综合英语第二册Unit7讲义

Unit7
Quote
Histories make men wise; poems witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.
— Francis Bacon
历史使人睿智，诗歌使人智慧，数学使人细致，自然哲学使人深邃，道德使人严肃;逻辑与修辞使人善辩。

读史使人明智,读诗使人聪慧,演算使人精密,哲理使人深刻,伦理学使人有修养,逻辑修辞使人善辩。

史鉴使人明智；诗歌使人巧慧；数学使人精细；博物使人深沉；伦理之学使人庄重；逻辑与修辞使人善辩。

4. Questions about the text
---What issues does the writer of the letter intend to deal with?
---What is the main idea?
----What’s the author’s purpose of writing?
---How is the text arranged?
What issues does the writer of the letter intend to deal with?
---- How should students regard grades, both good and bad? Are grades as important as they are assumed to be? Do good grades necessarily lead to achievements and bad grades result in failure in a student’s later life?
What is the text mainly about?
------.The text is mainly about grades , disappointment and attitudes towards them by considering exactly what the grade B means and doesn’t mean.
What’s the author’s purpose of writing?
----to tell his student that he should view his grades and his disappointment
correctly.
What type of writing is this essay?
-----argumentation.
Apart from the first paragraph, the rest of the text falls clearly into three parts, each of which is marked at the beginning by a key word or words. Try to find these key words.
----Paragraphs 2–5:
Disappointment
-----Paragraphs 6-8:
The student as performer; the student as human being.
-----Paragraphs 9-10:
Perspective
Part 1 （paragraph 1）
Understanding the paragraph:
1) What does this part mainly talk about?
2) What change about grades has the author mentioned briefly?
3)What, according to the author, has caused the feeling of disappointment?
4) Has the author stated his purpose of writing in this paragraph? If yes, what is it? If not, where is it stated in the text?
Main idea of this part:
It introduces the topic of the letter: grade B for the course and the feeling of disappointment.
What change about grades has the author mentioned briefly?
----The author has mentioned briefly the change in the way grades are regarded, i.e. the norm has shifted upward.
What, according to the author, has caused the feeling of disappointment?
-----It has to do with the general social climate where grades determine eligibility for graduate school and special programs. This is why the author says there is nothing he can do to remove the feeling of disappointment.
Has the author stated his purpose of writing in this paragraph? If yes, what is it? If not, where is it stated in the text?
----- The purpose of writing the letter is not stated in this paragraph. It is not specifically mentioned until the third paragraph.
I’m certain that nothing I can say will remove that feeling of disappointment, particularly in a climate where grades determine eligibility for graduate school and special program. (Paragraph 1)
Translation:
我肯定无论我说什么都不会消除你的沮丧心情，特别是在我们生活的环境中，考试分数直接决定你是否有资格读研究生和申请一些特别的学习项目。

●norm n.
1) an accepted standard or a way of behaving or doing things that most people agree with
e.g. You must adapt to the norms of the society you live in.
2) the norm = a situation or type of behavior that is expected and considered to be typical
e.g. One child per family is fast becoming the norm in some countries. 常态
Derivation:
normal a.; normally
ad.normalize v. ;
normalization n.norm
n. normal
a.normality
n.normalize v.过了几天，洪水才退，生活恢复了正常。

It was several days before the floodwater sank and life returned to normal.我们的关系正常了。

Our relationship has been normalized.
shift vt.& vi.
1) to (cause something or someone to) move or change from one position or direction to another, especially slightly （使）移动，（使）转移
2) to change a situation, discussion etc by giving special attention to one idea or subject instead of to a previous one 转移〔注意力等〕
3）to change opinions 转变；改变〔意见、信仰等〕
e.g. She shifted (her weight) uneasily from one foot to the other.
她不安地把重心从一只脚转移到另一只脚。

The wind is expected to shift (to the east) tomorrow.
The White House hopes to shift the media ’s attention away from 标准，规范正常的，正规的 n.正常；标准；常态常态使正常，使标准化
foreign policy issues.
白宫希望把媒体的注意力从外交政策问题上转移开。

Public opinion was beginning to shift to the right
(= become more right-wing ) 公众舆论开始右倾。

Derivation:
shift n.
shiftless a. lazy and having no interest in working hard or trying to
succeed懒惰的，不求上进的，得过且过的
N. 1) if workers in a factory, hospital etc work shifts, they work for a particular period of time during the day or night, and are then replaced by others, so that there are always people working
〔工厂、医院等轮班制中的〕当班时间
✧I work shifts. 我轮班工作。

✧A shift system has been introduced.实行了轮班工作制。

✧do/work a (10-/12-/24- etc hour) shift
Dave had to work a 12-hour shift yesterday.
戴夫昨天要上一个12小时的班。

✧night/day etc shift
The thought of working night shifts put her off becoming a nurse.
想到要上夜班，她就打消了当护士的念头。

✧early/late shift
I’m on the early shift tomorrow. 明天我要上早班
✧shift work/worker/working
people who do shift work 做轮班工作的人
2). a shift key 〔键盘上的〕shift键，换挡键
To run the spell-checker, press SHIFT and F7. 要使用拼写检查程序
●with the result that: in consequence; as a consequence of
因此；从而；其结果是
E.g.
To increase sales, firms could hire more people without caring too much about productivity, with the result that growth in revenue correlated closely with growth in headcount.
为了增进销售，各企业可以雇佣更多的人而不用操心员工的生产力，因此，营业额的增长与员工数量的增加呈现紧密的相关性。

Practice：
盗贼戴上手套，因而没有留下指纹
The burglar wore gloves, with the result that there is no fingerprint to be found.建国以来我们犯的几次错误，都是由于要求过急，目标过高，脱离了中国的实际，结果发展反倒慢了。

The mistakes we have made since the founding of the People’s Republic were all due to over-eagerness: disregarding China’s realities, setting excessively high targets, with the result that progress was slowed.
Translate the following sentences into English.
1. 他因急性阑尾炎住院治疗，结果连期末考试都没参加。

(with the result that)
He was hospitalized with acute appendicitis, with the result that he missed the final examination.
●eligibility n. the qualifications or abilities required for doing
something
Derivation:
✧eligible a.
✧eligible (for sth. / to do sth.)
1)她的资历和经验确定她适合做这项工作。

2) 只有在公司工作三年以上的人才能得到住房补贴。

1）Her qualifications and experience confirm her eligibility for the job.
2）Only those who have worked in this company for at least three years are eligible for housing allowance
Part 2 （paragraph 2-5）
Understanding the paragraph:
Main idea:
The author tells how he understands a grade: a grade, which is just a fuzzy representation of the student’s mastery of a certain subject but not a precise judgement of the student’s ability or character, is over-emphasized in American society.
Question:
1) How does the author explain the notion of disappointment?
2) What does the author think has given rise to a B student’s feeling of disappointment ?
How do you interpret the second sentence in Paragraph 2 “The essence of success is that there’s never enough of it to go round in a zero-sum game where one person’s winning must be offset by another’s losing, one person’s joy offset by another’s disappointment”.
Explanation:
“Zero-sum game” refers to a situation in which if one person gains an advantage from it, someone else involved in it must suffer an equivalent disadvantage.
Paraphrase:
There does not exist the situation in which all those who are involved will turn out successful and no one feels disappointed. Wherever there are winners, there are losers. When someone feels happy about his success, someone else may feel disappointed at his failure. In a highly competitive society where the importance of winning is emphasized so much, it is inevitable that those who fail in the competition will feel disappointed.
Translation:
我们所生活的社会就像一个零和游戏，只要有人赢，就会有人输；只要有人感到幸福，就会有人感到沮丧。

从来都不存在大家都成功而没有人失落的情况。

这就是成功的核心因素。

…winning is not the most important thing — it’s the only thing.…Explanation:
This is a special type of negation. The author is not negating the importance of winning; rather, with the sentence that follows the negative one, the author gives the utmost emphasis to the importance of winning. What the author wants to say is “Winning is of primary importance; nothing could be more important than winning.”
Translation:
成功不是最重要的事情――它是唯一的事情
e.g.
To improve your oral English, practicing is not the most important thing — it’s the only thing.
Ours is a time of information explosion; to keep up with the times, updating our knowledge is not the most important thing — it’s the only thing.
To lose, to fail, to go under, to go broke —these are deadly sins in a world where prosperity in the present is seen as a sure sign of salvation in the future.
Paraphrase:
Being unsuccessful in one’s life and career and financially disadvantaged are regarded as shameful or even sinful because in this world people tend to think that only those who are successful now can be saved from evil in the future..
In a different society, your disappointment might be something you could shrug away. But not in ours.
Paraphrase:
If you are in a different society, you could just ignore you disappointment, but in our society, it’s inescapable.
Translation:
假如你处在另一个社会里，你可以对你的沮丧置之不理，但是在我们这个社会里是无法回避的。

inadequacy
1) [U] a feeling that you are not as good, clever, skilled etc as other people 〔人〕不够好，不胜任
Unemployment can cause feelings of inadequacy and low self-esteem.
失业会使人缺乏自信，产生自卑感。

2) [U] the fact of not being good enough in quality, ability, size etc for a
particular purpose 〔质量、能力、大小等〕不足，欠缺
[+ of] the inadequacy of local health care 当地医疗保健服务的不足
3) .[C usually plural,一] a fault or weakness 缺点，不足之处
I’m quite aware of my own inadequacies. 我很清楚自身的不足之处。

Derivation:
inadequate a.
inadequately ad.
Antonym:
adequacy
Exercise: Use the following words to fill in the blanks.
inadequacy inadequately adequacy adequate adequately
1. Unemployment can often cause feelings of and low self-esteem.
2. He doubted her for the job.
3. Will future oil supplies be to meet world needs?
4. While some patients can be cared for at home, others are best served by care in a hospital.
5. Our scientific research is funded.
●essence n. the most basic and important idea or quality
E.g. The essence of his argument was that education should continue throughout life.
Yet change is the very essence of life.
Collocation:
✧in essence 本质上，大体上
In essence, both sides agree on the issue.
✧of the essence 非常重要的，不可缺少的
In any of these discussions, of course, honesty is of the essence.
Derivation:
essential a. & n.
essentially ad.
●go round
1) The main road was flooded so we had to go round by narrow country lanes.
----绕道
2）It is unprofessional to go round criticizing your colleagues.
---（四处活动，在交际方面活跃）
There is a rumour going round that she has been arrested.
----（流传，传播）
There is a lot of flu going round at that moment.
-----（传染，流行）
3）（0f a number or quantity of sth）be enough for everyone to have a share (指某物的数或量）足够每人一份
There aren’t enough chairs to go round.椅子不够坐。

Is there enough food to go round? 食物够每人一份吗？
前来听讲座的人数远远超出原来的估计，分发给大家的讲义不够了。

As many more people came to the lecture than expected, there were not enough handouts to go round.
●offset vt. to counterbalance or compensate for
In basketball, he offsets his small size by his cleverness and speed.
Forests can help offset human-caused climate warming, and scientists want to
v. a .n .know how big a role these particular forests will play.
Collocation:
offset sth. by sth. / doing sth.
●go under to fail; to be overwhelmed 破产，沉没，失败，屈服
His business went under because of competition from the large corporations.Poor Donaldson had no head for （在某方面缺少天分）business, and it was not long before he went under.
●go / be broke to become penniless; to go bankrupt
破产了，没钱，身无分文的，穷的
The business kept losing money and finally went broke.
I can ’t afford to go on holiday this year — I ’m broke.
A lot of small businesses went broke during the recession.
经济不景气，很多小公司都倒闭了。

房子里没有什么东西可救的了。

There is nothing that is salvageable in the building.
salvage
salvageable
salvation 打捞，抢救可抢救的，可打捞的
得救，拯救；赎罪
天气干旱了这么久，这场雨成了农民的救星。

After so much dry weather, the rain has been the farmer’s salvation.
Questions:
1) How does the author explain the notion of disappointment? (Paragraph 2) .----Disappointment is a negative feeling. It is the stuff bad dreams are made of.
What deserves our attention here is that the author explains disappointment in relation to success.
2) What does the author think has given rise to a B student’s feeling of disappointment
.----As far as the author is concerned, the cause of the student’s disappointment is to a large extent social. In a society where the importance of winning is overemphasized, it is considered shameful to be a loser. What’s more, prosperity in the present is assumed to ensure one’s salvation in the future. In this general social climate, therefore, a B student will naturally feel disappointed.
Paragraph 3
What is the main idea?
It reveals the purpose of writing this letter: the students should learn how to correctly deal with the grade B and disappointment from it.
What does the phrase “put sth. in perspective”mean? (Paragraph 3)
-----It means “judge the importance of sth. correctly.”So what the author wants to do is to show the students how they should regard / view their disappointment correctly.
perspective n.
1）a way of regarding situations, facts, etc.；
〔思考问题的〕角度，观点，想法
2）a sensible way of judging and comparing situations so that you do not imagine that something is more serious than it really is
〔对事物的〕合理判断，正确认识
3）a method of drawing a picture that makes objects look solid and shows distance and depth, or the effect this method produces in a picture
透视（画）法；透视效果，透视感
e.g.
His father’s death gave him a whole new perspective on life.
The novel is written from the perspective of a child.
I think Tom has lost all sense of perspective .
The artist took the use of perspective.
✧in / out of perspective: 可见物体的位置或比例正确/不正确；恰当/不恰
当
E.g.The background of this picture is all out of perspective.
✧view / put / see sth. in perspective ：从…角度观察、处置、看待sth
E.g.He sees things in their right perspective.
●take …at face value to accept something for what it appears to be
E.g.She took his stories at face value and did not know he was joking.
If you take his remarks only at their face value, you will not have understood his full meaning.
Translation:
如果这一生中我学会了一件事的话，那就是绝不要听什么就相信什么。

If there is one thing I have learned in life, it is never to take anything you are told at face value.
我们不应只看到失败的表面，而要从失败中得出经验教训。

We shouldn’t take failures at face value. Instead, we should learn from our failures.
他的话，你得好好想一想，千万不要他说什么你就信什么。

●be apt to to have the tendency to
E.g.A careless person is apt to make mistakes.
E.g.My pen is rather apt to leak.
Synonym:
be inclined to
be likely to
●mislead: make you think or act wrongly 误导，误入歧途
E.g.He deliberately misled us about the nature of their relationship.
关于他们究竟是什么关系，他故意给我们留下错误印象。

E.g.This sentence has misled us into thinking that the answer was wrong.
这句话误使我们认为那个答案是错误的。

Paragraph 4
Questions:
1) Why does the author think that grades are misleading? (Paragraphs 4 )
2) Try to find out what a grade means and what it does not mean. (Paragraphs 4 5)
proficient a. proficiency n.熟练的，精通的熟练，精通
assume assuming assumption v.
conj.
n.
假定，设想；承担；认为
假定，假如
假定，设想assumption of sth
Lacking more precise measurement tools, we must interpret your B as a rather fuzzy symbol at best, representing a questionable judgment of your mastery of the subject. (Paragraphs 4 )
Translation
-----由于缺乏更精确的衡量工具，我们至多只能把B看作一个模糊的符号，表示对你掌握某一科目的程度的判断，不过这种判断的准确性很值得怀疑.
我可以说对唱歌很在行。

I’d say I am quite proficient at singing.
●correspond to to match; to be similar or equal to,相当于，符合于
The American Congress corresponds to the British Parliament.
我以为你能讲流利的英语。

I assumed you could speak English fluently.
假定那是真的，我们现在该怎么办？
Assuming that it is true, what should we do now?
●assumption n. what is thought to be true or will happen, without
any real proof
These calculations are based on the assumption that prices will continue to rise.I ’m working on the assumption that the money will come through.
Collocation:
assumption of sth.
Translation:
1. 这一理论是以一系列错误的设想为根据的。

The theory is based on a series of wrong assumptions.
2. 看见不明飞行物时，有些人就设想在其他行星上有生命。

Some people assume that there is life on other planets when they see UFOs.4. A great many companies
in the fierce financial risk. 5. Everyone sees things from his or her own 6. She live in the country, but her husband wanted to live in the city.
7. Tom’s as a professor is well known.
8. English is always thought to be a nation.
9. The working of this machine
that of the human brain. 10. The of their son ’s coming back after the war proved to
be wrong. inadequacy assumption correspond to essence
offset conventional go under perspective proficiency be apt to
Why does the author think that grades are misleading? (Paragraphs 4 )
-----A grade is just a symbol, which is supposed to reflect the level of a student’s performance, and the student’s performance is assumed to correspond to his knowledge. But the students may have acquired more or less knowledge out of the course than the grade indicates. Therefore a grade may be misleading.. Try to find out what a grade means and what it does not mean. (Paragraphs 4 5) -----It means the successful completion of a specific course at a certain level of proficiency. It is an indication of the student’s performance of some conventional tasks. However, it may not be a truthful indication of the student’s knowledge. It does not represent a judgment of the student’s basic ability or of his character.
Paragraph 5
Question
What do you think is the author’s attitude toward the current school curriculum ? (Paragraphs 5 )
-----His attitude toward the current school curriculum is critical. In this paragraph he mentions a number of important characteristics of humans such as courage, kindness, wisdom, and good humor. These are not included in the current school curriculum. Obviously our schools have neglected character building of the students..
in short supply: far from enough 供给不足，缺乏
The water and food for disaster area is in short supply.
这些水和食物给灾区是远远不够的。

Potatoes are in short supply because of the bad harvest.
由于收成不好，现在马铃薯供应不足。

Understanding the paragraph:
Main idea:
The author makes the distinction between the student as a classroom performer and the student as a human being, which would help the student put his grade in perspective. In the eye of the author, getting a B in class does not mean one will always be a B performer in life.
Question
How does the author illustrate his distinction ?
-----by using his personal experience.
How would you explain the technique the author’s instructor used to handle his class?
-----The technique the instructor used was to make a clear distinction between the student as a classroom performer and the student as a human being. A poor grade, at best, indicates that the student is a poor classroom performer, but it has little to say the ability and personality of the student as a human being. By making such a distinction, the instructor encouraged , rather than discouraged, those who were not doing well in class. As a result they all worked harder at his course..
…when I got out of the service …( paragraph 6)
Explanation:
Usually the plural form “services”is used to refer to the three armed forces, i.e. the Army, the Navy, and the Air Force.
Paraphrase:
…when I got out of the army …
Translation:
……当我退役的时候……
Nor did they resent him for shifting suddenly from a friendly gear to a coercive one.(paragraph 8)
Explanation:
The word “gear”originally means a device in a vehicle which controls the rate at which the energy being used is converted into motion. While driving, a driver sometimes shifts or changes gear. In this sentence, the shifting of gear refers to the change in the instructor’s manner of dealing with his students. When drinking with the students in the pub, he was easy-going and friendly; but in the classroom, he became stern and severe.
Translation:
他们也不因他突然从和蔼可亲的态度转向严厉苛刻的面孔而憎恨他。

●make a point of to take particular care to do sth.重视，强调，特别注意
He makes a point of jogging for an hour every morning, rain or shine.
To prevent loss of data, I always make a point of making a copy on a floppy disk （软盘）of what I have done during the day.
Translation:
1. 作为未来的英语教师，我们认为掌握好英语语法是很有必要的。

As would-be English teachers, we make a point of having a good knowledge of English grammar.
2. 她一直保存所有的购物小票。

She makes a point of keeping all her shopping receipts.
3. 不管一天工作有多忙，他在睡觉前总要看一下电子信箱里有没有新邮件。

No matter how busy he is , he makes a point of checking his e-mail inbox before going to bed.
●flunk vt.
1) to fail an examination or course of study
I flunked my second-year exams and was lucky not to be thrown out of college.
2) give a failing mark to sb.
21resent resentment resentful resentfulness v.n.a.n. resentment n.resentful a.resentfulness n.
If he is no good, flunk him.
Collocation:
flunk out 因成绩不及格而被学校除名
Dan won’t be in college next year — he’s been flunked out.
我非常讨厌别人侵占我的时间。

I bitterly resent the encroachment on my time.
他对所受的待遇感到忿恨。

He is resentful at the way he has been treated.
●resent vt. to feel angry because you have been forced to accept someone or something that you do not like
Her father seems to resent her new boyfriend for he has no job.
Her roommate seems to resent my being in their dorm.
Derivation:
●gear n.
憎恨，生气
怨恨，愤恨
不满的
怨恨，愤恨
1) the machinery in a vehicle that turns power from the engine into movement Don’t turn off the engine while you’re still in gear.
2) a piece of machinery that performs a particular job
The landing gear of a plane has jammed.
3) a set of equipment or tools you need for a particular activity
We’re only going for two days; you don’t need to bring so much gear.
Collocation:
change / shift gear 换档
coercive a. using force to persuade people to do what they are
unwilling to do
coercive methods / measures
The president relied on the coercive powers of the military.
Derivation:
coerce v.
coercion n.
Collocation:
coerce sb. into sth. / doing sth.
The Chamber of Commerce was making efforts to coerce the strikers into compliance. 商会正在努力迫使罢工者妥协。

You can’t coerce her into obedience.
22。