英语现在完成时的用法大全
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英语现在完成时的用法大全
一、往期回顾
英语现在进行时的用法大全
英语一般现在时的用法大全
英语一般过去时的用法大全
英语一般将来时的用法大全
二、现在完成时
(一)定义
现在完成时主要用来表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
如:
•I have already seen the film.
•She has just had a bath.
第一句说明看电影是过去发生的,用了现在完成时是要表示说话者可能不想再看了,或者对该电影的内容已经很熟悉了,等等。
第二句说明她洗澡是过去发生的,用了现在完成时是要表示她不需要再洗澡了等。
(二)基本结构
现在完成时的句子结构一般为:
主语+have/has+过去分词+其他成分
如:
•We have already had lunch.
•He has been away for a week.
(三)主要用法
1、表示过去发生并且已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
此时,常和谓语动词一起使用的副词有already、just、never、ever、yet等。
如:
•They have already come back from
the museum.
•She has already finished her
homework.
2、表示过去发生的动作持续到现在,并且有可能会继续持续下去。
此时,常和谓语动词一起使用的标志性词语主要有for和since,而且此时的谓语动词往往是持续性动词(如stay、keep、wait等)。
如:
•I have lived here for ten years.
•He has kept the clavichord since
thirty years ago.
3、表示从过去某一时间到说话时这段时间中反复发生的动作。
此时,常和谓语动词一起使用的主要是表频度的副词often、always、seldom、never等,以及表次数的单词或短语(如once、twice、three times)。
如:
•You have never listened to me like
this before.
•She has ever been to France.
•They have visited the Summer Palace
many times.
(四)动词的过去分词
1、规则变化
其变化规则与动词的一般过去时基本相同,主要是在词尾加-ed 或-d。
具体的有:
1)直接加-ed。
如:worked、played。
2)以不发音的e结尾的动词后加-d。
如:lived、danced。
3)以辅音字母加y结尾的动词后改y为i,再加-ed。
如:studied、cried。
4)以重读闭音节结尾的动词后,双写最后一个辅音字母再加-ed。
如:stopped、patted。
2、不规则变化
如果结合动词的过去式,动词的过去分词的不规则变化中,又有一些相对的规则现象。
如:
1)AAA型。
如:put put put;read read read。
其中,read的过去式和过去分词虽然拼写时一样的,但其发音与原形不同,ea不再读作[iː],而是[e]。
2)AAB型。
如:beat beat beaten
3)ABB型。
如:keep kept kept;sit sat sat
4)ABC型。
如:lie lay lain;drink drank drunk
5)ABA型。
如:run ran run;come came come
(五)标志性词语
1、副词already、just、never、ever、yet等。
如:
•She hasn't arrived in Scotland yet.
•They have just left for Shanghai.
2、for和since。
for+一段时间,since+具体时间。
如:
•He has learned Italian for five months.
•He has learned Italian since five
months ago.
3、so far和up to/till now。
表示“迄今为止”。
如:
•So far, no one has heard any news
about her.
•She has read fifty books up to now.
4、recently、lately等表示“最近;最新”的副词和形容词。
如:
•I've met her on several occasions
recently.
•He hasn't had enough sleep lately.
5、in the past/last+一段时间,表示“在过去的...时间里”。
如:
•In the past few years, new buildings
have sprung up all over Beijing.
•He had aged rapidly in the last few months.
6、次数。
如:
•I've tried many times, but there's no way.
•He has been there at least twice.
(六)have been to/have gone to/have been in 1、have been to
表示“去过已回”。
句子主语就在现场。
如:
•They have been to Rome many times.
•She has been to Shanghai more than once.
2、have gone to
表示“去了未回”。
句子主语不在现场。
如:
•Jerry has gone to Hangzhou.
•Mary has gone to Finland.
3、have been in
表示“一直待在某地”。
如:
•We have been in Beijing for five
weeks.
•They have been in China since 2012.
(七)短暂性动词和延续性动词
所谓短暂性动词主要是指一旦发生马上就结束的动作,也叫瞬间动词,如die、marry、leave等。
而延续性动词主要是指可以一直持续进行的动作,也叫持续性动词,如learn、live、talk等。
两类动词都可以用于现在完成时,但是短暂性动词不能与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。
此时,需要把短暂性动词改为相应的表状态的动词或短语。
如:
•错误:He has died for ten years.
•正确:He has been dead for ten years.
•错误:She has married him since five
years ago.
•正确:She has been married to him
since five years ago.
(八)句型转换
因为“have/has done”中的have/has是助动词,所以在进行句型转换中要注意不需要再另外借助助动词do/did/does,而是直接借用have/has。
如:
•肯定句:He has lived here for the last
few years.
•否定句:He hasn't lived here for the
last few years.
•一般疑问句:Has he lived here for the
last few years?
•特殊疑问句:How long has he lived
here? (划线部分为for the last few years)
(九)小试牛刀
接下来大家来看看下面10道题的空缺处,分别应该填入所给动词的什么形式:
参考答案请到文章底部的留言处查询。