浙江财经大学2008年《综合英语》考研专业课真题试卷
2008年浙江大学801经济学综合(含西方经济学)考研真题及详解【圣才出品】
2008年浙江大学801经济学综合（含西方经济学）考研真题及详解一、名词解释（20分）1．一般均衡答：一般均衡是指在一个经济体系中，所有市场的供给和需求同时达到均衡的状态。
一般均衡分析从微观经济主体行为的角度出发，考察每一种产品和每一个要素的供给和需求同时达到均衡状态所需具备的条件和相应的均衡价格以及均衡供销量应有的量值。
根据一般均衡分析，某种商品的价格不仅取决于它本身的供给和需求状况，而且还受到其他商品的价格和供求状况的影响。
因此，某种商品的价格和供求均衡，只有在所有商品的价格和供求都同时达到均衡时，才能实现。
1939年，英国经济学家希克斯在《价值与资本》一书中用局部均衡分析方法去研究一般均衡问题，在局部均衡分析与一般均衡分析之间架起桥梁。
当代经济学教材中一般都采用这种方法来说明一般均衡理论。
2．买方垄断势力答：买方垄断势力是指厂商在要素市场上（作为要素的买方）是垄断者，但在产品市场上（作为产品的卖方）是完全竞争者。
市场势力具有两种表现形式：卖方垄断势力和买方垄断势力。
由于买方垄断厂商在产品市场上是完全竞争者，故其使用要素的边际收益就等于要素的边际产品价值。
但是，由于此时买方垄断厂商在要素市场上不再是完全竞争者，故其要素价格不再是固定不变的常数，从而其使用要素的边际成本亦不再等于要素价格。
3．价格黏性答：价格黏性是指价格不能随着总需求的变动而迅速变化，是新凯恩斯主义理论的核心假设。
这种价格黏性又分为名义工资黏性和实际工资黏性。
其中，名义工资黏性指名义工资不随名义总需求的变动而变动。
实际工资黏性指各种工资之间的相对工资比有黏性。
造成价格黏性的理由有：①市场的不完全。
市场的不完全性意味着垄断因素的存在，而垄断因素的存在又意味着厂商或企业具有一定程度的控制价格上升或下降的力量。
②工资的黏性。
工资是构成企业产品成本的一个重要部分，工资的黏性使成本没有变化或变动不大，从而厂商也就没有多大动机改变价格。
③菜单成本的存在。
浙江财经大学硕士学位研究生入学考试 综合英语
精品文档！2019年攻读浙江财经大学硕士学位研究生入学考试试题科目代码：681科目名称：综合英语答案请写答题纸上Parti VOCABULARY(10POINTS)There are ten words or phrases underlined in the following sentences.You are required to use other English words or phrases to explain with the meanings that best suit those sentences.For example:Using his knowledge and judgment,he is to promote the electorate's goals as he understands them.Answer:constituents'1.Public investment in sports comDlexes,parks and golf courses has made leisure cheaper andmore accessible.2.Results showed that when smokers were given e-cigarettes without any accompanyinginstructions or requirements for use,u—take was strong,and many participants went on to purchase their own e-cigarettes.3.Professor Pisani and colleagues used cutting-edge statistical techniques to test whether theevolutionary models routinely used in phylogenetics can adequately describe the genomic datasets used to study early animal evolution.rge dams can provide water and electricity,mitigate flooding and create beautiful lakes.5.This has given rise to the idea that the environment itself is a legitimate water consumer,withattendant needs and rights.6.High among the complaints has been that the rationale behind it was political.7.You have to use a transparent material with some colored material incorporated into the print.8.This stationary engine was both too large and inefficient to be utilised in transport.9.Mindfulness involves a conscious focus on and awareness of your present state of mind andsurroundings,without judgment or reaction.10.The research is plagued by the same shortcomings identified in the adult literature.Part II READING COMPREHENSION(70POINTS)Section AIn this section,there are five reading passages followed by a total of25 multiple-choice questions.Read the passages and finish the multiple choices.Text AOne of the key challenges in urban architecture over the next50years will be figuring out how to squeeze vast numbers of additional people into urban areas that are already extremely crowded. London,for example,will somehow have to deal with a projected100,000extra inhabitants every year until2016.The current plan of building new''satellite towns,,of the city causes a lot of problems,but architecture think tanks are working on ambitious solutions that go vertical instead of horizontal in search of space.In terms of population density,London is one of the least crowded major cities in the world一four times fewer people per square kilometer than Paris,for example,six times fewer than New York and eight times fewer than Cairo.But the fact remains that the city's population is growing at a rapid rate, and horizontal expansion into the surrounding areas is eating up increasingly important agricultural land,as well as worsening ali the transport problems that come with urban growth.Popular Architecture would propose a radically different solution.The proposal is to go upwards, with vertical towers of considerable size,each representing an entire new town by the time it's completed.Each tower would be1500meters high.Beyond mere accommodation,each tower would function as an entire town unit,with its own schools,hospitals,parks and gardens,sports facilities,business areas and community spaces.The population density of such a tower could help lower the individual energy requirements of each inhabitant,reducing the ecological impact of the population as a whole.The village towers are considered as hollow tubes,with large holes to allow light and air through the entire construction.Occasional floor discs spread throughout the height of the building will give inhabitants large central areas in the middle of the tube to use as gathering spaces.While the building itself is unlikely ever to be seriously considered for construction—imagine the number of elevators it would need,let alone the safety implications of open areas at such heights and with such wind exposure—the concept can serve as a conversation-starter for urban planners looking to face the challenges of the current and coming centuries.1.One key challenging task for urban architects in future is to.A.build new satellite townsB.work out ambitious plansC.design less crowded citiesD.accommodate more inhabitants2.Which of the following cities has the largest population density?A.Cairo.B.Paris.C.London.D.New York.3.Horizontal expansion not only wastes land,but makes it hard for London to.A.handle its safety problemsB.resolve its transport issuesC.control its population growthD.measure its population density4.The vertical tower would represent an entire new town in itself because.A.it is energy-savingB.it is cost-effectiveC.it is self-sufficientD.it is comfort-oriented5.For city planners today,the idea of building a vertical tower can become.A.a topic for funB.a shocking realityC.a modest proposalD.a source of inspirationText BMost publishing is now"electronic"in the sense that books,magazines,and newspapers are prepared on computers,and exist as computer files before they are printed on paper.Often there are advantages to giving readers access to the electronic versions of publications as well as—r even instead of—the printed versions.Print publications have lots of advantages.Paper is pleasant to handle,ready to read,and very portable:You can read it almost anywhere.On the other hand,print has its weaknesses.Paper is expensive,and articles are often cut to fit the space available.Printing and distributing paper is expensive and takes time.Printed materials are expensive to store and almost impossible to search. Electronic publishing offers solutions to all these problems.Suppose a publisher makes the electronic copy of a newspaper or magazine available from the net, perhaps on the Internet's World Wide Web.No paper is used and disc space is cheap,so Internet publishing costs very little.Articles don't have to be cut.Internet publishing is fast,and readers can access material as soon as it becomes available:Within minutes,instead of the next day,next week or next month.Internet publishing goes beyond geographical boundaries:The humblest local paper can be read everywhere from New York to London to Delhi to Tokyo.Delivery costs are low because there are no newsagents to pay,and no postal charges:Readers pick up the bills for their on-line sessions.Also,computer based publications are simple to store and every word can be searched electronically.At the moment,newspapers and magazines,TV and radio stations,news agencies and book publishers are making content freely available on the Web because they are competing for"mindshare".Perhaps they want to find out if they can attract and hold an audience on line,or perhaps they're afraid of missing out because"everyone else is doing it".But don't count on things staying that way.Publishers are not in business to lose money.6.What does the author probably foresee?A.Readers will have more accesses.B.Books and newspapers will be kept as computer files.C.It will not make any sense to keep the printed versions.D.Electronic publications will replace printed ones.7.Which of the following situations is among the troubles print has?A.It is dear to find printed materials.B.Frequent editing is needed for better layout.C.Paper is passed around quickly.D.The space to restore articles is not enough.8.The electronic version of newspapers has all the following advantages except that.A.it can be carried aroundB.it can be read in many placesC.it can be immediately accessedD.it requires little delivery cost9.Why are publishers making their books freely available?A.They want to make money.B.They don't like to lose their audience.C.They are competing fbr fun.D.They try to win more freedom.10.What method does the author mainly use in the passage to achieve better effects?A.Examples.B.Listing.parisons and listing.D.Analysis and examples.TextCOne important thing during the pre-Christmas rush at our house was the arrival of my daughter's kindergarten report card.She got high praise for her reading,vocabulary and overall enthusiasm.On the other hand,we learnt that she has work to do on her numbers and facility with the computer, though the detailed handwritten report her teachers prepared is absent of any words that might be interpreted as negative in describing her efforts.A number system indicates how she's measuring up in each area without any mention of passing or failing.All of which seems to make my daughter's school neither fish nor fowl when it comes to the debate over the merits of giving formal grades to kids.At one level,the advantages and disadvantages are obvious.A grade system provides a straightforward standard by which to measure how your child is progressing at school—and how he or she is getting on compared to other children.But as writer Sue Ferguson notes,“Grades can deceive.The aim should be"to measure learning,not simply what a student can recall on a test.^,The two aren't the same一and if you doubt that as an adult,ask yourself whether you couid sit down without any preparation and stiH pass those high-school-level examinations.If you're old enough,you've lived through this debate before.At one time,it was considered unfair to put children in direct competition with one another if it could be avoided.The intention behind that may have been good,but it ignored the fact that competition,and the will to come out on top,are essential components of the human condition.This time around,educators working with a no-grades approach are emphasizing different reasons. The thing is that approach is much more commonplace in the adult workplace than is the traditional pass-fail system we place on our children.Many workplaces conduct regular employee evaluations. There are usually fairly strict limits to what an employer can tell an employee in those evaluations—and even then,negative evaluations can be challenged by the employee.No matter where you sit in the debate over the grade system,then,the real question is this:If it's so good for kids,why isn't that also true for adults?1l.The school report indicates that the writer's daughter.cks interest in her school work第5页共19页B.ranks among the best at languageC.has some trouble with her handwriting12.We can learn that the girPs school tries to deliver the report.A.in a positive wayB.in a scientific wayC.in an attractive wayD.in an enthusiastic way13.Sue Ferguson seems dissatisfied with the grade system for its focus on.A.the process of getting the knowledgeB.the capability of memorizing for the testC.the procedure of measuring learningD.the standard of comparing schools14.The writer would agree that cutting children off from competition is.A.fit for human developmentB.fit for their age and experienceC.against a key part of human natureD.out of consideration fbr children15.It can be learned that today's educators supporting the no-grades approach insist thatA.kids be allowed to challenge the negative evaluationsB.the traditional teacher-student relationship be changedC.the evaluation system for kids be similar to that fbr adultsD.strict rules be set up in evaluating school childrenText DInvestment in the public sector,such as electricity,irrigation,public services and transport (excluding vehicles,ships and planes)increased by about10%,although the emphasis moved to the transport and away from the other sectors mentioned.Trade and services recorded a16%~17% investment growth,including a30%increase in investment in business premises.Industrial investment is estimated to have risen by8%.Although the share of agriculture in total gross investment in the economy continued to decline,investment grew by9%in absolute equipment. Housing construction had12%more invested in it in1964,not so much owing to increased demand, as to fears of new taxes and limitation of building.Total consumption in real terms rose by close on11%during1964,and per capita personal consumption by under7%,as in1963.The undesirable trend towards a rapid rise in consumption, evident in previous years,remained unaltered.Since at current prices consumption rose by16%and disposable income by13%,there was evidently a fall in the rate of saving in the private sector of the economy.Once again consumption第6页共19页patterns indicated a swift advance in the standard of living.Expenditure on food declined in significance,although consumption of fruit increased.Spending on furniture and household equipment,health,education and recreation continued to increase.The greatest proof of altered living standards was the rapid expansion of expenditure on transport (including private cars)and personal services of all kinds,which occurred during1964.The progressive wealth of large sectors of the public was demonstrated by the changing composition of durable goods purchased.Saturation point was rapidly being approached fbr items such as the first household radio,gas cookers,and electric refrigerators,whereas increasing purchases of automobiles and television sets were registered.16.From this passage,we learn that people.A.spent more money than they earnedB.saved more money than previouslyC.invested and consumed at an accelerated paceD.spent their money wisely17.The author thinks that the trend towards a rapid rise in consumption was"undesirable"because.A.expenditure on luxuries increasedB.people were wealthyC.people consumed lessD.people saved less18.Expenditure increased on all the following EXCEPT.A.foodB.automobilescationD.entertainment19.It can be inferred from the increase of fruit consumption that.A.people had to spend more on transportation and furnitureB.the price of fi'uit dropped dramaticallyC.people were more money consciousD.people were more healthy conscious20.The word"registered"in the last line most probably means.A.markedB.approachedC.listedD.bookedText EBritain's flexible labour market was a boon during the economic slump,helping keep joblessness down and then,when the recovery began,allowing employment to rise.Yet one of its bendier bits iscausing politicians to fret.Ed Miliband,the leader of the Labour Party,has promised a crackdown on "zero-hours contracts^,if he wins the next election.The government has launched a consultation.Zero-hours contracts allow firms to employ workers for as few or as many hours as they need,with no prior notice.In theory,at least,people can refuse work.Fully1.4m jobs were based on these contracts in January2014,according to the Office for National Statistics.That is just4%of the total, but the share rises to a quarter in the hospitality business.The contracts are useful for firms with unstable patterns of demand,such as hotels and restaurants. They have also helped firms to expand during the recovery—9allowing them to test new business lines before hiring permanent staff,who would be more costly to make redundant if things went wrong.Flexibility suits some workers,too.According to one survey,47%of those employed on zero-hours contracts were content to have no minimum contracted hours.Many of these workers are in full-time education.The ability to turn down work is important to students,who want to revise at this time of year.Pensioners keen for a little extra income can often live with the uncertainty of not having guaranteed hours.Yet that leaves more than a quarter of workers on zero-hours contracts who say they are unhappy with their conditions.Some of this is cyclical.During recessions,a dearth of permanent positions forces people into jobs with no contracted hours even if they do not want them.Underemployment is particularly prevalent among these workers,35%of whom would like more hours compared with 12%in other jobs.As the economy recovers,many should be able to renegotiate their contracts or find permanent jobs.But the recovery will not cause unwanted zero-hours contracts to disappear.Some workers will never have much negotiating power;they are constrained by geography,family commitments and lack of competition fbr their skills among a small number of big employers.Zero-hours contracts make it easier fbr employers to abuse their labour-market power.Some use them to avoid statutory obligations such as sick and maternity pay.Workers are penalised for not being available when requested.And some contracts contain exclusivity clauses which prevent workers from taking additional jobs.These can harm other employers as well as workers,and actually reduce labour market flexibility.That,at least,is worth doing away with.21.According to Paragraph1,politicians are concerned about.A.the rise of unemployment rateB.the disorder of market economyC.the flexibility of the labour marketD.the severity of economic depression22.Zero-hours contracts are characterized by their.A.reliability and popularityB.flexibility and instabilityC.stability and sustainabilityD.adaptability and universality23.Who may not be satisfied with zero-hours contracts?A.People with specific goals.B.Workers requiring flexibility.C.Students doing part-time jobs.D.Pensioners desiring more income.24.Zero-hours contracts may allow employers to.A.satisfy their needB.violate legal provisionC.avoid legal punishmentD.fulfil their responsibility25.The text mainly focuses on zerc-hours contracts'.A.traits and effectsB.limits and defectsC.merits and impactsD.features and problemsSection BIn this section,you are going to read a passage.The reading passage has nine paragraphs,A-L Which paragraph has the following information?Write the correct letter A-I in boxes26-35on your answer sheet.This year's Nobel prizewinners owe their award to insights into how people find jobs.A TWO coconut trees grow on the veranda of the Chitradurga employment exchange in India's Karnataka state,where Kalandar Khan,a young member of the state civil service,holds jobs fairs and recruitment rallies.A snapshot on his mobile phone shows the veranda thronged with potential applicants for an ambulance-driver post.Another shows an event for Bharat Fertiliser;again, standing-room only.Mr.Khan5s task—matching job-seekers from a variety of backgrounds to employers with quite specific requirements一is not easy.Many of those registered on his exchangeB Mr.Khan is hardly alone in worrying about a mismatch between workers'abilities and the jobs on offer.Halfway around the world,some reckon that many unemployed Americans lack the skills needed to fill those jobs that are being created as the country emerges from recession.Others blame deficient demand fbr the country's stubbornly high unemployment.Still others point to the housing bust,which has hampered American homeowners,ability to move to where new jobs are being created.C Divergent as they are,these opinions about America's persistently high unemployment rate are all based on a similar conceptual view of the labour market.It is seen as a mechanism fbr pairing people with jobs in which matching cannot take place instantaneously.This way of thinking about the jobs market and unemployment owes an intellectual debt to research on markets with search frictions carried out in the1970s and1980s by Peter Diamond of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dale Mortensen of Northwestern University and Christopher Pissarides of the London School of Economics.On October11th they were awarded this year's Nobel Prize for economics fbr their work.D The econcmists'approach to these issues was a sharp break from the norm in the early1970s, when standard economic models mostly treated labour as a commodity which had the worker's wage as its price.There,couid be no unemployment in the simplest versions of these models,because wages would fall instantaneously to eliminate it.True,few economists took these simple models literally,lots of research was done to modify their assumptions and generate more realistic results, often by making it harder fbr wages to fall.But even the modified models took little note of data on how people flowed into and out of employment.The stretches of unemployment,the job hunts,the moves from job to job,the rate at which workers were fired or hired,all this was absent.Mr. Mortensen argued that this needed to change.Investigating the way people actually went about finding jobs in an uncertain environment,he believed,should be a central concern of the analysis of labour markets.Initially working independently of each other—though Messrs Mortensen and Pissarides later collaborated fruitfully this year's laureates would go on to do just that.E The three economists built upon earlier work by George Stigler,who had studied the process by which people acquired information,and who won the Nobel Prize himself in1982.Pointing out that getting information costs time and effort,Mr.Stigler argued that people would do so only as long as the additional benefits of having more information exceeded the additional costs of acquiring it.Mr. Mortensen saw this framework as a useful way of thinking about labour markets,because finding employment in a decentralized labour market typically involves gathering and evaluating information on第10页共19页vacancies and wages.F Mr.Diamond modeled this job-search process in a series of seminal papers written between1979 and1982.One was based on the premise that not all jobs are equally suitable for all workers.The first person offered a job might not be as good a match for it as the second or third person.So if every unemployed person grabbed the first job that came his way,the match between workers and jobs that resulted would not be optimal.By making it possible for workers to be more selective about the jobs they accepted,Mr.Diamond showed,unemployment insurance would improve the efficiency of the labour market.G In another famous paper published in1982,Mr.Diamond showed how an economy in which different agents need to seek each other out could end up with several equilibrium rates of unemployment.In other words,there was no single"natural"rate.Policymakers could in principle try fbr the equilibrium they most favoured.In a touch which Mr.Khan in Chitradurga might appreciate,he explained his reasoning using the example of a tropical island where finding and trading coconuts was the only fbnn of economic activity.Just as some people cannot find work,so some coconuts do not find a buyer.Economics students today still study the"Diamond coconut model".H The best-known work by Messrs Mortensen and Pissarides.a joint paper written in1994,is also a staple of economics courses.Whereas earlier analysis had tended to make assumptions about the rate at which job vacancies arose,the two figured this out from more basic assumptions about the incentives of workers and employers.Their results have particular resonance today:their model showed why unemployment would shoot up in a recession but fall much more slowly when a recovery began.I The work that earned this year's Nobel prize was carried out decades ago.But with the unemployment rate in America stubbornly stuck at9.6%16months after the official end of the country's recession,it remains as relevant today as when it was done.Mr.Diamond,for one,may soon have to apply some of the insights from his research to the real world.His nomination to the board of America's Federal Reserve is still in limbo after some Republicans questioned his competence.Perhaps a Nobel Prize will encourage them to revise their opinion.26.The match between employees and jobs would not be perfect if every unemployedone took the first job he found.27.Mr.Mortensen held that the most important concern of the analysis of the labourmarkets should be the investigation on the way people found jobs in an uncertain environment.28.Many of those who registered on Mr.Khan's exchange don't possess the skills thatemployers require.29.In the early 1970s,standard economic models mostly regarded labour as a commodity.30.Many people are worrying about the mismatch between the applicants competence and the jobs offered.31.Mr.Stigler won the Nobel Prize in 1982.32.Mr.Khan created the "Diamond coconut model".33.Peter Diamond,Dale Mortensen and Christopher Pissarides were awarded NobelPrize fbr economics.34.According to Mr.Stigler,people would not spend time and effort to acquire information if theadditional costs outweighed the benefits.35.In Mr.Diamond's analysis,the efficiency of the personnel market could be enhanced by theunemployment insurance.PART III PROOFREADING &ERROR CORRECTION(20POINTS)The passage contains TEN errors.Each indicated line contains ONE error.In each case,only ONE word is involved.You should proofread the passage,correct them and write your answer on the Answer Sheet in the following way:EXAMPLEWhen art museum wants a new exhibit,it neverbuys things in finished form and hangs in...them on the wall.When a natural history museumwants an exhibition,it must often build it.You've probably heard about face blindness,an incurable neurological disorder that impairs someone's ability to recognize faces―ven that of family or friends.1.It affects about 2.5percent of the world's population.At the other end of the spectrum are “super recognizers?5These gifted individuals can remember people they've1.When an art museum ...2....it nev e r buys things3....wants an exhibit,it...精品文档！met or seen only briefly,as well as people they haven't seen in decades whose appearance may have changed.Though researchers don't yet know how many of us have these superior facial recognition skills,early estimates indicate that,like facial blindness,1in50people has the 2.skill.Researchers studied254British young adults and investi-gated how the super recognizers among them processed faces.According to Sarah Bate,Ph.D.it has long been known that the optimal way to process faces involve the 3.use of a"configural"or"holistic"processing strategy.This involves seeing faces as a whole,taking amount of all of 4.the facial features and the spacing between them.Interestedly,5.all of the super recognizer participants displayed heightened configural processing on at least one task.We also monitor 6.their eye movements as they looked at faces.While control participants mostly looked at the eyes,super recognizers spent more time looking at the nose.It is possible that this more central viewing position promotes the optimal configural processing strategy.Being a super recognizer has nothing to do with your intellect or your ability to excel at visual or memory tasks.However,it may have anything to do with your genes,as increasing7. evidence shows the ability is heredity.Face blindness has8.been known to run in families,too.But don't feel bad if you're not a super recognizer.Chances are you recognize a lot many people than you realize:the vast9. majority of people recognize between1,000to10,000faces."There's a huge difference between our ability to recognize familiar versus unfamiliar faces,,, Professor Mike Burton told The Guardian."People are surprisingly bad between checking10.a real face against a photo ID,and yet we recognize friends and colleagues over a huge range of conditions.,,PART IV CLOZE(20POINTS)There are twenty blanks in the following passage.For each blank there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the one answer that best fits into the passage.For many people today,reading is no longer relaxation.To keep up their work they must read letters,reports,trade publications,interoffice communications,第13页共19页。
[考研类试卷]2008年浙江大学英语专业(英美文学)真题试卷.doc
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[考研类试卷]2008年浙江大学英语专业（英美文学）真题试卷一、匹配题1 Tender is the Night2 The Rites of Passage3 The Rainbow4 My Last Duchess5 Frederick Douglass6 The House of the Seven Gables7 The Tempest8 The Negro on the Narcissus9 Light in August10 Mourning Becomes Electra二、评论题11 What a lark! What a Plunge! For so it had always seemed to her, when, with little squeak of the hinges, which she could hear now, she had burst open the French windows and plunged at Bour-ton into the open air. How fresh, how calm, stiller than this of course, the air was in the early morning; like the flap of a wave; the kiss of a wave; chill and sharp and yet(for a girl of eighteen as she then was)solemn, feeling as she did, standing there at the open window, that something awful was about to happen; looking at the flowers; at the trees with the smoke winding off them and the rooks rising, falling; standing and looking until Peter Wash said, " Musing among the vegetables?"—was that it—"I prefer men to cauliflowers"—was that it?12 Could it be true? She clutched the child so fiercely to her breast, that it sent forth a cry; she turned her eyes downward at the scarlet letter, and even touched it with herfinger, to assure herself that the infant and the shame were real. Yes! —these were her realities, —all else had vanished!13 And yet the voices in the house, behind the sprays of mimosa and almond blossom, and from under the piles of iridescent cushions, simply trilled and screamed in a sort of ecstasy: " There must be more money! Oh-h-h; there must be more money. Oh, now, now-w! Now-w-w—there must be more money! —More than ever! More than ever!"14 Choose one of the following authors and make a comment on any one of his/her literary works.(20 points)Joseph Conrad D. H. LawrenceMark Twain Toni Morrison三、分析题15 Analyze the following poem.(15 points)Dover BeachMatthew ArnoldThe sea is calm tonight.The tide is full, the moon lies fairUpon the straits; —on the French coast the lightGleams and is gone; the cliffs of England stand,Glimmering and vast, out in the tranquil bay.Come to the window, sweet is the night-air!Only, from the long line of sprayWhere the sea meets the moon-blanched land,Listen! you hear the grating roarOf pebbles which the waves draw back, and fling,At their return, up the high strand,Begin, and cease, and then again begin,With tremulous cadence slow, and bringThe eternal note of sadness in.Sophocles long agoHeard it on the Aegean, and it broughtInto his mind the turbid ebb and flowOf human misery; weFind also in the sound a thought,Hearing it by this distant northern sea.The Sea of FaithWas once, too, at the full, and round earth' s shoreLay like the folds of a bright girdle furled.But now I only hearIts melancholy, long, withdrawing roar, Retreating, to the breathOf the night-wind, down the vast edges drear And naked shingles of the world.Ah, love, let us be trueTo one another! for the world, which seemsTo lie before us like a land of dreams,So various, so beautiful, so new,Hath really neither joy, nor love, nor light,Nor certitude, nor peace, nor help for pain;And we are here as on a darkling plainSwept with confused alarms of struggle and flight, Where ignorant armies clash by night.。
2008年浙江大学221二外英语历年考研真题及详解【圣才出品】
2008年浙江大学221二外英语历年考研真题及详解Part I Reading Comprehension(40%)Directions:There are4passages in this part.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked, A,B,C and D.You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage1Statuses are marvelous human inventions that enable us to get along with one another and to determine where we“fit”in society.As we go about our everyday lives,we mentally attempt to place people in terms of their statuses.For example, we must judge whether the person in the library is a reader or a librarian,whether the telephone caller is a friend or a salesman,whether the unfamiliar person on our property is a thief or a meter reader,and so on.The statuses we assume often vary with the people we encounter,and change throughout life.Most of us can,at very high speed,assume the statuses that various situations require.Much of social interaction consists of identifying and selecting among appropriate statuses and allowing other people to assume their statuses in relation to us.This means that we fit our actions to those of other people based on a constant mental process of appraisal and interpretation. Although some of us find the task more difficult than others,most of us perform itrather effortlessly.A status has been compared to ready-made clothes.Within certain limits,the buyer can choose style and fabric.But an American is not free to choose the costume of a Chinese peasant or that of a Hindu prince.We must choose from among the clothing presented by our society.Furthermore,our choice is limited to a size that will fit,as well as by our pocketbook.Having made a choice within these limits we can have certain alterations made,but apart from minor adjustments,we tend to be limited to what the stores have on their racks.Statuses too come ready made,and the range of choice among them is limited.1.In the first paragraph,the writer tells us that statuses can help us______.A.determine whether a person is fit for a certain jobB.behave appropriately in relation to other people.C.protect ourselves in unfamiliar situationsD.make friends with other people2.According to the writer,people often assume different statuses______.A.in order to identify themselves with othersB.in order to better identify othersC.as their mental processes changeD.as the situation changes3.The word“appraisal”(Line6,Para.2)most probably means______.A.involvementB.appreciationC.assessmentD.presentation4.In the last sentence of the second paragraph,the pronoun“it”refers to “______”.A.fitting our actions to those of other people appropriatelyB.identification of other people’s statusesC.selecting one’s own statusesD.constant mental process5.By saying that“an American is not free to choose the costume of a Chinese peasant or that of a Hindu prince”(Lines2-3,Para.3),the writer means______.A.different people have different styles of clothesB.ready-made clothes may need alterationsC.statuses come ready made just like clothesD.our choice of statuses is limited【答案与解析】1.B第一段第一句说得很明白：“身份有助于我们和别人相处，决定我们在社会中所处的地位、扮演的角色”，B项意为“正确地与人交往”，正是上述意思。
2008年浙江财经学院811经济学考研真题及详解
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2008年浙江财经学院811经济学考研真题及详解一、简答题（每题10分，共80分）1．当可贮存的物品价格波动剧烈时，贮存投机活动为什么可以减少该物品的价格波动？答：贮存投机活动一般由投机商人进行交易，投机商人业务主要是购买货物转卖，以赚取利润。
这些商人当然是在价格最低廉的时候买进各种物品，贮存起来，而在价格极高的时候将它们投放市场，所以他们的这种投机买卖有助于使价格平稳，至少有助于减少价格的不平稳。
如果没有投机商人，各种物品的价格就会有时大跌，有时暴涨。
贮存投机活动能减少物品的价格波动的原因在于：在价格低廉时，投机商人会购入该物品，增加物品的需求，从而抬高商品的价格；而在商品价格很高的时候，投机商人通过卖出自己贮存的商品，增加商品的供给，从而降低了商品的价格。
因此，投机商人在社会经济中发挥着一种非常有用的职能；而且（与一般的看法相反）他们当中对社会最为有益的，是那些对受季节变动影响的各种商品进行投机的人们。
如果没有谷物商人，不仅谷物价格的变动会比现今大得多，而且在缺乏谷物的时期可能连必需的供给也得不到。
如果没有人从事谷物投机，或者在没有商人的时候农场主不充当投机商人，则在丰收季节，除了必然发生的浪费以外，价格将无所限制或无所控制的下跌。
能留下一年的剩余部分以补来年之不足，要归功于农场主或商人，前者不将谷物投放市场，后者则在谷物价格最低廉的时候购买谷物并贮存起来。
2．为什么在一个国家的不同行业之间的资本密集程度是不同的？答：生产函数是指在一定时期内，在技术水平不变的条件下，生产中所使用的各种生产要素的数量与所能生产的最大产量之间的关系。
浙江财经大学《881专业综合》考研专业课真题试卷
2012 年攻读浙江财经学院硕士学位研究生入学考试试题
科目代码：881 科目名称：专业综合
答案请写答题纸上
Part One Translation (90 points)
I. Put the English passage into Chinese (5 points).
A reader in Florida, apparently bruised by some personal experience, writes in to complain “if I steal a nickel’s worth of merchandise, I am a thief and punished; but if I steal the love of another’s wife, I am free.”
But love is not a commodity; the real thing cannot be bought, sold, traded or stolen. It is an act of the will, a turning of the emotions, a change in the climate of the personality.
Nothing is more futile and more self-defeating than the bitterness of spurned love, the vengeful feeling that someone else has “come between” oneself and a beloved. This is always a distortion of reality, for people are not the captives or victims of others -- they are free agents, working out their own destinies for good or for ill.
杭州师范大学综合英语2008真题
杭州师范大学硕士研究生入学考试命题纸杭州师范大学2008年招收攻读硕士研究生入学考试题考试科目代码：724考试科目名称：综合英语说明：1、命题时请按有关说明填写清楚、完整；2、命题时试题不得超过周围边框；3、考生答题时一律写在答题纸上，否则漏批责任自负；4、5、I. Vocabulary (20%)Choose the most suitable word to complete the following sentences. (每小题1分)1. The play was well acted, but its final scenes were marred by the author’s familiar ______.a. tendernessb. sentimentalityc. joyfulnessd. curiosity2. Mr. Smith, who had always complained about the ___ of office work, finally quit his joband hitchhiked to Mexico.a. toilb. drudgeryc. noisyd. chore3. Because of low pay they found it hard to maintain a _____ standard of living.a. respectiveb. respectablec. respectfuld. corresponding4. Libraries keep records of the ____ speeches of political leaders.a. historicalb. historicc. authenticd. verifiable5. A computer program can provide information in ways that force students to ___ learninginstead of being merely ____ of knowledge.a. profit from…beneficiariesb. compensate for …custodiansc. participate in …recipientsd. accede to ….consumers6. While the mayor went on with his speech, I _____ backed away and headed toward thefar side of the room.a. cautiouslyb. casuallyc. intentionallyd. indifferently7. He may leave the group that produced him-he may be forced to –but nothing will _____his origins.a. effaceb. engulfc. reinstated. revise8. Being given a knighthood marked a ______ in his career.a. benchmarkb. yardstick c . milestone d. signpost9. Walking a tightrope across the falls was obviously a (n)_______venture .a . shrewdb . foolhardyc . gallantd . exquisite10. Behold! The main features of craftsmanship have been very _____ expressed.a. highlyb. directlyc. lucidlyd. naturally2008 年考试科目代码724 考试科目名称综合英语（本考试科目共9 页本页第 1。
2008年浙江大学经济学考研试题
浙江大学2008年硕士研究生入学考试试题（回忆版）考试科目：经济学综合说明：此试题为回忆所得，部分数据和表达与原卷不尽相同，答案也综合多位高分考生和相关老师的分析和整理，仅供参考，不妥之处，请谅解！建议和补充，请告诉我们（exam100@）,也可以登陆：圣才考研网（）西方经济学部分一、概念题1. 一般均衡2. 买方垄断势力3. 价格粘性4. 自然失业率二、简答题1. 消费行为理论的基本假定是什么？2. 生产过程中投入的边际产出递减的规模报酬递增有没有可能存在?举例说明。
3. 短期总供给曲线到长期总供给曲线的动态调整过程。
4. 货币主义的主要观点。
三、论述题1. 比较私人物品和公共物品的有效供给。
2. 用生命周期-持久收入理论解释我国居民的储蓄和消费。
政治经济学部分一、概念题1. 虚拟资本2. 相对剩余价值3. 国际垄断利润二、简答题1. 简单再生产条件下的资本主义矛盾。
2. 我国信用制度的主要形式和性质。
三、论述题试述大企业和竞争之间的关系。
参考答案：浙江大学2008年硕士研究生入学考试试题（回忆版）考试科目：经济学综合西方经济学部分一、概念题1. 一般均衡答：一般均衡是指在一个经济体系中，所有市场的供给和需求同时达到均衡的状态。
一般均衡分析从微观经济主体行为的角度出发，考察每一种产品和每一个要素的供给和需求同时达到均衡状态所需具备的条件和相应的均衡价格以及均衡供销量应有的量值。
根据一般均衡分析，某种商品的价格不仅取决于它本身的供给和需求状况，而且还受到其他商品的价格和供求状况的影响。
因此，某种商品的价格和供求均衡，只有在所有商品的价格和供求都同时达到均衡时，才能实现。
2. 买方垄断势力答：买方垄断势力是一种商品（或劳务）市场上只有少数几个买者的市场结构。
在这种类型的市场上，任何一个买主的购买活动都会对其他买主或市场价格发生一定的影响，由于商品买主高度集中，从而容易形成各买主之间的相互依赖。
在买方寡头垄断市场上，买主之间如果达成默契或勾结，可能迫使卖方降低价格从而蒙受损失。
2008年浙江师范大学考研真题851英语写作2008年试题
2008年浙江工商大学外国语学院820翻译与写作考研真题及详解【圣才出品】
2008年浙江⼯商⼤学外国语学院820翻译与写作考研真题及详解【圣才出品】2008年浙江⼯商⼤学外国语学院820翻译与写作考研真题及详解Part I Translation (90分/150)1. Translate the following English into Chinese(20分):What is it that is wrong with our present way of doing things? It is not that we cannot produce enough goods. Our machines turn out as much work in an hour as 10,000 hand-workers used to. But it is not enough for a country to produce goods: it must distribute them as well; and this is where our system breaks down hopelessly. Everybody ought to be living quite comfortably by working four or five hours a day with two Sundays in the week, yet millions of laborers die in the workhouse or on the dole(救济⾦) after sixty years of hard toil so that a few babies may have hundreds of thousands of pounds a year.As I see it, this is not a thing to be argued about or to take sides about. It is stupid and wicked on the face of it; and it will smash us and our civilization if we do not resolutely reform it. Yet we do nothing but keep up a perpetual ballyhoo(侈谈) about Bolshevism, fascism, communism liberty, dictators, democracy, and all the rest of it. The very first lesson of the new history dug up for us by Professor Flinders Petrie during my lifetime is that no civilization, however splendid, illustrious and like our own, can stand up against the social resentments and class conflicts which follow a silly misdistribution of wealth, labor and leisure. And it is the one history lesson that is never taught in our schools, thus confirming the saying of the Germanphilosopher, Hegel. “We learn from history that men never learn anything from history.”【参考译⽂】我们当今在处理事情的⽅式上到底出了什么⽑病呢？不是我们不能⽣产⾜够的商品，我们的机器现在每⼩时⽣产的东西相当于以前10000个⼿⼯⼯⼈⼲的活。
2008年南京财经大学英语专业英语语言文学考研基础英语考研真题
南京财经大学2008年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试（初试）试卷考试科目：613 基础英语适用专业：英语语言文学考试时间：2008年1月20上午8：30—11:30注意事项：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，做在试卷或草稿纸上无效。
I. Paraphrase the underlined part of the following sentences. (10 points)1. Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.2. Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them, and above them won by observation.3. Unless the man exploit others, he has to work in order to live. Howerver simple and primitive his production may be, he has risen above the animal kindom; rightly has he been defined as “animal that produces”.4. Education makes a people easy to lead, but difficult to drive; easy to govern, but impossible to enslave.5. Even philosophy divorced from theology and from the knowledge of life and ascertainable facts, is but a famishing pabulum, or a draught stimulating for a moment, leaving behind drought and disillusion.II. Vocabulary and General Knowledge. (20 points)1. It was found the diet of older people is often ________in vitamins.A. shotB. inadequateC. deficientD. failing2. Your story about the frog turning into a prince is ______ nonsense.A. sheerB. shearC. shieldD. sheet3. I understand ______preparation that staff must put in under pressure to meet the deadline.A. more than the enormous amount ofB. better than most the enormous number ofC. better than most the enormous amount ofD. fewer than the number of4. From the available data it may fairly be ______ that the writer flourished in the 15th century.A. presupposedB. presumedC. assumedD. supposed5. I ______ to one daily newspaper and one weekly magazine.A. prescribeB. subscribeC. decretiveD. transcribe6. Her enthusiasm, and her violent likes and dislikes, _____ herself in all the everyday occupations of life.A. inserted D. counseled C. asserted D. discerned7. Communication satellites contain special instruments which can pass on or ______ radio and television programs or telephone messages from one station to another.A. relay B set C return D. emit8. One of the attractive features of the course was the way the practical work had been _____ with the theoretical aspects of the subject.A. alternatedB. integratedC. adjustedD. embraced9. It is hoped that the prisoner will be released through the _______ of the president himself.A. conventionB. preventionC. interventionD. interference10. They began constructing the bridge in 1960, but several years _______ before the project was completed.A. elapsedB. advancedC. proceededD. compromise11. James Boswell is famous for his biography of _____.A. General PaoliB. Samuel JohnsonC. Lord ChesterfieldD. Bertrand Russell12. Which one of the following books is not written by Jane Austen?A. Pride and PrejudiceB. PersuasionC. EmmaD. Mrs. Dalloway13. Sigmund Freud is a _____.A. neuropsychologistB. writerC. biologistD. anthropologist14. Who wins Nobel Prize Laureate for literature among the following people?A. Johannes KeplerB. Enric FermiC. Samuel BeckettD. Sigmund Freud15. The author of The Adventure of Tom Sawyer is _____.A. Henry JamesB. Mark TwainC. Thomas CarlyleD. C. S. Lewis16. Which one of the following events was not a part of civil rights movement in 1960s?A. anti-terroristB. women’s liberation movementC. the drug cultureD. the Vietnam War17. Jean-Paul Sartre is the foremost exponent of _____.A. modernismB. postmodernismC. intuitionismD. existentialism18. The Greening of America is written by _____.A. Thorstein VeblenB. Charles ReichC. Joseph BrodskyD. Saul Bellow19. Eskimos call their houses as _____.A. tepeesB. igloosC. hutsD. cottages20. The author of The Scarlet Letter is _____.A. Nathaniel HawthorneB. Kenneth ClarkC. Herman MelvilleD. Ernest HemingwayIII.Error Correction. (10 points)1. Massachusetts was first explored in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, and theA B Dfirst permanent settlement at Plymouth in 1620.D2. Composer Richard Rodgers and lyricist Oscar Hammerstein II brought to the musicalAOklahoma! extensive musical and theatrical background as well as familiar with theB Ctraditional forms of operetta and musical comedy.D3. Harvesting of grain is affected by annual changes in temperature or the amount of moisture,A B Cbut both.D4. A patent gives inventors exclusive rights to their inventions for a fix period of time.A B C D5. The economy of Litue Rock, Arkansas, is basing primarily on manufacturing, wholesale andA Bretail trade and government functions.C D6. How many people realize that Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings’ The Yearling is a minor literaryA Bclassic and an important contribute to regional literature?C D7. Dams vary in size from small rock barriers to concrete structures many feet height.A B C D8. Scientists estimate that as many as two hundred millions visible meteors enter the Earth’sA B Catmosphere every day.D9. In the early twentieth century, there was considerable interesting among sociologists in theAfact that in the United States the family was losing its traditional roles.B C D10. Government money appropriated for art in the 1930’s made possible hundreds of murals andA Bstatues still admiration in small towns all over the United States.C DIV. Reading Comprehension (40 points)TEXT AA few common misconception. Beauty is only skin-deep. One’s physical assets and liabilities don't count all that much in a managerial career. A woman should always try to look her best.Over the last 30 years, social scientists have conducted more than 1,000 studies of how we react to beautiful and not-so-beautiful people. The virtually unanimous conclusion: Looks do matter, more than most of us realize. The data suggest, for example, that physically attractive individuals are more likely to be treated well by their parents, sought out as friends, and pursued romantically. With the possible exception of women seeking managerial jobs, they are also more likely to be hired, paid well, and promoted.Un-American, you say, unfair and extremely unbelievable? Once again, the scientists have caught us mouthing pieties () while acting just the contrary. Their typical experiment Works something like this. They give each member of a group college students, perhaps, or teachers or corporate personnel mangers a piece of paper relating an individual’s accomplishments. Attached to the paper is a photograph. While the papers all say exactly the same thing the pictures are different. Some show a strikingly attractive person, some an average looking character, and some an unusually unattractive human being. Group members are asked to rate the individual on certain attributes, anything from personal warmth to the likelihood that he or she will be promoted.Almost invariably, the better looking the person in the picture, the higher the person is rated. In the phrase, borrowed from Sappho, that the social scientists use to sum up the common perception, what is beautiful is good.In business, however, good looks cut both ways for women, and deeper than for men. A Utah State University professor, who is an authority on the subject, explains. In terms of their careers, the impact of physical attractiveness on males is only modest. But its potential impact on females can be tremendous, making it easier, for example, for the more attractive to get jobs where they are in the public eye. On another note, though, there is enough literature now for usto conclude that attractive women who aspire () to managerial positions do not get on as well as women who may be less attractive.1. According to the passage, people often wrongly believe that in pursuing a career as a manager______.A. a persons property or debts do not matter muchB. a person's outward appearance is not a critical qualificationC. women should always dress fashionablyD. women should not only be attractive but also high-minded2. The result of research carried out by social scientists show that ________.A. people do not realize the importance of looking one’s bestB. women in pursuit of managerial jobs are not likely to be paid wellC. good looking women aspire to managerial positionsD. attractive people generally have an advantage over those who are not3. Experiments by scientists have shown that when people evaluate individuals on certain attributes _______.A. they observe the principle that beauty is only skin-deepB. they do not usually act according to the views they supportC. they give ordinary-looking persons the lowest ratingsD. they tend to base their judgment on the individual's accomplishments4. It can be inferred from the passage that in the business world _______.A. handsome men are not affected as much by their looks as attractive women areB. physically attractive women who are in the public eye usually do quite wellC. physically attractive men and women who are in the public eye usually get along quitewellD. good looks are important for women as they are for menTEXT BTo emphasize the stagnation and the narrowness of the society depicted in Jane Austin’s novels is to take a narrow and mechanical view of them. Emma is not a period piece, nor is it what is sometimes called a "comedy of manners. "We read it to illuminate not only the past but also the present. And we must face here in both its crudity and its importance a question. Exactly what relevance and helpfulness does Emma have for us today? In what sense does a novel dealing skillfully and realistically with a society and its standards, which are dead and gone forever, have value in our very different world today? Stated in such terms, the question itself is unsatisfactory. If Emma today captures our imagination and engages our sympathies (as, in fact, it does), then either it has some genuine value for us, or else there is somethingwrong with the way we give our sympathy and our values are pretty useless.Put this way, it is clear that anyone who enjoys Emma and then remarks “but of course it has no relevance today” is, in fact, debasing the novel, looking at it not as a living, enjoyable work of art but as a mere dead picture of a past society. Such an attitude is fatal both to art and to life. It can be assumed that Emma has relevance. The helpful approach is to ask why this novel still has the power to move us today.What gives Emma its power to move us is the realism and depth of feeling behind Jane Austin’s attitudes. She examines with a scrupulous yet passionate and critical precision the actual problems of her world. That this world is narrow cannot be denied. But the value of a work of art rests on the depth and truth of the experience it communicates, and such qualities cannot be identified with the breadth of the work’s panorama(). A conversation between two people in a grocery store may tell us more about as world war than a volume of dispatches from the front. The silliest of all criticisms of Jan Austen is the one the blames her for not writing about the Battle of the Waterloo and French Revolution, which were in th4e headlines of the newspapers she read. She wrote about what she genuinely understood, and no artist can do more.5. The main idea of the passage is that _______.A. a narrow view of Emma is natural and acceptableB. a novel should not depict a vanished societyC. a good novel is an intellectual rather than an emotional experienceD. Emma should be read with sensitivity and an open mind6. The author would probably disagree with those critics or readers who find that the society inJane Austen’s novels is ________.A. unsympatheticB. uninterestingC. crudeD. authoritarian7. The author implies that a work of art is properly judged on the basis of its ________.A. universality of human experience truthfully recordedB. popularity and critical acclaim in its own ageC. openness to varied interpretations, including seemingly contradictory onesD. avoidance of political and social issues of minor importance8. The author’s attitude toward someone who “enjoys Emma and then remarks ‘but of course ithas no relevance today’” can best be described as one of ______.A. amusementB. astonishmentC. disapprovalD. resignationText CJoseph Jones had a criminal record, but he swore up and down that this time he was innocent. That's what the 36-year-old felon told a Los Angeles Superior Court judge last year, just moments before pleading guilty to selling cocaine. He received an eight-year sentence. On Wednesday, Jones walked out of California's Salinas Valley State Prison, his conviction overturned at the request of the Los Angeles District Attorney Gil Garcetti. Turns out, Jones really was innocent of the cocaine charge.Jones’ case is not all that unusual. In Los Angeles lately, it is the prosecutors who are asking that defendants be set free. The criminal justice system seems to have been turned inside out as authorities probe what might become the most widespread police corruption scandal in the city’s history. “I wouldn't say the system is in shambles, but it has certainly been seriously disrupted,” says Michael Judge, chief public defender for Los Angeles. A high-ranking police official who asked not to be named adds: “I’ve never seen anything like this before in Los Angeles. It's the kind of thing you hear about in other places. I don't know if we'll ever get over it.”Police authorities say at least one officer has been fired, 11 placed on administrative leave, and one, Rafael Perez, has resigned, as allegations swirl that they stole contraband, lied, planted evidence, roughed up witnesses and kept a crash pad where they had sex with prostitutes. Perez admitted shooting an unarmed man, then framing him by planting a semiautomatic rifle near his unconscious body and accusing him of attacking officers. Five Los Angeles prosecutors and a special police task force are reviewing hundreds of cases that might have been compromised. More than 200 police department supervisors and assistants are part of a board of inquiry expected to make recommendations to Police Chief Bernard Parks as early as next week. Five criminal convictions that Perez and his partner obtained have been overturned, and more could follow, a spokeswoman for Garcetti said.On Wednesday, public defenders received a list of more than 1 000 cases involving eight law enforcement officers targeted in the probe. Each must be reviewed for possibly tainted testimony. If evidence is suspect, lawyers say, they’ll argue for new trials or dismissal of charges. The courts could be tied up for years. Adding to the morass, officials expect an onslaught of civil law-suits against the police department from defendants who were wrongly convicted. The first has been filed.“This is a tarnish on our badge,” says Officer Ted Hunt, president of the Los Angeles Police Protective League, which provides lawyers for accused officers. He cautioned, however, against jumping to the conclusion that police corruption is widespread. Only Perez has been proved guilty, he notes. “Other than this one tiny person who embarrassed all of us, LAPD coppers are honest and ethical, and they want to do the right thing,” Hunt adds.In September, Perez admitted in court that he had stolen about 8 pounds of cocaine fromthe police evidence room last year. In an attempt to lower his sentence, he offered to blow the whistle on alleged corruption in the department's Rampart Division.Assigned to a tough, mostly minority neighborhood west of downtown, Rampart Division police are known as pro-active. “Their job is to go out and get the street hoodlums, the ones who cause ordinary citizens to be afraid” Hunt says. “Rampart had the highest crime rate in the city, and they turned it around.”According to Perez, some officers at Rampart were doing more than good police work. Perez contends, for example, that in 1996, he and his partner, Nino Durden, shot 19-year-old Javier Francisco Ovando, then framed him for assaulting them. The shooting paralyzed Ovando. Though he had no prior record, the judge handed down the stiffest sentence possible because, the judge said, the defendant showed no remorse. Ovando was released from prison in September after serving three years of a 23-year sentence.Tamar Toiser, Ovando’s criminal defense lawyer, says Perez and his partner testified brilliantly at the trial. “They were wonderful witnesses,” she said. “They knew just when to look the jury in the eye. They called (Ovando) a ‘gang assassin.’ ” David Brockway, the lawyer who advised Jones to take an eight-year deal and admit selling cocaine, also remembers the same two cops as effective witnesses. If Jones had gone up against them, “Who would the jury have believed?” he asks. By going to trial, Jones would have risked being found guilty and receiving a sentence of 32 years to life in prison under California’s “three-strikes’” law, Brockway says.“Innocent people are being convicted,” public defender Judge says. “That's the magnitude of the consequences, and this is really devastating for the system.” But Hunt and other police officers say that the system is working. It’s the police department, they say, that uncovered the problem by aggressively investigating the evidence room theft, which led to Perez.9. What’s the main idea of the article?A. Policemen also do some illegal things.B. There are more and more police scandals these days.C. Police scandal puts convictions in doubt.D. Only 1 cop has admitted guilt, so it is unreasonable to question the criminal convictions.10. The phrase “hand down” is in close meaning to which of the following?A. put downB. take downC. state publiclyD. deny angrily11. This article can be found most probably in ________.A. novelsB. anthologyC. newspaperD. encyclopedia12. If the information offered by Perez in paragraph 8 was wrong and other information weretrue, it helps to confirm that ________.A. all Brockway says at the last paragraph is rightB. Perez is really not a good copC. Nino and Perez are not friendsD. No innocent people are being conceivedT ext DCyberspace, data superhighways, multimedia—for those who have seen the future, the linking of computers, televisions and telephones will change our lives for ever. Yet for all the talk of a forthcoming technological utopia little attention has been given to the implications of these developments for the poor. As with all new high technology, while the West concerns itself with the "how," the question of "for whom" is put aside once again.Economists are only now realizing the full extent to which the communications revolution has affected the world economy. Information technology allows the extension of trade across geographical and industrial boundaries, and transnational corporations take full advantage of it. Terms of trade, exchange and interest rates and money movements are more important than the production of goods. The electronic economy made possible by information technology allows the haves to increase their control on global markets – with destructive impact on the have-nots.For them the result is instability. Developing countries which rely on the production of a small range of goods for export are made to feel like small parts in the international economic machine. As "futures" are traded on computer screens, developing countries simply have less and less control of their destinies.So what are the options for regaining control? One alternative is for developing countries to buy in the latest computers and telecommunications themselves—so-called “development communications” modernization. Yet this leads to long-term dependency and perhaps permanent constraints on developing countries’ economies.Communications technology is generally exported from the U. S., Europe or Japan; the patents, skills and ability to manufacture remain in the hands of a few industrialized countries. It is also expensive, and imported products and services must therefore be bought on credit – credit usually provided by the very countries whose companies stand to gain.Furthermore, when new technology is introduced there is often too low a level of expertise to exploit it for native development. This means that while local elites, foreign communities and subsidiaries of transnational corporations may benefit, those whose lives depend on access to the information are denied it.13. From the passage we know that the development of high technology is in the interests of _____.A. the rich countriesB. scientific developmentC. the eliteD. the world economy14. It can be inferred from the passage that ________.A. international trade should be expandedB. the interests of the poor countries have not been given enough considerationC. the exports of the poor countries should be increasedD. communications technology in the developing countries should be modernized15. Why does the author say that the electronic economy may have a destructive impact on developing countries?A. Because it enables the developed countries to control the international market.B. Because it destroys the economic balance of the poor countries.C. Because it violates the national boundaries of the poor countries.D. Because it inhibits the industrial growth of developing countries.16. The development of modern communications technology in developing countries may ____.A. hinder their industrial productionB. cause them to lose control of their tradeC. force them to reduce their share of exportsD. cost them their economic independenceText EPoor health is closely associated with homelessness. Thirteen percent of homeless patients surveyed in a national study published in the 1980s stated that poor physical health was a factor in their becoming homeless. In 1997, 43.4 million people in the United States lacked health insurance, and nearly one-third of persons living in poverty had no health insurance of any kind.A recent analysis of Health Care for the Homeless projects found that the number of uninsured persons seeking treatment is increasing: overall, HCH programs report a 35% increase in the numbers of patients who are uninsured.The rates of both chronic and acute health problems are extremely high among the homelesspopulation. With the exception of obesity, strokes, and cancer, homeless people are far more likely to suffer from every category of chronic health problem. Conditions that require regular, uninterrupted treatment, such as tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, diabetes, hypertension, addictive disorders, and mental disorders, are extremely difficult to treat or control among those without adequate housing.Many homeless people have multiple health problems. For example, frostbite, leg ulcersand upper respiratory infections are frequent, often the direct result of homelessness. Homeless people are also at greater risk of trauma resulting from muggings, beatings, and rape. Homelessness precludes good nutrition, good personal hygiene, and basic first aid, adding to the complex health needs of homeless people. In addition, some homeless people with mental disorders may use drugs or alcohol to self- medicate, and those with addictive disorders are also often at risk of HIV and other communicable diseases.Homeless children also experience numerous health problems. A recent study of the health status of homeless children in New York City found that 61% of homeless children had not received their proper immunizations (compared to 23% of all New York City two-year-olds); 38% of homeless children in the City's shelter system have asthma (an asthma rate four times that for all New York City children and the highest prevalence rate of any child population in the United States).People who are homeless are overwhelmingly uninsured and often lack access to the most basic health care services for their complex health care needs. At present, there is one federally funded program, Health Care for the Homeless, which is designed specifically to provide primary health care to homeless persons. Recent evaluations of the HCH programs have found that HCH projects provide primary health care in a cost-effective and efficient manner. HCH projects are successful because they are designed and controlled by local communities to fill significant gaps in exiting health care delivery systems. Health and social service workers in HCH projects provide comprehensive care through accessible clinics and mobile and street health outreach. No other indigent care system provides this service. In Fiscal Year 1998, the HCH program awarded grants to 128 community-based organizations that, in mm, expanded their service network through arrangements with over 300 service providers. As a result, the HCH program serves more than 430,000 clients in 48 states, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico. For the people served byHealth Care for the Homeless programs, the restoration of physical health is often a first step toward reentry into stable housing and mainstream society.However, the crumbling health care safety net, the arrival of managed care, and growth in homelessness have resulted in increased need for homeless health care services. Welfare reform is also having an impact: many families leaving welfare lose health insurance, despite continued Medicaid eligibility. These and other policy changes have made it impossible for HCH programs to reach the majority of homeless people in America. A 1997 study by the Bureau of Primary Health Care found that HCH projects are experiencing a significant growth in homelessness in their communities, and that at the same time, financial support for HCH programs is diminishing. As a result, HCH projects have been forced to reduce program staffing, and waiting lists and turn away rates have increased.17. Which of the following diseases are the ones the homeless are most likely to suffer directly from?A. Obesity, and Tuberculosis.B. HIV/AIDS, and diabetes.C. Frostbite, and leg ulcers.D. Strokes, and upper respiratory infections.18. Health Care for the Homeless is ________.A. to help to prevent future episodes of homelessnessB. to help the overwhelmingly uninsuredC. to expand the service network through arrangementsD. to provide the most basic health care services to the homeless19. According to the passage, Health Care for the Homeless projects is ________.A. questionable.B. affordable.C. efficient.D. credible.20. Which of the following statements is true, according to the author?A. HCH projects succeed in restoring the homeless back into houses and society.B. The overwhelmingly uninsured are those who are accessible to health care.C. The acute health problems are what the homeless population is most haunted.D. The increased number of the homeless seeking health care worsens theissue.V. Translation from English into Chinese. (20 points)Globalization creates unprecedented new opportunities and risks. If the poorest countries can be drawn into the global economy and get increasing access to modern knowledge and technology, it could lead to a rapid reduction in global poverty, as well as bringing new trade and investment opportunities for all. But if this is not done, the poorest countries will become more marginalized, and suffering and division will grow. And we all be affected by the consequences. In order to make globalization work for the poor we need not just strong and vibrant private sectors, but also effective governments and strong and reformed international institutions. We need to work collectively to tackle the problems of conflict and corruption, boost investment in education and health, spread the benefits of technology and research, strengthen the international financial system, reduce barriers to trade, tackle environmental problems and make development assistance more effective.VI. Translation from Chinese into English. (20 points)。