6-CP Design guideline-external
AD设计规则简介
Altium Designer summer 09 设计规则总结Protel DXP根据规则进行电路板设计启动Design/rules设计/规则命令出现下图对话框同样这个对话框分为左右两部分左边框设计区分别为电气规则Electrical、布线规则Routing、表面粘着规则SMT、屏蔽规则Mask、内层规则plane、测试点规则Testpoint、制造规则Manufacturing、高频规则High Speed、元件布置规则Placement、及信号分析规则Signal Integrity等十大类并以树状结构展示在此区域里。
以Electrical项目下的Clearance类为例在这个项目里有关Clearance安全间距如下图所示当我们要编辑规则时可指向左边区域所要添加类别的项目上单机鼠标右键弹出命令菜单如下图所示电气大类设计规则在电气大类Electrical里包括四类设计规则。
如下图所示如下说明Clearance类设计规则Clearance设计规则是制定电气图件之间的安全间距如下图所示其属性其各项说明如下一般属性在对话框上方区域里包括Name名称、Comment注释及Uinque ID唯一ID栏为一般属性我们可以在name栏定义设计规则名称在Comment栏输入说明文字。
适用范围在Where the first object matches及Where the second object matches区域里分别为此设计规则的两个适用范围对象。
每个区域都包括6个选项如下说明All 选项设置整块电路板都是用。
Net选项设置适用于制定的网络选取本选项后即可在右边第一栏中制定适用的网络。
Net Class选项设置适用于制定的网络分类选取本选项后即可在右边第一个栏中指定适用的网络分类。
Layer选项设置适用于指定的板层选取本选项后即可在右边第一栏中指定适用的板层。
Net and Layer选项设置此设计规则适用于指定板层中某一条网络选取本选项后即可在右边第二个栏中指定适用的板层第一个栏中指定适用的网络。
Design for X
Design for XFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, searchDFX or DfX stand for "design for excellence", "Design for Excellence", or Design For Excellence".[1][2][3] All these terms and expansions are used interchangeably in the existing literature. In the "design for X", where X is a variable with many values.[4] In nanoelectronics and VLSI "X" may represent many characteristics or features including the following: Manufacturability, Power, Variability, Cost, Yield, and Reliability. Thus giving rise to the terminologies, Design for Manufacturability (DfM/DFM), Design for Variability (DfV), Design for Cost (DfC). Similarly, other disciplines may associate other characteristics, attributes, or objectives for "X".Under the label Design for X, a wide collection of specific design guidelines are summarized. Each design guideline addresses a particular issue that is caused by, or affects the characteristics of a product. The design guidelines themselves usually propose an approach and corresponding methods that may help to generate and apply technical knowledge in order to control, improve, or even to invent particular characteristics of a product. From a knowledge-based view, the design guideline represents an explicit form of knowledge, that contains information about "knowing-how-to" (see Procedural knowledge). However, two problems are prevalent. First, this explicit knowledge (i.e. the design guidelines) were transformed from a tacit form of knowledge (i.e. by experienced engineers, or other specialists). Thus, it is not granted that a freshman or someone who is outside of the subject area will comprehend this generated explicit knowledge. This is because it still contains embedded fractions of knowledge or respectively includes non-obvious assumptions, also called context-dependency (see e.g. Doz and Santos, 1997:16-18). Second, the characteristics of a product are likely to exceed the knowledge base of a single human. There exists a wide range of specialized fields of engineering, and considering the whole life cycle of a product will require non-engineering expertise. For this purpose examples of design guidelines are listed in the following.Contents[hide]1 Rules, guidelines, and methodologies along the product life cycleo 1.1 Development phaseo 1.2 Production/operations phase▪ 1.2.1 Design rules▪ 1.2.2 Design guidelineso 1.3 Utilization phase▪ 1.3.1 Comparison: Consumer durables vs. capital goods o 1.4 Disposal Phase∙ 2 Similar concepts in product development∙ 3 References∙ 4 External linksRules, guidelines, and methodologies along the product life cycle[edit]This section is incomplete. (February 2009)DfX methodologies address different issues that may occur in a phase of a product life cycle:∙Development Phase∙Production Phase∙Utilization Phase∙Disposal PhaseEach phase is explained with two dichotomous categories of tangible products in order to show differences in prioritizing design issues in certain product life cycle phases:∙Consumer durables∙Capital goods(Note: Non-durables that are consumed physically when utilized, e.g. chocolate or lubricants, are not discussed. There also exist a wide range of other classifications because products are either a) goods b) service or c) both (see OECD and Eurostat, 2005:48), thus you may refer to augmented product, whole product, or extended product as well. Also the business unit strategy of a firm - that significantly influence priority-setting in design - are ignored.) Development phase[edit]This section is incomplete. (February 2009)∙Design ruleso Basic Rules of Embodiment Design: Clarity, Simplicity, Safety (Pahl and Beitz, 1996: 205-236)∙Organizational Processo Design for Short Time to market (Bralla, 1996: 255-266) ∙System Design, Testing & Validationo Design for reliability (Bralla, 1996: 165-181), Synonyms:Reliability Engineering (VDI4001-4010)o Design For Testo Design for safety (Bralla, 1996: 195-210; VDI2244); Synonyms: Safety engineering, safe-life designo Design for quality (Bralla, 1996: 149-164; VDI2247), Synonyms: Quality engineeringo Design Against Corrosion Damage (Pahl and Beitz, 1996:294-304)o Design for Minimum Risk (Pahl and Beitz, 1996:373-380) Production/operations phase[edit]∙Design Ruleso Design to cost (Pahl and Beitz, 1996: 467-494; VDI2234; VDI 2235), see Target costing, Value engineeringo Design to standards (Pahl and Beitz, 1996:349-356), seeInterchangeable parts, product modularity, product architecture,product platform∙Design Guidelineso Design for assembly (Bralla, 1996: 127-136), (Pahl and Beitz, 1996: 340-349)o Design for manufacturability (Bralla, 1996: 137-148), (Pahl and Beitz, 1996: 317-340)o Design for logistics, Design for postponement (see Delayed differentiation)∙Specific situationso Design for Electronic Assemblies (Bralla, 1996: 267-279)o Design for Low-Quantity Production (Bralla, 1996: 280-288) Design rules[edit]Design to cost and Design to standards serves cost reduction in production operations, or respectively supply chain operations. Except for "luxury goods" or "luxury brands" (e.g. Swarovski crystals, Haute couture fashion, etc.), most goods - even upper-class goods - are reliant on cost reduction, if these are mass produced(Note: The same is valid for the functional production strategy "Mass customization"). Through Engineering design physical interfaces between a) parts or components or assemblies of the product and b) the manufacturing equipment as well as the logistical material flow systems can be changed, and thus cost reducing effects in operating the latter may be achieved.Design guidelines[edit]∙Design for manufacturability ensures the fabrication of single parts or components that are based on an integral design in mechanicalengineering terms. Every production technology has its own specificdesign guideline that needs to be consulted depending on the situation.∙Design for assembly addresses the combination of single parts or components to subassemblies, assemblies, modules, systems, etc.,that are based on a differential design in mechanical engineering terms.An important issue is how the embodied interfaces within a product are designed (mechanical engineering, electrical engineering). Contrary,software or respectively firmware interfaces (software engineering,electrical engineering) are not significant for assembly operations,because these can be "easily" flashed within one production step. That itself is a cost efficient way to enable a wide range of product variants.∙Design for logistics covers issues along supply chain partners (i.e.legally independent firms) but is by its means closely related to theDesign for assembly guidelines. In academic research, Design forlogistics is tangent to the Strategic alliances, Supply ChainManagement, and the Engineering part of New product development.For example, Sanchez and Mahoney (1996) argued that productmodularity(i.e. how physical sub-systems of a product are sub-dividedthrough interfaces; also called product or system architecture) andorganizational modularity(i.e. how organisational entities are structured) depend on each other, and Fixson et al. (2005) found that therelationship between product architecture and organisational structureis reciprocal in context of early supplier involvement during the systemdesign or respectively concept phase of the Product developmentprocess.Utilization phase[edit]∙User focused, see Product design, Industrial designo Design for user-Friendliness (Bralla, 1996: 237-254), seeUsability, Ben Shneiderman, Emotional Designo Design for Ergonomics (Pahl and Beitz, 1996: 305-310)o Design for Aesthetics (Pahl and Beitz, 1996: 311-316) ∙After Sales focusedo Design for Serviceability (Bralla, 1996: 182-194; Pahl and Beitz, 1996: 357-359),o Design for Maintainability (Bralla, 1996: 182-194; Pahl and Beitz, 1996: 357-359; VDI2246),∙designed for repair/reuse/recyclability, a key part of the International Design Excellence Awards criteriaComparison: Consumer durables vs. capital goods[edit]User focused design guidelines may be associated with consumer durables, and after sales focused design guidelines may be more important for capital goods. However, in case of capital goods design for ergonomics is required in order to ensure clarity, simplicity, and safety between the human-machine interface. The intent is to avoid shop-accidents as well as to ensure efficient work flows. Also design for Aesthetics has become more and more important for capital goods in recent years. In B2B markets capital goods are usually ordered, or respectively business transaction are initiated, at industrial trade fairs. The functional characteristics of capital goods in technical terms are assumed generally as fulfilled across all exhibiting competitors. Therefore, a purchaser may be subliminally influenced by the Aesthetics of a capital good when it comes to a purchasing decision. For consumer durables the aspect of after sales highly depends on the business unit's strategy in terms of service offerings, therefore generally statements are not possible to formulate. Disposal Phase[edit]This section is incomplete. (February 2009)∙Design for Environment (Bralla, 1996: 182-194), see also Life cycle assessment, Technology assessment, sustainable engineering,sustainable design∙Design for recycling (Pahl and Beitz, 1996: 360-372), Design for Disassemblyo Active Disassemblyo Remanufacturingo Recycling of electrical and electronical equipment - Disassembly and processing (VDI2343)o Recycling oriented product development (VDI 2243) Similar concepts in product development[edit] There are several other concepts in Product Development and New Product Development that are very closely related:∙Engineering Design: Design for X∙Time Dimension:Product Life Cycle, Product Life Cycle Engineering, Product Life Cycle Management (that is not the same like the ProductCycle in business studies and Economics, see e.g. Vernon (1966).Primarily, the unit of analysis is here "a product", or more clearly asingle item∙Meso-Level Organisation:Concurrent Engineering (American), Simultaneous Engineering (British), and overlapping / parallel ProductDevelopment Processes∙Micro-Level Organisation:Cross-functional teams, Inter-disciplinary teams, etc.Looking at all life stages of a product (Product life cycle (engineering)) is essential for Design for X - Otherwise the "X" would not make any sense. When asking what competencies are required for analysing situations that may occur along the life of a product, it becomes clear that several departmental functions are required. An historical assumption is that New Product Development is conducted in a departmental-stage process (that can be traced back to the classical theory of the firm, e.g. Max Weber's bureaucracy or Henri Fayol's administration principles), i.e. New Product Development activities are closely associated with certain department of a company. In the beginning of the 1990s, the concept of Concurrent Engineering gained popularity to overcome dysfunctionalities of departmental stage processes. Concurrent Engineering postulate that several departments have to work closely together for certain New Product Development activities (see Clark and Fujimoto, 1991). The logical consequence was the emergence of the organisational mechanism of Cross-functional teams. For example, Filippini et al. (2005) found evidence that overlapping Product Development Processes only accelerate New Product Development projects if these are executed by a cross-functional team, vice versa.References[edit]1. Jump up ^ Andrew B. Kahng, DfX and Signoff: The ComingChallenges and Opportunities, Keynote Address, IEEE ComputerSociety Annual Symposium on VLSI (ISVLSI), 2012.2. Jump up ^Saraju P. Mohanty, DFX for Nanoelectronic EmbeddedSystems, Keynote Address at First IEEE Sponsored InternationalConference on Control, Automation, Robotics and Embedded System,CARE-2013, http://care.iiitdmj.ac.in/Keynote_Speakers.html3. Jump up ^ The DfX concept,/courses/topics/0248_dfx/4. Jump up ^"DFA Transforms Computer Chassis".This article has an unclear citation style. The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation, footnoting, or external linking. (September 2009)Design for X references∙Pahl, G., and Beitz, W. (1996). Engineering Design - A Systematic Approach, 2nd edition, London: Springer. (Google Book Preview)∙Bralla, J. G. (1996). Design for Excellence. New York: McGraw-Hill.∙VDI-guidelines of the "Verein Deutscher Ingenieure" can requested under (www) or purchased from the publisher Beuth(www); The mostguidelines are bilingual in German and English.Auxiliary references∙Doz, Y. and Santos, J.F.P. (1997). On the management of knowledge : from the transparency of collocation and co-setting to the quandary ofdispersion and differentiation. Fontainebleau, FRANCE.∙Sanchez, R. and Mahoney, J.T. (1996) Modularity, flexibility, and knowledge management in product and organization design. StrategicManagement Journal, 17, 63-76.∙Fixson, S. K., Ro, Y., & Liker, J. K. (2005). Modularization and Outsourcing: Who drives whom? - A Study of Generational Sequencesin the U.S. Automotive Cockpit Industry. International Journal ofAutomotive Technology and Management, 5(2): 166-183.∙OECD; Eurostat (2005). Oslo Manual 2005: The Measurement of Scientific and Technological Activities - Proposed guidelines forcollecting and interpreting technological innovation data. : Organisationfor Economic Co-operation and Development, Statistical Office of theEuropean Communities. (pdf)∙Vernon, R. (1966) International Investment and International Trade in the Product Cycle. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 80, 190-207.∙Clark, K.B. and Fujimoto, T. (1991). Product development performance.Boston, Massachusetts: Harvard Business School Press.∙Filippini, R., Salmaso, L. and Tessarolo, P. (2005) ProductDevelopment Time Performance: Investigating the Effect of Interactions between Drivers. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 21,199-214.External links[edit]∙DfX-Symposium in Germany∙The IBM Proprinter: A Case Study in Engineering Design∙Mottonen, M., Harkonen, J., Belt, P., Haapasalo, H. and Simila, J. (2009) "Managerial view on design for manufacturing", Industrial Management& Data Systems, Vol. 109, No.6, pp. 859–872. [1]∙Design for X - MakeItFrom (archived)∙[2]。
人力资源三级英文单词
斯仑贝谢所有测井曲线英文名称解释
斯仑贝谢所有测井曲线英文名称解释OCEAN DRILLING PROGRAMACRONYMS USED FOR WIRELINE SCHLUMBERGER TOOLS ACT Aluminum Clay ToolAMS Auxiliary Measurement SondeAPS Accelerator Porosity SondeARI Azimuthal Resistivity ImagerASI Array Sonic ImagerBGKT Vertical Seismic Profile ToolBHC Borehole Compensated Sonic ToolBHTV Borehole TeleviewerCBL Casing Bond LogCNT Compensated Neutron ToolDIT Dual Induction ToolDLL Dual LaterologDSI Dipole Sonic ImagerFMS Formation MicroScannerGHMT Geologic High Resolution Magnetic ToolGPIT General Purpose Inclinometer ToolGR Natural Gamma RayGST Induced Gamma Ray Spectrometry ToolHLDS Hostile Environment Lithodensity SondeHLDT Hostile Environment Lithodensity ToolHNGS Hostile Environment Gamma Ray SondeLDT Lithodensity ToolLSS Long Spacing Sonic ToolMCD Mechanical Caliper DeviceNGT Natural Gamma Ray Spectrometry ToolNMRT Nuclear Resonance Magnetic ToolQSST Inline Checkshot ToolSDT Digital Sonic ToolSGT Scintillation Gamma Ray ToolSUMT Susceptibility Magnetic ToolUBI Ultrasonic Borehole ImagerVSI Vertical Seismic ImagerWST Well Seismic ToolWST-3 3-Components Well Seismic ToolOCEAN DRILLING PROGRAMACRONYMS USED FOR LWD SCHLUMBERGER TOOLSADN Azimuthal Density-NeutronCDN Compensated Density-NeutronCDR Compensated Dual ResistivityISONIC Ideal Sonic-While-DrillingNMR Nuclear Magnetic ResonanceRAB Resistivity-at-the-BitOCEAN DRILLING PROGRAMACRONYMS USED FOR NON-SCHLUMBERGER SPECIALTY TOOLSMCS Multichannel Sonic ToolMGT Multisensor Gamma ToolSST Shear Sonic ToolTAP Temperature-Acceleration-Pressure ToolTLT Temperature Logging ToolOCEAN DRILLING PROGRAMACRONYMS AND UNITS USED FOR WIRELINE SCHLUMBERGER LOGSAFEC APS Far Detector Counts (cps)ANEC APS Near Detector Counts (cps)AX Acceleration X Axis (ft/s2)AY Acceleration Y Axis (ft/s2)AZ Acceleration Z Axis (ft/s2)AZIM Constant Azimuth for Deviation Correction (deg)APLC APS Near/Array Limestone Porosity Corrected (%)C1 FMS Caliper 1 (in)C2 FMS Caliper 2 (in)CALI Caliper (in)CFEC Corrected Far Epithermal Counts (cps)CFTC Corrected Far Thermal Counts (cps)CGR Computed (Th+K) Gamma Ray (API units)CHR2 Peak Coherence, Receiver Array, Upper DipoleCHRP Compressional Peak Coherence, Receiver Array, P&SCHRS Shear Peak Coherence, Receiver Array, P&SCHTP Compressional Peak Coherence, Transmitter Array, P&SCHTS Shear Peak Coherence, Transmitter Array, P&SCNEC Corrected Near Epithermal Counts (cps)CNTC Corrected Near Thermal Counts (cps)CS Cable Speed (m/hr)CVEL Compressional Velocity (km/s)DATN Discriminated Attenuation (db/m)DBI Discriminated Bond IndexDEVI Hole Deviation (degrees)DF Drilling Force (lbf)DIFF Difference Between MEAN and MEDIAN in Delta-Time Proc. (microsec/ft) DRH HLDS Bulk Density Correction (g/cm3)DRHO Bulk Density Correction (g/cm3)DT Short Spacing Delta-Time (10'-8' spacing; microsec/ft)DT1 Delta-Time Shear, Lower Dipole (microsec/ft)DT2 Delta-Time Shear, Upper Dipole (microsec/ft)DT4P Delta- Time Compressional, P&S (microsec/ft)DT4S Delta- Time Shear, P&S (microsec/ft))DT1R Delta- Time Shear, Receiver Array, Lower Dipole (microsec/ft)DT2R Delta- Time Shear, Receiver Array, Upper Dipole (microsec/ft)DT1T Delta-Time Shear, Transmitter Array, Lower Dipole (microsec/ft)DT2T Delta-Time Shear, Transmitter Array, Upper Dipole (microsec/ft)DTCO Delta- Time Compressional (microsec/ft)DTL Long Spacing Delta-Time (12'-10' spacing; microsec/ft)DTLF Long Spacing Delta-Time (12'-10' spacing; microsec/ft)DTLN Short Spacing Delta-Time (10'-8' spacing; microsec/ftDTRP Delta-Time Compressional, Receiver Array, P&S (microsec/ft)DTRS Delta-Time Shear, Receiver Array, P&S (microsec/ft)DTSM Delta-Time Shear (microsec/ft)DTST Delta-Time Stoneley (microsec/ft)DTTP Delta-Time Compressional, Transmitter Array, P&S (microsec/ft)DTTS Delta-Time Shear, Transmitter Array, P&S (microsec/ft)ECGR Environmentally Corrected Gamma Ray (API units)EHGR Environmentally Corrected High Resolution Gamma Ray (API units) ENPH Epithermal Neutron Porosity (%)ENRA Epithermal Neutron RatioETIM Elapsed Time (sec)FINC Magnetic Field Inclination (degrees)FNOR Magnetic Field Total Moment (oersted)FX Magnetic Field on X Axis (oersted)FY Magnetic Field on Y Axis (oersted)FZ Magnetic Field on Z Axis (oersted)GR Natural Gamma Ray (API units)HALC High Res. Near/Array Limestone Porosity Corrected (%)HAZI Hole Azimuth (degrees)HBDC High Res. Bulk Density Correction (g/cm3)HBHK HNGS Borehole Potassium (%)HCFT High Resolution Corrected Far Thermal Counts (cps)HCGR HNGS Computed Gamma Ray (API units)HCNT High Resolution Corrected Near Thermal Counts (cps)HDEB High Res. Enhanced Bulk Density (g/cm3)HDRH High Resolution Density Correction (g/cm3)HFEC High Res. Far Detector Counts (cps)HFK HNGS Formation Potassium (%)HFLC High Res. Near/Far Limestone Porosity Corrected (%)HEGR Environmentally Corrected High Resolution Natural Gamma Ray (API units) HGR High Resolution Natural Gamma Ray (API units)HLCA High Res. Caliper (inHLEF High Res. Long-spaced Photoelectric Effect (barns/e-)HNEC High Res. Near Detector Counts (cps)HNPO High Resolution Enhanced Thermal Nutron Porosity (%)HNRH High Resolution Bulk Density (g/cm3)HPEF High Resolution Photoelectric Effect (barns/e-)HRHO High Resolution Bulk Density (g/cm3)HROM High Res. Corrected Bulk Density (g/cm3)HSGR HNGS Standard (total) Gamma Ray (API units)HSIG High Res. Formation Capture Cross Section (capture units) HSTO High Res. Computed Standoff (in)HTHO HNGS Thorium (ppm)HTNP High Resolution Thermal Neutron Porosity (%)HURA HNGS Uranium (ppm)IDPH Phasor Deep Induction (ohmm)IIR Iron Indicator Ratio [CFE/(CCA+CSI)]ILD Deep Resistivity (ohmm)ILM Medium Resistivity (ohmm)IMPH Phasor Medium Induction (ohmm)ITT Integrated Transit Time (s)LCAL HLDS Caliper (in)LIR Lithology Indicator Ratio [CSI/(CCA+CSI)]LLD Laterolog Deep (ohmm)LLS Laterolog Shallow (ohmm)LTT1 Transit Time (10'; microsec)LTT2 Transit Time (8'; microsec)LTT3 Transit Time (12'; microsec)LTT4 Transit Time (10'; microsec)MAGB Earth's Magnetic Field (nTes)MAGC Earth Conductivity (ppm)MAGS Magnetic Susceptibility (ppm)MEDIAN Median Delta-T Recomputed (microsec/ft)MEAN Mean Delta-T Recomputed (microsec/ft)NATN Near Pseudo-Attenuation (db/m)NMST Magnetometer Temperature (degC)NMSV Magnetometer Signal Level (V)NPHI Neutron Porosity (%)NRHB LDS Bulk Density (g/cm3)P1AZ Pad 1 Azimuth (degrees)PEF Photoelectric Effect (barns/e-)PEFL LDS Long-spaced Photoelectric Effect (barns/e-)PIR Porosity Indicator Ratio [CHY/(CCA+CSI)]POTA Potassium (%)RB Pad 1 Relative Bearing (degrees)RHL LDS Long-spaced Bulk Density (g/cm3)RHOB Bulk Density (g/cm3)RHOM HLDS Corrected Bulk Density (g/cm3)RMGS Low Resolution Susceptibility (ppm)SFLU Spherically Focused Log (ohmm)SGR Total Gamma Ray (API units)SIGF APS Formation Capture Cross Section (capture units)SP Spontaneous Potential (mV)STOF APS Computed Standoff (in)SURT Receiver Coil Temperature (degC)SVEL Shear Velocity (km/s)SXRT NMRS differential Temperature (degC)TENS Tension (lb)THOR Thorium (ppm)TNRA Thermal Neutron RatioTT1 Transit Time (10' spacing; microsec)TT2 Transit Time (8' spacing; microsec)TT3 Transit Time (12' spacing; microsec)TT4 Transit Time (10' spacing; microsec)URAN Uranium (ppm)V4P Compressional Velocity, from DT4P (P&S; km/s)V4S Shear Velocity, from DT4S (P&S; km/s)VELP Compressional Velocity (processed from waveforms; km/s)VELS Shear Velocity (processed from waveforms; km/s)VP1 Compressional Velocity, from DT, DTLN, or MEAN (km/s)VP2 Compressional Velocity, from DTL, DTLF, or MEDIAN (km/s)VCO Compressional Velocity, from DTCO (km/s)VS Shear Velocity, from DTSM (km/s)VST Stonely Velocity, from DTST km/s)VS1 Shear Velocity, from DT1 (Lower Dipole; km/s)VS2 Shear Velocity, from DT2 (Upper Dipole; km/s)VRP Compressional Velocity, from DTRP (Receiver Array, P&S; km/s) VRS Shear Velocity, from DTRS (Receiver Array, P&S; km/s)VS1R Shear Velocity, from DT1R (Receiver Array, Lower Dipole; km/s) VS2R Shear Velocity, from DT2R (Receiver Array, Upper Dipole; km/s) VS1T Shear Velocity, from DT1T (Transmitter Array, Lower Dipole; km/s) VS2T Shear Velocity, from DT2T (Transmitter Array, Upper Dipole; km/s) VTP Compressional Velocity, from DTTP (Transmitter Array, P&S; km/s) VTS Shear Velocity, from DTTS (Transmitter Array, P&S; km/s)#POINTS Number of Transmitter-Receiver Pairs Used in Sonic Processing W1NG NGT Window 1 counts (cps)W2NG NGT Window 2 counts (cps)W3NG NGT Window 3 counts (cps)W4NG NGT Window 4 counts (cps)W5NG NGT Window 5 counts (cps)OCEAN DRILLING PROGRAMACRONYMS AND UNITS USED FOR LWD SCHLUMBERGER LOGSAT1F Attenuation Resistivity (1 ft resolution; ohmm)AT3F Attenuation Resistivity (3 ft resolution; ohmm)AT4F Attenuation Resistivity (4 ft resolution; ohmm)AT5F Attenuation Resistivity (5 ft resolution; ohmm)ATR Attenuation Resistivity (deep; ohmm)BFV Bound Fluid Volume (%)B1TM RAB Shallow Resistivity Time after Bit (s)B2TM RAB Medium Resistivity Time after Bit (s)B3TM RAB Deep Resistivity Time after Bit (s)BDAV Deep Resistivity Average (ohmm)BMAV Medium Resistivity Average (ohmm)BSAV Shallow Resistivity Average (ohmm)CGR Computed (Th+K) Gamma Ray (API units)DCAL Differential Caliper (in)DROR Correction for CDN rotational density (g/cm3).DRRT Correction for ADN rotational density (g/cm3).DTAB AND or CDN Density Time after Bit (hr)FFV Free Fluid Volume (%)GR Gamma Ray (API Units)GR7 Sum Gamma Ray Windows GRW7+GRW8+GRW9-Equivalent to Wireline NGT window 5 (cps) GRW3 Gamma Ray Window 3 counts (cps)-Equivalent to Wireline NGT window 1GRW4 Gamma Ray Window 4 counts (cps)-Equivalent to Wireline NGT window 2GRW5 Gamma Ray Window 5 counts (cps)-Equivalent to Wireline NGT window 3GRW6 Gamma Ray Window 6 counts (cps)-Equivalent to Wireline NGT window 4GRW7 Gamma Ray Window 7 counts (cps)GRW8 Gamma Ray Window 8 counts (cps)GRW9 Gamma Ray Window 9 counts (cps)GTIM CDR Gamma Ray Time after Bit (s)GRTK RAB Gamma Ray Time after Bit (s)HEF1 Far He Bank 1 counts (cps)HEF2 Far He Bank 2 counts (cps)HEF3 Far He Bank 3 counts (cps)HEF4 Far He Bank 4 counts (cps)HEN1 Near He Bank 1 counts (cps)HEN2 Near He Bank 2 counts (cps)HEN3 Near He Bank 3 counts (cps)HEN4 Near He Bank 4 counts (cps)MRP Magnetic Resonance PorosityNTAB ADN or CDN Neutron Time after Bit (hr)PEF Photoelectric Effect (barns/e-)POTA Potassium (%) ROPE Rate of Penetration (ft/hr)PS1F Phase Shift Resistivity (1 ft resolution; ohmm)PS2F Phase Shift Resistivity (2 ft resolution; ohmm)PS3F Phase Shift Resistivity (3 ft resolution; ohmm)PS5F Phase Shift Resistivity (5 ft resolution; ohmm)PSR Phase Shift Resistivity (shallow; ohmm)RBIT Bit Resistivity (ohmm)RBTM RAB Resistivity Time After Bit (s)RING Ring Resistivity (ohmm)ROMT Max. Density Total (g/cm3) from rotational processing ROP Rate of Penetration (m/hr)ROP1 Rate of Penetration, average over last 1 ft (m/hr).ROP5 Rate of Penetration, average over last 5 ft (m/hr)ROPE Rate of Penetration, averaged over last 5 ft (ft/hr)RPM RAB Tool Rotation Speed (rpm)RTIM CDR or RAB Resistivity Time after Bit (hr)SGR Total Gamma Ray (API units)T2 T2 Distribution (%)T2LM T2 Logarithmic Mean (ms)THOR Thorium (ppm)TNPH Thermal Neutron Porosity (%)TNRA Thermal RatioURAN Uranium (ppm)OCEAN DRILLING PROGRAMADDITIONAL ACRONYMS AND UNITS(PROCESSED LOGS FROM GEOCHEMICAL TOOL STRING)AL2O3 Computed Al2O3 (dry weight %)AL2O3MIN Computed Al2O3 Standard Deviation (dry weight %) AL2O3MAX Computed Al2O3 Standard Deviation (dry weight %) CAO Computed CaO (dry weight %)CAOMIN Computed CaO Standard Deviation (dry weight %) CAOMAX Computed CaO Standard Deviation (dry weight %) CACO3 Computed CaCO3 (dry weight %)CACO3MIN Computed CaCO3 Standard Deviation (dry weight %) CACO3MAX Computed CaCO3 Standard Deviation (dry weight %) CCA Calcium Yield (decimal fraction)CCHL Chlorine Yield (decimal fraction)CFE Iron Yield (decimal fraction)CGD Gadolinium Yield (decimal fraction)CHY Hydrogen Yield (decimal fraction)CK Potassium Yield (decimal fraction)CSI Silicon Yield (decimal fraction)CSIG Capture Cross Section (capture units)CSUL Sulfur Yield (decimal fraction)CTB Background Yield (decimal fraction)CTI Titanium Yield (decimal fraction)FACT Quality Control CurveFEO Computed FeO (dry weight %)FEOMIN Computed FeO Standard Deviation (dry weight %) FEOMAX Computed FeO Standard Deviation (dry weight %) FEO* Computed FeO* (dry weight %)FEO*MIN Computed FeO* Standard Deviation (dry weight %) FEO*MAX Computed FeO* Standard Deviation (dry weight %) FE2O3 Computed Fe2O3 (dry weight %)FE2O3MIN Computed Fe2O3 Standard Deviation (dry weight %) FE2O3MAX Computed Fe2O3 Standard Deviation (dry weight %) GD Computed Gadolinium (dry weight %)GDMIN Computed Gadolinium Standard Deviation (dry weight %) GDMAX Computed Gadolinium Standard Deviation (dry weight %) K2O Computed K2O (dry weight %)K2OMIN Computed K2O Standard Deviation (dry weight %)K2OMAX Computed K2O Standard Deviation (dry weight %) MGO Computed MgO (dry weight %)MGOMIN Computed MgO Standard Deviation (dry weight %) MGOMAX Computed MgO Standard Deviation (dry weight %)S Computed Sulfur (dry weight %)SMIN Computed Sulfur Standard Deviation (dry weight %) SMAX Computed Sulfur Standard Deviation (dry weight %)SIO2 Computed SiO2 (dry weight %)SIO2MIN Computed SiO2 Standard Deviation (dry weight %) SIO2MAX Computed SiO2 Standard Deviation (dry weight %) THORMIN Computed Thorium Standard Deviation (ppm) THORMAX Computed Thorium Standard Deviation (ppm)TIO2 Computed TiO2 (dry weight %)TIO2MIN Computed TiO2 Standard Deviation (dry weight %) TIO2MAX Computed TiO2 Standard Deviation (dry weight %) URANMIN Computed Uranium Standard Deviation (ppm) URANMAX Computed Uranium Standard Deviation (ppm) VARCA Variable CaCO3/CaO calcium carbonate/oxide factor。
欧洲药监局--工艺验证指南更新意向书
Concept Paper on the Revision of the Guideline on Process Validation工艺验证指南更新意向书欧洲药品管理局，2010年2月25日发布1. IntroductionThis concept paper addresses the need to update the guideline on Process Validation1. This guideline was originally adopted in February 2001. With the development of new ICH guidelines Q8, Q9 and Q10, this guideline is being reviewed in order to implement the concepts highlighted in the ICH guidelines.该指南旨在适应ICH不断提高的要求，改动后将Q8，Q9和Q10的一些理念也融合了进去。
2. Problem statementThe current guideline does not reflect the recent regulatory developments on Process Analytical Technology (PAT), Quality by Design (QbD) and Real-Time Release Testing (RTRT).当前的指南没有考虑目前生产过程控制技术、质量源于设计和实时放行测试方面的发展。
3. Discussion (on the problem statement) 讨论(基于上述问题)即将出台的这份指南是基于ICHQ8、Q9和Q10这些先进指南的综合考虑而出台的。
根据这些新指南的出台，对于工艺控制以及传统验证批的概念提出了全新的理解(根据这些指南的定义，可能颠覆对传统的工艺验证批次以及工艺过程控制的理解)。
M-503(Cathodic protection)
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NORSOK standard
Page 1 of 12
NORSOK standard M-503
Edition 3, May 2007
Foreword
The NORSOK standards are developed by the Norwegian petroleum industry to ensure adequate safety, value adding and cost effectiveness for petroleum industry developments and operations. Furthermore, NORSOK standards are, as far as possible, intended to replace oil company specifications and serve as references in the authorities’ regulations.
The NORSOK standards are prepared and published with support by The Norwegian Oil Industry Association (OLF), The Federation of Norwegian Industry, Norwegian Shipowners’ Association and The Petroleum Safety Authority Norway.
3 3.1 3.2
Terms, definitions, abbreviations and symbols Terms and definitions Abbreviations and symbols
金融类英语词汇的翻译(四)
金融类英语词汇的翻译 (四) exposure 承受风险；收支差〔外汇〕62expressed in Hong Kong dollar 以港元计算external assets 对外资产external auditor 外聘核数师；外聘审计师external claim 对外债权external commercial relations 对外贸易关系external competitiveness 对外竞争力External Department 外事经研部〔香港金融管理局〕external equilibrium 对外均衡external fund manager 外聘投资经理〔外汇基金〕external investor 外来投资者external liabilities and claims 对外负债和债权External Managers Division 外聘投资经理处〔香港金融管理局〕external price competitiveness 对外贸易价格竞争能力External Relations Division 对外关系处〔香港金融管理局〕external sovereign debt 对外国债external trade 对外贸易externally oriented economy 以外贸为主的经济；倚赖对外贸易的经济extinguishment allowance 结业津贴extortionate stipulation 敲诈性的规定extra allowance 额外津贴extra statutory concession 法外宽减extraordinary item 非经常项目；特殊帐项extrapolation 外推法extrinsic value 外在价值；非固有价值63财经类词汇 (F)face value 面值；票面价值facility letter 提供贷款通知书；贷款确认书Fact Book 19XX 《19XX 股市资料》Fact Sheet 《股市资料》factor analysis 因素分析factor cost 要素成本；生产要素成本factor market 生产要素市场factor of production 生产要素factor price 要素价格；生产要素价格factor system 因素计算法factoring company 代理融通公司；代理收帐公司facultative reinsurance business 临时再保险业务Faculty of Actuaries of Scotland 苏格兰精算师学院fair dealing 公平交易fair market value 公平市值fair return 合理利润；合理收益fall back 回落false accounting 伪造帐目false claim of business expenses 虚报营业开支false entry 虚假记项false market 假市family income 家庭收入family living expenses 家庭生活开支family-owned company 家族公司Far East Exchange 远东交易所Far Eastern Economic Review 《远东经济评论》Far Eastern Relief Fund 远东赈济基金fast market 快市；速动市场fast trading 交投畅旺favourable balance 顺差favourable balance of trade 贸易顺差Federal funds 联邦基金〔美国〕Federal funds rate 联邦基金利率Federal National Mortgage Association 联邦国民抵押协会〔美国〕Federal Open Market Committee 联邦公开市场委员会〔美国〕Federal Reserve Board 联邦储备局〔联储局〕〔美国〕Federal Reserve System 联邦储备系统〔美国〕Federal Reserve Wire Network 联邦储备系统通讯网络〔美国〕Federation Internationale des Bourses de Valeurs国际证券交易所联会Federation of Share Registrars 证券登记公司总会fee collection procedure 收费程序64fee payable 应缴费用fees and charges 费用及收费fees and receipts other than appropriation-in-aid不包括补助拨款的收费及收益fellow subsidiary 同集团附属公司Fidelity Fund 互保基金fiduciary 受信人；受托人fiduciary capacity 受信人身分fiduciary duty 受信责任fiduciary issue 信用发行fiduciary loan 信用放款；信用贷款field audit 实地审查〔税务〕Field Audit Group 实地审核组〔税务局〕field audit staff 实地审计人员；实地核数人员final account 决算账户；最后结算final and conclusive assessment 最终及决定性的评税final assessment 最后评税final consumption expenditure 最终消费开支final dividend 末期股息；末期摊还债款final estimate 最终估计final estimate of gross domestic product 本地生产总值的最后估计final goods 最终产品Final Notice for Rates 差饷最后通知书final salaries tax assessment 薪俸税最后评税final settlement 最终结算final settlement price 最终结算价格final statement 决算表final tax 最后税款finance 财务；融资Finance and Management Services Division 财务及行政管理科〔香港联合交易所有限公司〕Finance Bureau 库务局〔政府总部〕Finance CommitteeLimited>财务委员会〔香港期货交易所有限公司；香港联合交易所有限公司〕Finance Committee agenda item 财务委员会议程文件〔立法会〕Finance Committee of the Legislative Council 立法会财务委员会finance company 财务公司Finance Department 财务部〔香港联合交易所有限公司〕Finance Division 财务处〔香港金融管理局〕finance lease 融资租赁finance sectorial index 金融分类指数finance sub-index 金融分类指数Financial Accounting Section 财务会计组〔香港金融管理局〕financial adjustment 财政调整65financial administration 财政管理；财务管理financial adviser 财务顾问Financial and Accounting Regulations 《财务及会计规例》Financial and Institutional Coordinating Committee 财务监督委员会financial appraisal 财政评估financial arrangement 财政安排；财务安排financial assets 金融资产financial assistance 经济援助；财政资助financial auditing 财务审计financial capacity 经济能力financial centre 金融中心Financial Circular 《财务通告》financial commitment 财政承担；财政承担额financial community 财经界financial conglomerate 金融集团financial constraint 财政约束financial consultancy service 财务顾问服务financial contract 财务合约financial control 财务管理；财务控制；财政规控financial derivative 金融衍生工具financial derivative product 金融衍生产品financial discipline 财政纪律；财务约束financial disclosure 财务资料披露financial disclosure rules 财务数据披露规则financial exposure 财务风险financial futures 金融期货financial guideline 财政准则financial implication 财政影响；财政负担；财政承担financial information system 财务数据系统financial infrastructure 金融基础建设；金融基础设施Financial Infrastructure Section 财经基建组〔财经事务局〕financial institution 财务机构；金融机构financial instrument 金融工具；金融票据financial integrity 财政方面的稳健性financial intermediary 金融中介机构financial intermediation service 金融中介服务financial journalist 财经新闻工作者financial liberalization 金融市场自由化financial loss 财政损失financial management 财务管理financial management and budgeting system 财务管理及预算系统financial market 金融市场financial model 财政模式Financial Monitoring Unit 财务监察组〔经济局〕。
恩将仇报因果报应
恩将仇报因果报应生前报应即是前生作孽今生报，今生作孽下世报。
这种因果报应，同样分福报和祸报。
有的人前世行了善，积了德，犹如在银行存的款还未用完，故转到今生来用，故今生享福。
如他今生虽然享福仍行善积德，银行存款越来越多，利息也越来越多，故下一世仍然是享福之人，为福报。
有的人上世作的恶太多，或者老来作恶，当世清算不完，这一世就苦。
如某人对前世的恶，后世的苦认识不到，继续作恶，那他下一世还要继续受苦难;如其及时认识到自己的行为，改恶从善，或许当世即会转运，通过努力化苦因果报应一切众生，心性原同，而其身心受用，苦乐悬殊者，以宿世之修持不一，致今生之感报各别也。
故经云，欲知前世因，今生受者是，欲知来世果，今生作者是。
感应篇云，祸福无门, 唯人自召，善恶之报，如影随形。
是以君子乐天知命，不怨不尤, 聿修厥德, 自求多福, 以期消灭宿业，培植来报也。
世之最可怜可悯者，莫过于贫无衣食之瞽目残疾人。
均是人也, 人皆眼目明了，彻见一切，彼则虽处光天化日之下, 无异暗室幽谷之中。
人皆手足完全，随意动作，彼则肢体残缺, 诸凡不便。
如是之人，又加以无家室以庇身，无衣食以养体。
彼等同为天地父母之所生, 固为吾之同胞。
吾人幸受天地父母之所覆载, 而境遇稍亨。
若不设法，令彼身有所托，心有所依，俾其宿业消灭，来报胜妙, 便失天地父母平等生育之心，兼负天地父母锡吾福乐安适之念。
况乎博施济众，老安少怀，视民如伤, 恩先无告, 古圣贤无不提倡而躬行之，以为天下后世法。
岂可不仰体天地圣贤之心，以行一视同仁之道，而漠然置之乎。
以故一亭王居士，特发大心，纠集同志，立一残疾院，于上海南车站附近，俾彼无家可归之残疾人，安住其中，供其衣食, 以尽天年。
有手足不完具者，派人照护，其有目能视，手能作者，随彼身分，作诸工业，以稍贴补其服用。
又请通达佛法之人, 数日一往其中，为彼演说改过迁善，闲邪存诚，信愿念佛, 求生西方之法。
俾彼等了知前因后果，聿修厥德, 一心念佛，以期往生。
人力资源英文专业术语
人力资源管理师（二级）专业英语词汇表序号词汇中译词意1 Acceptability 可接受性2 Achievement tests 成就测试3 Action plan 行动计划4 Action steps 行动步骤5 Adventure learning 探险学习法6 Adverse impact 负面影响7 Agency shop 工会代理制8 Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) 建设性争议解决方法9 Analytic approach 分析法10 Appraisal politics 评价政治学11 Apprenticeship 学徒制12 Arbitrary 仲裁13 Assessment 评价14 Assessment center 评价中心15 Attitude awareness and change program 态度认知与改变计划16 Attitudinal structuring 态度构建17 Audiovisual instruction 视听教学18 Audit approach 审计法19 Balanced scorecard 综合评价卡20 Basic skills 基本技能21 Behavior-based program 行为改变计划22 Behavior modeling 行为模拟23 Benchmarks 基准24 Benchmarking 评判25 Benefits 收益26 Bonus 奖金27 Boycott 联合抵制28 Career 职业29 Career counseling 职业咨询30 Career curves (maturity curves) 职业曲线（成熟曲线）31 Career management system 职业管理系统32 Career support 职业支持33 Centralization 集权化34 Coach 教练35 Cognitive ability 认知能力36 Cognitive outcomes 认知性结果37 Collective bargaining process 劳资谈判过程38 Community of practice 演练小组39 Compa-ratio 比较比率40 Compensable factors 报酬要素41 Competency assessment 能力评估42 Competitive advantage 竞争优势43 Concentration strategy 集中战略44 Concurrent validation 同时效度45 Consumer price index, CPI 消费者价格指数46 Content validation 内容效度47 Continuous learning 持续学习48 Contributory plan 投入计划49 Coordination training 合作培训50 Core competencies 核心竞争力51 Criterion-related validity 效标关联效度52 Critical incident 关键事件53 Critical incident method 关键事件法54 Cross-cultural preparation 跨文化准备55 Cross-training 交叉培训56 Cultural environment 文化环境57 Cultural shock 文化冲击58 Customer appraisal 顾客评估59 Data flow diagram 数据流程图60 Database 数据库61 Decentralization 分散化62 Decision support systems 决策支持系统63 Defined-benefit plan 养老金福利计划64 Defined-contribution plan 资方养老金投入计划65 Delayering 扁平化66 Depression 沮丧67 Development planning system 开发规划系统68 Differential piece rate 差额计件工资69 Direct costs 直接成本70 Discipline 纪律71 Disparate impact 差别性影响72 Disparate treatment 差别性对待73 Diversity training 多元化培训74 Downsizing 精简75 Downward move 降级76 Efficiency wage theory 效率工资理论77 Electronic performance support system (EPSS) 电子绩效支持系统78 Employee empowerment 员工授权79 Employee leasing 员工租借80 Employee survey research 雇员调查与研究81 Employee wellness programs (EWPs) 雇员健康修炼计划82 Entrepreneur 企业家83 Equal employment opportunity (EEO) 公平就业机会84 Essay method 书面方式85 Ethics 道德86 Expatriate 外派雇员87 Expert systems 专家系统88 External analysis 外部分析89 External growth strategy 外边成长战略90 External labor market 外部劳动力市场91 Factor comparison system 因素比较法92 Feedback 反馈93 Flexible benefits plans (cafeteria plans) 灵活的福利计划（自助福利方案）94 Flextime 灵活的时间95 Forecasting （劳动力供求）预测96 Formal education programs 正规教育计划97 Frame of reference 参照系98 Functional job analysis, FJA 职能工作分析99 Gain sharing plans 收益分享计划100 Globalization 全球化101 Goals 目标102 Goals and timetables 目标和时间表103 Graphic rating-scale method 图式评估法104 Group-building methods 团队建设法105 Group mentoring program 群体指导计划106 Hay profile method 海氏剖析法107 High-leverage training 高层次培训108 High-performance work systems 高绩效工作系统109 Hourly work 计时工资制110 Human capital 人力资本111 Human resource information system (HRIS) 人力资源信息系统112 Human resource management 人力资源管理113 Human resources planning, HRP 人力资源计划114 Indirect costs 间接成本115 Individualism/collectivism 个人主义/集体主义116 Input 投入117 Instructional design process 指导性设计过程118 Internal analysis 内部分析119 Internal growth strategy 内部成长战略120 Internal labor force 内部劳动力121 Internet 互联网122 Internship programs 实习计划123 Interview 面试124 Intraorganizational bargaining 组织内谈判125 Job analysis 工作分析126 Job classification system 工作分类法127 Job description 工作描述128 Job design 工作设计129 Job enlargement 工作扩大化130 Job enrichment 工作丰富化131 Job evaluation 工作评价132 Job experiences 工作经验133 Job involvement 工作认同134 Job posting and bidding 工作张贴和申请135 Job progressions 工作提升136 Job ranking system 工作重要性排序法137 Job rotation 工作轮换138 Job satisfaction 工作满意度139 Job specification 工作规范140 Job structure 工作结构141 Key jobs 关键工作142 Labor market 劳动力市场143 Labor relations process 劳动关系进程144 Leaderless group discussion 无领导小组讨论法145 Learning organization 学习型组织146 Long-term-short-term orientation 长期-短期导向147 Maintenance of membership 会员资格维持148 Management by objectives, MBO 目标管理149 Management forecasts 管理预测150 Management prerogatives 管理特权151 Manager and / or supervisor appraisal 经理和/或上司评估152 Managing diversity 管理多元化153 Markov analysis 马克夫分析法154 Mediation 调解155 Mentor 导师156 Merit guideline 绩效指南157 Minimum wage 最低工资158 Motivation to learn 学习的动机159 Needs assessment （培训）需要评价160 Negligence 疏忽161 Nepotism 裙带关系162 Ombudsman 调查专员163 On-the-job training, OJT 在职培训164 Opportunity to perform 实践的机会165 Organizational analysis 组织分析166 Organizational capability 组织能力167 Orientation 导向培训168 Outplacement counseling 重新谋职咨询169 Output 产出170 Outsourcing 外包171 Panel interview 小组面试172 Pay-for-performance standard 按绩效的报酬标准173 Pay grade 工资等级174 Pay level 工资水平175 Pay-policy line 工资政策线176 Pay structure 工资结构177 Peer appraisal 同事评估178 Performance appraisal 绩效评价179 Performance feedback 绩效反馈180 Performance management 绩效管理181 Performance planning and evaluation (PPE) 绩效规划与评价系统182 Perquisites 津贴183 Person analysis 个人分析184 Person characteristics 个人特征185 Personnel selection 人员甄选186 Point system 积分法187 Position analysis questionnaire, PAQ 职位分析问卷调查188 Power distance 权力差距189 Predictive validation 预测效度190 Profit sharing 利润分享191 Promotion 晋升192 Protean career 多变的职业193 Psychological contract 心理契约194 Psychological support 心理支持195 Range spread 工资范围跨度196 Readability 易读性197 Readiness for training 培训准备198 Reasoning ability 推理能力199 Recruitment 招募200 Reengineering 流程再造201 Relational database 关联数据库202 Reliability 信度203 Repatriation 归国准备204 Replacement charts 替换表205 Request for proposal (REP) （培训）招标书206 Return on investment (ROI) 投资回报207 Role ambiguity 角色模糊208 Role analysis technique 角色分析技术209 Role play 角色扮演210 School-to-work 从学校到工作211 Selection 甄选212 Self-appraisal 自我评估213 Self-efficacy 自信心214 Situational interview 情景面试215 Skill-based pay 技能工资216 Skill inventories 技能量表217 Specificity 明确性218 Spot bonus 即时奖金219 Staffing tables 人员配置表220 Strategic choice 战略选择221 Strategic congruence 战略一致性222 Strategic human resource management (SHRM) 战略性人力资源管理223 Strategy formulation 战略形成224 Strategy implementation 战略执行225 Task analysis 任务分析226 Team leader training 团队领导培训227 360-degree feedback process 360度反馈过程228 Total quality management (TQM) 全面质量管理229 Training 培训230 Training administration 培训管理231 Training outcomes 培训结果232 Transaction processing 事务处理233 Trend analysis 趋势分析234 Utility 效用235 Utility analysis 效用分析236 Validity 效度237 Verbal comprehension 语言理解能力238 Vesting 既得利益239 Virtual reality 现实虚拟240 Voicing 发言241 Wage and salary survey 薪资调查242 Wage-rate compression 工资压缩243 Web-based training 网上培训244 Work permit/ work certificate 就业许可证245 World Wide Web 万维网246 Yield ratio 成功率助理人力资源管理师（三级）专业英语词汇表序号认知词汇中译词意1 Acceptability 可接受性2 Achievement tests 成就测试3 Action plan 行动计划4 Action steps 行动步骤5 Adventure learning 探险学习法6 Adverse impact 负面影响7 Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) 建设性争议解决方法8 Analytic approach 分析法9 Appraisal politics 评价政治学10 Apprenticeship 学徒制11 Arbitrary 仲裁12 Assessment 评价13 Assessment center 评价中心14 Basic skills 基本技能15 Behavior-based program 行为改变计划16 Behavior modeling 行为模拟17 Benchmarks 标杆18 Benchmarking 评判19 Benefits 收益20 Bonus 奖金21 Boycott 联合抵制22 Career 职业23 Career counseling 职业咨询24 Career curves (maturity curves) 职业曲线（成熟曲线）25 Career management system 职业管理系统26 Career support 职业支持27 Centralization 集权化28 Community of practice 演练小组29 Compa-ratio 比较比率30 Compensable factors 报酬要素31 Competency assessment 能力评估32 Competitive advantage 竞争优势33 Concentration strategy 集中战略34 Concurrent validation 同时效度35 Consumer price index, CPI 消费者价格指数36 Core competencies 核心竞争力37 Criterion-related validity 效标关联效度38 Critical incident 关键事件39 Critical incident method 关键事件法40 Cross-cultural preparation 跨文化准备41 Cross-training 交叉培训42 Cultural environment 文化环境43 Cultural shock 文化冲击44 Customer appraisal 顾客评估45 Data flow diagram 数据流程图46 Database 数据库47 Decentralization 分散化48 Delayering 扁平化49 Depression 沮丧50 Development planning system 开发规划系统51 Differential piece rate 差额计件工资52 Direct costs 直接成本53 Discipline 纪律54 Disparate impact 差别性影响55 Disparate treatment 差别性对待56 Diversity training 多元化培训57 Downsizing 精简58 Downward move 降级59 Efficiency wage theory 效率工资理论60 Electronic performance support system (EPSS) 电子绩效支持系统61 Employee empowerment 员工授权62 Employee leasing 员工租借63 Ethics 道德64 Expatriate 外派雇员65 Expert systems 专家系统66 External analysis 外部分析67 External growth strategy 外边成长战略68 External labor market 外部劳动力市场69 Factor comparison system 因素比较法70 Feedback 反馈71 Forecasting （劳动力供求）预测72 Formal education programs 正规教育计划73 Frame of reference 参照系74 Functional job analysis, FJA 职能工作分析75 Gain sharing plans 收益分享计划76 Globalization 全球化77 Goals 目标78 Goals and timetables 目标和时间表79 Graphic rating-scale method 图式评估法80 Group-building methods 团队建设法81 Group mentoring program 群体指导计划82 Hay profile method 海氏剖析法83 High-leverage training 高层次培训84 High-performance work systems 高绩效工作系统85 Hourly work 计时工资制86 Human capital 人力资本87 Human resource information system (HRIS) 人力资源信息系统88 Human resource management 人力资源管理89 Human resources planning, HRP 人力资源计划90 Indirect costs 间接成本91 Individualism/collectivism 个人主义/集体主义92 Input 投入93 Instructional design process 指导性设计过程94 Internal analysis 内部分析95 Internal growth strategy 内部成长战略96 Internship programs 实习计划97 Interview 面试98 Intraorganizational bargaining 组织内谈判99 Job analysis 工作分析100 Job classification system 工作分类法101 Job description 工作描述102 Job design 工作设计103 Job enlargement 工作扩大化104 Job enrichment 工作丰富化105 Job evaluation 工作评价106 Job experiences 工作经验107 Job involvement 工作认同108 Job posting and bidding 工作张贴和申请109 Job progressions 工作提升110 Job ranking system 工作重要性排序法111 Job rotation 工作轮换112 Job satisfaction 工作满意度113 Job specification 工作规范114 Job structure 工作结构115 Key jobs 关键工作116 Labor market 劳动力市场117 Labor relations process 劳动关系进程118 Leaderless group discussion 无领导小组讨论法119 Learning organization 学习型组织120 Long-term-short-term orientation 长期-短期导向121 Maintenance of membership 会员资格维持122 Management by objectives, MBO 目标管理123 Management forecasts 管理预测124 Management prerogatives 管理特权125 Manager and / or supervisor appraisal 经理和/或上司评估126 Managing diversity 管理多元化127 Markov analysis 马克夫分析法128 Mediation 调解129 Mentor 导师130 Merit guideline 绩效指南131 Minimum wage 最低工资132 Motivation to learn 学习的动机133 Needs assessment （培训）需要评价134 Negligence 疏忽135 Nepotism 裙带关系136 Ombudsman 调查专员137 On-the-job training（OJT）在职培训138 Opportunity to perform 实践的机会139 Organizational analysis 组织分析140 Organizational capability 组织能力141 Orientation 导向培训142 Outplacement counseling 重新谋职咨询143 Output 产出144 Outsourcing 外包145 Pay-policy line 工资政策线146 Pay structure 工资结构147 Peer appraisal 同事评估148 Performance appraisal 绩效评价149 Performance feedback 绩效反馈150 Performance management 绩效管理151 Performance planning and evaluation (PPE) 绩效规划与评价系统152 Perquisites 津贴153 Person analysis 个人分析154 Person characteristics 个人特征155 Personnel selection 人员甄选156 Point system 积分法157 Position analysis questionnaire, PaQ 职位分析问卷调查158 Power distance 权力差距159 Predictive validation 预测效度160 Profit sharing 利润分享161 Promotion 晋升162 Protean career 多变的职业163 Psychological contract 心理契约164 Psychological support 心理支持165 Readiness for training 培训准备166 Reasoning ability 推理能力167 Recruitment 招募168 Reengineering 流程再造169 Reliability 信度170 Repatriation 归国准备171 Replacement charts 替换表172 Request for proposal (REP) （培训）招标书173 Return on investment (ROI) 投资回报174 Role ambiguity 角色模糊175 Selection 甄选176 Self-appraisal 自我评估177 Self-efficacy 自信心178 Situational interview 情景面试179 Skill-based pay 技能工资180 Skill inventories 技能量表181 Specificity 明确性182 Spot bonus 即时奖金183 Staffing tables 人员配置表184 Strategic choice 战略选择185 Strategic congruence 战略一致性186 Strategic human resource management (SHRM) 战略性人力资源管理187 Strategy formulation 战略形成188 Strategy implementation 战略执行189 Task analysis 任务分析190 Team leader training 团队领导培训191 360-degree feedback process 360度反馈过程192 Total quality management (TQM) 全面质量管理193 Training 培训194 Training administration 培训管理195 Validity 效度196 Voicing 发言197 Wage and salary survey 薪资调查198 Wage-rate compression 工资压缩199 Web-based training 网上培训200 Work permit/ work certificate 就业许可证。
WHO 成人儿童糖摄入量指南
recommendations
37
Annex 8 Management of conflict of interest
38
R e ferences
46
WHO| Guideline
vi Sugars intake for adults and children
Acknowledgements
Guideline:
Sugars intake for adults and children
WHO| Guideline
i Sugars intake for adults and children
Guideline:
Sugars intake for adults and children
WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
Guideline: sugars intake for adults and children.
1.Carbohydrates. 2.Dietary Sucrose – administration and dosage. 3.Dental Caries – prevention and control. 4.Obesity – prevention and control. 5.Chronic Disease – prevention and control. 6.Energy Intake. 7.Food Habits. 8.Recommended Dietary Allowances. 9.Guideline. 10.Adult. 11.Child. I.World Health Organization.
Dissemination
HR专业英语单词
工作满意度 工作规范 工作结构 关键工作 劳动力市场 劳动关系进程 无领导小组讨论法 学习型组织 长期-短期导向 会员资格维持 目标管理 管理预测 管理特权 经理和/或上司评估 管理多元化 马克夫分析法 调解 导师 绩效指南 最低工资
reasoning ability recruitment reengineering relational database reliability repatriation replacement charts request for proposal (RFP) return on investment (ROI) role ambiguity role analysis technique role play school-to-work selection self-appraisal self-efficacy situational interview skill-based pay skill inventories specificity
job satisfaction job specification job structure key jobs labor market labor relations process leaderless group discussion learning organization long-term-short-term orientation maintenance of membership management by objectives,MBO management forecasts management prerogatives manager and / or supervisor appraisal managing diversity Markov analysis mediation mentor merit guideline minimum wage
芯片测试的几个术语及解释（CP、FT、WAT）
芯片测试的几个术语及解释（CP、FT、WAT）CP是把坏的Die挑出来，可以减少封装和测试的成本。
可以更直接的知道Wafer 的良率。
FT是把坏的chip挑出来；检验封装的良率。
现在对于一般的wafer工艺，很多公司多把CP给省了；减少成本。
CP对整片Wafer的每个Die来测试而FT则对封装好的Chip来测试。
CP Pass 才会去封装。
然后FT，确保封装后也Pass。
WAT是Wafer AcceptanceT est，对专门的测试图形（test key）的测试，通过电参数来监控各步工艺是否正常和稳定；CP是wafer level的chip probing，是整个wafer工艺，包括backgrinding和backmetal（if need），对一些基本器件参数的测试，如vt（阈值电压），Rdson（导通电阻），BVdss（源漏击穿电压），Igss（栅源漏电流），Idss（漏源漏电流）等，一般测试机台的电压和功率不会很高；FT是packaged chip level的Final Test，主要是对于这个（CPpassed）IC或Device芯片应用方面的测试，有些甚至是待机测试；Pass FP还不够，还需要做process qual 和product qualCP 测试对Memory来说还有一个非常重要的作用，那就是通过MRA计算出chip level 的Repair address，通过Laser Repair将CP 测试中的Repairable die 修补回来，这样保证了yield和reliability两方面的提升。
CP是对wafer进行测试，检查fab厂制造的工艺水平FT是对package进行测试，检查封装厂制造的工艺水平对于测试项来说，有些测试项在CP时会进行测试，在FT时就不用再次进行测试了，节省了FT测试时间；但是有些测试项必须在FT 时才进行测试（不同的设计公司会有不同的要求）一般来说，CP测试的项目比较多，比较全；FT测的项目比较少，但都是关键项目，条件严格。
澳大利亚HEBEL墙板安装指导
Low Rise Multi-Residential Intertenancy Walls Design and Installation GuideContentsThis Design Guide has been prepared as a source of information to provide general guidance to consultants – and in no way replaces the services of the professional consultant and relevant engineers designing the project.It is the responsibility of the architectural designer and engineering parties to ensurethat the details in this Design and Installation Guide are appropriate for the intended application.The recommendations of this guide are formulated along the lines of good building practice, but arenot intended to be an exhaustive statement of all relevant data. Introduction31. Design and selection details6– Typical applications6– Structural provisions9– Design and detailing considerations10– System components112. System performance14– Regulatory issues14– S ound transmission and insulation15– Fire resistance performance173. Installation detail18– Installation guidelines18–C onstruction for PowerPanel Intertenancydiscontinuous Wall Systems19– J unction details for PowerPanel Intertenancydiscontinuous Wall Systems23– C onstruction for PowerPanel Intertenancynon-discontinuous Wall Systems26– J unction details for PowerPanel Intertenancynon-discontinuous Wall Systems294. Handling, storage and responsibility30– Delivery and storage30– Panel handling31– D esign detailingand performance responsibilities32Appendices33 – A ppendix A: H ebel PowerPanel material propertiesand Assessment Methods33– A ppendix B: Architectural Specification34– A ppendix C: PowerPanel System Descriptions 352Better buildings are constructed with HebelHebel is a lightweight steel-reinforced Autoclave Aerated Concrete (AAC) that has been used in Europe for over 70 years and here in Australia for over 20 years. Hebel. A high-performance lightweight concrete panel systemHebel is the innovative and sustainable,high-performance and lightweight concrete panel system of the future – available today.Easy to install, strong and solid Hebel steel reinforced panels are highly versatile and can be used on all sites to provide extremely solid, safe and highly secure internal walls with high levels of sound resistance and absorption. They are not affected by dampness when suitably constructed.Hebel systems can achieve (and often exceed) BCA requirements and are extremely fire-resistant with thermal absorbing properties that assist in improved energy ratings for the building and have been independently certified as meeting the requirements of Good Environmental Choice Australia(.au)Hebel. Proven, scientifically tested and trusted by leading buildersThe Hebel system has a solid track record of trusted performance and reliability characteristics that make it the accepted industry standard in internal wall systems.Building with the Hebel means simpler construction methods, delivers faster construction timetables and lowers risk of non-compliance to the BCA. Australian made and backed by CSR Hebel is 100% manufactured in Australia by CSR Building Products Limited, so you can depend and rely on the product quality, technical expertise, ‘after sales’ service, warranty and stock supplies.In addition Hebel will help you manage the entireend-to-end process, providing technical support and ‘after sales’ on-site service to assist you so that your residential construction with Hebel is seamless and efficient.3At the heart of the Hebel system is the Hebel PowerPanel - a 75mm thick, steel reinforced building panel made from AAC (Autoclaved Aerated Concrete) supplied in lengths of 2400mm to 3300mm for standard widths of 600mm.The unique Hebel attributes are best summarised with the Hebel ‘tick’ below:Fastest masonry Intertenancy Wall SystemPowerPanel Intertenancy Walls are fast to construct and require significantly less labour compared to traditional masonry construction techniques. Building withHebel means a cleaner, safer work area during construction and less clean-up at completion of building.4Hebel. Better to build with…5Lightweight yet solid and tough as concreteLightweight Hebel PowerPanels can be easily installed by a crew of 2 or 3.PowerPanel Intertenancy Walls alsoprovide a high degree of security with solid, steel reinforced PowerPanels between units. The ultimate masonry “party wall” system.A comforting thought for a comfortable living environmentHebel’s unique AAC construction provides superior insulation qualities for a masonry product. The uniquecombination of thermal resistance along with thermal mass, make building with Hebel a smart choice for meeting Australia’s increasing building efficiency regulations.For unit owners, the thermal efficiencies of Hebel reduce the reliance on heating and cooling appliances – the combined effects of using a heater less in winter and fans or air conditioning less in summer can have a big impact on rising energy costs.A sound reason for better acoustic qualitiesHebel pioneered the introduction of lightweight wall panels providing acoustic performance levels at or above R w + C tr = 50 in high rise multi-residentialbuildings. BCA acoustic compliance is simple and easy to achieve with a system that has the benefits of lightweight construction with steel reinforced masonry between the walls.Highly fire resistant for peace of mind and added securityHebel is non-combustible and renowned for its highly fire resistant properties. PowerPanel Intertenancy Wall Systems have been tested at CSIRO and achieve a FRL (Fire Resistance Level) of 90 minutes.Sustainability for a better world in the long term starts todayHebel delivers a diverse number of environmental benefits over brick and concrete. In an independent Life Cycle Assessment (the leading methodologyused to quantify the environmental impacts of a product’s entire life) undertaken by Good Environment Choice Australia, in accord with international standard ISO 14 024, Hebel was found to have clear environmental benefits across all key environmental criteria.To be awarded the label, products must have a 30% lower impact than alternatives. Hebel uses 61% and 64% less embodied energy and 64% and 55% less greenhouse gas emissions than the comparative products, concrete and brick veneer.As environmental consciousness and social responsibility increases, Hebel is striving to exceed further to set new sustainability standards in building materials and residential living....for all the best reasonsWith the attributes and benefits shown above this innovative and versatile masonry product provides confidence that Hebel is ideal for all Intertenancy Walls as detailed throughout theremainder of this Design and Installation Guide.1.1 Typical Applications1.2 Structural ProvisionsStructural PerformanceThe PowerPanel Intertenancy Wall Systems can be either a loadbearing or non-loadbearing wall. The Hebel PowerPanel within the wall system is non-loadbearing with the exception of self weight.Construction LoadingsDuring construction, the Hebel PowerPanel could be subject to wind loading. The builder shall provide the necessary temporary bracing of the panel until both structural frames are installed.Note: T he screw connections may not be adequate to stabilise the panel against construction loadings.Cutting of Hebel PowerPanelThe standard Hebel PowerPanel can be reduced in length by cutting 150mm maximum from each end, and to a minimum width of 270mm. All exposed steel reinforcement shall be liberally coated with the Fentak anti-corrosion coating available through Hebel.Wall FrameThe wall framing presented in this Design Guide for various wall systems are nominated for the acoustic and fire performance values. It is the designer’s responsibility to determine an appropriate wall framing system to satisfy structural adequacy. Several items the designer must allow for are:l ateral loadingsw all heightd eflection limitso ffset distance (gap) from the panelb uilding movementc ontrol joint locations Wall HeightThe overall wall height limit is 12m for bothPowerPanel Intertenancy Discontinuous WallSystems and PowerPanel Intertenancy Non-discontinuous Wall Systems. The wall shall beconstructed of Hebel PowerPanel of 3300mmmaximum length. Walls constructed with panellengths exceeding 3300mm are outside the scope ofthis guide.Earthquake LoadingEarthquake loading has not been considered in thisdesign guide. It is the designer’s responsibility toensure the connection system has adequate capacityto resist any imposed earthquake loading.FixingsFasteners & FixingsMost screw fixings are timber type, which issufficient for penetrating the metal thicknessesoutlined in this design guide. Connections that havelarger metal thicknesses may require a metal typescrew and will need to be designed and approved bythe project engineer.Fixings – Deflection head track to substrateThe fixing to secure the angles and tracks to theconcrete slab shall be capable of withstandinga shear load of 0.75kN. For high wind pressuresduring construction, the designer shall determine ifmechanical fasteners are required:D rive pins and concrete nails (check size andsuitabilityfor fire rated situations with the manufacturer);8mm diameter mechanical fasteners.Table 1.4 outlines the connection type andrequirements for constructing PowerPanelIntertenancy Discontinuous Wall Systems andPowerPanel Intertenancy Non-discontinuous WallSystems detailed in this design guide.9 Design and selection detailsTable 1.4 FixingsControl JointsControl joints must be provided at a maximum of 6m spacing. Recommended control joint widths should be10mm minimum between Hebel PowerPanel and another building component. Control joints must also be provided to coincide with any control joint in the main structure. Larger joint width maybe required to accommodate building movements, and these values shall be nominated by the designer. The Top Hat and back to back track must be discontinuous at a structural control joint.Wet Area Wall ConstructionWet area wall construction requires a system that enables services to be installed in a cavity. All plumbing should be acoustically treated as required by the BCA. All wet area walls shall be lined and waterproofed in accordance with Australian standards and to BCA requirements. Gyprock®Aquachek™ or Cemintel® Fibre Cement Wallboard are suitable lining materials for wet area applications.Non-Hebel Componentsused in Intertenancy WallComponents, which are not manufactured by Hebel, suchas Gyprock plasterboard, timber and steel stud wall frames, Bradford insulation and others must be designed, installed and handled in accordance with their manufacturer’s guidelines and recommendations.CSR Building Products Limited, guarantees only the products that are manufactured by CSR Building Products Limited, not the components, products or services supplied by others.1.3 Design & Detailing Considerations10Note: C SR has engineered and tested the PowerPanel Intertenancy Wall System to comply with the Building Code of Australia and relevant Australian Standards. It cannot guarantee products and accessories not specified and soldby CSR will perform to these standards. T he Product Guarantee will only apply if all components used in thesystem are specified and sold by CSR or its agents.Bradford InsulationPowerPanel Intertenancy Discontinuous and Non-discontinuousWall Systems incorporate Bradford Insulation materials. Tables1.5 presents basic information on the glasswool and polyesterinsulation materials.PowerPanel Intertenancy PowerPanel Intertenancy WallSystems that use Bradford Glasswool insulation generallyhave a better acoustic performance than systems usingPolyester insulation. Additional information regardingBradford insulation materials is available from Bradford,.auTable 1.5 Bradford Glasswool InsulationNote: A verage panel weight calculatedat 30% moisture content.Gyprock® PlasterboardPowerPanel Intertenancy Discontinuous and Non-discontinuous Wall Systems incorporate Gyprock®Plasterboard on both sides. The type, thickness anddensities of plasterboard will be as per the specified wallrequirements. Additional information is available fromGyprock, at .auFire & Acoustic SealantTo attain the specified FRL and/or Rw requirements, allperimeter gaps and penetrations must be carefully andcompletely sealed with an appropriate flexible polyurethane(fire and acoustic rated) sealant installed to manufacturer’sspecifications.Backing RodBacking rod is used to enable correct filling of joints withsealant. It is recommended that backing rod be of open celltype to enable sealant to cure from behind. The diameterof backing rod must be appropriate for the width of the gapbeing filled.12Design notes:Design and selection details13Dwellings constructed side-by-sideon a single allotmentWhere it is proposed to construct single dwellings side-by-side on a single allotment the internal wall between dwellings is a fire separating wall as defined in the BCA. The fire separating wall must start from the ground level (top of concrete footings or top of floor slab) and achieve a 60/60/60 FRL if load bearing, or –/60/60 FRL if non-load bearing. The wall must go to the underside of a non-combustible roof covering and any gaps be filled with fire-resisting material as described in Detail 3.7.1.11 of volume Two of the BCA. Dwellings constructed side-by-sideon separate allotmentsWhere it is proposed to construct single dwellings side-by-side on separate allotments, or if subsequent subdivisionis proposed, the wall might also be considered an external wall and each dwelling may be required to have its own wall starting from the ground level (top of concrete footings or top of floor slab) and each achieving a 60/60/60 FRL if load bearing, or –/60/60 FRL if non-load bearing. Contact your local authorities, as there may also be applicable legislation or discretionary powers available to vary these provisions. Dwellings constructed side-by-sideon a single allotment wheresubdivision may subsequently occur.Where it is proposed to construct single dwellings side by side on a single allotment and it is known that subsequent subdivision will occur, or that subdivision might occur (and this will probably apply to most multi-dwelling developments) then, after subdivision, the internal fire separation wall might also be considered an external wall and each dwelling may be required to have its own wall starting from the ground level (top of concrete footings or top of floor slab) and be required to achieve a 60/60/60 FRL if load bearing, or –/60/60 FRL if non-load bearing. Contact your local authorities, as there may also be applicable legislation or discretionary powers available to vary these provisions. PowerPanel Intertenancy PowerPanel Intertenancy solutions in tiered applications Where the internal fire separation wall extends beyondthe roof line on one side only and becomes an external wall, contact Hebel Engineering Services for advice on PowerWall™ external wall solutions.Compliance with the Building Codeof Australia (BCA)All building solutions, such as walls, floors, ceilings, etc. must comply with the regulations outlined in the Building Code of Australia (BCA) or other authority.The BCA is a performance based document, and is available in two volumes which align with two groups of ’Classof Building’: volume 1 – Class 2 to Class 9 Buildings;and volume 2 – Class 1 & Class 10 Buildings – Housing Provisions. Each volume presents regulatory Performance Requirements for different Building Solutions for various classes of buildings and performance provisions.These Performance Provisions include:S tructureF ire ResistanceD amp & WeatherproofingS ound Transmission & InsulationE nergy EfficiencyThis design guide presents tables and information necessary to design a PowerPanel Intertenancy Wall Systems installation that complies with the Performance Requirements of the BCA. The designer must checkthe adequacy of the building solution for Performance Requirements outlined by the appropriate authority.2.1 Regulatory Issues1415System performance2.2 Sound Transmission & InsulationOverviewThe Building Code of Australia (BCA) presents the Performance Requirements for sound insulation ratings. The sound insulation ratings set minimum values to consider two types of sound: airborne sound and impact generated sound.The Performance Requirements for airborne sound insulation and impact sound insulation ratings are dependent upon the form of construction (i.e., walls or floors), Class of Building, and the type of areas being separated.The airborne sound performance requirement is a value that could be the weighted sound reduction index (R w ) or weighted reduction index with spectrum adaptation term (R w + C tr ). The impact sound performance requirement is a value called the weighted normalised impact sound pressure level with spectrum adaptation term (L n,w + C l ).The BCA does provide Performance Requirements for the airborne sound and impact generated sound insulation ratings for a Intertenancy wall. Refer to Tables 2.2 and 2.3 for sound insulation resistance level of the PowerPanel Intertenancy Wall Systems.Impact Sound PerformanceImpact sound is caused by vibrations, which are transferred directly through the wall and re-radiated as sound in the adjacent room. These sound vibrations can be generated by actions such as closing of a cupboard door.The transfer of impact sound can be minimised by ensuring no mechanical connection exists between the two sides of the wall. For impact rated walls the new BCA requires walls to be of ‘discontinuous construction’. This refers to a wall maintaining a minimum 20mm cavity between two separate leaves except at the periphery.Note: For gap widths ≤ 20mm, Hebel has obtained expert opinion that discontinuous construction performance will not be compromisedAcoustic Performance Design Recommendations1) H ebel recommends engaging a specialist acoustic consultant on a project-by-project basis to provide design advice, confirmation of anticipated field performance, detailing and installation inspections.2) W hen selecting the appropriate PowerPanel Intertenancy Wall Systems, the designer or specifier must be aware that the laboratory Rwvalues are almost always higher than the field measured values. Therefore, allowances should be made for the lower expected field values during the selection of the system.3) S eparate advice from a specialist acoustic consultant should be sought to determine the effect on acoustic performance due to any changes to the PowerPanel Intertenancy Wall Systems, and any required modification of the installation details pertaining to the systems.4) I ncreasing of cavity widths, using higher density or thicker insulation or plasterboard, will generally maintain or increase the acoustic performance of the PowerPanel Intertenancy Wall Systems.5) T he acoustic performance values of the PowerPanel Intertenancy Wall Systems shown in Tables 2.2 and2.3 are a guide only as to consistently achievable field performance. They do not constitute a field performance guarantee as factors such as the presence of flanking paths, quality of installation of the system, on-site detailing of junctions, room shapes and size, etc can significantly affect field performance. Maximising the field performance depends on the following factors:T he systems are installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s standard installation details.G ood quality installation practices including the sealing of all junctions and joints and maintaining specified clearances.T he systems are installed with all junctions acoustically sealed so that negligible sound transmission occurs at these points.F lanking paths are eliminated and the structures into which the systems are installed are capable of allowing the nominated rating to be achieved.S ite testing conditions.T o minimise the transfer of sound through the PowerPanel Intertenancy Wall Systems into the adjacent unit, it is suggested that a control jointbe provided to break the mechanical path for the transmission of impact sound and other vibration.2.2 Sound Transmission & Insulation (cont.)1617System performanceFire Resistance Level (FRL) Rating of Intertenancy SystemsThe fire resistance level (FRL) rating performance of the PowerPanel Intertenancy Wall Systems detailed in this guide have been derived from Warrington Fire Research assessment WFRA - 45771.6, WFRA - 45772.5 and Warrington Fire Research, fire resistance test report, WFRA - 41154.2.This design guide has no recommendations for penetrations through the Intertenancy system. Hebel recommends contacting the appropriate consultant for design and detailing advice.System VariationsCertain variations to the PowerPanel Intertenancy Wall Systems installation will not affect the fire-resistance levels listed in Tables 2.2 and 2.3. However these variations need to be approved by the project fire consultant or project certifier. The possible variations to the systems include:1)C hanging the type of insulation between polyester, glasswool and rockwool;2)P utting the insulation on both sides of the PowerPanel;3)T he reduction of a cavity between the wall frame and the Hebel PowerPanel/plasterboard down to 10mm for PowerPanel Intertenancy Discontinuous Wall Systems.2.3 Fire Resistance PerformanceGeneralBefore commencing any installation work, clean and tidy up the work area. Mark out the location of the walls.Wall FramingEnsure frames are installed plumb and mechanically fixedto the substrate. All timber framework is to be fabricated and installed to the manufacturer’s specifications andAS1684 or AS1720.1.ServicesEnsure all services are installed within the wall frame and not on the face of the PowerPanel.Deflection Head T rackWhen the wall locations have been set out, fix the deflection head tracks to the substrate. This is done using suitable fixings (see Section 12.0) at 600mm maximum centres and maximum 100mm from ends. At changes in wall directions, ensure deflection head track is mitred with no gaps at the corners. Seal all butt joints with polyurethane sealant.Hebel MortarMortar is placed on the DPC and should only be run out roughly 3 panels (1800mm) ahead of panel installation. The mortar bed fills the gap at the base. Generally, the mortar is 10mm thick and shall extend the full width of the panel. Mixing of the mortar should be done in accordance with the instructions on the bag.Wall BracketsScrew fix the wall bracket to the top and bottom plates ofthe wall frame and to the PowerPanel at 600 centres in the discontinuous wall system. Locate within 50mm of the centre width of each panel using fixings specified in Section 1.4.T op HatsT op Hats should be cut to size before securing them to timber studs in the non-discontinuous wall system. At control joints the T op Hats should be discontinuous. For number, location, spacing and fixing of T op Hats, refer to the project specifications. The project classification (T orrens or Strata) will determine the future external loading parameters of the panels and associated T op Hat and fixing arrangement required. Hebel PowerPanelThe Hebel PowerPanel in the intertenancy discontinuous and non-discontinuous wall systems must be installed vertically. The panels can be cut on-site using a circular saw equipped with diamond tipped cutting blade (for panel cutting limitations refer to Section 9.0). All the loose AAC particles should be brushed off the panel with a rough broom. Steel reinforcement that is exposed during cutting must be coated with a liberal application of corrosion protection coating (see Section 1.4). Any minor damage and chips to the panels must be repaired using Hebel Patch. use packers at the base to maintain the gap and ensure gap is full of mortar (if specified).The preferred method of fixing should be to screw through the Top Hat/bracket into the panel. Fix the panel to the deflection head (if specified).For following panels, apply Hebel Adhesive to the vertical edge and install the next panel. Repeat the installation process until the wall is complete.Hebel AdhesiveHebel Adhesive is applied to the panel with a 75mm Hebel notched trowel. When the panels are pushed together the joints are to be 2-3mm thick. Sufficient pressure must be applied to the panels when gluing to ensure the adhesive is fully bedded across the joint. Scrape off any excess adhesive protruding from the joints and fill any gaps. Adhesive is to be mixed to the proportions and consistency as per the instructions on the bag.Bradford InsulationInstallation of Bradford insulation should be completed in accordance with manufacturer’s handling and installation guidelines. The insulation provided should completely fill the space between the stud framing and form a continuing barrier. If there is any gap in the insulation the acoustic performance of the system may be adversely affected.Gyprock® PlasterboardPlasterboard sheets must be cut to fit neatly and should not be forced into position. The plasterboard is to extend the full height of the wall frame, with gaps at top and bottom for the specified sealant.Plasterboard is fixed directly to the stud framework in accordance with the Gyprock Plasterboard Residential Installation Guide, GyP547.SealantsAll movement joints and other gaps should be sealed off and finished neatly with fire and acoustic rated sealants. Installation of sealants must be carried out in accordance with the manufacturer’s specifications.Installation of Electrical, Plumbingand Other ServicesInstallation of services into walls should be carried out atan appropriate construction sequence. This will allow easy access to cavities and wall frames, where services can be easily installed and neatly hidden.Hebel suggests installing the plumbing and cabling after the panels have been installed. The builder or project manager should confirm appropriate construction sequence for services on a project-by-project basis.Fasteners & FixingsAll fixings and fasteners should be installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s specifications.3.1 Installation Guidelines1820Installation detailUnloading Panel PacksPanel packs shall be unloaded and moved with only approved lifting devices. Before use, the lifting devices should be checked for the required lifting tags. Packs should be unloaded as close as possible to the intended installation area. Thiswill increase work efficiency and minimise the need for secondary lifting.NOTE: Secondary handling increases the risk ofpanel damage. T he repair of damage sustained during lifting and moving is the responsibility of the lifter. Where damage is excessive, PowerPanel panels must be replaced. StorageAll materials must be kept dry and preferably stored undercover. Care should be taken to avoid sagging or damage to ends, edges and surfaces.All Hebel products must be stacked on edge and properly supported off the ground, on a level platform. Panel bundles can be stacked two high. The project engineer should be consulted as to the adequacy of the structure to support the stacked bundles.If outside, Hebel panels must be stored off the ground and protected from the weather. Only single bundles positioned on the ground can be opened. To provide a level surface, we recommend placing temporary joists beneath the supporting cleats.Unstrapping PacksEnsure appropriate bracing is installed to packs prior to removal of strapping to prevent panels from falling. Panels can be held together with sash clamps, ratchet, straps or Hebel stabilising bars.。
Design specifications
DESIGN SPECIFICATIONSA railway line is built along the coastal region of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya which is to connect this country with the neighbouring Tunisia and Egypt. In the materialization of this big enterprise it is necessary to design, besides the design of the railway track itself, also the accompanying facilities of the surface infrastructure, among which the most important are certainly the railway stations. Because of the length of the railway line there is a need for a large number of small stations along the route. For reasons of cost efficiency it has been decided that individual stations be designed only in big cities, whereas in all other localities one universal i.e. typical station building will be made. It has been foreseen to divide the typical stations building according to size into typical small station building and typical medium station building as well as into railway bays, while big stations as well as other specific facilities would be designed individually.The subject of this design is a typical small station building. The size of this building should be up to 1000 square meters of covered space. In the constructive sense it should be as simple as possible for building. As far as shapes are concerned, clear and simple post-modern forms with nuances of traditional architecture such as arches etc. are required. In proportion it is requested to apply the golden cut and as style movement, purism is recommended. In the sense of the fine arts it is desirable that the dominant surfaces be coloured and that means in twocolours of which one should be white. Blue colour is recommended for the locks. It is not recommended to use small plastic items on the facade as this would increase the costs of the construction. The building is expected to have a representative appearance in accordance with its significance.As regards the facilities, besides the indispensable ones for the operation of every railway station, a small station must mainly be equipped with all the facilities of any big station. Only these, have to be of course, proportionally reduced in their area as compared to the big stations.The following facilities are expected to be included:For passenger requirements: For railway officials' requirements:- Passenger lounge,waiting - Station managerroom and snack bar - Deputy manager- Luggage chek-in - Secretariat- Ticket counter - Accounting- Prayer room - File storage- Post office - Traffic control- Police - Coach inspector- First aid - Personnel lounge - Passenger toilet-block - Staff’s toiletRequirements for railway station operation (technical block):- Telecommunication- Relay- Stand-by- Transformer station- Diesel- Battery roomIt is necessary to make room for all other facilities besides these indispensable ones listed above. The disposition of the facilities should be such as to make possible easy orientation and surveillance. The passenger facilities should be oriented towards the central hall as much as possible with the simplest possible interior communication. The sanitary facilities must be designed in accordance with the customs and rules of the local culture. The entrance to the station (both the main one and the official one) and the exit onto the platforms must be under surveillance as well as the platform area. Modern elements with oriental details should prevail in the interior design just as generally in the case of the building itself. It is especially important to provide a good solution for the air-conditioning of the building taking into consideration the climate conditions of the region. It is particularly important to focus on the solution for the air-conditioning of the technical block having in mind the sensitivity of the equipment located in these facilities. The application of the central air-conditioning system is requested.The area in front of the station must include: parking space, taxi bay and vehicle access to the technical block and platform, but need not be elaborated as far as urban and horticultural aspects are concerned. That will be the subject of the next study, which will follow only once precise defition of the station position is made i.e. its precise location is defined.investor:____________________。
STSM Checklist
Sub-tier Supplier Management Audit2Personnel Requirements Assessment Criterion Supplier Dell Audit CommentsSelf-Assess ("0" or "1")Actual ("0" or "1")1.GeneralSQEWorkExperience andBackgroundRequirements1.1×Does the Supplier have a documented guideline to address SQE Roles & Responsibilities covering all aspects of the SQEjob function within the company? (NOTE: This should be a detailed guideline covering all aspects of the SEQ throughout theproduct life cycle.)111.2×Does the Supplier have a documented guideline to address SQE hiring which refers/utilizes the SQE Roles &Responsibilities document?111.3×Does the hiring guideline include:1.3.1×minimum experience::in the industry, in the specific commodity field, and in the quality field?111.3.2×job related certifications::auditing, supplier management, 6 sigma, SQC/SPC, ISO, environmental, etc (NOTE: certificationrequirements/expectations may vary by specific job role/commodity)111.4×Is the SQE organization staffed appropriately to allow for both domestic and international travel as related to on-site suppliermanagement (is appropriate SQE staff able to travel internationally with minimal restriction)?112.1Does the SQE Roles and Responsibilities document define or reference specific "hard skill" requirements and overall staffcertification levels for all key skills including:2.1.1 a through understanding of Quality Systems112.1.2statistical process/quality control (SPC/SQC)112.1.3problem solving (including 5C/8D, CLCA, etc)112.1.4FMEA112.1.5DOE002.1.6× 6 sigma methods (Green Belt level), including target certification levels (i.e.: 100% certification required for SQE dept)112.1.7x 6 sigma methods (Black Belt level), including target certification levels (i.e.: 20% certification required for SQE dept)002.2Does the SQE Roles and Responsibilities document define or refer to specific "soft skill" requirements and overall staffcertification levels for all key skills including: program/project management, command skill (influencing, negotiating,interpersonal savvy) and team building (establishing/leading teams, working effectively with teams, etc)112.3Are adequate training programs in place to address any deficiencies in the above mentioned areas?112. Specific SQE Skills Requirements3. SQE AssessmentNOTE: The following questions should be addressed by having the auditor randomly select Supplier SQEs and interviewing them.Number of interviews will be determined by the auditor based on size of the Supplier SQE organization and time constraints. It isrecommended to conduct at least 3 interviews with SQEs from different commodity areas. Interviews should take approximately 30minutes and be focused only on knowledge/understanding of the skills included in the audit checklist.Page 1 of 2Sub-tier Supplier Management Audit2Personnel Requirements Assessment Criterion Supplier Dell Audit CommentsSelf-Assess ("0" or "1")Actual ("0" or "1")3.1Does the Supplier SQE staff have an adequate understanding of Quality Systems, including:Page 2 of 2。
北美压铸压铸件公差标准NADCAStandardBrief
NADCA Standard Linear Dimensions: Standard TolerancesLinear Dimensions: Precision TolerancesParting Line: Standard TolerancesParting Line Tolerance is the maximum amount of die separation allowed for the end product to meet specified requirements of form, fit and function. This is not to be confused with Parting Line Shift Tolerance which is the maximum amount die halves shift from side to side in relation to one another. Parting Line Tolerance is a function of the surface area of the die from which material can flow from one die half to the other. This is also known as Projected Area.Projected Area is always a plus tolerance since a completely closed die has 0 separation. Excess material and pressure will force the die to open along the parting line plane creating an oversize condition. The excess material will cause the part to be thicker than the ideal specification and that is why Projected Area only has plus tolerance. It is important to understand that Table S-4A-2 (Projected Area Tolerance) does not provide Parting Line Tolerance by itself. Part thickness or depth must be factored in to give a true idea of Parting Line Tolerance. Parting Line Tolerance is a function of part thickness perpendicular to the Projected Area plus the Projected Area Tolerance.Example: An aluminum die casting has 75 in2 (483.9 cm2) of Projected Area on the parting die plane. From table S-4A-2, Projected Area Tolerance is +0.012. This is combined with the total part thickness tolerance from table S-4A-1 to obtain the Parting Line Tolerance.The total part thickness including both die halves is 5.00 in. (127 mm) which is measured per-pendicular to the parting die plane (dimension “E2 E1”). From table S-4A-1, the Linear Tolerance is ±0.010 for the first inch and ±0.001 for each of the four additional inches. The Linear Tolerance of ±0.014 inches is combined with the Projected Area Tolerance of +0.012 to yield a Standard Parting Line Tolerance of +0.026/-0.014 in. or in metric terms ±0.35 mm from Linear Tolerance table S-4A-1 plus +0.30 mm from Projected Area Tolerance table S-4A-2 = +0.65/-0.35 mm.Parting Line Shift: Standard ToleranceExample: Parting Line Shift ToleranceThe cavity area at the parting line is 75 inches squared. From Table S-4A-6, the Projected Area Parting Line Shift Tolerance is ±0.006 (±0,152 mm). This is added to the Linear Tolerance from table S/P-4A-1.Draft Requirements: Standard TolerancesIn the case of an inside surface for an aluminum cast part, for which the constant “C” is 30 (6 mm), the recommended Standard Draft at three depths is:Cored Holes for Cut Threads: Standard TolerancesCored holes for cut threads are cast holes that require threads to be cut (tapped) into the metal. The table below provides the dimensional tolerances for diameter, depth and draft for each specified thread type (Unified and Metric Series). When required, cored holes in Al, Mg, Zn and ZA may be tapped without removing draft. This Standard Tolerance recommendation is based on allowing 85% of full thread depth at the bottom D2 (small end) of the cored hole and 55% at the top D1 (large end) of the cored hole. A countersink or radius is also recommended at the top of the cored hole. This provides relief for any displaced material and can also serve to strengthen the core.Threads extend through the cored hole as by Y. X shows the actual hole depth. As with the countersink at the top of the hole, the extra hole length provides relief for displaced material and allows for full thread engagement. Tolerances below apply to all alloys.Table S-4A-9: Cored Holes for Cut Threads (Standard Tolerances) – Unified Series and Metric SeriesAdditional Considerations for Large Castings1 Fillet Radii:1.1: Definition: Wall thickness is the distance between two parallel or nearly parallelsurfaces. Wall thickness may vary depending on the application of draft. Wall thickness should be maintained as uniform as possible. A general guideline wouldbe to keep the range of thickness within 2X of the thinnest wall. A second guideline is to keep the wall as thin as possible to meet the castings functional requirements.1.2: General: 0.14”(3.5mm (+/- 0.5mm)1.2.1 Deviations: from the nominal conditionare based upon product function and manufacturing process requirements.2 Radii:2.1 Fillet Radii: 2.1.1 General: 0.14” (+0.08/-0.04”) [3.5mm (+2.0mm/-1.0mm)]2.1.1.1 Deviations: from the nominal condition are based upon productfunction and manufacturing process requirements.2.1.2 Minimum: 0.060” (1.5mm)2.2 Corner Radii:2.2.1 General: 0.060” (+0.08/-0.04”) [1.5mm (+2mm/-1mm)]2.2.1.1 Deviations: from the nominal condition are based upon productfunction and manufacturing process requirements.2.2.2 Minimum: 0.020” (0.5mm)3 Cores:3.1 Guidelines: Cores should be used to minimize machining stock, and should be pulledperpendicular to each other. Use stepped cores where possible to minimize finish stock, reduce heavy sections, and minimize porosity.3.2 Minimum: Cored hole diameter to be 0.25”(6.0mm) in and parallel to the directionof die draw.3.3 For holes Less Than: 0.50” (12.5mm) diameter the core hole length to diameter(L/D) ratio should not exceed 4:1.3.4 For Holes Greater Than: 0.50”(12.5mm) diameter the core pin length to diameter (L/D) ratio should not exceed 10:1Ejector Pin Bosses:Surface Geometry:6.2.1: 0.06” (1.5mm) raised to 0.03” (0.8mm) depressed.7 Trimming & Cleaning:7.1 Parting Lines:7.1.1 Trim Ribs-Gate and Parting Line: 0.12” maximum(1.5mm)7.1.2 Gates & Overflows: 0-0.059”(0-1.5mm)7.1.3 Flash: As specifiedin normal standard.7.2 Cored Holes: 0-0.02” (0-0.5mm)7.3 Openings:7.3.1: 0-0.06” (0-1.5mm) at the finish machined face7.3.2: 0-0.03”(0-0.8mm) on as-cast surfaces7.3.3: 0-0.01” (0-2.5mm) of corner radii7.4 Corners - Sharp: Not removed.7.5 Ejector Pin Flash (Max. Projection):7.5.1: 0-0.12” (0-3.0mm) on machinedsurfaces.7.5.2: 0-0.04” (0-1.0mm) on as-cast surfaces.7.6 Machined Surfaces: 0.12” (0-0.3mm) max.7.7 Seam Lines: 0-0.02” (0-0.5mm)7.8 Negative trim (shearing): condition is allowed when the nominal wall thickness is maintained.Engineering & Design: Additional Specification GuidelinesAcceptable Ejector Pin MarksEjector pin marks on most die castings may be raised or depressed .015”(.381 mm). Raised ejector pin marks are preferred for optimum production. Larger castings may require additional ejector pin tolerances for proper casting ejection.Ejector Pin FlashEjector pin marks are surrounded by a flash of metal. Normally, ejector pin flash will not be removed, unless it is objectionable to the end use of the part. Alternatively, ejector pin flash may be specified as crushed or flattened.In the case of either nonremoval or crushing/flattening, flash may flake off in use. Complete removal of ejector pin marks and flash by machining or hand scraping operations should be specified only when requirements justify the added expense. With each die casting cycle, the die opens and the ejector plate in the ejector half of the die (Fig. A) automatically moves all ejector pins forward (Fig. B), releasing the casting from the die. Then, the die casting is removed from the die manually or mechanically.5 Metal Extension (Flash) RemovalGuidelines to Extent of RemovalThe table below provides a guide to the types of die casting metal extension (flash) which occurs in typical die castings and the amount of metal extension material which remains after (1) degating (removal of any gates and runners from the casting), and (2) commercial trimming of die casting metal extension.Note that in some instances, where special surface finish characteristics are not involved, the most economic method of degating and metal extension (flash) removal may include a tumbling or vibratory deburring operation.Surface Finish, As-CastGeneral Guidelines for As Cast Surface Finish on Die Cast PartsThe specification of external surface finish requirements is desirable for selected die casting applications and, in the case of some decorative parts, essential.The purpose of the guidelines presented here is to classify as-cast surface finish for die castings into a series of grades so that the type of as-cast finish required may be addressed and defined in advance of die design.These guidelines should be used for general type classification only, with final surface finish quality requirements specifically agreed upon between the die caster and the customer.The first four classes listed relate to cosmetic surfaces. Class five relates to selected surface areas where specified surface finish limitations are required.7 Die Cast Lettering and OrnamentationLettering, medallions, logotypes, trademarks and a range of identification symbols maybe reproduced on the surfaces of die cast parts.Such as-cast ornamentation may be raised or depressed, but note that raised lettering will result in lower die construction costs and reduced die maintenance over the life of the die.Raised lettering on a depressed panel can be an economical substitute for depressed letters, as shown in the illustration below.Cast-in Lettering/Ornamentation GuidelinesIn addition to the avoidance of depressed lettering or symbols in the casting surface, the following guidelines will achieve the most satisfactory results. The terms used refer to the illustrations below.1. The Line Thickness (or “face”) of any letter to be clearly cast should be 0.010 in.(0.254 mm) or greater.2. The Height (or raised dimension) of a cast letter or symbol should be equal to orless than the line thickness.3. The Draft Angle should be greater than 10°.4. Letters or symbols containing fine serifs or delicate lines cannot be expected to die cast cleanly.。
HR术语缩写
1 Acceptability 可接受性2 Achievement tests 成就测试3 Action plan 行动计划4 Action steps 行动步骤5 Adventure learning 探险学习法6 Adverse impact 负面影响7 Agency shop 工会代理制8 Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) 建设性争议解决方法9 Analytic approach 分析法10 Appraisal politics 评价政治学11 Apprenticeship 学徒制12 Arbitrary 仲裁13 Assessment 评价14 Assessment center 评价中心15 Attitude awareness and change program 态度认知与改变计划16 Attitudinal structuring 态度构建17 Audiovisual instruction 视听教学18 Audit approach 审计法19 Balanced scorecard 综合评价卡20 Basic skills 基本技能21 Behavior-based program 行为改变计划22 Behavior modeling 行为模拟23 Benchmarks 基准24 Benchmarking 评判25 Benefits 收益26 Bonus 奖金27 Boycott 联合抵制28 Career 职业29 Career counseling 职业咨询30 Career curves (maturity curves) 职业曲线（成熟曲线）31 Career management system 职业管理系统32 Career support 职业支持33 Centralization 集权化34 Coach 教练35 Cognitive ability 认知能力36 Cognitive outcomes 认知性结果37 Collective bargaining process 劳资谈判过程38 Community of practice 演练小组39 Compa-ratio 比较比率40 Compensable factors 报酬要素41 Competency assessment 能力评估42 Competitive advantage 竞争优势43 Concentration strategy 集中战略44 Concurrent validation 同时效度45 Consumer price index, CPI 消费者价格指数46 Content validation 内容效度47 Continuous learning 持续学习48 Contributory plan 投入计划49 Coordination training 合作培训50 Core competencies 核心竞争力51 Criterion-related validity 效标关联效度52 Critical incident 关键事件53 Critical incident method 关键事件法54 Cross-cultural preparation 跨文化准备55 Cross-training 交叉培训56 Cultural environment 文化环境57 Cultural shock 文化冲击58 Customer appraisal 顾客评估59 Data flow diagram 数据流程图60 Database 数据库61 Decentralization 分散化62 Decision support systems 决策支持系统63 Defined-benefit plan 养老金福利计划64 Defined-contribution plan 资方养老金投入计划65 Delayering 扁平化66 Depression 沮丧67 Development planning system 开发规划系统68 Differential piece rate 差额计件工资69 Direct costs 直接成本70 Discipline 纪律71 Disparate impact 差别性影响72 Disparate treatment 差别性对待73 Diversity training 多元化培训74 Downsizing 精简75 Downward move 降级76 Efficiency wage theory 效率工资理论77 Electronic performance support system (EPSS) 电子绩效支持系统78 Employee empowerment 员工授权79 Employee leasing 员工租借80 Employee survey research 雇员调查与研究81 Employee wellness programs (EWPs) 雇员健康修炼计划82 Entrepreneur 企业家83 Equal employment opportunity (EEO) 公平就业机会84 Essay method 书面方式85 Ethics 道德86 Expatriate 外派雇员87 Expert systems 专家系统88 External analysis 外部分析89 External growth strategy 外边成长战略90 External labor market 外部劳动力市场91 Factor comparison system 因素比较法92 Feedback 反馈93 Flexible benefits plans (cafeteria plans) 灵活的福利计划（自助福利方案）94 Flextime 灵活的时间95 Forecasting （劳动力供求）预测96 Formal education programs 正规教育计划97 Frame of reference 参照系98 Functional job analysis, FJA 职能工作分析99 Gain sharing plans 收益分享计划100 Globalization 全球化101 Goals 目标102 Goals and timetables 目标和时间表103 Graphic rating-scale method 图式评估法104 Group-building methods 团队建设法105 Group mentoring program 群体指导计划106 Hay profile method 海氏剖析法107 High-leverage training 高层次培训108 High-performance work systems 高绩效工作系统109 Hourly work 计时工资制110 Human capital 人力资本111 Human resource information system (HRIS) 人力资源信息系统112 Human resource management 人力资源管理113 Human resources planning, HRP 人力资源计划114 Indirect costs 间接成本115 Individualism/collectivism 个人主义/集体主义116 Input 投入117 Instructional design process 指导性设计过程118 Internal analysis 内部分析119 Internal growth strategy 内部成长战略120 Internal labor force 内部劳动力121 Internet 互联网122 Internship programs 实习计划123 Interview 面试124 Intraorganizational bargaining 组织内谈判125 Job analysis 工作分析126 Job classification system 工作分类法127 Job description 工作描述128 Job design 工作设计129 Job enlargement 工作扩大化130 Job enrichment 工作丰富化131 Job evaluation 工作评价132 Job experiences 工作经验133 Job involvement 工作认同134 Job posting and bidding 工作张贴和申请135 Job progressions 工作提升136 Job ranking system 工作重要性排序法137 Job rotation 工作轮换138 Job satisfaction 工作满意度139 Job specification 工作规范140 Job structure 工作结构141 Key jobs 关键工作142 Labor market 劳动力市场143 Labor relations process 劳动关系进程144 Leaderless group discussion 无领导小组讨论法145 Learning organization 学习型组织146 Long-term-short-term orientation 长期-短期导向147 Maintenance of membership 会员资格维持148 Management by objectives, MBO 目标管理149 Management forecasts 管理预测150 Management prerogatives 管理特权151 Manager and / or supervisor appraisal 经理和/或上司评估152 Managing diversity 管理多元化153 Markov analysis 马克夫分析法154 Mediation 调解155 Mentor 导师156 Merit guideline 绩效指南157 Minimum wage 最低工资158 Motivation to learn 学习的动机159 Needs assessment （培训）需要评价160 Negligence 疏忽161 Nepotism 裙带关系162 Ombudsman 调查专员163 On-the-job training, OJT 在职培训164 Opportunity to perform 实践的机会165 Organizational analysis 组织分析166 Organizational capability 组织能力167 Orientation 导向培训168 Outplacement counseling 重新谋职咨询169 Output 产出170 Outsourcing 外包171 Panel interview 小组面试172 Pay-for-performance standard 按绩效的报酬标准173 Pay grade 工资等级174 Pay level 工资水平175 Pay-policy line 工资政策线176 Pay structure 工资结构177 Peer appraisal 同事评估178 Performance appraisal 绩效评价179 Performance feedback 绩效反馈180 Performance management 绩效管理181 Performance planning and evaluation (PPE) 绩效规划与评价系统182 Perquisites 津贴183 Person analysis 个人分析184 Person characteristics 个人特征185 Personnel selection 人员甄选186 Point system 积分法187 Position analysis questionnaire, PAQ 职位分析问卷调查188 Power distance 权力差距189 Predictive validation 预测效度190 Profit sharing 利润分享191 Promotion 晋升192 Protean career 多变的职业193 Psychological contract 心理契约194 Psychological support 心理支持195 Range spread 工资范围跨度196 Readability 易读性197 Readiness for training 培训准备198 Reasoning ability 推理能力199 Recruitment 招募200 Reengineering 流程再造201 Relational database 关联数据库202 Reliability 信度203 Repatriation 归国准备204 Replacement charts 替换表205 Request for proposal (REP) （培训）招标书206 Return on investment (ROI) 投资回报207 Role ambiguity 角色模糊208 Role analysis technique 角色分析技术209 Role play 角色扮演210 School-to-work 从学校到工作211 Selection 甄选212 Self-appraisal 自我评估213 Self-efficacy 自信心214 Situational interview 情景面试215 Skill-based pay 技能工资216 Skill inventories 技能量表217 Specificity 明确性218 Spot bonus 即时奖金219 Staffing tables 人员配置表220 Strategic choice 战略选择221 Strategic congruence 战略一致性222 Strategic human resource management (SHRM) 战略性人力资源管理223 Strategy formulation 战略形成224 Strategy implementation 战略执行225 Task analysis 任务分析226 Team leader training 团队领导培训227 360-degree feedback process 360度反馈过程228 Total quality management (TQM) 全面质量管理229 Training 培训230 Training administration 培训管理231 Training outcomes 培训结果232 Transaction processing 事务处理233 Trend analysis 趋势分析234 Utility 效用235 Utility analysis 效用分析236 Validity 效度237 Verbal comprehension 语言理解能力238 Vesting 既得利益239 Virtual reality 现实虚拟240 Voicing 发言241 Wage and salary survey 薪资调查242 Wage-rate compression 工资压缩243 Web-based training 网上培训244 Work permit/ work certificate 就业许可证245 World Wide Web 万维网246 Yield ratio 成功率那是心与心的交汇，是相视的莞尔一笑，是一杯饮了半盏的酒，沉香在喉，甜润在心。
人力资源管理模式(英文)
Employee Value Added
Employee Commitment
90s
HR Supportive Function
-- HR Role Analysis
Employee -End User
Line Manager -Immediate User
HR Service
Business Achievements
Employee’s Skill Set Be creative,
Always seeking,
Organization’s Ability
Delegation, Trust & Respect
Self learning
Updating technology Employee’s
Probing rules
Comp. & Ben. Structure Design
-- Total Package
Compensation
Benefit
Base Pay O.T Pay Shift Pay Tax (Company Paid)
Bonus 13th Salary Housing Fund Pension Fund Life Insurance Medical Insurance Transportation Lunch Subsidy Annual Leave Stock Option Sales Incentive
Admin.
Interview & Selection
1. Define needed people
-- Staffing Mgmt.
2.Establish manpower focust tool
design-rule文件认知(一)6H
W
Rule No. NW.W.1 CO.W.1
Description Width Width (square) (maximum=minimum) >= =
Rule 0.62um 0.12um
Design—rule —
Space
(a) A (d) A
Rule No. NW.S.1 NW.S.6
Distance of exterior-facing edge for one or two layers(S) exterior-
Design—rule的check 双层INT:伸入长度检查
Design—rule的check 单层EXT检查
Design—rule的check 双层EXT检查
Design—rule的check 双层ENC检查
Design—rule的check 双层ENC检查
Design—rule的check 一些常见的rule
版图验证
DRC:对 IC 版图做几何空间检查，以确保线路能够被
特定加工工艺实现。 ERC:检查电源、地的短路，悬空器件和节点等电气 特性。 LVS:将版图与电路原理图做对比，以检查电路的连 接，与MOS的长宽值是否匹配。 LPE:从版图数据库提取电气参数（如MOS的W、L值 BJT、二极管的面积，周长，结点寄生电容等） 并以Hspice 网表方式表示电路。
(b) A A B
Description space space to N+ACTIVE
(c) A A
Rule >= >= 0.62um 0.22um
Design—rule —
Overlap Distance of interior-facing edge for two layers(O) interior(a) A B (b)
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Performance comparison between C3 & CP
1000 W wide range PFC, 100 kHz, 230 V input, 3 parts parallel
2,5 2 Losses [W] 1,5 1 0,5 0 190mΩ C3
17-Aug-07
capacitive switching conduction
17-Aug-07
Copyright © Infineon Technologies 2006. All rights reserved.
Id
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CP series show lowest gate charge and best FoM
17-Aug-07
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17-Aug-07
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Page 7
Current capability per package increases with lower RDSon
Comparison RDSon(max) vs nominal current rating, 600V TO220 products
17-Aug-07
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Page 20
Using Ferrite bead on CP CoolMOS in PFC stage
Test Conditions : AC cycle dropout @ Vin=230V Driving Resistor: Rg=10Ω Bead Core type:3.5X4X1.2 Po=456W
17-Aug-07
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Page 23
High Side VGS on TTF Stage @ Vo short
Measure on Soldering Point
Ch2 oscillation level=35.2V (peak-peak) Ch1=Vo by normal probe Ch2=High side VGS by Differential probe
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What happens with paralleled MOSFETs?--- cont‘
Reverse capacitance of MOSFET 1 is the external capacitance Cgd-ext for the other MOSFET 2 and vice versa Circuit is damped only by the two Rg´s if gates are connected to common driver or totem pole, as devices are connected on drain to common potential.
Gain in Eoss dominant at high line Overall 10% better in performance
199mΩ CP
165mΩ CP
Page 13
Copyright © Infineon Technologies 2006. All rights reserved.
Design Tips of The Fastest CoolMOS™ CP series
SAE: Wang Qing
Contents
CoolMOS™ CP Introduction
CoolMOS™ CP Oscillation Root Cause
CoolMOS™ CP Waveform Measurement
17-Aug-07
Copyright © Infineon Technologies 2006. All rights reserved.
Page 21
Using two individual driver circuit in PFC Stage
Test Conditions : AC cycle dropout @ Vin=230V MOSFET / Driving Resistor: Q1 / Rg=33Ω Po=456W
Page 14
CoolMOS CP Gate spike when switch-off
17-Aug-07
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Page 15
Basic serial resonant circuit Probing outer voltage External on-board coupling capacitance Cgd-ext G Rg ext
Page 9
Performance comparison C3 to CP series… …energy stored in the output capacitance
E oss =
17-Aug-07 Copyright © Infineon Technologies 2006. All rights reserved.
CoolMOS™ CP Design Tips
17-Aug-07
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Page 19
CoolMOS™ CP Waveform Measurement
Waveform Measurement in PFC Stage @ AC cycle dropout Waveform Measurement in TTF Stage @ Vo short Test Condition -AC 110V/60Hz -Load Condition -12V/16A -5V/30A -3.3V/20A -5VSTB/2.5A Po=420W
What happens with paralleled MOSFETs?
D Cgd G Rg ext Rg int Cgs S Cds
D Cgd Cds
Rg int Cgs
S
17-Aug-07
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Copyright © Infineon Technologies 2006. All rights reserved.
Page 4
17-Aug-07
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Page 5
Parameter Comparison Table
17-Aug-07 Copyright © Infineon Technologies 2006. All rights reserved. Page 24
High Side VGS on TTF Stage @ Vo short
Measure on Housing Point
Ch1=Vo by normal probe Ch2 oscillation level=20.4V (peak-peak) Ch2=High side VGS by Differential probe
CoolMOS™ CP Waveform Measurement
CoolMOS™ CP Design Tips
17-Aug-07
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Page 3
CoolMOSTM Series
17-Aug-07
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Page 22
Definition of Housing Point & Soldering Point
Hale Waihona Puke IPA60R199CPHousing Point
Soldering Point
17-Aug-07
Resonant circuit
D Cgd Cds
Lead inductance
Rg int Cgs Lead + gate wire inductance S
Probing inner voltage
Page 16
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External serial resonance circuit between gate and drain with MOSFET working as amplifier, resonance circuit being built by gate and drain lead inductances plus board coupling capacitance between gate and drain PCB traces
17-Aug-07
Copyright © Infineon Technologies 2006. All rights reserved.
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