding(find) that long­term use of these fertilizers can cause damage to the land and make people 3.unhealthy(health). There are lots of problems caused by chemical fertilizers.
Therefore some farmers and many customers are beginning to turn to organic
farming, which is 4.simply(simple) farming without using any chemicals. Farmers focus on keeping their soil rich and free 5.from/of disease by using different methods. For example, they prefer using natural waste from 6.animals(animal) as fertilizer. They often change 7.the kind of crop in each field every few years. They also plant crops 8.to__use(use) different levels of soil. What’s more, they prefer planting grass between crops to prevent the soil from 9.being__carried(carry) away by wind or water. 10.Their goal is to grow good food and avoid damaging the environment or people’s health.
Ⅰ单句语法填空
1．The environment is influenced by the use of chemical(chemistry) fertilizers.
2．Although the island is far away, new discoveries(discovery) of rare plants are frequently being made there.
3．Some measures have been taken to__reduce(reduce) the damage to the environment.
4．The professor made some ments(ment) on Bill’s paper, which inspired him greatly.
5．You can use the following methods to help your son build up his confidence.
6．My father skimmed(skim) the headlines quickly and then read the articles again more carefully.
7．We regret to__inform(inform) you that you will be fined because of speeding.
8．He raced through the living room, only to__find(find) the front door closed.
9．The criminal hoped that the police would help keep him free from punishment if he helped the police catch the murderer.
10．If we increase the food production(produce) in the fields, we can keep the forest and the trees there.
Ⅱ阅读理解
A
Road traffic is one of the biggest issues of the modern world.
We often have to spend a large amount of time in traffic. So what
are the effective ways to help solve the transport problems in cities?
One of the most mon methods to reduce traffic jams in small and medium towns i s building new roads. In the mid­twentieth century, the engineers built new highways to reduce traffic jams on the road. However, building road networks needs much land and that may destroy forests and require citizens to move. Besides, the cost is too high and it takes time to carry out this project. So this might not be the best way to solve the problem of heavy traffic.
Road traffic can be shortly reduced by reorganizing the traffic management system. Parking for a long time on the road in the central areas of the town must be controlled by some measures. In some towns, the fines for illegal parking are so low that many drivers park their cars on the main roads for several hours or even a whole day. This may lead to serious traffic problems. Therefore, it’s high time that the government made some changes on the laws about illegal parking. On the other side, separate parking areas should be planned for short­term visitors and local citizens by building reserved(预留的) parking areas.
People may use bikes or even walk down to cover short distances, but to cover longer distances, it requires a good public road transport system to make sure the city can operate well. Because of that, the fares on public transport should be as low as possible so that everyone can afford it; there must be enough buses that can connect major as well as smaller locations. I’m glad that my city does very well in it.
【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文。

城市里的交通阻塞是一个很大的问题，本文主要讲述了几点关于改善城市交通的办法。

1．What does the author think of building new highways to reduce traffic jams?
A．It can’t be easily put into practice.
B．It can’t be easily accepted by citizens.
C．It’s the best way to reduce traffic jams.
D．It’s suitable for small and medium towns.
A解析：细节理解题。

根据第二段的However, building road networks needs much land and that may destroy forests and require citizens to move. Besides, the cost is too high and it takes time to carry out this project.可知，作者认为新建高速公
路来改善交通并不是很容易实施的。

2．Which of the following might be the author’s suggestion to the government?
A．Making the fines for illegal parking higher.
B．Not allowing drivers to park their cars on the roads.
C．Preparing fewer parking areas for short­term visitors.
D．Not building too many parking areas in central areas.
A解析：推理判断题。

根据第三段的the fines for illegal parking are so low 和it’s high time that the government made some changes on the laws about illegal parking可推测，作者可能建议政府把某某停车的罚款提高。

3．What is the text mainly about?
A．Tips on parking in big cities.
B．Problems of driving in big cities.
C．Some ways to avoid traffic jams.
D．Some ways to solve road traffic problems.
D解析：主旨大意题。

根据文章第一段的So what are the effective ways to help solve the transport problems in cities？以及下文内容可知，本文主要是讲述了一些改善城市交通问题的办法。

B
Now, an ancient grain from Ethiopia, teff, is being sold in
supermarkets in America.Teff has been an important part of the
Ethiopian diet for thousands of years.Teff is known for its small
grain.It is mainly used to make flour.
Wayne Carlson learned about teff while doing public health work in Africa in the mid­1970s.“I came to know teff because I was eating it all the time and hosted by teff farmers.” In the late 70s，Carlson returned to his home state Idaho in the U．S., married and settled in Southwest Idaho.Then he came up with an idea.
Wayne and his wife Elisabeth are not farmers, nor do they want to be.So they convinced actual farmers in Idaho, Oregon and Nevada to grow teff.The Carlsons milled(磨粉) it themselves.However, until last year there was not a single Ethiopian restaurant or bakery in the entire state of Idaho for them to sell the milled flour to.“The way we started was that Wayne went through the Washington, D．C., and looked
for the names that were Ethiopian in the telephone book.”
Over time, the Teff pany has grown out four different mills.The Carlsons say the teff flour ing off the mill could end up in a good natural foods store or mercial bakery.“Sales of alternatives(替代品) to modern wheat(小麦) are growing quickly each year, ” says an industry trade group.
Rich Roseberg is a food researcher at Oregon State University.He says teff production has exploded over the past decade in the U．S.He also says most teff grown in the U．S. is fed to farm animals.In Idaho, however, where the Carlsons are based, Roseberg believes more of the teff production is for human food.Teff contains lots of calcium, iron, and protein.Roseberg praises Wayne Carlson for being ahead of his time.
【解题导语】埃塞俄比亚画眉草的种子在埃塞俄比亚被用作食物原料，现在这种农作物被引进到了美国。

4．What did Wayne Carlson probably want to do after returning to Idaho?
A．To bee a farmer.
B．To do public health work.
C．To mill grains for a living.
D．To introduce teff to the U．S.
D解析：推理判断题。

根据第三段的Wayne and his wife Elisabeth are not farmers, nor do they want to be.So they convinced actual farmers in Idaho，Oregon and Nevada to grow teff.可推断，Wayne Carlson想将这种作物引进美国。

5．What problem did the couple face at first?
A．Their milled flour couldn’t be sold.
B．They didn’t know how to mill grains.
C．They were not good at doing business.
D．Their work wasn’t supported by others.
A解析：细节理解题。

根据第三段的However，until last year there was not a single Ethiopian restaurant or bakery in the entire state of Idaho for them to sell the milled flour to.可知，他们俩所面临的问题就是他们磨的面粉卖不出去。

6．Why does Roseberg think Wayne Carlson is ahead of his time?
A．Because Wayne Carlson improves the taste of teff.
B．Because Wayne Carlson feeds teff to farm animals.
C．Because Wayne Carlson tries to reduce hunger worldwide.
D．Because Wayne Carlson thinks teff should be used as human food.
D解析：推理判断题。

根据末段的Roseberg believes more of the teff production is for human food.Teff contains lots of calcium，iron，and protein.Roseberg praises Wayne Carlson for being ahead of his time.可推断，是因为Wayne Carlson认为埃塞俄比亚画眉草的种子应该被人食用的缘故。

Ⅲ七选五
As a teenager, having a pet at home can benefit you in many ways. It can teach you the value of responsibility and caring for something other than yourself. However, owning a pet is not an easy thing. 1.________
Give food and water to the pet. Keep an eye on your pet’s water dish as your pet may drink a lot of water throughout the day. 2.________ Your parents may already have a feeding schedule for your pet. Therefore, you had better ask your parents if it’s time to feed the pet before you do it yourself.
Take your pet for daily walks. 3.________ If you have other pets, like a cat, a bird, or a rabbit, you may not need to walk them. Instead, you should spend time playing with these pets so that they can still get some exercise.
Play with your pet. You should spend at least ten to fifteen minutes a day playing with your pets in order to make them feel they are loved by you. 4.________ However, do remember that pets also need time to rest, so give your pets some free time during the day.
5．________ You should also avoid giving your pet any food or treats that are not allowed by your parents. In fact, it’s not wise to feed your pet some human food because it can make them sick.
A．Try to always keep it full of fresh water.
B．Do not give your pet unhealthy treats of food.
C．It means that you must care for it on a daily basis.
D．You can use balls to play with a pet cat or a pet dog.
E．If you have a pet dog, you will need to walk it regularly.
F．You can get pleasure as well as challenges at the same time.
G．If you have free time, you should walk your pet as often as possible.
【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文。

文章主要概括了青少年养宠物的好处，以及对青少年如何更好地养宠物给了几条建议。

1．C解析：此空设于段尾，引起下文。

前一句讲养宠物不是一件容易的事，此句接着指出，养宠物就意味着你得每天照顾它，从而引出下文，下文主要给出养宠物时应该注意的问题。

2．A解析：此空设于段中，与上文存在逻辑上的指代关系。

本句中的it指代的是上句中提到的water dish。

3．E解析：此空设于段中，是一个过渡句。

首先，根据前一句可大概推出，此句应该讲带宠物遛弯。

其次，根据后一句的If you have other pets...you may not need to walk them.可知，此句讲需要带宠物出去遛弯。

4．D解析：此空设于段中，是对本段第一句的进一步解释。

本句和前一句都是对第一句的具体解释，讲如何与宠物玩耍。

5．B解析：此空设于段首，是本段的主题句。

下文中的avoid giving your pet any food or treats...和it’s not wise to fee d your pet some...都是围绕不要喂宠物不健康的食物而展开的。