博士的今义和古义

博士的今义和古义
（中英文版）
Title: The Modern and Ancient Meanings of a PhD
In the modern world, a PhD is a terminal degree in many fields, indicating that an individual has achieved the highest level of academic expertise and has contributed original research to their discipline.It is a mark of distinction, signifying a deep commitment to intellectual inquiry and the development of new knowledge.
在现代社会，博士学位是许多领域的终端学位，表明个人已经达到了学术专业知识的最高水平，并为他们的学科做出了原创性研究贡献。

这是卓越的象征，意味着对智力探索和发展新知识的深深承诺。

Historically, the term "physic" was used in English to refer to what we now call "medicine." A "Doctor of Physic" in the 17th century was an MD, a medical doctor.The term "physics," referring to the natural science, did not come into use until the 19th century.
历史上，英语中“physic”这个词被用来指代我们现在称之为“医学”的东西。

17世纪的“物理学博士”相当于现代的医学博士（MD）。

“物理学”这个词，指的是自然科学，直到19世纪才投入使用。

Today, a PhD candidate must defend their dissertation before a committee of experts in their field.This defense is a rigorous test of the candidate"s knowledge and ability to contribute to the scholarly conversation in their discipline.
今天，博士生必须在他们领域的专家小组面前捍卫他们的论文。

这个答辩是对候选人知识和能力的一次严格考验，以促进他们学科领域内的学术对话。

古代的博士，尤其是那些在中世纪和文艺复兴时期受过高等教育的人，通常具有广泛的知识和对多个学科的深入了解。

他们不仅是学者，还是教师、顾问和公共知识分子。

在古代，尤其是中世纪和文艺复兴时期受过高等教育的人，通常具有广泛的知识和对多个学科的深入了解。

他们不仅是学者，还是教师、顾问和公共知识分子。

In summary, while the title "PhD" has retained its fundamental meaning of "Doctor of Philosophy," the specific context and application of the degree have evolved over time.The modern PhD is a researcher and scholar, dedicated to the advancement of knowledge in their chosen field.
总之，尽管“博士”这一称号保留了“哲学博士”的基本含义，但这一学位的具体内容和应用随时间而演变。