跨文化Unit 4
跨文化交际Unit4
பைடு நூலகம்
More examples
“Why time flies?”
“Because somebody wants to kill it.” “你有什么了不起，能把我吃了！”
“不能,我是回民！” 外甥打灯笼照(舅)旧
Language = neutral codes and grammatical rules? We make cultural choices when we select words,
form sentences and send a message. All languages have social questions and information
as before; as usual; as of old 狗撵鸭子呱呱叫
very good
More examples
恋爱“三草”原则: 女：你说你很寂寞，为什么不去找你以前的女朋友而来追我
呢？
男：好马不吃回头草！(A good horse will never turn round to graze on an old pasture.)
meaning comes out of the context, the cultural usage.
Reading I How Is Language Related to Culture
Language reflects the environment in which we live. (snow, wine)
More examples
I am sorry. I am sorry, too. I am sorry three. What are you sorry for (four)? I am sorry five.
跨文化交际-Unit 4
Culture Shock
It is a feeling of being confused and overwhelmed by life in another culture. It is caused by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse. These signs or cues include the thousand and one ways in which we orient ourselves to the situation of daily life: how to give orders, how to make purchases, when and where not to respond. Now these cues which may be words, gestures, facial expressions, customs, or norms are acquired by all of us in the course of growing up and are as much a part of our culture as the language we speak or the beliefs we accept. All of us depend for our peace of mind and efficiency on hundreds of these cues, most of which we are not consciously aware.
Causes of cultural shock
大学跨文化英语 综合教程I Unit 4 The Animal Rescue League课文翻译
Reading & ReflectionThe Animal Rescue League1 The Animal Rescue League Shelter & Wildlife Center has a rich history, filled with many triumphs and heartaches, beginning in the early twentieth century. In all the events that have occurred throughout the years,there is one common concern that the Animal Rescue League consistently stands for: the well-being and love of animals.2 The founding of the Animal Rescue League goes back to the year1909. On July 22, five animal loving Pittsburghers had a brilliant idea. With a shared concern for both animal welfare and public health, these men and women came together to form an organization that would devote itself solely to the welfare of animals in the Pittsburgh area. These Pittsburghers sought to return lost dogs and cats to their owners while at the same time giving temporary shelter and food to lost and starving stray dogs and cats.In addition, their organization would secure a merciful and painless death for animals that are old, injured, diseased or dangerous. This group also desired to conduct a refuge farm for horses, dogs and cats. So begins the story of the organization that is now known as the Animal Rescue League of Western Pennsylvania.3 Determined to reduce the suffering of all pets, the founders of the League sought to provide food, shelter and homes for abandoned and stray pets. Te founders, quickly faced with the reality of the situation they were in, realized that not all animals would be placed for adoption. At the same time, they were deeply distressed by the cruel disposal methods used by City officials at that time. Motivated to change the City’s ways, early League founders sought to contract with the City to perform this unpleasant task in the most humane way possible. The City felt that the Animal Rescue League had legitimate reasons in defending their devotion to animals,and on October 30, 1909, the charter for the Animal Rescue League was obtained.4 Finally, at the end of the year in 1909, the five founders (Elizabeth F. Holmes, M.E. Zydeman, A. M. Wadswoth, R. W. Kenney, and Mary Elizabeth Kenney) held the frst ofcial and documented meeting for the Animal Rescue League of Pittsburg (no “h”as the City name was then spelled). They convened downtown at the office of James G. Marks in the Federal Building. The constitution and bylaws were ratified and Mrs.F.F. Nicola was elected chairman of the League. The founders also elected nine other people at this meeting to serve a one-year term for the Animal Rescue League as Directors. As the Animal Rescue League was developing into a successful organization, the next step was to build a shelter to house the animals they longed to rescue.5 The founders’ dream to have a shelter to house animals finally came true in May of 1910 when the Animal Rescue League opened a small city shelter on lower Denniston Avenue in East Liberty. That same year,a generous benefactor donated a 16-acre farm to the League. The farm is located on Verona Road in Rosedale (6 miles east of the League shelter).The League began to remodel a barn for use as a kennel. At the boardmeeting held on June 21 that year, it was revealed that the farm in Rosedale was housing nine dogs and 25 cats while the City shelter had six dogs and two cats. Seven kittens and one dog had been “humanely killed.”The meticulously kept financial records showed revenue for the League in its first six months of existence. Te League’s revenuetotaled $2,103 (including ten cents for the sale of a biscuit). At the end of 1910, The League contracted with Dr. Martin, a local veterinarian, for his services and City operations were moved to larger quarters at Euclid and Kirkwood Streets in East Liberty.6 With the desire to be one of the only groups in Pittsburgh who took animals into their care, the Animal Rescue League secured a contract with the City “for the arrest, care, and disposal of unlicensed dogs found running at large in the streets” in November 1912. After nine long months of negotiation between the City and the Animal Rescue League, this contract was finally obtained. This was the first such contract in the country between a city and a voluntary humane society. For the next half century,Animal Rescue League employees served as “reluctant dog catchers,”bringing together all unlicensed dogs and a few cats that were handed over by residents as strays or unwanted animals.动物救援联盟动物救援联盟与野生动物保护中心的历史，丰富多彩。
跨文化交际复习unit 4
because they act as if they’re your friends when they are
not.
Americans would consider it awkward to have a long
period of silence when having a conversation. They
conclude that Indians are sullen, uncooperative, even stupid.
-- What to say
E.G. A conversation between Susan and Mrs. Zhang, her mother in law, at the airport when leaving China. The husband is interpreting for them.
-- Pacing
and pausing
How fast do you speak?
How long do you wait following another
speaker’s utterance, before concluding the
other has no more to say?
I had a British friend who I thought never had anything to say (which was becoming rather annoying) until I learned that she was waiting for a pause to take her
Warm-up：Case study
Case 1 --- A fish in unfamiliar waters
跨文化交际实用教程Unit 4
Question: Could you give Roger an explanation?
7
Case 2. A Misunderstanding Caused by a Joke
Comment
The
problem resulted from the misunderstanding of the word “hustle”. In colloquial American English, there are at least two meanings for the word “hustle”. ---- to force sb to make a decision before they are ready or sure; -----to work as a prostitute /romance or sex is hinted.
5
Case 2. A Misunderstanding Caused by a Joke Background information
Roger, the Personnel Executive of a large American multinational firm, worked in Brazil to help promote business. Rosalita, a Brazilian woman Roger had known for some time. Roger generally had a very good impression of her and always felt at ease with her. One evening, they met at a party, attended by both Roger‟s employees from the United States and many Brazilian business people.
跨文化交际unit4解析
Unit 4 词汇与意义⏹教学内容：⏹（1）词汇的概念意义、内涵意义、社会意义、情感意义和搭配意义。
⏹（2）中英词汇对比⏹基本要求：⏹了解词汇在语言的跨文化交际中的地位，掌握词汇的几种意义，中英语言在词汇方面存在的差别。
重点是词汇的内涵意义及中英词汇的差别。
Importance⏹If we want to study the difference between two languages, we have to begin with the study of the words in the two languages. Because the close relationship between language and culture is most readily seen in words.Section 1 Types of meanings⏹1. Conceptual meaning概念意义⏹the basic meaning presented by a word. It refers to logical, cognitive(认知的), referential (指示的), or denotative（外延的）content.⏹also known as surface meaning or denotative meaning外延意义, dictionary meaning or literal meaning字面意义of a word.Features of Conceptual meaning概念意义⏹1. It is the core of the meaning of a word. It is the basic meaning represented by meaningful linguistic units. It’s recorded in the dictionary.⏹E.g. woman-an adult female human being.⏹Dog-a four-legged animal which can make the sound of barking⏹2. It can be divided into some semantic components(语义成⏹分).⏹Woman: +animate(有生命) +human(人) - male (男性) -adult(成年)I⏹boy：⏹3. It is relatively constant and stable, because it is the meaning agreed upon by all the members of the same speech community.But it may also vary.⏹Manuscript =“手稿” now also including文稿printed from typewriter or computer Note: Many different words can have the same conceptual meaning⏹walk⏹to move forward by placing one foot in front of the other. The newlyweds新婚夫妇strolled down漫步the streets of Paris.⏹The wealthy businessman swaggered大摇大摆地into the restaurant and demanded a table.The overweight man lumbered笨重地行动along, breathing heavily and occasionally tripping.⏹These synonyms, although with different connotative meanings内涵意义, have the same conceptual meaning.The English Words unique in English culture⏹A. words related with geography⏹e.g. New England, Canberra, Northern Ireland, Sydney, London, Edinburgh, Greenwich, Quebec, Ottawa,⏹The Thames River, St. Lawrence, British Isles, The Rocky Mountains（落基山脉）, The Mississippi River, The Niagara Falls,⏹koala, kangaroo, tornado(龙卷风)⏹The Great Barrier Reef, Silicon Valley, Yellowstone Park,⏹Summary：All these have their own geographical features: places, plants and animals uniquely found in USA, Great Britain and Australia; They all represent meaning unique in their own cultures；Their Chinese equivalents are only used by the Chinese people as mere names, which have lost their distinctive geographical and cultural features.The English Words unique in English culture⏹A. words related with geography⏹e.g.⏹U.S.A: New England, The Rocky Mountains,The Mississippi River, The Niagara Falls,Yellowstone Park, Silicon Valley⏹Britain: British Isles, Northern Ireland, London, Edinburgh, Greenwich, The Thames River, Rose⏹Canada: Ottawa, Quebec, St. Lawrence,⏹Australia: Canberra, Sydney, The Great Barrier Reef, koala, kangaroo⏹B. words and history⏹the May Flower⏹(the ship in which a group of⏹British Puritans who were also⏹known as pilgrim fathers sailed to⏹America in 1620.⏹The revolutionary war⏹( the struggle of the 13 colonies in North America for independence from the British rule between 1775-1783)⏹Scalp(头皮)⏹(to tear the skin on the top and back of head and the hair attached from an enemy by an North American Indian as a trophy战利品)⏹⏹Knight⏹(a man given the rank of knighthood by the British Monarch in recognition of merits in public service)⏹Hippy/Hippie⏹(a young man and young woman who rejects authority, existing institutions and conventional attitudes towards morality, style of dress, etc.)⏹C. word and politics⏹USA: President, Secretary, Congress, Senate, the House of Representatives, The Democratic Party, The Republican Party, the Supreme Court⏹Great Britain: Parliament议会:the supreme legislative body of the United Kingdom. It comprises the sovereign, the House of Lords and the House of Commons.议会两院尤指英国由上议院和下议院构成的国家立法机关; Prime Minister, The Conservative Party, The Labour Party, Supreme Court of Judicature司法⏹Governor行政长官⏹the official title of the representative of the British monarch in a British colony.⏹Governor general总督⏹the personal representative of the British crown in the independent nations of the commonwealth.⏹e.g. The Canadian Governor General⏹Constitutional monarchy君主立宪制⏹a monarchy in which the powers of the rulers are restricted to those granted under the constitution and laws of the nationD. words and religion⏹Bible⏹a collection of religious books comprising the Old Testament and New Testament⏹reformation:宗教改革⏹a 16th century religious movement against the abuses in the Roman Catholic Church, ending in the formation of Protestant Churches.⏹Christmas box耶诞礼物或礼金⏹money given at Christmas time to the dustmen and others who provide a service throughout the year.⏹Boxing day节礼日⏹the first week day after Christmas, a legal holiday in England⏹Easter⏹the chief Christian feast, which celebrates the Resurrection of Christ, on the first Sunday after the full moon that coincides with or comes after the spring equinox.E. words and HolidaysChristmas cake/pudding/card/tree/carol/stockingFather Christmas), Santa Claus(A)⏹F. words and currency⏹Pound, penny; the American dollar, cent, quarter, nickel⏹G. Words and law⏹Court, judge, jury, lawyer, attorney (A)⏹H. Words and way of life⏹Snack Bar, roast beef, hamburger, sandwich, barbecue, cocktail, champagne; pajamas, suite, dress; subway, Greyhound bus; drive-ins, diner,⏹I. words and sports⏹Football, soccer, rugby, hockey, cricket⏹J. words and sex⏹Striptease, sex store, sexual interference, prostitute, whorehouse⏹K. words and personality⏹GB: reserve, practical, insularism偏执⏹USA：individualism, rapid pace of life, direct, promptness, informality, originality, materialism English works partly corresponding with Chinese words in conceptual meaning⏹1. Intellectual--知识分子⏹2. social sciences--社会科学⏹3. drugstore--药店⏹[美]杂货店(出售药物、糖果、饮料,化妆品，杂志及其他杂物的店铺)⏹4. Morning=午夜+凌晨+黎明+早晨+上午⏹5. Young(18-40), middle-aged(40-60), old (over 60)-------老中青⏹Discussion: discuss the conceptual differences between the words in each pair⏹yard--院子⏹peasant--农民⏹idealist-唯心主义者⏹materialist--唯物主义者"family" and jiating (家庭)⏹An American (A) attended her Chinese friend's (B) wedding. Two years later, the two met again.⏹A: Have you started a family'!⏹B: Oh, yes. You attended my wedding, remember?⏹A: I mean if you've had children.⏹Here we see that ' family' means more than jiating (家庭) ，though they seem to be equivalents.2. Connotative meaning内涵意义⏹the implication（含义，暗示）of words, apart from its primary meaning.It is the communicative value that an expression has in addition to the purely conceptual meaning. It varies from culture to culture and from individual to individual⏹E.g. Woman⏹Physical: biped(双足的), having a womb(子宫)⏹Personality: gentle, compassionate, sensitive, hard-working, frail脆弱的, emotional, prone to tears, irrational, inconstant变化无常的,subject to maternal instinct, behavior: capable of speech, experienced in cookery, skirt or dress wearing,⏹Dog⏹loyal to owner, fierce凶猛的, violentFeatures of Connotative meaning内涵意义⏹1. Despite cultural background difference, some corresponding words in two languages may convey the same connotative meaning. e.g tiger, 老虎--cruelty⏹E.g. Woman⏹2. words with the same conceptual meaning yet different connotative meaning⏹书, book⏹老，old⏹同志，comrade⏹宣传，propaganda⏹狗，dogConnotative meanings vary according to different people, times, ages, societies etc.⏹E.g. Home: warm, loving, comfortable, safe⏹like a prison, cold, boring⏹终身大事⏹工作？事业？婚姻? 生死？⏹Connotative meaning may change with the times going⏹E.g. traditional: positive in the past⏹“old, conservative” at present⏹3. Social meaning社会意义⏹Social meaning is what a piece of language conveys about the social circumstances of its use, such as the language users( who are using the language), settings (where is language used), topics (what are language users are talking or writing).⏹E.g⏹home (general) , residence (formal), domicile（law）, abode (literature),⏹horse, steed（战马）, nag（老马）,gee-gee（child）⏹throw(general) , cast (literature and religious), chuck(slang)⏹salt, sodium chloride⏹disobedient, recalcitrant反抗的⏹A good selection of words is important.Exercise！⏹Words which stand for what people do in order to make a living: job, vocation, profession, occupation, career, trade, work⏹Profession (an occupation requiring special education, especially in the liberal arts or sciences)所指的职业是需要在文科或理科方面有一定的教育程度，具备一定理论水平的人才的职业。
大学跨文化英语 综合教程I Unit 4 Relating to Animals 课后习题参考答案
Text AKey to ExercisesReading Comprehension2. 1) T 2) F 3) F 4) F 5) F3. 1) B 2) B 3) A 4) A 5) ALanguage Practice1. 1) miracle译文：医生说他的康复是个奇迹。
2) fail译文：由于上了岁数，他的身体一天不如一天。
此外，疾病也加快了他的衰老速度。
3) magically译文：学习一门语言需要时间和练习——你的英语水平不会一下子就奇迹般地提高。
4) wandering译文：如果有一天你厌倦了流浪生活，请记得我们仍然在这里等你回来。
5) tend译文：一个医疗队被派往地震灾区去照料幸存者。
6) bathe译文：两位医生都认为父母不应该每天都给婴幼儿洗澡。
7) tragic译文：负责驻阿富汗美军的坎贝尔军官称那次事故是个悲剧，但本可以避免。
8) discard译文：学生们要将垃圾丢进专门的垃圾回收箱。
9) cease译文：在正常的衰老过程中，肌肉会变得越来越弱并逐渐停止自我修复。
10) in the frst place译文：我想我们当初就不应该去那里。
11) cure译文：据说科学家已经发现了现代的有效的方法来预防、治疗并治愈这种古老的疾病。
12) creep译文：我会偷偷地溜进来去二楼看看。
13) buried译文：海盗和宝藏的时代已经一去不复返了。
14) least of all译文：没有人知道他在哪里，他的家人更不知道。
15) starved译文：据说有超过4万人死于饥饿，其中大部分是儿童。
2. 1) One illness can push many families to the edge of financial ruin.2) The atmosphere of the party was clouded by that sad news.3) As a talented language learner, he has never ceased to pursue excellence in languagelearning.4) In this country, there is a 120-day annual leave for parents to tend sick children.5) People who have been in combat are changed for good by that experience, as are theirfamilies.6) Regular exercises and a healthy diet helped cure his disease.7) After working non-stop for a month in this factory, his health failed.8) Please keep the user’s instructions before discarding the box.9) This is not the first time for him to put down a dog beyond cure.10) The police have warned the citizens not to bathe themselves in the polluted river.3. 1) into pull into 开进，驶入2) into creep into 潜入，悄悄出现3) on give up on 放弃4) away eat away 侵蚀5) off run off 赶走4. 1) Internet 因特网2) export 出口3) upload 上传4) subway 地铁5) transplant 移植6) interview 面试7) undersea 海底的8) transcontinental 洲际的5. 注解：本单元的语法内容是过去完成时。
跨文化交际--理论与实践Unit 4
4.6 Ethnocentric Judgments
• The judgments that people make about each other are often ethnocentric. • “Normal” and “correct” often mean what is “normal” and “correct” in one’s own culture.
• One way to determine whether a culture favors a direct or indirect style in communication is to find out how the people in that culture express disagreement or how they say, “No”.
• talking about emotional issues and feelings • making suggestions, giving criticism, expressing ideas in workplace
4.5 Cross-Cultural Implications
• Many American in the business world do not realize that a large percentage of the world’s cultures value indirectness (e.g. Latin American / Asia…).
Deborah Tannen
EX: Russian, Italian, Greek, Spanish, South American, Arab, African
“high considerateness” conversation styles
文化与跨文化交际——大学英语视听说 教学课件Unit 4
gang
patrol
3. keep watch over (an area) by regularly walking or travelling around it.
trigger-happy 4. ready to react violently, especially by
shooting, on the slightest provocation.
Watch the video again, and figure out the answer to each of the following questions.
4. From the utterance---“We the only two black faces surrounded by a sea of over-caffeinated white people, patrolled by the trigger-happy LAPD”, we can infer that Anthony’s attitude towards LAPD (Los Angeles Police Department) is_____________.
amigo
10. (informal) used to address or refer to a friend, chiefly in Spanish-speaking areas.
Watch the video for the first time and judge whether each of the following statement is true based on what you hear.
1. Anthony is unhappy with the black waitress’ service.
大学跨文化英语综合教程IUnit4PrettyGirl课文翻译
大学跨文化英语综合教程IUnit4PrettyGirl课文翻译Reading & DigestingPretty GirlRick BraggNever give up on anything, least of all a dog.1 Her name was perfect.2 She came to them in the dead of night, in the cold. She was more than half dead, starved down to bones, her hair completely eaten away by mange. She had been run off from more than one yard when she finally crept into an empty doghouse in the trees beyond mother’s yard. At least she was out of the wind.3 They found her, my mother and brother, in the daylight of the next day. They could not even tell, at first, she was a dog.4 “And it broke my heart,” my mother said.5 They did not call the vet because she knew what the vet would do.The dog was too far gone to save; any fool could see that. My mama lives in the country and has to run off two wandering dogs a week, but this time,she said, “I just couldn’t. She couldn’t even get up.” How do you run off a dog that cannot stand?6 The broken-down dog had stumbled on two people who hate to give up on anything, even a month-old newspaper. They save batteries that have not had a spark of anything in them for a long, long time. My mother keeps pens that stopped writing in 1974. My point is, there is always a little use, a little good, a little life left in anything, and who are they to decide when something is done for good.7 My brother Mark looked at her, at her tragic face, and named her.8 “Hey, Pretty Girl,” he said.9 It was as if he could see beyond the ruin, or maybe into it.I don’t know.10 Her hips were bad, which was probably why she was discarded in the first place, and her teeth were worn down. Her eyes were clouded. But Mark and my mother fed her, gave her water, and bathed her in burned motor oil, the way my people have been curing the mange for generations.They got her looking less atrocious, and then they called the vet.11 The vet found she had heartworm. She was walking dead, anyway, at her age. It was then I saw her, still a sack of bones. It would be kindness, I told my mother, to put her down. She nodded her head.12 A month later, I pulled into the driveway to see a beautiful white German shepherd3 standing watch at the front of the house. It was not a miracle; her ailments did not magically cease. But together, my mother and brother had tended her and even let her live in the house. She ate people food and drank buttermilk out of an aluminum pie tin. She was supposed to last, at most, a few weeks or months. She lived three more years —decades, in dog years — following my brother to the garden to watch for snakes and listen for thunder.13 “I prayed for her,”my mother said. “Some people say you ain’t supposed to pray for a dog, but …”14 And then after the gif of years, Pretty Girl began to fail and died. She is buried in the mountain pasture.15 The garden is already planted. Some things were planted according to science,according to soil and weather. And some things were planted according to lore, the shape of the moon, and more. That is finewith me.There are things we cannot explain, things beyond science, like how a man could name a ravaged and dying dog and have her rise inside that,somehow, to make it true.参考译文Reading & Digesting漂亮姑娘瑞克·布拉格什么都不要丢弃，尤其是一条狗。
跨文化交际中英文化对比Unit 4 Keys and transcripts
Keys to Unit 4 Alcoholic drinks and drinking cultureSection A Chinese alcoholic drinks and drinking culturePassage 1Reading comprehension1 1 F2 F3 T4 T5 T2 略Verbal expression1 略2 略Critical thinking and cultural exploration1 Chinese liquor vs vodka and whiskyTranscriptVodka is a distilled beverage composed primarily of water and ethanol, sometimes with traces of impurities and flavorings. Traditionally, vodka is made by the distillation of cereal grains or potatoes that have been fermented, though some modern brands use other substances, such as fruits or sugar. Since the 1890s, the standard Polish, Russian, Belarusian, Ukrainian, Estonian, Latvian, Lithuanian and Czech vodkas are 40% alcohol by volume, abbreviated as ABV. The European Union has established a minimum of 37.5% ABV for any “European vodka” to be named as such. Products sold as “vodka”in the United States must have a minimum alcohol content of 40%. Even with these loose restrictions, most vodka sold contains 40% ABV. Vodka is traditionally drunk neat, which means not mixed with any water, ice, or other mixer, though it is often served chilled in the vodka belt countries: Russia, Belarus, Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Sweden, Norway, Finland, and Iceland. It is also commonly used in cocktails and mixed drinks.Whisky is a type of distilled alcoholic beverage made from fermented grain mash. Various grains, which may be malted, are used for different varieties, including barley, corn, rye, and wheat. Whisky is typically aged in wooden barrels, generally made of charred white oak. It is a strictly regulated spirit worldwide with many classes and types. The typical unifying characteristics of the different classes and types are the fermentation of grains, distillation, and aging in wooden barrels.(240 words)2 Baijiu seeking overseas market expansionIn the city of Luzhou in Sichuan, at the confluence of Yangtze and Tuo rivers, is one of the core areas of Chinese alcohol industry.Over 200 liquor products from Luzhou are listed as national and provincial-level products, with many of the producers now attempting to expand overseas.Chinese alcohol, or baijiu, is the most widely consumed spirit in the world, with 5 billion litres sold in 2016.The latest statistics shows baijiu made up nearly 40% of the spirits produced worldwide last year.However, baijiu only makes up 8% of global alcohol sales.Lin Feng, the general manager of Luzhou Laojiao, a well-known Luzhou-based baijiu producer, says foreign markets are still wide-open for Chinese liquor producers, arguing the domestic market is overly saturated.Luzhou Laojiao was the only Chinese alcohol served at the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia.Lin Feng says to attract more customers in Russia, the brand integrated Chinese liquor into cocktails to boost sales.“We displayed our liquor products in every box of the stadiums at the World Cup, as well as demonstrating Chinese alcohol culture with some live shows. We especially wanted to use the event to test our cocktail products and see how consumers would accept it. Surprisingly it was so popular that our supply wasn’t even enough.”Lin Feng says Luzhou Laojiao has sped up the internationalization of its brand."For the past two years, we have brought Chinese alcohol to some of the Belt and Road countries and demonstrated our products with multiple promotion activities. Last year, for example, we promoted baijiu in Russia with a special fireworks display at the Red Square. We also did promotions in New York and places in Canada and Australia; this year is focused on South Africa, as well as many European countries like the UK. We have consistently made efforts to show others Chinese alcohol culture and increase overseas consumption."In recent years, not only Luzhou Laojiao, but other Chinese alcohol producers have chosen to be creative, developing new alcohol products.Some are turning to fruit mixed alcohols and health care Chinese wine which are among the favorite items now being generated in an effort to open up the overseas markets.(368 words)Passage 2Reading comprehension1 1 T2 T3 F4 F5 T2 略Verbal expression1 Introducing a game: Rock-paper-scissorsTranscriptRock-paper-scissors is a hand game usually played between two people, in which each player simultaneously forms one of three shapes with an outst retched hand. These shapes are “rock” (a simple fist), “paper”(a f lat hand), and “scissors”(a fist with the index and middle fingers extended, forming a V). The game has only two possible outcomes other than a tie: one of the two players wins, and the other player loses.A player who decides to play rock will beat another player who has chosen scissors because “rock crushes scissors”, but will lose to one who has played paper because “paper covers rock”; a player of paper will lose to a player of scissors because “scissors cut paper”. If both players choose the same shape, the game is tied and is usually immediately replayed to break the tie.Rock-paper-scissors is often used as a choosing method in a way similar to coin flipping, drawing straws, or throwing dice. Unlike truly random selection methods, however, rock–paper–scissors can be played with a degree of skill by recognizing and exploiting non-random behavior in opponents.(183 words) 2 略Critical thinking and cultural exploration1 Changes in the drinking customs in ChinaTranscriptAlcohol can lubricate deal-making and consensus-building around the world, but it seems particularly powerful in China. According to a 2013 China Youth Daily survey, 82% of young Chinese say that drinking is essential for career development.Traditionally, business drinkers in China gather around the dinner table (which means the drinking doesn’t end until the meal is over) and everyone has to make at least one toast. First, the host may make a welcoming toast, followed by different interest groups “cross-toasting” throughout the meal.Yet as China grows and changes, many young people are beginning to reject the intricate etiquette of the professional drinking “game.” In the same China Youth Daily survey, 84% of people also noted that they hate being obliged to drink. Rather than being forced to play along,this new generation wants to write rules of their own. They’re taking drinking cul ture from grandiose restaurants to bars, casual salons, and their living rooms.The old-fashioned business drinking culture, which solidifies the idea of hierarchy, resembles the way Chinese drink at family dinners, where young people are expected to show respect and humility to their older relatives. But the new generation of Chinese adults values personal identity and don’t always follow the rules as their parents did.Qiushi Jin, 24, who runs an e-commerce startup in Hangzhou, a city in eastern China, always meets clients in cafes or at the office instead of at an alcohol-fueled dinner. “The speed of deal-making is faster than ever, especially for e-commerce. Every minute counts. Instead of wasting my time on drinking, I’d rather cut the crap and go straight to real business.” he says.Though the custom is changing, Chinese people aren’t actually drinking less. In fact, the country’s per capita alcohol consumption is increasing. It’s what people drink, where they drink, and why they drink that is changing.(307 words)2 A popular US drinking game: “Never Have I Ever”TranscriptThe verbal game is started with the players getting into a circle. Then, the first player says a simple statement starting with “Never have I ever …” Anyone who at some point in their lives has done the action that the first player says, must drink.Play then continues around the circle, and the next person makes a statement.An additional rule – uncommon, but beneficial to the game – is that if there is no one taking a drink, then the one who said the particular “Never have I ever…” must take a drink. This rule often forces the players to strategize more and makes for less pointless suggestions.A further variation holds that whenever only one person is drinking, that person must give a detailed account of why he or she is drinking. Another variation of this game involves putting up five or ten fingers, putting one down whenever something mentioned has been done. Those who end up putting down all of their fingers must take several successive drinks.Keeping the game afloat with good questions can be challenging. To avoid awkward silences and keep the game going, some of the best “Never Have I Ever” questions are put together below:1) Never have I ever called in sick to work because I was hungover.2) Never have I ever had a near death experience.3) Never have I ever eaten food out of a trash can.4) Never have I ever talked to myself out loud in public.(249 words) Section B Wine and wine etiquettePassage 3Reading comprehension11 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F2 略Verbal expression11 Red wines: 1) B2) D 3) C2 White wines: 1) F2) A 3) E21 What’s the best glass?2 What wines should I serve at a party?3 How do I remove labels?4 Should I decant?5 Do I have to store my wine in a temperature-controlled cellar?Critical thinking and cultural exploration1 How basic wine characteristics help you find your favouritesTranscriptThe best way to learn about your taste is to classify wines by their fundamental traits and then pick what you like the best. To understand the basic characteristics of wine it’s important to learn how to taste wine.So by understanding the 5 characteristics below you’ll have a better chance of getting what you love.1 Sweetness: Also known as “Level of dryness”Our perception of sweet starts at the tip of our tongue. Often, the very first impression of a wine is its level of sweetness. To taste sweet, focus your attention on the taste buds on the tip of your tongue. Are your taste buds tingling? It is an indicator of sweetness. Believe it or not, many dry wines can have a hint of sweetness to carry a larger impression of body. If you find a wine you like has residual sugar, you may enjoy a hint of sweetness in your wine.2 Acidity: Wrapping your head around itAcidity in food and drink is tart and zesty. Tasting acidity is often confused with the taste of higher alcohol. It is common for wines grown in cooler vintages to have higher acidity. Wines with higher acidity feel lighter weight. If you prefer a wine that is more rich and round, you enjoy slightly less acidity.3 Tannin: The misunderstood wine characteristicTannin is often confused with level of dryness because tannin dries your mouth. What are wine tannins? Tannin in wine is the presence of phenolic compounds that add bitterness to a wine. So how does tannin taste? Imagine putting a used black tea bag on your tongue. A wet tea bag is practically pure tannin that is bitter and has a drying sensation. Tannin tastes herbaceous and is often described as astringent. While all of these descriptors sound negative, tannin adds balance, complexity, structure and makes a wine last longer.4 Fruit: Identifying different flavorsWines are often characterized by their main fruit flavours. Tasting for fruit flavours in a wine can help you better define your preferences. For instance, wines that have strawberry notes lead into a very different set of varietal wines than wines that taste like blackberries. Additionally, the level of fruitiness that you taste in a wine leads to very different growing regions.5 Body: Light to full-Bodied.Are you in the mood for a light, medium or full-bodied wine? Body is the result of many factors –from wine variety, where it’s from,vintage, alcohol level and how it’s made. Body is a snapshotof the overall impression of a wine. Alcohol level adds body. A high alcohol wine typically tastes fuller bodied than a light-alcohol wine.(445 words)2 China’s wine market update: Cheaper wines taking overTranscriptChina’s wine market has changed immensely these years, mainly because of who is buying wine now: 45% of Chinese wine drinkers are under 30 years old. Sales of expensive wines continue to slide, while the greatest sales growth is in the cheapest price ranges.Australia has made a big move into China, attracted by China’s new interest in cheaper wines. Australia shipped 31% more wine by volume in the last year alone, and it’s already the second-largest exporter to China after France. Australian wine’s average unit price dropped from $5.84 to $4.58 over the last year.The age of drinkers is really interesting. Karla Wang of Lady Penguin, a successful social media wine site, only broke down the figures for Argentine imports, not all imports, but it’s notable that nearly a third of Chinese buyers of Argentine wine are 25 or under. This indicates that younger people are more interested in trying exotic foreign wines, which must be good news for pretty much every wine exporting country with the possible exception of France.You might think a site called “Lady Penguin” would bring more female wine drinkers, but she said her membership is about 50-50 between women and men, and she believes that reflects the national wine market.Wang said young Chinese people buy things with their smartphones more than any other country. Nearly half of all Chinese consumers of imported wine have bought wine online in the last six months.Last but politically not least, free trade agreements really matter. Chile sells 11 times as much wine in China as Argentina. Wang says this is not because of quality or reputation but because China and Chile have a free trade agreement that makes overall tariffs on their wine 1/3 lower than those of Argentina. Coupled with higher shipping costs – Chile’s main ports are on the Pacific Ocean whereas Argentina's are on the Atlantic – Argentine wine in China costs at least 25 percent more than Chilean. Right now, price matters.(332 words)Passage 4Reading comprehension1( ✓ ) 1 How to pour wine without spilling( ) 2 The appropriate glasses for different wines( ✓ ) 3 How to hold a stemmed wine glass( ) 4 How to hold a wine glass like a connoisseur( ✓ ) 5 Proper behaviors for tasting wine at a winery and a wine room( ) 6 The food paring of different wines( ✓ ) 7 What kind of wine to bring to the host or hostess2 略Verbal expression11the bottle's label (Para. 2) 瓶子上的标签2 a receptacle (Para. 4) 容器3flights (Para. 5) 待品鉴的不同红酒4the wine cork (Para. 7) 酒瓶塞5 a decanter (Para. 7) 醒酒器2 Ordering drinks at a caféTranscriptDialogue 1Waiter:May I take your drink order while you are looking over your menu? Richard:Yes, do you have a wine list?Waiter:The wine list is on the second page of your menu.Richard:Do you have mixed drinks in this restaurant?Waiter:Yes, we have a full bar here.Richard:I am not sure what I want. Do you have any house specials? Waiter:Actually, we are famous for our margaritas.Richard:That sounds good! Please bring me one of those.Waiter:Would you like that drink blended or on the rocks?Richard:I would like it blended.Waiter:Would you like it with salt or no salt?Richard:I would like my margarita with no salt, thank you.Dialogue 2Waiter: Would you like to order your drinks right now?John:Yes. Can you tell me where your wine list is?Waiter: The wine list is posted right there on the board.John:Can we order a mixed drink in this restaurant?Waiter:Yes, we have a wide selection of mixed drinks available from our bar. John:Do you have any house specials that you could recommend? Waiter:Our most popular drinks are our margaritas.John:That sounds like a good choice for me. May I have one, please? Waiter:Can I bring that to you on the rocks, or would you like it blended? John:Please bring it to me on the rocks.Waiter: Salt or no salt?John:I would like it with no salt, please.Critical thinking and cultural exploration1 Selecting the proper wine glassesTranscriptThe importance of a proper glassYou can drink wine out of a coffee mug or mason jar or red sippy cup or even straight from the bottle, it doesn’t really matter. However, if you’re in it for the best tasting experience, certain glass shapes work better for certain wines.Recent research has shown us that glass shape matters. A study came out in 2015 by a Japanese medical group who developed a special camera that photographs ethanol vapors as they leave the opening of a glass. They selected three types of glasses—a wine glass, a cocktail glass, and a straight glass—to determine the differences in ethanol emission caused by the shape effects of the glass. The results indicate that the wine glass shape performed the best for delivering aromas in a consistent ring around the rim.There are many glass shapes for wine because there are different wine styles. The best thing that you can do to make wine taste better is to select a glass that highlights your favorite style of wine.White wines are typically served in smaller bowled glasses. They can preserve floral aromas, maintain cooler temperature, and deliver more aromas (even at cooler temperatures) due to proximity to nose.You’ll notice that full-bodied white wines such as oak-aged Chardonnay or Viognier, older white wines, orange wines and some vintage sparkling wines are typically desired out of a larger bowled white wine glass. This style of glass emphasizes the creamy texture in these wines with a wider mouth.Red wines are typically served in larger bowled glasses. They can deliver more aroma compounds versus the burn of ethanol from being farther from nose and provide larger surface area to let ethanol evaporate. And wider opening makes wines taste smootherThe choice of a red wine glass has a lot to do with mitigating the bitterness of tannin or the spiciness to deliver a smoother tasting wine. We’ve noticed after a few years of tasting, that wines tend to taste smoother with a wider opening. Of course, the distance to the actual fluid seems to affect which aromas you smell.(349 words)2 Wines to drink with Chinese foodTranscriptWhat to drink on any given occasion depends on where you come from, so people in Europe and the US have a different perception of the kind of wines to pair with Chinese food from people living in China.Most of us believe that it is aromatic white wines such as Riesling that suit Chinese food best, but it depends on what kind of Chinese food – and dish –you’re talking about.Gewürztraminer for example, can be great with duck while can easily overpower a delicate dish of scallops. Dry Riesling is a good match with Cantonese food but is generally less successful with fiery Sichuanese dishes which pair better with an off-dry style.Full-bodied tannic red wines are rarely seen as an ideal match for Chinese dishes in the west whereas to many Chinese people they can not only honour a valued guest but pleasurably enhance the sensation of spiciness on the palate.Just to complicate matters it depends on who’s cooking your food –there’s a world of difference between a top end Chinese restaurant and a street food-style delivery from a takeaway service.So here’s what I generally drink myself:With dim sum: sparkling wine, preferably blanc de blancs Champagne or a chilled Fino Sherry.With hotter Sichuanese-style dishes: a bold off-dry roséor off-dry Riesling.With crispy duck and pancakes: A good fruity Pinot Noir from, say, Oregon or a ‘cru’Beaujolais.Also remember that chocolate, blue cheese, asparagus, sushi, soy sauce and brussel sprouts are hard to match with wine.(253 words)。
跨文化unit4
3Q!
Thank you
Idiomatic equivalence ：
2 2
• English idiom: The spirit is willing but the flesh is work. • Russian :The Vodka 伏特加is good but the meat is rotten.
Grammatical-syntactical equivalence ：
Lexical equivalence ：
• blue（Russian VS English）
3
• 火锅:中国人讲到“火锅’’就会联想到餐桌上放在炉子上的热
气腾腾的锅子，里面是加有各种调料的沸腾的汤。这种“汤"通 常以辣为特色，尤其是我国四川的火锅。
Chafing dish:“a container with a heater underneath,used for cooking or keeping food warm， esp.at the table"
equivalence of various types:
•
• •
Lexical equivalence
Idiomatic equivalence Grammatical-syntactical equivalence
•
•
Experiential equivalence
Conceptual equivalence
Experiential equivalence ：
• 荔枝—妃子笑 • 四面楚歌 & be besieged on all sides, be utterly isolated
2
Conceptual equivalence ：
跨文化商务交际Unit 4 Non-verbal communication
I’m tired
Pressing one’s palm Together and rest one’s head on the back of one’s hand.
I’m full
Moving the hand in circles over the stomach
I’m hungry
Almost any emotion
nonverbal communication • 4. Understanding the nonverbal barriers in
intercultural communication
There’s language in her eye, her cheek, her lip. William Shakespeare
crazy, often in a joking way. • 3.I have no idea • 4.. Would you speak louder? I can’t hear you. • 5. that’s enough. It’s all over for me. • 6. Thumbs down, rejection, refusal, or no good • 7. Something is odd or suspicious • 8. Come here • 9. Great • 10.Hello • 11.oh, I forgot • 12. Slow down
• The function of repeating
Functions of Nonverbal Communication
• 2. You tell someone that you are pleased with his performance, and at the same time you pat the person on the shoulder.
Cross-CulturalCommunicationUnit1-4跨文化交际.ppt
CHAPTER 1 - Communication and Culture: The Challenge of The Future
Dominant Culture
Co-Cultures
• It's the one in power -
• They are numerous.
control.
• Distinct and unique
• We learned our culture through mass media
• Culture is transmitted from generation to generation
• Culture is based on symbols
• Culture is subjected to change
• Subjective elements include: values, beliefs, attitudes, orientations, and underlying assumptions prevalent among people in the society.
• Basic functions of Culture: adapt to a particular ecology, and includes the knowledge that people need to have in order to function in their own social environment.
• Culture is integrated
• Culture is adaptive
CHAPTER 1 - Communication and Culture: The Challenge of The Future
《新编跨文化交际英语教程》复习资料U4
《新编跨文化交际英语教程》复习资料U4Unit 4 Language and CultureSome Ideas Related to language and culture1. Interrelationship between culture and languageEach culture has its own peculiarities and throws special influence on the language system. For example, referring to the same common domestic animal, English chooses the word “dog”, while Chinese has its own character “狗”; Chinese has the phrase “走狗” while English has the expression “running dog”, but the meanings attributed to the two expressions are completely different according to Chinese culture and Western culture respectively. To Westerners, “running dog” has a positive meaning since the word “dog”, in most cases, is associated with an image of an animal pet－the favorite friend, thus they have the phrases “lucky dog” (幸运儿), “top dog” (胜利者), “old dog” (老手), “gay dog” (快乐的人), and it is usually used to describe everyday life and behavior, as in “Love me, love my dog” (爱屋及乌)，“Every dog has its day” (凡人皆有得意日). But in Chinese “走狗” refers to a lackey, an obsequious person. Since Chinese associates derogatory meaning to the character “狗” depending on the cultural difference, Chinese has such expressions as “狗东西”，“狗腿子”，“狗仗人势”，“狗胆包天”，“狗嘴里吐不出象牙”，“狼心狗肺”，“痛打落水狗”，“狗急跳墙”.We can obviously see that the meaning attributed to language is cultural-specific. A great deal of cross-cultural misunderstanding occurs when the “meanings” of words in two languages are assumed to be the same, but actually reflect different cultural patterns. Some are humorous as when a Turkish visitor to the . refused to eat a hotdog because it was against his beliefs to eat dog meat.Some are much more serious as when a French couple on a trip to China took their pet poodle into a restaurant and requested some dog food. The dog was cooked and returned to their table on a platter!We can summarize the relationship between culture and language as the following: language is a key component of culture. It is the primary medium for transmitting much of culture. Without language, culture would not be possible. Children learning their native language are learning their own culture; learning a second language also involves learning a second culture to varying degrees. On the other hand, language is influenced and shaped by culture. It reflects culture. Cultural differences are the most serious areas causing misunderstanding, unpleasantness and even conflict in cross-cultural communication.2. Sapir-Whorf HypothesisThe Sapir-Whorf theory, named after the American linguists Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf, is a mould theory of language. Writing in 1929, Sapir argued in a classic passage that: `Human beings do not live in the objective world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of theparticular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reflection. The fact of the matter is that the“real world” is to a large extent unconsciously built upon the language habits of the group. No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same world with different labels attached... We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir 1958 [1929], p. 69)This position was extended in the 1930s by his student Whorf, who, in another widely cited passage, declared that:We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages. The categories and types that we isolate from the world ofphenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds — and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds. We cut nature up, organize it into concepts, and ascribe significances as we do, largely because we are parties to an agreement to organize it in this way —an agreement that holds throughout our speech community and is codified in the patterns of our language. The agreement is, of course, an implicit and unstated one, but its terms are absolutely obligatory; we cannot talk at all except by subscribing to the organization and classification of data which the agreement decrees. (Whorf 1940, pp. 213-14; his emphasis)3. The Role of Words in Various CulturesWords are inventive tools for communication, and the enjoyment of using this toolbox of symbols varies from cultureto culture. In low-context cultures, the role of words is of informational; meaning is encoded explicitly.Not to encode messages explicitly is to risk being misunderstood in those cultures. In high-context cultures the purpose of communication is often socially lubricative. That is, communication first has a role in sustaining relationships, and second only within the context of a relationship of transmitting information.4. The contrasts between Chinese and Western writing in English.~Reading IHow Is Language Related to Culture Comprehension questions1. What can we do to avoid attributing a very different meaning to the phrase or interpret it much more literally We have to be aware of the cultural implications of the phrase.2. What are the other functions of using question forms apart from asking for informationIt serves as a lubricant to move the conversation forward. A question that has this function can be called a ―social question.·3. Why are those Germans getting stiffer and more reserved all the time when visiting Ingrid ZerbeThey are confused about how to address her, for she introduces herself by first and last name rather than by last name and professional title.4. How does the environment influence the use of languageLanguage reflects the environment in which we live. We uselanguage to label the things that are around us.5. Does the author think there are exact equivalents in dictionaries that have the same meanings in different cultures No. According to the author, there are no such equivalents between languages; therefore, to communicate concepts effectively, cultural knowledge is as important as linguistic knowledge.6. How does the language change over time~Words and phrases that are used commonly at one time may be discontinued or their meaning may change over time.7. Does the author think it is possible for countries such as France and Iceland to keep their language pure by implementing language policy to ensure the use of standardized language The author does not think so, because, for instance, the Academie Francaise may insist on certain rules, but other French-speaking groups may make their own rules and consider their Frenchjust as correct.8. What are the possible language barriers in classroom teachingIn some cases the professors actually may have a poor command of the language; however, in most cases the problem is not the language but different intonation patterns and different cultural signals. .Reading IILanguage-and-Culture, Two Sides of the Same Coin@Comprehension questions1. What is the author?s view of the relationship between language and culture Language and culture are clearly fused; onereflects the other.2. In which ways does language reflect the cultureLanguage embodies the products, perspectives, communities, and persons of a culture. Members of the culture have created the language to carry out all theircultural practices, to identify and organize all their cultural products, and to name the underlying cultural perspectives in all the various communities that comprise their culture.3. How can we use the right language in the right way according to the authorIt is based on direct experience in the culture and interactions with members of the culture, in all the complexity this entails.》4. Is there any cultural product that consists entirely of language Can you give an exampleMany cultural products, such as literature, tax codes, telephone directories, operating instructions, passports, consist entirely of language. Another example is folklores.5. What is the meaning of “language is a cultural product in and of itself”When spoken and written, language takes on tangible and perceptible forms. These tangible forms, as with any cultural product, can be described through language. We constantly use language to discuss language itself.6. Can you give an example of how words lead to cultural perspectivesFor example, as we have already learned, the kinship terms specifically used in Chinese lead to a cultural perspective that is different from that of theEnglish-speaking people in this aspect.`7. What did the Chinese teacher find from her in-depth study of “the bumper sticker”The perspectives are indeed embodied in words, phrases, and sentences, but they are not always immediately obvious, especially to outsiders.8. Are there any particular norms made by different communities for their language useYes, there are. Communities define norms for appropriate use of language. Within groups, roles, relationships, and other social factors influence who speaks, what they say, and how they say it. The language forms we use in one set of social circumstances with certain communities are not necessarily the ones we use in others.Case StudyCase 13This example vividly illustrates that failures in intercultural translation may probably lead to very serious consequence, or even disasters to human beings. Definitely, translation is not such a simple process as rendering a word, a sentence or a text literally, but rather a far more complex one than most people assumed.For example, once a Chinese cosmetic manufacturer wanted to promote their products into the international market. The slogan of the advertisementwas: ―sweet as Jade, since in Chinese ―jade w as always employed to compliment woman‘s beauty; but unfortunately, it was not an appropriate word to describe thebeauty of a lady in Western cultures. In English, ―jade in its use of referring a woman had the connotations such as vulgar,rude, immoral, or skittish. Undoubtedly, the sales in【European countries were not satisfying.The seeming equivalents between languages may have very different connotations in different cultures, thus the translator should be cautious in the process of doing the translation so as to avoid misunderstandings.Case 14“杨” refers to Yang Kaihui w h o w a s Mao Zedong‘s deceased wife and ―柳‖ refers to Liu zhixun who was Li shuyi‘s deceased husband. They can be translated in different ways, but it seems to be very difficult, if not impossible, to achieve equivalence in translating from Chinese into English.Adopting the literal translation strategy, version 1 appears to be faithful to the original but may easily confuse the readers in the target language. Version 2 employs the liberal translation strategy with an attempt to convey the original meaning as precisely as possible. However, the original poetic flavor is lost as the rhetoric device — pun — is not reproduced.Case 15The translation seems to be faithful to the original, but it may not be really good for the purpose of intercultural communication. Foreign readers of the translation may find it strange and inappropriate.The following is what a friendly American journalist has commented on the translation:`My first reaction was unfortunately laughter because it is so full of mistakes. It omits some necessary information about the Dragon-Boat Festival, including its historical origins and when itactually takes place. These things are important… The copy seems to t ry to ―snow the reader with fanciful, overblown assertions about how terrific it all is, but in unintentionally hilarious language that leaves the reader laughing out uninformed… The brochure also suffers from lack of background material, the taking-if-for-granted that the reader already is familiar with many aspects of Chinese history and culture… It doesn‘t tell you where to go, how to get there, when things are open and closed, how much they cost, and so forth. All these are things people visiting an area want to know.Why is it that many Chinese travel guides read basically the same, no matter what region is being written about, and are so packed with indiscriminate hyperbole Less exaggeration would actually be more convincing.Case 16Comparing the two English versions, we can see th at in Yang‘s version more culturally-loaded meanings are conveyed from the original while Hawkes‘ version may be easier for English-speaking readers to comprehend.Look at some of the differences between the two versions of this extract:贾母The Lady Dowager / Grandmother Jia 老祖宗Old Ancestress / Granny dear凤辣子Fiery Phoenix / Peppercorn Feng二舅母王氏Lady Wang, her second uncle‘s wife / her Uncle Zheng‘s wife, Lady Wang:学名叫做王熙凤the school-room name His-feng / the somewhatboyish-sounding name of Wang Xi-feng黛玉忙赔笑见礼，以“嫂”呼之Tai-yu lost no time in greetingher with a smile as ―cousin.Dai-yu accordingly smiled and curt-eyed, greeting her by her correct name as she did so.竟不象老祖宗的外孙女儿She doesn‘t take after her father, son-in-law of our Old Ancestress /She doesn‘t take after your side of the family, Ganny.怨不得老祖宗天天嘴里心里放不下No wonder our Old Ancestress couldn‘t put you out of her mind and was forever talking and thinking about you. / I don‘t blame you for having gone on so about her during the past few days 现吃什么药What medicine are you taking / Not translatedAnd there are some culturally-loaded expressions in the text that seem to defy translation:琏二嫂子内侄女以“嫂”呼之外孙女儿嫡亲的孙女儿妹妹By comparing different translations of the same text, we can achieve a better understanding of cultural gaps and differences and then learn to employ proper strategies to bridge those gaps in translating across languages for intercultural communication.。
跨文化交际全部答案
跨文化交际全部答案参考资料Unit 1 Communication Across CulturesReading IIntercultural Communication：An IntroductionComprehension questions1. Is it still often the case that “everyone?s quick to blame the alien” in the contemporary world?This is still powerful in today‘s social and political rhetoric. For instance,it is not uncommon intoday‘s society to hear people say that most, if not all, of the social and economic problems arecaused by minorities and immigrants.2. What?s the difference between today?s intercultural contact and that of any time in the past?Today‘s intercultural encounters are far more numerous and of greater importancethan in anytime in history.3. What have made intercultural contact a very common phenomenon in our life today?New technology, in the form of transportation and communication systems, has accelerated intercultural contact; innovative communication systems have encouraged and facilitated cultural interaction; globalization of the economy has brought people together; changes in immigration patterns have also contributed to intercultural encounter.4. How do you understand the sentence “culture iseverything and everywhere”?Culture supplies us with the answers to questions about what the world looks like and how we live and communicate within that world. Culture teaches us how to behavein our life from the instant of birth. It is omnipresent.5. What are the major elements that directly influence our perception and communication?The three major socio-cultural elements that directly influence perception and communication are cultural values, worldview (religion), and social organizations (family and state).6. What does one?s family teach him or her while he or she grows up in it?The family teaches the child what the world looks like and his or her place in that world.7. Why is it impossible to separate our use of language from our culture?Because language is not only a form of preserving culture but also a means ofsharing culture. Language is an organized, generally agreed-upon, learned symbol system that is used to represent the experiences within a cultural community.8. What are the nonverbal behaviors that people can attach meaning to?People can attach meaning to nonverbal behaviors such as gestures, postures, facial expressions, eye contact and gaze, touch, etc.9. How can a free, culturally diverse society exist?A free, culturally diverse society can exist only if diversity is permitted to flourish without prejudice and discrimination, both of which harm all members of the society.Reading IIThe Challenge of GlobalizationComprehension questions1. Why does the author say that our understanding of the world has changed?Many things, such as political changes and technological advances, have changed the world very rapidly. In the past most human beings were born, lived, and died within a limited geographical area, never encountering people of other cultural backgrounds. Such an existence, however, no longer prevails in the world. Thus, all people are faced with the challenge of understanding this changed and still fast changing world in which we live.2. What a “global village” is like?As our world shrinks and its inhabitants become interdependent, people from remote cultures increasingly come into contact on a daily basis. In a ―global village‖, members of once isolated groups of people have to communicate with members of other cultural groups. Those people may live thousands of miles away or right next door to each other.3. What is considered as the major driving force of the post-1945 globalization?Technology, particularly telecommunications and computers are considered to be the major driving force.4. What does the author mean by saying that “the …global?may be more local than the …local?”?The increasing global mobility of people and the impact of new electronic media on human communications make the world seem smaller. We may communicate more with people of other countries than with our neighbors, and we may be moreinformed of the international events than of the local events. In this sense, ―the ?global‘may be more local than the ?local‘‖.5. Why is it important for businesspeople to know diverse cultures in the world?Effective communication may be the most important competitive advantage that firms have to meet diverse customer needs on a global basis. Succeeding in the global market today requires the ability to communicate sensitively with people from other cultures,a sensitivity that is based on an understanding of cross-cultural differences.6. What are the serious problems that countries throughout the world are confronted with?Countries throughout the world are confronted with serious problems such as volatile international economy, shrinking resources, mounting environmental contamination, and epidemics that know no boundaries.7. What implications can we draw from the case of MichaelFay?This case shows that in a world of international interdependence, the ability to understand and communicate effectively with people from other cultures takes on extreme urgency. If we are unaware of the significant role culture plays in communication, we may place the blame for communication failure on people of other cultures.8. What attitudes are favored by the author towardsglobalization?Globalization, for better or for worse, has changed the world greatly. Whether we like it or not, globalization is all but unstoppable. It is already here to stay. It is both a fact and anopportunity. The challenges are not insurmountable. Solutions exist, and are waiting to be identified and implemented. From a globalistic point of view, there is hope and faith in humanity.Translation纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。
跨文化交际Unit4 Family
perform in society.”
-- by Smith and Mosby
9
The importance of family
“The family is the principal transmitter of knowledge, values, attitudes, roles, and habits from one generation to the next. Through words and examples, the family shapes a child’s personality and instills modes of thought and ways of acting that become habitual.”
family
At the core of any culture’s deep structure
are the social organizations.
1) Family (clan) 2) State (community) 3) Religion (wordview)
They, working in concert, define, create, transmit,
cohabited and have children, but have never married ④ two gay or two lesbians who have adopted a child ⑤ a single man or woman who has adopted a child
social class, and familial The family is the first institution that sends
新编跨文化英语交际Unit4-01Language and Culture
• Ohio – Japanese おはよう • Gozayimasu- Japaneseおはようございます
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How to Say “Hello” in Different Languages
• Japanese: おはようございます (ohayō gozaimá = good morning, polite), こんにち su は (kó nnichi wa = good day), こんばんは (kó mban wa = good evening), おはよう (ohayō = hello • Korean: 안녕하세요 (annyeonghaseyo, formal), 안녕 (annyeong, informal) Russian: привет (privé informal), t, здравствуйте (zdrá vstvujte, formal), добрый день (dóbryj den’)
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• 7. Does the author think it possible for countries such as France and Iceland to keep their languages pure by implementing language policies? • 8. What are the possible language barriers in classroom teaching?
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Reading I How Is Language Related to Culture
跨文化Unit4
跨文化Unit4跨文化交际实用教程INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION: A PRACTICAL COURSEBOOK王凌燕制作王凌燕制作Unit 4 Verbal Communication“Careful with fire,” is good advice, we know; “Careful with words,” is ten times doubly so. Will Carleton, The First Settler’s Story01 02 03 04 05 06Warm-up Cases Culturally Loaded Words Cultural Reflections on Proverbs Taboos Differences in Cultural Thought Patterns ExercisesUnit 4 Verbal Communication01 Warm-up Cases Cases 02 03 04 05 06 Culturally Loaded Words Cultural Reflections on Proverbs Taboos Differences in Cultural Thought Patterns Exercises01Warm-up CasesCase 1 Shoes for Street Walking (P67)It is said that in Rome, in front of a shoe store, there was such a sign to attract English-speaking customers: Shoes for street walking. Come in and have a fit. The sign caught the attention of many English-speaking tourists, but not to look at the shoes displayed in the windows, but to read the sign and then break out into laughter.Unit 4 Verbal Communication401Warm-up Casesa street walker ------ a prostitute to have a fit ------ to become suddenly and violently angry or upset (勃然大怒) Unit 4 Verbal Communication501Warm-up CasesCase 2 A Misunderstanding Caused by a Joke (P67)Roger was the Personnel Executive of a large American multinational firm. In 1996, Roger was working in Brazil to help promote their business. One evening, there was a party, attended by both his employees from the United States and many Brazilian business people. At the party, Roger bumped into Rosalita, a Brazilian woman he had known for some time. Roger generally had a very good impression of Rosalita and always felt at ease with her, so that he felt free to tell jokes and share personal thoughts, and talk about Brazil and Brazilian life without having the jitters of offending Rosalita. During the party, Rosalita said to Roger, “I’d like to introduce you to one of my good friends. She is a very capable woman and is presently thinking of working in a joint venture so she can provide a better living for her large family. She is very much interested in your company.” Hearing that, Roger smiled and replied, “OK, but I just hope I don’t get hustled.” Unfortunately, Roger’s reply made Rosalita quite upset. Very soon she excused herself as politely as she could, and did not speak with Roger for the rest of the evening.Unit 4 Verbal Communication601Warm-up Casesto force sb. to make a decision before they are ready or sure to work as a prostitute; romance or sex is hintedUnit 4 Verbal Communication701Warm-up CasesCase 3 Look Out (P69)A foreign student in the U.S. was sitting by a window reading a book. She heard someone yelling “Look out!”, so she stuck her head out of the window. Just then a board hurtled down from above, narrowly missing her. She looked up, half in anger and half in fright. There was a man on the roof doing repairs. “Didn’t you hear me call ‘Look out’?” he demanded. “Yes, and that’s what I did,” she replied.to be careful, especially when there is dangerto stick your head outside of sth.(window/door) to take a lookUnit 4 Verbal Communication8Unit 4 Verbal Communication01 03 04 05 06Warm-up Cases02 Culturally Loaded Words Cultural Reflections on Proverbs Taboos Differences in Cultural Thought Patterns Exercises02Culturally Loaded WordsA beautiful womanUnit 4 Verbal Communication1002Culturally Loaded WordsDoes “dragon” mean the same to a Westerner as “龙” to a Chinese?In Chinese culture, “龙” is a totem['t??t?m] with many royal association, such as “龙颜”, “龙床”, “龙袍”, “龙心大喜”. Unit 4 Verbal CommunicationThe associations of “dragon” to Westerners are horrible, disgusting monsters.1102Culturally Loaded WordsUnit 4 Verbal Communication1202Culturally Loaded WordsUnit 4 Verbal Communication1302Culturally Loaded WordsDoes “知识分子” have the same meaning as “intellectual”?In CC, it refers to people including college teachers, college students, middle school teachers, and such people as medical doctors, engineers, interpreters who have had a college education. ? In EC, it includes only people of high academic statussuch as college professors, not ordinary college students. (Cover a much smaller range of people.) (Not always a complimentary term, sometimes used in derogatory[d?'r?g?t(?)r?] sense.) Unit 4 Verbal Communication1402Culturally Loaded Words干部cadreIn EC, “cadre” is not a common word, and many Englishspeaking people do not know what it means. ? Some other substitutes: official, functionary, administrator, etc. But none of these gets exact same meaning as Chinese word “干部”.Unit 4 Verbal Communication1502Culturally Loaded Words社会科学Social Sciences“社会科学” covers all the fields except the ones in the natural sciences and applied sciences. It would be the same to “the humanities” in English: language, literature, philosophy, etc. ? The English term “social sciences” covers a smaller area of learning. It includes political science, economics, history (which is often classified under the humanities), and sociology ----the branches of learning that study human society, especially its organization and relationship of individual members to it.Unit 4 Verbal Communication1602Culturally Loaded Words Generic termchicken duck goose horse cattle/cow pig dog sheep deerName for malecock, rooster drake gander stallion bull boar dog ram stag Name for femalehen duck goose mare cow sow bitch ewe doeName for the chick youngduckling gosling foal calf shoat puppy lamb fawnWith certain less common animals and birds, “bull” or “cow” and “cock” or “hen” are frequently used to distinguish sex, e.g. bull seal, cow seal; bull elephant, cow elephant; cock pheasant, hen pheasant; cock sparrow, hen sparrow. Also, using the term “male” or “female”, or someti mes “she” with the generic name, is acceptable, as in “male leopard”, “female panda”, “she wolf”, etc. Unit 4 Verbal Communication1702Culturally Loaded WordsChinese Terms in English viceassociate assistant 副deputy lieutenant [lu't?n?nt] underExamples in English vice-chairman, vice-president associate professor, associate director assistant manager, assistant secretary deputy director, deputy chief-of-staff lieutenant governor, lieutenant general undersecretary (of, U.S.) Unit 4 Verbal Communication1802Culturally Loaded WordsUnit 4 Verbal Communication1902Culturally Loaded WordsThe major semantic differences between English and Chinese terms might be grouped as follows:A term in one language does not necessarily have a counterpart in the other language;（干部） ? Words or terms in both languages appear to refer to the same object or concept only on the surface, but actually refer to quite different things;（龙） ? Things or concepts are represented by one or perhaps two terms in one language, but by many more terms in the other language, i.e. finer distinctions exist in the other language;（副） ? Terms have more or less the same primary meaning, but have secondary or additional meanings that may differ considerably from each other. （hustle）Unit 4 Verbal Communication20Unit 4 Verbal Communication01 02 04 05 06Warm-up Cases Culturally Loaded Words03 Cultural Reflections on Proverbs Taboos Differences in Cultural Thought Patterns Exercises03Cultural Reflections on ProverbsProverbs may provide interesting glimpses or clues to a people’s geography, history, social organization, social views,etc. People who live along coasts and whose livelihood is dependent on the sea will definitely have proverbs about sailing, about braving the weather, and about fish and fishing. Nomadic people will have sayings about the desert or pasture, about sheep and horses or camels, and about wolves and jackals. In cultures where old age is revered, there will be proverbs about the wisdom of the elders, and in societie s where women’s status is low, there will be a number of demeaning sayings about woman.Unit 4 Verbal Communication2203Cultural Reflections on ProverbsThe proverbs show the similarities of human experiences and observations 新官上任三把火。
大学跨文化英语综合教程2unit4答案张红玲
大学跨文化英语综合教程2unit4答案张红玲1、Helen is new here, so we know _______ about her. [单选题] *A. somethingB. anythingC. everythingD. nothing(正确答案)2、—Do you know ______ box it is? —It is ______.（）[单选题] *A. who; myB. whose; meC. who; herD. whose; hers(正确答案)3、He didn't allow _____ in his room. Actually he didn't allow his family _____ at all. [单选题] *A. to smoke; to smokeB. smoking; to smoke(正确答案)C. to smoke; smokingD. smoking; smoking4、They returned successfully from ______ moon to _____ earth. [单选题] *A. /; /B. /; theC. the; the(正确答案)D. the; /5、69．Online shopping is easy, but ________ in the supermarket usually ________ a lot of time. [单选题] *A．shop; takesB．shopping; takeC．shop; takeD．shopping; takes(正确答案)6、Stephanie _______ going shopping to staying at home. [单选题] *A. prefers(正确答案)B. likesC. preferD. instead7、Now he is _______ his homework. [单选题] *A. busyB. busy with(正确答案)C. busy with doingD. busy does8、I _______ seeing you soon. [单选题] *A. look afterB. look forC. look atD. look forward to(正确答案)9、We will _______ Mary this Sunday. [单选题] *A. call on(正确答案)B. go onC. keep onD. carry on10、This girl is my best friend, Wang Hui. ______ English name is Jane.（）[单选题] *A. HeB. HisC. SheD. Her(正确答案)11、No writer will be considered（）of the name until he writes a work. [单选题] *A. worthlessB. worthy(正确答案)C. worthwhileD. worth12、In fact, Beethoven did something brave than dying. [单选题] *A. 勇敢(正确答案)B. 冒险C. 可怕D. 奇妙13、52．I'm happy to ________ a birthday card from an old friend. [单选题] * A．buyB．makeC．loseD．receive(正确答案)14、Sorry, I can't accept your invitation. [单选题] *A. 礼物B. 观点C. 邀请(正确答案)D. 好意15、16．Lily is a lovely girl. We all want to ________ friends with her. [单选题] * A．haveB．make(正确答案)C．doD．take16、His mother’s _______ was a great blow to him. [单选题] *A. diedB. deadC. death(正确答案)D. die17、I walked too much yesterday and （）are still aching now. [单选题] *A. my leg's musclesB. my leg muscles(正确答案)C. my muscles' of legD. my legs' muscles18、When you are tired, listen to music and try to _______ yourself. [单选题] *A. supportB. showC. playD. relax(正确答案)19、Modern plastics can（）very high and very low temperatures. [单选题] *A. stand(正确答案)B. sustainC. carryD. support20、—Does your grandpa live ______ in the country?—Yes. So I often go to visit him so that he won’t feel ______. （）[单选题] *A. alone; aloneB. lonely; lonelyC. lonely; aloneD. alone; lonely(正确答案)21、The hall in our school is _____ to hold 500 people. [单选题] *A. big enough(正确答案)B. enough bigC. very smallD. very big22、—______ do you pay for it? —Over the Internet. （）[单选题] *A. WhatB. How muchC. How(正确答案)D. When23、I like the food very much.It is _______. [单选题] *A. terribleB. expensiveC. delicious(正确答案)D. friendly24、---Where’s that report?---I brought it to you ____you were in Mr. Black’s office yesterday. [单选题] *A. ifB. when(正确答案)C. becauseD. before25、My father and I often go ______ on weekends so I can ______ very well. （）[单选题] *A. swim; swimmingB. swims; swimC. swimming; swimmingD. swimming; swim(正确答案)26、94．—Let’s go out for a picnic on Sunday.—________. [单选题] *A．Nice to meet youB．Here you areC．The same to youD．Good idea(正确答案)27、1．I saw ________ action film with my friend yesterday, and ________ film was amazing. [单选题] *A．a...aB．a...theC．an...the(正确答案)D．an...a28、I hope Tom will arrive _______ to attend the meeting. [单选题] *A. in timesB. on time(正确答案)C. at timesD. from time to time29、I passed the test, I _____ it without your help. [单选题] *A.would not passB. wouldn't have passed(正确答案)C. didn't passD.had not passed30、Li Jing often helps me ______ my geography.（）[单选题] *A. atB. inC. ofD. with(正确答案)。
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Unit 4 Verbal Communication
5
01 Warm-up Cases
Case 2 A Misunderstanding Caused by a Joke (P67)
Roger was the Personnel Executive of a large American multinational firm. In 1996, Roger was working in Brazil to help promote their business. One evening, there was a party, attended by both his employees from the United States and many Brazilian business people. At the party, Roger bumped into Rosalita, a Brazilian woman he had known for some time. Roger generally had a very good impression of Rosalita and always felt at ease with her, so that he felt free to tell jokes and share personal thoughts, and talk about Brazil and Brazilian life without having the jitters of offending Rosalita. During the party, Rosalita said to Roger, “I’d like to introduce you to one of my good friends. She is a very capable woman and is presently thinking of working in a joint venture so she can provide a better living for her large family. She is very much interested in your company.” Hearing that, Roger smiled and replied, “OK, but I just hope I don’t get hustled.” Unfortunately, Roger’s reply made Rosalita quite upset. Very soon she excused herself as politely as she could, and did not speak with Roger for the rest of the evening.
01 Warm-up Cases 02 Culturally Loaded Words 03 Cultural Reflections on Proverbs 04 Taboos 05 Differences in Cultural Thought Patterns 06 Exercises
02 Culturally Loaded Words A beautiful woman
• Some other substitutes: official, functionary, administrator, etc. But none of these gets exact same meaning as Chinese word “干部”.
Unit 4 Verbal Communication
to be careful, especially when there is danger
to stick your head outside of sth.(window/door) to take a look
Unit 4 Verbal Communication
8
Unit 4 Verbal Communication
01 Warm-up Cases
Case 1 Shoes for Street Walking (P67)
It is said that in Rome, in front of a shoe store, there was such a sign to attract English-speaking customers: Shoes for street walking. Come in and have a fit. The sign caught the attention of many English-speaking tourists, but not to look at the shoes displayed in the windows, but to read the sign and then break out into laughter.
Unit 4 Verbal Communication
4
01 Warm-up Cases a street walker ------ a prostitute
to have a fit ------ to become suddenly and violently angry or upset (勃然大怒)
many royal association, such as “龙颜”, “龙床”, “龙袍”, “龙心大喜”.
The associations of “dragon” to Westerners are horrible, disgusting monsters.
Unit 4 Verbal Communication
Unit 4 Verbal Communication
6
01 Warm-up Cases Unit 4 Verbal Communication
to force sb. to make a decision before they are ready or sure
to work as a prostitute; romance or sex is hinted
Unit 4 Verbal Communication
10
02 Culturally Loaded Words Does “dragon” mean the same to a Westerner as “龙” to a Chinese?
In Chinese culture, “龙” is a totem['təʊtəm] with
• In CC, it refers to people including college teachers, college students, middle school teachers, and such people as medical doctors, engineers, interpreters who have had a college education.
11
02 Culturally Loaded Words
Unit 4 Verbal Communication
12
02 Culturally Loaded Words
Unit 4 Verbal Communication
பைடு நூலகம்
13
02 Culturally Loaded Words
Does “知识分子” have the same meaning as “intellectual”?
• In EC, it includes only people of high academic status such as college professors, not ordinary college students. (Cover a much smaller range of people.)
跨文化交际实用教程
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION: A PRACTICAL COURSEBOOK
王凌燕制作
Unit 4 Verbal Communication
“Careful with fire,” is good advice, we know; “Careful with words,” is ten times doubly so.
(Not always a complimentary term, sometimes used in derogatory[dɪ'rɒgət(ə)rɪ] sense.)
Unit 4 Verbal Communication
14
02 Culturally Loaded Words
干部
cadre
• In EC, “cadre” is not a common word, and many Englishspeaking people do not know what it means.
• The English term “social sciences” covers a smaller area of learning. It includes political science, economics, history (which is often classified under the humanities), and sociology ----the branches of learning that study human society, especially its organization and relationship of individual members to it.
Will Carleton, The First Settler’s Story
01 Warm-up Cases 02 Culturally Loaded Words 03 Cultural Reflections on Proverbs 04 Taboos 05 Differences in Cultural Thought Patterns 06 Exercises