Open Access to Geological Research of China- ＂Geoscience Periodical Network of China＂
鄂西北杀熊洞铌-稀土矿床烧绿石矿物学及地球化学特征及其形成机理
第42卷 第5期2023年 9月 地质科技通报B u l l e t i n o f G e o l o g i c a l S c i e n c e a n d T e c h n o l o g yV o l .42 N o .5S e p .2023秦志军,周豹,苌笙任,等.鄂西北杀熊洞铌-稀土矿床烧绿石矿物学及地球化学特征及其形成机理[J ].地质科技通报,2023,42(5):150-160.Q i n Z h i j u n ,Z h o u B a o ,C h a n g S e n g r e n ,e t a l .M i n e r a l o g y a n d g e o c h e m i s t r y o f p y r o c h l o r e f r o m t h e S h a x i o n g d o n g N b -R E E d e po s -i t ,n o r t h w e s t e r n H u b e i P r o v i n c e :I m p l i c a t i o n s f o r t h e n i o b i u m e n r i c h m e n t m e c h a n i s m i n c a r b o n a t i t e s [J ].B u l l e t i n o f G e o l o gi c a l S c i e n c e a n d T e c h n o l o g y,2023,42(5):150-160.鄂西北杀熊洞铌-稀土矿床烧绿石矿物学及基金项目:中国地质调查局项目 湖北三稀资源现状和潜力分析 (1212011220811);湖北省地质局科技项目 南秦岭地区古生代N b -T a -R E E 成矿岩浆的关键性质与过程 (K J 2020-54);湖北省地质局项目 汉江生态经济带(湖北段)西北端战略性矿产资源综合评价 (K C D Z 2022-17)作者简介:秦志军(1978 ),男,高级工程师,主要从事三稀矿产地质调查与研究工作㊂E -m a i l :45577893@q q.c o m 通信作者:苌笙任(1998 ),男,正在攻读矿物学㊁岩石学㊁矿床学专业博士学位,主要从事碱性岩-碳酸岩体系相关的稀土-铌-铁多金属矿成矿研究工作㊂E -m a i l :s r c h a n g @c u g.e d u .c n ©E d i t o r i a l O f f i c e o f B u l l e t i n o f G e o l o g i c a l S c i e n c e a n d T e c h n o l o g y .T h i s i s a n o pe n a c c e s s a r t i c l e u n d e r t h e C C B Y -N C -N D l i c e n s e .地球化学特征及其形成机理秦志军1,2,周 豹1,2,苌笙任3a,苏建辉3a,邵 辉3b(1.湖北省地质调查院,武汉430034;2.湖北省地质勘查工程技术研究中心,武汉430034;3.中国地质大学(武汉)a .资源学院;b .地球科学学院,武汉430074)摘 要:位于南秦岭武当地区的杀熊洞铌-稀土矿床是我国典型的碳酸岩-碱性岩型铌-稀土矿床,虽已有不少研究,但对于该矿床中铌的富集㊁结晶及后期流体改造矿物学方面的研究仍较为薄弱,制约了铌富集机理的精细刻画㊂采用偏光显微镜㊁光学阴极发光和背散射电子进行了详细的岩相学观察,查明了矿物的结构㊁组分和共生关系,并用电子探针分析了2类烧绿石的成分,探讨了铌富集机理㊂研究表明:杀熊洞碳酸岩-碱性岩杂岩体发育有一套完整的蚀变辉石岩-正长岩-碳酸岩岩性组合,三者在空间上紧密共生㊂杀熊洞杂岩体中铌矿物主要为烧绿石,主要在岩浆演化最晚期的碳酸岩相中结晶,为碱性岩浆演化晚期富集的产物㊂烧绿石包括原生(P c l 1)和蚀变(P c l 2)两种类型,前者呈自形㊁粒度大㊁发育震荡环带,被认为是直接从碳酸岩熔体中结晶的岩浆烧绿石;而后者则为原生烧绿石被热液交代后形成,其形状不规则,在背散射电子(B S E )图像中表现为不均匀的亮白色㊂利用电子探针对两类烧绿石进行了原位成分分析,两类烧绿石的B ㊁Y 位置分别以N b ㊁F 元素为主导,而A 位置以C a 为主导,N a 次之,因此将大部分烧绿石定名为氟钙烧绿石,少数定名为氟钠烧绿石㊂两类烧绿石的N b 与F 均存在较好的线性正相关关系,说明氟作为挥发分,可能对N b 在碱性岩浆-热液体系中的富集起到了关键的作用,与前人实验模拟结果一致㊂另一方面,两者也存在一定成分差别,与原生烧绿石相比,蚀变烧绿石具有明显较低的N b 2O 5㊁C a O ㊁N a 2O ㊁F 等以及较高的U O 2㊁T a 2O 5㊁S r O ㊁S i O 2等含量,这些差异说明交代烧绿石的流体具有更富S r ㊁S i 和U 但贫N a 和C a 的特征㊂此外,在交代过程中,局部存在明显的铌活化与丢失㊂关键词:烧绿石;铌-稀土矿化;碳酸岩;杀熊洞2022-02-15收稿;2022-03-10修回;2022-03-11接受中图分类号:P 618.7 文章编号:2096-8523(2023)05-0150-11d o i :10.19509/j .c n k i .d z k q.2022.0197 开放科学(资源服务)标识码(O S I D ):M i n e r a l o g y a n d g e o c h e m i s t r y o f p y r o c h l o r e f r o m t h e S h a x i o n g d o n g N b -R E E d e po s i t ,n o r t h w e s t e r n H u b e i P r o v i n c e :I m pl i c a t i o n s f o r t h e n i o b i u m e n r i c h m e n t m e c h a n i s m i n c a r b o n a t i t e s Q i n Z h i j u n 1,2,Z h o u B a o 1,2,C h a n g S e n gr e n 3a ,S u J i a n h u i 3a ,S h a o H u i 3bCopyright ©博看网. All Rights Reserved.第5期秦志军等:鄂西北杀熊洞铌-稀土矿床烧绿石矿物学及地球化学特征及其形成机理(1.H u b e i G e o l o g i c a l S u r v e y,W u h a n430034,C h i n a;2.H u b e i G e o l o g i c a l E x p l o r a t i o n E n g i n e e r i n g T e c h n o l o g y R e s e a r c h C e n t e r,W u h a n430034,C h i n a;3a.S c h o o l o f E a r t h R e s o u r c e s;3b.S c h o o l o f E a r t h S c i e n c e s,C h i n a U n i v e r s i t y o f G e o s c i e n c e s(W u h a n),W u h a n430074,C h i n a)A b s t r a c t:[O b j e c t i v e]T h e S h a x i o n g d o n g c a r b o n a t i t e-a l k a l i n e r e l a t e d N b-R E E d e p o s i t i s l o c a t e d i n t h e W u-d a n g a r e a o f t h e s o u t h Q i n l i n gB e l t,b u t t h e s t u d i e s o n N b m i n e r a l i z a t i o n i n t h i s d e p o s i t a r e s c a r c e.[M e t h-o d s]D e t a i l e d p e t r o g r a p h i c o b s e r v a t i o n s w e r e m a d e b y u s i n g p o l a r i z i n g m i c r o s c o p e,o p t i c a l c a t h o d o l u m i-n e s c e n c e a n d b a c k s c a t t e r e d e l e c t r o n t e s t i n g.T h e s t r u c t u r e,c o m p o s i t i o n a n d s y m b i o t i c r e l a t i o n s h i p o f t h e m i n e r a l s w e r e i d e n t i f i e d.T h e c o m p o s i t i o n o f t w o t y p e s o f p y r o c h l o r e w a s a n a l y z e d b y e l e c t r o n p r o b e a n d t h e m e c h a n i s m o f n i o b i u m e n r i c h m e n t w a s d i s c u s s e d.[R e s u l t s]T h e S h a x i o n g d o n g c o m p l e x c o n s i s t s o f t h r e e t y p e s o f r o c k s t h a t a r e s p a t i a l l y c l o s e l y r e l a t e d:M e t a-p y r o x e n i t e,s y e n i t e a n d c a r b o n a t i t e,o f w h i c h t h e c a r b o n a t i t e s a r e t h e m a j o r h o s t s o f N b m i n e r a l i z a t i o n c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y m a i n p y r o c h l o r e.T h i s i m p l i e s t h a t N b w a s c o n c e n t r a t e d t o e c o n o m i c v a l u e s i n t h e c a r b o n a t i t e s t a g e a f t e r e x t e n s i v e f r a c t i o n a t i o n o f t h e p a-r e n t a l c a r b o n a t e d s i l i c a t e m a g m a.T h e p y r o c h l o r e i n t h e d e p o s i t c a n b e c l a s s i f i e d i n t o t w o t y p e s o n t h e b a-s i s o f m i c r o-t e x t u r e s:①T h e p r i m a r y o n e s(P c l1)a r e e u h e d r a l t o s u b h e d r a l a n d d i s p l a y o s c i l l a t o r y z o n i n g, i m p l y i n g t h e i r d i r e c t c r y s t a l l i z a t i o n f r o m c a r b o n a t i t e m e l t s;②T h e a l t e r e d g r a i n s(P c l2)e x h i b i t p a t c h y z o-n a t i o n u n d e r B S E i m a g e s d u e t o h y d r o t h e r m a l a l t e r a t i o n.E P MA a n a l y t i c a l r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e t h a t b o t h t y p e s a r e r i c h i n N b a n d F a t t h e B a n d Y s i t e s,r e s p e c t i v e l y,a n d a t t h e A s i t e,t h e y a r e s i m i l a r l y m o s t l y r i c h i nC a,t h u s n a m e d F-C a-p y r o c h l o r e,w i t h m i n o r N a,t h u s n a m e d F-N a-p y r o c h l o r e.[C o n c l u s i o n]T h e g o o d p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n F a n d N b i n b o t h t y p e s o f p y r o c h l o r e i n d i c a t e t h a t F p l a y s a k e y r o l e i n t h e e n r i c h m e n t o f n i o b i u m d u r i n g m a g m a d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n.O n t h e o t h e r h a n d,c o m p a r e d t o t h e p r i m a r y p y r o-c h l o r e,t h e a l t e r e d o n e s h a v e r e l a t i v e l y l o w N b2O5,C a O,N a2O a n d F b u t h i g h U O2,T a2O5,S r O a n d S i O2, i n d i c a t i n g t h a t t h e f l u i d s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r p y r o c h l o r e a l t e r a t i o n a r e r i c h i n S r,S i a n d U,a n d t h e a l t e r a t i o n t e n d s t o m o b i l i z e N b i n e a r l y p y r o c h l o r e,a p r o c e s s t h a t i s a b l e t o l o w e r t h e N b b u d g e t s o f t h e d e p o s i t. K e y w o r d s:p y r o c h l o r e;N b-R E E m i n e r a l i z a t i o n;c a r b o n a t i t e;S h a x i o n g d o n gR e c e i v e d:2022-02-15;R e v i s e d:2022-03-10;A c c e p t e d:2022-03-11铌(N b)是现代社会高新产业发展的重要战略资源,是制作高强度的合金钢和用于航空工业超级合金的必需元素,在军事㊁工业㊁航空等领域有着不可替代的作用[1]㊂铌矿物在世界各地很多火成岩中都有发现,但当前经济技术条件下能够利用的铌矿床主要包括与碳酸岩㊁碱性岩㊁伟晶岩及高演化花岗岩有关的矿床[2]㊂其中,与碳酸岩-碱性岩杂岩体相关的铌矿床是当今世界上最重要㊁也是目前铌矿产出的主要矿床类型(如巴西C a t a l a o矿床[3];中国白云鄂博矿床[4-5]等),因而受到学者的广泛关注㊂但到目前为止,与碳酸岩-碱性岩杂岩体相关的研究主要集中在岩石成因和稀土富集矿化过程等方面[5-6],而对铌在碳酸岩-碱性岩岩浆-热液体系中富集机制的研究相对匮乏,包括铌在岩浆-热液中的溶解㊁迁移㊁沉淀以及后期的流体改造对矿化的影响等关键科学问题仍不清楚㊂因此,通过对碳酸岩-碱性岩杂岩体的岩浆演化及相关铌矿化过程的详细系统的研究,对揭示碳酸岩-碱性岩型铌矿床中铌资源的富集成矿规律具有重大的意义㊂烧绿石超族(包括烧绿石族㊁细晶石族等)矿物是碳酸岩-碱性岩体系中常见的富含高场强元素和稀土元素的矿物之一,也是世界上铌矿资源的最主要来源㊂由于烧绿石可以在不同的晶格位置容纳很多不同种类的元素,在不同的岩浆和流体的环境中往往会表现出不同的产状和矿物地球化学特征[7-9]㊂因此,烧绿石可以作为碳酸岩-碱性岩岩浆-热液演化过程的指示矿物[9-10]㊂鄂西北南秦岭地区是我国重要的碳酸岩-碱性岩型稀有稀土矿床的成矿带,20世纪以来先后发现了庙垭和杀熊洞碳酸岩-碱性岩型铌-稀土矿床[11-12],天宝㊁双河口和朱家院碱性火山岩型铌矿床[13-15],显示了巨大的N b-R E E成矿潜力㊂针对该区域早古生代的碱性岩浆活动以及相关的N b-R E E 成矿事件,前人做了大量的岩(矿)相学㊁年代学及地球化学的研究,普遍认为N b-R E E成矿元素在碱性岩浆-热液演化的过程中逐步富集成矿[11-12,15-17]㊂杀熊洞碳酸岩-碱性岩杂岩体是该区域碳酸岩-碱性岩型矿床的一个典型代表,发育有一套完整的蚀151Copyright©博看网. All Rights Reserved.h t t p s ://d z k j q b .c u g.e d u .c n 地质科技通报2023年变辉石岩-正长岩-碳酸岩岩性组合,与同区域同时代的碱性杂岩体相比,杀熊洞碳酸岩-碱性岩杂岩体的岩性更齐全,演化过程更完整,而且还发育较为强烈的铌-稀土矿化㊂杀熊洞铌-稀土矿床自勘探发现至今,前人开展的研究工作主要集中在矿床地质特征㊁年代学及稀土富集成矿过程的研究等方面[11,16,18],而关于该矿床中铌在岩浆-热液体系中的富集矿化过程仍不清楚,主要包括:①铌在岩浆-热液演化过程中的富集行为是怎么样的②铌矿物是在岩浆还是热液条件下结晶的?③后期热液改造对铌矿化是进一步富集还是破坏基于以上的问题,笔者将对杀熊洞碳酸岩-碱性岩型铌-稀土矿床进行详细的矿化特征和岩相学研究,并选取碳酸岩中典型的铌矿物开展详细的矿物地球化学研究,旨在获得关于碳酸岩-碱性岩岩浆演化过程中铌的富集行为㊁成矿过程等方面的新认识㊂1 区域地质概况秦岭造山带是我国乃至东亚重要的碰撞造山带,也是我国中央造山带的重要组成部分,其近东西向分隔了扬子板块和华北克拉通,自身自北向南又可以分为华北克拉通南缘㊁北秦岭㊁南秦岭和扬子板块北缘(图1)4个主要构造单元[20-21]㊂前人研究认为秦岭造山带是古秦岭洋双向俯冲增生造山和中生代碰撞造山所形成的,是由北秦岭和南秦岭岛弧带以及相关增生杂岩带等13个构造相单元组成的一条叠合型造山带[22],经历了从中元古代到中新生代复杂而漫长的构造演化过程,其演化过程主要可以分为3个阶段:①新太古代-早古生代古大陆裂解㊁洋盆形成㊁俯冲碰撞阶段;②晚古生代-中三叠世板内生长阶段;③晚三叠世-中新生代陆内造山作用阶段㊂各个单元在不同的构造演化阶段以不同的构造体制发展演化,最终形成复合型大陆造山带[23-25]㊂武当地区位于南秦岭造山带靠近扬子板块的一侧,是秦岭造山带的重要组成部分㊂秦岭造山带具有多期次活动及多层次构造样式,是一个以多层次拆离滑脱为主的推覆构造体系,主要由一系列的逆冲推覆体构成,而武当推覆体为其中之一,武当地区主要经历了前印支期伸展㊁印支期陆-陆碰撞和燕图1 南秦岭早志留世碱性岩浆岩分布图(据文献[19]修改)F i g .1 D i s t r i b u t i o n o f E a r l y S i l u r i a n a l k a l i n e m a g m a t i c r o c k s i n t h e S o u t h Q i n l i n g Be l t 山期陆内变形3个极其重要的构造演化阶段,由此形成了由隆-滑构造㊁NWW 向大型线性构造带和近S N 向地幔变异带复合交切而成的 立交桥 式侧三维地壳框架㊂该地区出露的地层以武当群为主,区域上发育典型的N E 向㊁NW 向构造㊂武当地区已发现多种不同类型的矿床,其中金㊁银及多金属矿床多发育在一定的构造岩性层位上,主要分布于由推覆构造体系形成的一系列滑脱构造面上,而与稀有稀土有关的矿床则主要与区域上广泛发育的碱性岩体有关㊂武当地区岩浆岩分布广泛,且在时间和空间上具有明显的规律性㊂从时间上可划分为新元古代㊁古生代和中生代岩浆岩㊂侵入体类型主要包括超基性-基性㊁中酸性和碱性侵入体(图1)㊂其中新元古界中主要发育武当群火山岩和基性岩墙群[26];而古生代岩浆岩则主要分布于南部的竹溪-房县一带,主要发育一套双峰式岩浆岩以及多呈岩墙或岩床产出的碱性正长岩和镁铁质岩,典型例子包括庙垭和杀熊洞碳酸岩-碱性岩杂岩体㊁天宝㊁朱家院和双河口玄武质-粗面质火山岩等[11-12,16,27-28]㊂其中庙垭㊁杀熊洞㊁天宝和朱家院等岩体中发育有一定规模的铌和(或)稀土矿床(化),显示了巨大的铌-稀251Copyright ©博看网. All Rights Reserved.第5期 秦志军等:鄂西北杀熊洞铌-稀土矿床烧绿石矿物学及地球化学特征及其形成机理土成矿潜力[12,15,27]㊂2 矿区地质特征杀熊洞碳酸岩-碱性岩杂岩体位于秦岭造山带武当地块西南缘(图1)的安康-竹山断裂带上,距离扬子板块北缘的青峰断裂25k m ,岩体主要呈纺锤状侵入至武当岩群中的绿泥钠长片岩和二长变粒岩中(图2)㊂岩体主要延伸方向为N E E-S WW 方向,长约700m ,宽度最大处可以达到230m ㊂杀熊洞碳酸岩-碱性岩杂岩体主要由蚀变辉石岩㊁正长岩和方解石碳酸岩3种岩性组成,三者在空间上紧密共生㊂杀熊洞铌-稀土矿床表现为全岩矿化,不同岩性中均发育不同程度的铌和稀土富集,其中碳酸岩中有明显的铌矿化且品位较高㊂在辉石岩和正长岩中,铌主要以类质同象的形式分散在部分硅酸盐矿物(如黑云母㊁榍石等)中,几乎不出现铌的独立矿物;在碳酸岩中,铌除了以类质同象的形式分散在一些硅酸盐矿物中外,还形成了较多的独立矿物(如烧绿石)㊂图2 杀熊洞碳酸岩-碱性岩型铌-稀土矿床矿区地质图(据文献[18]修改)F i g .2 G e o l o g i c a l m a p o f t h e S h a x i o n g d o n g c a r b o n a t i t e -a l k a l i n e r e l a t e d N b -R E E d e po s i t 2.1蚀变辉石岩蚀变辉石岩主要分布于杂岩体东部㊁西北部,岩石呈暗绿色,矿物成分变化较大,主要矿物为普通角闪石㊁黑云母㊁方解石㊁绿泥石㊁绿帘石㊁碱性长石,次要矿物为榍石㊁黄铁矿㊁磁铁矿㊁钛铁矿等(图3)㊂原岩碱性辉石岩为早期基性岩浆堆晶作用形成的产物,部分普通辉石仍保持辉石晶型,但成分已蚀变形成普通角闪石㊁绿帘石㊁绿泥石㊁方解石等,部分角闪石颗粒被绿泥石交代,呈裂纹状(图3-d)㊂2.2正长岩碳酸岩化正长岩是杂岩体中出露最为广泛的岩石类型,由于受到后期碳酸岩岩浆交代作用的影响,其颜色从砖红色ң灰白色ң灰黑色均有发育㊂岩石主要为块状构造,粗粒结构,主要矿物为碱性长石㊁黑云母㊁钠长石㊁钠铁闪石㊁菱铁矿㊁方解石㊁磷灰石等,次要矿物为榍石㊁黄铁矿㊁磁铁矿等(图4)㊂由于后期碳酸岩岩浆的交代作用,可以在镜下部分区域明显观察到后期的碳酸盐矿物呈弥散状或脉状分布在正长岩中(图4-d )㊂2.3方解石碳酸岩在岩体中多呈岩脉或透镜状产出于碳酸岩化正长岩中㊂岩石呈灰白色或白色,手标本表面常见大小不等㊁形态不规则的碳酸岩化正长岩残留体,有时可见黑云母团块状集合体㊂岩石呈块状构造或团块状构造,中细粒结构,有时因霓石㊁黑云母㊁黄铁矿呈线性富集而显示明显的黑白相间的条带状构造㊂岩石主要矿物有方解石㊁黑云母㊁霓石㊁磷灰石㊁碱性长石,次要矿物有烧绿石㊁黄菱锶铈矿㊁褐帘石㊁独居石㊁氟碳铈矿㊁重晶石㊁黄铁矿㊁磁铁矿㊁闪锌矿等(图5)㊂发育在方解石碳酸岩中的烧绿石自形程度较好,多呈自形到半自形,且粒度相对较大,可达0.2~0.5mm ,常与磷灰石共生(图5-a)㊂3 样品描述及分析方法本研究样品主要采自杀熊洞野外露头不同岩性的新鲜样品㊂将样品磨制为光片㊁探针片及激光片,利用偏光显微镜㊁光学阴极发光(OM -C L )及背散射电子(B S E )能谱分析进行详细的岩相学观察,查明矿物的结构㊁组分及共生关系,并利用电子探针(E P MA )分析获得烧绿石成分数据㊂351Copyright ©博看网. All Rights Reserved.h t t p s ://d z k j q b .c u g.e d u .c n 地质科技通报2023年a .榍石与角闪石共生,部分角闪石发生了绿泥石化作用;b .蚀变辉石岩中大规模的绿泥石化作用;c ,d .蚀变辉石岩主要矿物组合;A m p.角闪石;C h l .绿泥石;T t n .榍石图3 蚀变辉石岩镜下照片F i g .3 P h o t o g r a p h o f m e t a -p yr o x e n i t e r o ck a .正长岩中的锆石㊁黑云母与碱性长石共生;b .正长岩中的独居石生长在黑云母条带周围;c .正长岩中典型的矿物组合特征;d .方解石呈细脉状和弥散状分布在正长岩中;A e .霓石;A f s .碱性长石;B t .黑云母;C a l .方解石;M n z .独居石;P y.黄铁矿;Z r .锆石图4 正长岩镜下照片F i g .4 P h o t o g r a p h o f s ye n i t e 451Copyright ©博看网. All Rights Reserved.第5期 秦志军等:鄂西北杀熊洞铌-稀土矿床烧绿石矿物学及地球化学特征及其形成机理a .烧绿石㊁霓石和磷灰石在碳酸岩中共生;b .碳酸岩中的霓石和烧绿石;c .碳酸岩中发育的稀土矿物;d .碳酸岩中磷灰石和烧绿石的阴极发光图像;Ae .霓石;Af s .碱性长石;A p.磷灰石;C a l .方解石;M n z .独居石;P c l .烧绿石;B t .黑云母图5 碳酸岩显微照片F i g .5 M i c r o g r a ph o f c a r b o n a t i t e 3.1光学阴极发光(OM -C L )及背散射电子(B S E )能谱分析本研究的阴极发光实验在中国地质大学(武汉)地质过程与矿产资源国家重点实验室完成㊂所用仪器为英国C L 8200MK 5阴极发光装置㊂仪器由光学显微系统㊁阴极发光系统㊁光栅光谱系统3部分组成㊂电源为220V ㊁50H z 交流电源,可产生0~30k V 阴极电压,0~2000μA 电子束流,极限真空度可以达到0.3P a㊂本实验过程中的电压和电流分别设置为12k V 和300μA ㊂本次B S E 能谱分析在武汉理工大学材料研究与测试中心完成,所使用的仪器为J E O L J X A -8230㊂OM -C L 及B S E 能谱实验均在矿物元素测试分析之前完成㊂3.2电子探针测试分析烧绿石的成分分析采用香港大学的电子探针显微分析仪(J X A -8230/I N C A X -A C T )完成,仪器设置为15k V 的工作电压和20n A 的电流㊂测试过程中,F 采用黄玉作为标准矿物,A l 的标样为铬铁矿,T i 采用金红石进行校正,C a 元素的标样为钛角闪石,T a 采用仪器内部的标样进行对比校正,M n 的标样为蔷薇辉石,N a 采用钠长石标样,M g 的标样为透辉石,斜长石标样则对S i 进行对比校正,N b 和Y 则采用对应的金属作为标样,F e 的标样为铁尖晶石,独居石标样则对N d ㊁P r ㊁C e 和L a 进行校正,铀玻璃和钍玻璃分别作为U 和T h 元素测试的标样㊂烧绿石矿物晶体化学式的后期计算采用单位分子中B 位置总原子数等于2作为基准进行计算㊂4 结 果4.1烧绿石的矿物学特征及分类烧绿石是杀熊洞碳酸岩-碱性岩杂岩体中主要的铌矿物,是反映铌在碱性岩浆演化过程中富集行为的最直接载体,所以对烧绿石的形态㊁结构及主微量元素的研究是确定杀熊洞杂岩体铌矿化规律的重要手段与方法㊂杀熊洞碳酸岩-碱性岩杂岩体中的烧绿石主要呈星散状或不连续条带状产于碳酸岩中,在镜下多呈黄色-深褐色,发育八面体结构,约占碳酸岩体积分数的1%~2%,常与霓石㊁磁铁矿㊁磷灰石等矿物密切共生(图5-a ,b ,d )㊂根据烧绿石在镜下及B S E 图像中的产状特征,将杀熊洞碳酸岩-碱性岩杂岩体中的烧绿石分为两类:第一类烧绿石在B S E 图像中有典型的震荡环带发育,具体表现为明暗不同的环带在同一个颗粒中呈同心圆状生长(图6-a ,b );第二类为明显遭受了后期热液改造的烧绿石,在B S E 图像中,可以观察551Copyright ©博看网. All Rights Reserved.h t t p s://d z k j q b.c u g.e d u.c n地质科技通报2023年a,b.具有明显震荡环带,且未经历明显后期改造的烧绿石;c,d.原生烧绿石受到了流体改造作用而呈现不均匀的亮白色;P c l1.原生烧绿石;P c l2.蚀变烧绿石图6杀熊洞碱性杂岩体中烧绿石B S E镜下照片F i g.6 B S E i m a g e s o f p y r o c h l o r e i n t h e S h a x i o n g d o n g c o m p l e x到该类烧绿石早期形成的岩浆震荡环带被交代区域所破坏和覆盖(图6-c,d),这种蚀变多以不规则的形态穿切早期形成的烧绿石㊂与未遭受蚀变的部位相比,被交代的部位在B S E图像中表现为更明亮的白色㊂本研究中,把第一类烧绿石和第二类烧绿石中未遭受蚀变的部分称为原生烧绿石(P c l1),而把第二类烧绿石中遭受交代蚀变的部分称为蚀变烧绿石(P c l2)㊂4.2烧绿石矿物地球化学特征杀熊洞碳酸岩中2种烧绿石E P MA主微量元素分析结果见表1㊂杀熊洞碳酸岩-碱性岩杂岩体中的原生烧绿石(P c l1)w(N b2O5)在61.1%~ 69.5%之间,均值为64.25%㊂w(C a O)在11.35% ~15.19%之间,均值为13.45%,w(N a2O)为2.24%~8.73%,均值为5.82%,这3种元素是P c l1中最主要的阳离子组成㊂此外,P c l1中还有一定量的T i O2(0.63%~5.95%,均值为4.70%)㊁U O2(低于检测线到1.08%,均值约为0.49%)㊁T a2O5(0.02%~0.72%,均值0.35%)㊁S r O (2.42%~3.62%,均值为2.78%)和S i O2(低于检测限到1.08%,均值约为0.55%),F是P c l1中的主要卤族元素,质量分数为3.77%~5.87%,均值为4.43%㊂岩体中受到流体交代作用形成的蚀变烧绿石(P c l2)w(N b2O5)(57.4%~63.6%,均值为60.37%)㊁表1杀熊洞碳酸岩中烧绿石主微量元素分析结果(均值) T a b l e1 M a j o r e l e m e n t c o m p o s i t i o n s o f p y r o c h l o r e f r o m t h e S h a x i o n g d o n g c a r b o n a t i t e(a v e r a g e)岩性碳酸岩P c l1P c l2N=21N=5F4.431.42N a2O5.821.26A l2O30.010.02T i O24.705.70C a O13.458.02U O20.491.40T h O20.030.02Z r O20.250.24Y2O30.050.02F e O w B/%0.161.78S i O20.551.96M g O0.000.01M n O2.323.51P b O0.330.35N b2O564.2560.37S r O2.788.10T a2O50.350.70N d2O30.180.27C e2O30.651.15L a2O30.130.21总计100.9496.50651Copyright©博看网. All Rights Reserved.第5期 秦志军等:鄂西北杀熊洞铌-稀土矿床烧绿石矿物学及地球化学特征及其形成机理w (C a O )(5.83%~9.85%,均值为8.02%)㊁w (N a 2O )(0.57%~2.00%,均值为1.26%)㊁w (F )(0.82%~2.20%,均值为1.42%)相较于P c l 1均有不同程度的下降,而w (T i O 2)(5.20%~6.47%,均值为5.70%)㊁w (U O 2)(0.78%~2.47%,均值为1.40%)㊁w (T a 2O 5)(0.38%~1.40%,均值为0.70%)㊁w (S r O )(6.31%~9.46%,均值为8.10%)㊁w (S i O 2)(1.19%~2.93%,均值为1.96%)等则表现出不同程度的升高㊂杀熊洞碳酸岩-碱性岩杂岩体中2种不同类型的烧绿石在矿物化学特征上具有一定的变化规律,在元素协变图解中不同烧绿石T i ㊁U 和T a 2O 5质量分数均和N b 2O 5质量分数有明显的线性负相关关系(图7-a ,b ),F 和N b 之间则存在较好的正相关关系(图7-c );而不同种类的烧绿石中S r O ㊁C a O ㊁N a 2O ㊁S i O 2的质量分数则有较为明显的区别,其在该元素的哈克协变图解中多集中在完全不同的两个区域(图7-f ~h)㊂图7 杀熊洞碳酸岩-碱性岩杂岩体中烧绿石元素协变图解F i g .7 C o m p o s i t i o n a l v a r i a t i o n s (i n a t o m s p e r f o r m u l a u n i t )o f p y r o c h l o r e f r o m t h e S h a x i o n g d o n g ca rb o n a t i t e -a l k a l i n ec o m pl e x 5 讨 论5.1烧绿石的矿物化学特征及对结晶环境的指示烧绿石超族矿物是原生和次生N b 矿床中最主要的矿石矿物之一,烧绿石通常呈黄色-褐色-黑色玻璃状晶体或不规则的块体状,具有树脂光泽或金刚光泽㊂烧绿石超族矿物的通式为A 2-mB 2X 6-w Y 1-n ㊃p H 2O ,其中m =0~1.7,w =0~0.7,n =0~1,p =0~2[27],其中A 位置的元素为八次配位的阳离子或者空位,通常为A s ,B a ,B i ,C a ,C s ,K ,M g,M n ,N a ,P b ,R E E ,S b ,S r ,T h ,U 和Y 等元素;处于B 位置的是六次配位的阳离子,并且通常是一些离子半径较小且带有较高电荷的元素,如N b ,T a ,T i ,Z r ,F e 3+,A l 和S i 等元素[10],此外,偶尔也会有W 5+离子出现在B 位置[28];而X 和Y 位置通常由O 2-㊁O H -和F -离子占据[3]㊂由于烧绿石B 位置比较稳定,因此,根据2010年国际矿物协会新矿物及矿物分类㊁命名委员会I MA -C NMN C 批准颁布的烧绿石超族矿物分类命名新方案,将烧绿石超族按B 位置上主要元素N b ㊁T a ㊁T i ㊁S b 和W 的占位,分别划分为5个族:烧751Copyright ©博看网. All Rights Reserved.h t t p s ://d z k j q b .c u g.e d u .c n 地质科技通报2023年绿石族㊁细晶石族㊁贝塔石族㊁锑钙石族和脆钨石族㊂杀熊洞碳酸岩-碱性岩杂岩体中的原生烧绿石(P c l 1)和次生烧绿石(P c l 2)在B 位置均由N b 占主导地位,属于前人划分的烧绿石族[27,29-31](图8-a )㊂此外,由于杀熊洞杂岩体中的烧绿石Y 位置以F 离子为主,而大多数烧绿石A 位置以C a 离子为主,少数以N a 离子为主,故将大多数烧绿石定名为氟钙烧绿石,少数定名为氟钠烧绿石(图8-b)㊂a .2种类型的烧绿石B 位置均以N b 为主,落在烧绿石族的范围;b .2种类型的烧绿石在A 位置上以C a 元素为主;X.烧绿石A 位置除C a ㊁N a 以外的其他元素总和图8 杀熊洞碳酸岩中烧绿石A ㊁B 位置主量元素图解F i g .8 A a n d B s i t e o f p y r o c h l o r e i n S h a x i o n g d o n g ca r -b o n a t i t e前人的研究表明T a ㊁T i ㊁U ㊁N b 元素在许多矿物(如烧绿石㊁榍石㊁金红石等)中产生不同程度的类质同象替换[4,9]㊂在烧绿石中,不同位置直接的类质同象替换也复杂多样,W a l t e r 等[9]根据烧绿石的成分变化,总结了烧绿石中几种典型的类质同象替代关系,其中既包括单个位置上替换的N b 5+ңT a 5+,C a 2+ңN a ++R E E 3+;也包括多个位置联合的类质同象替换:如C a 2++T i 4+ңN a ++N b 5+,C a 2++T i 4+ңN a ++T a 5+,N a ++3N b 5+ңU 4++3T i 4+,C a ++2N b 5+ңU4++2T i 4+,N a ++2N b5+ңR E E 3++2T i 4+等㊂在杀熊洞碳酸岩发育的烧绿石中,也存在着相当广泛的类质同象替换㊂在图7-a ,b 中,我们可以发现,T i ㊁U 和N b 均有着较好的线性负相关关系,说明在烧绿石中存在U ㊁T i 直接替换N b 的类质同象替换关系㊂而除了单个位置上的类质同象替换以外,烧绿石还存在多位置上的联合类质同象替换,图7-d 中3T i +U 和3N b+N a 的线性负相关关系表明,在烧绿石中B 位置N b 被T i 置换的同时,A 位置也发生了相关的U 替换N a 的置换作用,从而保持总电价的平衡,即存在以下置换关系:N a ++3N b 5+ңU 4++3T i 4+㊂杀熊洞杂岩体碳酸岩中发育的原生烧绿石(P c l 1)多与早期形成的矿物如磷灰石和霓石等共生,且多数烧绿石发育有典型的震荡环带,这是由于在熔体条件下,元素在晶体中的生长速度高于在岩浆中的扩散速度所致,说明烧绿石是从碳酸岩的岩浆中直接结晶形成的,且杀熊洞碳酸岩的原生烧绿石(P c l 1)较高的F 含量也与前人研究认为富氟烧绿石通常是在碳酸岩岩浆中直接结晶的结果相一致[9,32]㊂5.2烧绿石蚀变作用及交代流体特征与原生的岩浆烧绿石相比,杀熊洞杂岩体中发生了明显热液交代作用的蚀变烧绿石(P c l 2)中的N b 2O 5㊁C a O ㊁N a 2O ㊁F 等的含量有明显的下降,而U O 2㊁T a 2O 5㊁S r O ㊁S i O 2等的含量则表现出不同程度的升高㊂其中T a ㊁U 元素具有与N b 相似的电价与物理化学性质,可以以类质同象的方式代替N b 进入烧绿石的晶格中,且与N b 相比,T a 和U 在热液流体中的溶解度更高,从而导致蚀变烧绿石中N b 元素含量的下降与T a ㊁U 元素含量的升高;高浓度的S i ㊁S r ㊁F e 等元素可能来源于富集这类元素的流体,这种现象在同区域的庙垭碳酸岩型R E E -N b 矿床中也有报道[32]㊂此外,实验岩石学的研究表明,富硅㊁硫酸根和碳酸根的热液流体能够溶解和搬运更多的N b 元素[33],从而具有更强对原生烧绿石进行交代的能力㊂这与杀熊洞碳酸岩中发育有广泛的热液成因的硫酸盐矿物(如重晶石)㊁碳酸盐矿物(如热液方解石㊁氟碳铈矿等)的地质事实相一致㊂5.3铌富集成矿作用作为碳酸岩-碱性岩型铌矿床中主要存在的铌矿物,烧绿石可以作为记录岩浆演化过程以及铌元素搬运和富集等方面的直接载体㊂因此,可以利用烧绿石的矿物学和主微量元素特征来反演岩浆及流体作用过程以及与N b 矿化之间的关系[34]㊂杀熊洞碳酸岩-碱性岩杂岩体主要由蚀变辉石岩㊁正长岩和碳酸岩组成,3种类型的岩石在时间和空间上紧密共生,碳酸岩主要呈透镜状分布在碳酸岩化正长岩中㊂结合3种岩性的空间关系以及前人的研究[11,16],认为杀熊洞杂岩体岩浆演化的顺序为蚀变辉石岩ң正长岩ң碳酸岩㊂杀熊洞蚀变辉石岩和正长岩中并没有发现铌矿物产出,但是发育大量辉石(部分已经蚀变成角闪石)㊁长石等硅酸盐矿物,而铌在这些矿物中整体表现为不相容的特征,从而导致铌在残余岩浆中进一步富集㊁岩浆中N b 含量逐步升高㊂在碳酸岩岩浆演化的早阶段便发育了大量的自形粗粒烧绿石,说明此时岩浆中N b 含量已经达到饱和㊂从蚀变辉石岩到碳酸岩化正长岩再到碳酸岩的岩相学变化过程中说明铌在碳酸岩-碱性岩岩浆演化的过程中是不断富集的,最终在碳酸岩岩浆阶段富集成矿㊂851Copyright ©博看网. All Rights Reserved.。
基于无人机LiDAR仿地飞行技术的高陡边坡危岩体快速识别方法
第42卷 第6期2023年 11月 地质科技通报B u l l e t i n o f G e o l o g i c a l S c i e n c e a n d T e c h n o l o g yV o l .42 N o .6N o v . 2023庞鑫,袁明,卢渊,等.基于无人机L i D A R 仿地飞行技术的高陡边坡危岩体快速识别方法[J ].地质科技通报,2023,42(6):21-30.P a n g X i n ,Y u a n M i n g ,L u Y u a n ,e t a l .R a p i d i d e n t i f i c a t i o n m e t h o d f o r t h e d a n g e r o u s r o c k m a s s o f a h i g h -s t e e p s l o pe b a s e d o n U A V L i D A R a n d g r o u n d i m i t a t i o nf l igh t [J ].B u l l e ti n o f G e o l o g i c a l S c i e n c e a n d T e c h n o l o g y,2023,42(6):21-30.基于无人机L i D A R 仿地飞行技术的基金项目:国家自然科学基金项目(52179117);湖北-国家自然科学联合基金项目(U 21A 20159)作者简介:庞 鑫(1982 ),男,高级工程师,主要从事非煤露天矿山边坡地质灾害治理等方面的研究工作㊂E -m a i l :36754555@q q.c o m 通信作者:付晓东(1986 ),男,副研究员,主要从事边坡地质灾害数值模拟与评估等方面的研究工作㊂E -m a i l :x d f u @w h r s m.a c .c n丁海锋(1997 ),男,现正攻读土木水利专业硕士学位,主要从事边坡稳定性分析与灾变机制方面的研究工作㊂E -m a i l:d i n g h a i f e n g21@m a i l s .u c a s .a c .c n ©E d i t o r i a l O f f i c e o f B u l l e t i n o f G e o l o g i c a l S c i e n c e a n d T e c h n o l o g y .T h i s i s a n o pe n a c c e s s a r t i c l e u n d e r t h e C C B Y -N C -N D l i c e n s e .高陡边坡危岩体快速识别方法庞 鑫1,袁 明2,卢 渊3,杜文杰4,5,万道春1,李 得1,丁海锋4,5,付晓东4,5(1.攀钢集团矿业有限公司,四川攀枝花617000;2.四川电力设计咨询有限责任公司,成都610000;3.中国电力科学研究院有限公司输变电工程研究所,北京102401;4.中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所岩土力学与工程国家重点实验室,武汉430071;5.中国科学院大学,北京100049)摘 要:我国西南地区山高谷深㊁斜坡高陡,危岩落石灾害极为发育,高陡边坡危岩落石由于高差大㊁坡面陡,具有显著的突发性,因此快速㊁准确㊁便捷地解译与识别危岩体源头成为高陡岩质边坡风险分析的首要问题㊂当前探测手段的进步使基于影像的地质灾害解译逐步从目视识别向人机交互式识别方向发展㊂其中,无人机激光雷达(L i D A R )系统通过融合无人机载体与L i D A R 测量技术的优势,广泛应用于地质灾害调查中,同时仿地飞行技术的引入可以使无人机L i D A R 系统适应复杂的地形,快速获取高精度㊁高密度的点云数据㊂基于以上技术对攀枝花某铁矿露天采场东侧边坡开展了无人机调查,通过获取高精度D OM 影像和三维点云模型,量化提取点云模型中露头坡面粗糙度㊁倾向等危岩体几何特征参数作为D OM 影像的补充材料,提出了一套基于D OM 影像和几何特征的危岩体人机交互式识别方法㊂通过对东侧边坡危岩体的应用表明:提出的人机交互式识别方法通过在D OM 影像的基础上叠加露头坡面几何特征,对悬空危岩体的识别精度优于目视识别,可以显著提高危岩体识别的效率和准确性㊂提出的方法通过结合创新的遥感技术,为高陡岩质边坡危岩体识别提供了快速便捷的方案㊂关键词:高陡边坡;危岩体;无人机L i D A R 系统;仿地飞行;三维点云模型2022-08-06收稿;2022-09-28修回;2022-10-03接受中图分类号:P 23;P 642.2;T N 958.98 文章编号:2096-8523(2023)06-0021-10d o i :10.19509/j .c n k i .d z k q.t b 20220427 开放科学(资源服务)标识码(O S I D ):R a p i d i d e n t i f i c a t i o n m e t h o d f o r t h e d a n g e r o u s r o c k m a s s o f a h i g h -s t e e ps l o p e b a s e d o n U A V L i D A R a n d g r o u n d i m i t a t i o n f l i gh t P a n g X i n 1,Y u a n M i n g 2,L u Y u a n 3,D u W e n ji e 4,5,W a n D a o c h u n 1,L i D e 1,D i n g H a i f e n g 4,5,F u X i a o d o n g4,5(1.P a n z h i h u a I r o n a n d S t e e l G r o u p M i n i n g Co .,L t d .,P a n z h i h u a S i c h u a n 617000,C h i n a ;2.S i c h u a n E l e c t r i c P o w e r D e s i g n C o n s u l t i n g C o .,L t d .,C h e n gd u 610000,C h i n a ;3.P o we r T r a n sf o r m e r E ng i n e e r i n g Re s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e ,C h i n a E l e c t r i c P o w e r R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e ,B e i j i n g 102401,C h i n a ;4.S t a t e K e y L a b o r a t o r y of G e o m e c h a n i c s a n d G e o t e c h n i c a l E ng i n e e r i n g,h t t p s://d z k j q b.c u g.e d u.c n地质科技通报2023年I n s t i t u t e o f R o c k a n d S o i l M e c h a n i c s,C h i n e s e A c a d e m y o f S c i e n c e s,W u h a n430071,C h i n a;5.U n i v e r s i t y o f C h i n e s e A c a d e m y o f S c i e n c e s,B e i j i n g100049,C h i n a)A b s t r a c t:[O b j e c t i v e]I n S o u t h w e s t C h i n a,r o c k f a l l h a z a r d s a r e e x t r e m e l y d e v e l o p e d i n h i g h m o u n t a i n s a n d d e e p v a l l e y a r e a s w i t h h i g h a n d s t e e p s l o p e s.D u e t o t h e l a r g e e l e v a t i o n d i f f e r e n c e a n d s t e e p s l o p e,t h e d a n-g e r o u s r o c k m a s s o n a h i g h-s t e e p s l o p e h a s r e m a r k a b l e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f s u d d e n n e s s.T h u s,a r a p i d,a c c u-r a t e a n d c o n v e n i e n t i n t e r p r e t a t i o n a n d i d e n t i f i c a t i o n f o r t h e s o u r c e o f d a n g e r o u s r o c k m a s s b e c o m e s t h e p r i-m a r y p r o b l e m o f r i s k a n a l y s i s o f h i g h-s t e e p s l o p e s.A t p r e s e n t,t h e p r o g r e s s o f d e t e c t i o n m a k e s i m a g e-b a s e d g e o l o g i c a l h a z a r d i n t e r p r e t a t i o n g r a d u a l l y d e v e l o p f r o m v i s u a l i d e n t i f i c a t i o n t o h u m a n-c o m p u t e r i n-t e r a c t i v e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n.A m o n g t h e m,t h e U A V L i D A R s y s t e m i s w i d e l y u s e d i n g e o l o g i c a l d i s a s t e r i n v e s-t i g a t i o n b y i n t e g r a t i n g b o t h a d v a n t a g e s o f U A V c a r r i e r a n d L i D A R m e a s u r e m e n t t e c h n o l o g y,w h i l e t h e i n-t r o d u c t i o n o f g r o u n d i m i t a t i o n f l i g h t t e c h n o l o g y c a n m a k e t h e U A V L i D A R s y s t e m a d a p t t o c o m p l e x t e r-r a i n,o b t a i n i n g h i g h-p r e c i s i o n a n d h i g h-d e n s i t y p o i n t c l o u d d a t a.[M e t h o d s]O n t h i s b a s i s,a U A V s u r v e y w a s c a r r i e d o u t o n t h e E a s t s i d e s l o p e o f o p e n-p i t m i n e,a n d a h i g h-p r e c i s i o n D OM i m a g e a n d3D p o i n t c l o u d m o d e l w e r e o b t a i n e d b y p r o c e s s i n g t h e U A V s u r v e y d a t a.A s t h e s u p p l e m e n t a r y m a t e r i a l s o f t h e D OM i m a g e,t h e g e o m e t r i c f e a t u r e p a r a m e t e r s o f o u t c r o p,i n c l u d i n g s u r f a c e r o u g h n e s s a n d d i p,a r e q u a n-t i t a t i v e l y e x t r a c t e d f r o m t h e p o i n t c l o u d m o d e l.O n t h i s b a s i s,a s e t o f h u m a n-c o m p u t e r i n t e r a c t i v e i d e n t i-f i c a t i o n f o r d a n g e r o u s r o c k m a s s e s b a s e d o n D OM i m a g e s a n d g e o m e t r i c f e a t u r e s i s p r o p o s e d.[R e s u l t s] T h e a p p l i c a t i o n t o t h e E a s t s i d e s l o p e o f o p e n-p i t m i n e s h o w s t h a t b y s u p e r i m p o s i n g o u t c r o p s l o p e g e o m e t-r i c f e a t u r e s b a s e d o n D OM i m a g e s,t h e p r o p o s e d h u m a n-c o m p u t e r i n t e r a c t i v e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n m e t h o d c a n s i g n i f i c a n t l y i m p r o v e t h e e f f i c i e n c y a n d a c c u r a c y o f i d e n t i f i c a t i o n,a n d t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f o v e r h a n g i n g d a n g e r o u s r o c k m a s s i s m u c h m o r e r o b u s t t h a n v i s u a l o n e s.[C o n c l u s i o n]B y c o m b i n i n g i n n o v a t i v e r e m o t e s e n s i n g t e c h n o l o g i e s,t h e p r o p o s e d m e t h o d p r o v i d e s a f a s t a n d c o n v e n i e n t s o l u t i o n f o r t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f d a n g e r o u s r o c k m a s s e s o n h i g h a n d s t e e p r o c k y s l o p e s.K e y w o r d s:h i g h-s t e e p s l o p e;d a n g e r o u s r o c k m a s s;U A V L i D A R s y s t e m;g r o u n d i m i t a t i o n f l i g h t;3D p o i n t c l o u d m o d e lR e c e i v e d:2022-08-06;R e v i s e d:2022-09-28;A c c e p t e d:2022-10-03岩质高陡边坡是山区工程建设的主要地质环境和工程承载体,尤其是我国西南地区山高谷深㊁斜坡高陡,危岩落石灾害极为发育㊂作为一类广泛分布的灾害类型,落石由源区启动后沿坡面以随机的轨迹快速移动,其运移过程本身具有高度的不确定性,因此快速㊁准确识别危岩落石源头区域,确定其规模和影响范围并进行及时有效的处置对于矿山㊁交通㊁水利等大型工程建设的安全具有重要意义㊂无论采用何种方法评估危岩落石灾害(定性和定量)都需要关键剖面㊁材料特性㊁几何特征以及结构面特性的数据[1]㊂在过去几十年中,局限于地质调查条件,用于落石灾害和风险评估的数据大多通过传统的现场勘测和基于经验假设获取㊂危岩体快速识别的困难和复杂性源于高精度数据的高效获取和危岩体空间形态的量化困难㊁危岩体自身的隐蔽性和视觉解释能力有限[2-5]㊂随着无人机㊁激光雷达与图像处理技术的发展,无人机遥感技术已成为传统勘测手段的有力补充,可为灾害隐患排查提供多源数据信息,如图1所示㊂其中,基于无人机获取的影像信息和三维重建技术(s t r u c t u r e f r o m m o t i o n,简称S F M)生成数字正射影像(d i g t i t a l o r t h o p h o t o m a p,简称D OM),通过目视识别危岩体并提取危岩体发育特征是一项重要应用㊂然而,无人机作业时的天气㊁光照㊁角度等因素会降低D OM的质量,同时解译者主观判断上的偏差都会影响目视识别的准确性㊂作为一种主动式测绘技术,无人机激光雷达(L i D A R)技术不仅能够在短时间内高效获取并生成高精度模型,而且成图质量不受上述条件的制约,能够反映更精细的地表特征[6-9]㊂通过无人机搭载激光雷达系统,融合了无人机载体和三维激光雷达技术各自的优势,为地质灾害解译和风险评估提供了高精度数据支撑㊂无人机机动灵活㊁实时性强㊁可重复的优势结合L i D A R精度高㊁穿透性强的特点,在此基础上引入仿地飞行技术,弥补了常规扫描方式采样点有限㊁覆盖范围小㊁局部采集不到位的不足,可以实现对高陡边坡的全方位㊁多角度探测㊂无人机L i D A R系统支持以点22第6期 庞 鑫等:基于无人机L i D A R仿地飞行技术的高陡边坡危岩体快速识别方法图1 无人机遥感技术与传统地质勘察手段的结合F i g .1 C o m b i n a t i o n o f U A V r e m o t e s e n s i n g t e c h n o l o g ya n d t r a d i t i o n a l g e o l o g i c a l s u r v e y云的形式生成地质灾害风险区域的高分辨率㊁高精度三维模型,在此基础上通过手动或半自动方法识别结构面㊁凹腔㊁裂缝等危岩体典型特征[10-18],并从中提取精确的危岩体空间信息[19-26]㊂将无人机载L i D A R 和倾斜摄影技术相结合应用,可形成技术优势互补,有效提高数据的丰富性㊁真实性,能够快速获取地质灾害隐患点高分辨率㊁高精度的地貌影像和真实地表地形数据[27-28]㊂这也促使地质灾害解译逐步从目视识别向人机交互式识别方向发展㊂笔者拟基于无人机L i D A R 系统,通过引入仿地飞行技术实现岩质边坡空间信息高精度获取,在此基础上提取露头坡面岩体几何特征作为D O M 的补充材料辅助进行人机交互式危岩体识别㊂通过融合一系列新技术㊁新方法,可有效弥补当前地质灾害目视识别的不足,提高解译工作的效率和准确性㊂1 无人机L i D A R 系统的仿地飞行技术1.1无人机L i D A R 系统无人机L i D A R 系统充分发挥无人机载体和高性能三维激光移动测量技术的优势,可生成数字高程模型(d i gi t a l e l e v a t i o n m o d e l ,简称D E M )㊁数字表面模型(d i gi t a l s u r f a c e m o d e l ,简称D S M )和三维点云模型㊂其优势有:L i D A R 技术作为一种主动式测绘手段,不受天气㊁光照等条件制约,能在短时间内获取并处理大区域㊁大范围的地表空间信息,工作效率较高,同时保证作业的安全㊂此外,无人机L i -D A R 系统能够快速获取大范围区域的地面目标的空间坐标,获取的坐标具有较高的精度,并通过强度㊁回波次数等信息对探测目标进行识别和分类㊂同时,激光脉冲信号对植被具有一定的穿透能力,可以很大程度上减少植被枝叶遮挡等造成的信息损失,获取森林植被覆盖区域的真实地表数据㊂表1中对比了3类探测手段,对于较大区域的地质灾害㊁工程场地探测方面的应用,无人机激光雷达系统无论是在精度还是效率上都具有一定的优势㊂表1 3类探测手段的对比T a b l e 1 C o m p a r i s o n o f t h r e e d e t e c t i o n a p pr o a c h s 探测技术精度速度成本应用范围U A V 激光雷达非常高/c m很快高大范围/102k m2U A V 摄影测量较高/c m~m 较快较高较大范围/10k m2遥感卫星低很快较高全球范围1.2仿地飞行需要指出的是,无人机L i D A R 技术并非对所有工程场景都具有良好的效果:当L i D A R 激光几乎平行于不连续面时会导致方向产生偏差;当岩石表面的部分因凸出表面对L i D A R 激光的遮挡时会导致在点云数据中留下间隙㊂相比平飞,无人机仿地飞行可以适应更加复杂的地形,而且也有助于提高无人机飞行安全㊂仿地飞行是指无人机依据飞行区的地面起伏而始终保持在恒定的相对高度上飞行,在飞行作业中,通过已有三维地表数据D S M ,使无人机保持与地面目标的高度不变㊂仿地飞行具有以下优势:根据地形高低起伏自主调整飞行高度,对凸出表面遮挡区域进行多角度扫描;通过保持与地面的固定飞行高度,克服地形高差大和突出表面遮挡的问题,如图2所示,保证复杂地形条件下点云数据密度和数据分辨率的一致性[29],可以反映更精细的地表起伏和局部的微地形㊂图2 仿地飞行示意图F i g .2 S k e t c h m a p o f t h e g r o u n d i m i t a t i o n f l i gh t 本研究的技术流程如图3所示:首先针对高陡边坡研究区域,划定飞行区域,基于区域D S M 规划仿地飞行航线;架设地面基站并连接飞行器;无人机执行航线任务获取原始数据,后将数据进行三维点32h t t p s ://d z k j q b .c u g.e d u .c n 地质科技通报2023年云模型解算;对点云模型进行滤波处理,提取空间信息与几何特征并对危岩体和潜在灾害进行识别㊂图3 技术路线图F i g .3 T e c h n i c a l r o u t e o f t h e s t u d y2 典型露天矿山高陡边坡模型获取2.1研究区域如图4-a 所示,攀枝花某铁矿露天采场位于川滇南北构造带中段西侧与滇㊁藏 歹 字型构造的复合部位,区域内构造复杂,褶皱㊁断裂发育,以南北向及东北向构造为主㊂采场东侧研究区域地层岩性相对较为简单,开挖出露岩体主要为辉长岩和铁矿体,最深处高差达到348m ,整体边倾角56ʎ,台阶角达到70ʎ,属于典型的岩质高陡边坡,持续的爆破扰动下,露头坡面岩体破碎程度较高,节理裂缝发育㊂研究区域控制性断层F 106为一条近南北向的平移逆断层,爆破扩帮施工后,断层出露于坡面拐角处,如图4-b ,c 所示㊂2021年12月17日,采场东侧断层出露位置发生局部岩质崩塌,随后诱发地表风化层失稳㊂崩塌发生前,某铁矿露天采场东侧在进行扩帮施工㊂结合地质资料与无人机调查结果,如图4-d ,e 所示,确定采场东侧边坡失稳的主要诱发因素有3个:持续的爆破扰动;台阶与控制性断层斜交;扩帮后台阶拐角位置存在应力集中㊂崩塌发生后,爆破作业导致不断有小型垮塌发生,采场东侧边坡不断有落石和流土向下堆积㊂未来在爆破扰动的持续影响下,采场东侧边坡稳定性a .四川地形图及研究区域位置;b .F 106断层;c .失稳前研究区域D OM ;d .破坏前影像;e .破坏后影像图4 研究现场的总体情况F i g .4 O v e r a l l s i t u a t i o n o f t h e s t u d y si t e 依然较差㊂因此,亟需对采场东侧边坡危岩落石灾害开展进一步调查㊂2.2点云数据获取与解算鉴于采场东侧边坡仍有危岩落石的风险,通过D J I M 300R T K 搭载A l ph a A i r 450L i D A R 对采场东侧边坡失稳区域进行了高精度三维激光扫描,如图5-a 所示㊂A l ph a A i r 450L i D A R 平面精度达到0.01m ,高程精度达到0.02m ㊂本次航线参数设置如图5-b 所示:仿地飞行高度60m ,设置航向重叠率60%,旁向重叠率50%,飞行速度8m /s,回波次数3回波,采样频率72万点/s㊂将基准站架设在任意点位上,通过网络连接用户单位的连续运行卫星定位服务综合系统(c o n t i n u o u s o pe r a t i o n a l r ef e r -e n c e s ys t e m ,简称C O R S ),采集基站准确坐标,飞机具备R T K /P P K 融合差分作业模式,可获取高精度定位定资系统(p o s i t i o n a n d o r i e n t a t i o n s y s t e m ,简称P O S)数据㊂在确定L i D A R 系统的位置和方位后即可确定激光光斑的三维位置㊂在此基础上,通过获取激光测距系统到测量目标的距离以及系统姿态参数等信息,解算得出采场东侧边坡的三维点云[30]㊂相较无人机倾斜摄影技术,通过无人机搭载激光雷达可以42第6期 庞 鑫等:基于无人机L i D A R 仿地飞行技术的高陡边坡危岩体快速识别方法更快获取三维模型数据,为后续工作的开展节约了大量时间成本㊂a .D J I M 300R T K 搭载A l ph a A i r 450L i D A R ;b .仿地飞行航线图5 无人机设备与仿地航线规划F i g .5 U A V e q u i p m e n t a n d r o u t e p l a n n i n g o f gr o u n d i m i t a t i o n f l i gh t 3 危岩体快速识别方法3.1布料 模拟滤波采场东侧边坡坡顶地表植被茂密,需要对原始点云数据进行滤波处理,将地面点与非地面点进行分离㊂针对采场东侧边坡陡倾的特点,采用 布料模拟滤波算法(c l o t h s i m u l a t i o n f i l t e r ,简称C S F )[31]进行了地面点与非地面点的过滤与分离㊂滤波作为点云处理的第一步,对于后续几何特征提取的准确性至关重要㊂C S F 方法首先将三维点云倒置,然后通过模拟布料覆盖倒置后的点云,基于 布料 曲面的位置生成近似的地表形状,最后对比原始点云数据中的点和生成的 布料 曲面之间的距离,从而由原始点云数据中识别地面点(图6中蓝色点)并分离非地面点(图6中绿色点),滤波参数见表2㊂表2 C S F 参数T a b l e 2 C S F p a r a m e t e r s参数分辨率/m 最大迭代步分类阈值数值0.25000.2孤立的树木和稀疏的植被通常很容易通过应用自动滤波算法以及手动细化去除㊂然而,C S F方法图6 基于C S F 方法的地面点和非地面点分离F i g .6 S e p a r a t i o n o f g r o u n d a n d o f f -gr o u n d p o i n t s b a s e d o n C S F对于较陡的边坡进行滤波时会出现偏差,误将较陡的坡表识别为非地面点(植被),移除这部分非地面点会导致原始3D 点云中出现大量孔洞㊂因此需要对滤波参数进行反复尝试以得到较好的滤波效果㊂3.2危岩体空间信息提取与初步识别如图7所示,通过D OM 和三维点云的透视投影,可以对潜在落石灾害的规模做初步识别与判断㊂经过对比无人机拍摄的图像,基于D OM 和三维点云的透视投影可以识别部分特征明显的危岩体㊂危岩体#Ⅰ后壁与母岩分离,形成较宽的后壁缝隙,危岩体底部出现裂隙但未见压裂破碎状,在爆破扰动下强风化层流土向后壁裂缝内填充,危岩体有发生倾倒破坏的可能㊂危岩体#Ⅱ与#Ⅲ呈不规则块状,下部临空形成凹腔,在持续外营力作用下,有沿后缘裂隙破坏坠落的可能㊂图8通过三维点云模型剖面分析提取了危岩体的尺寸信息:根据图8-a ,c 剖面得到#Ⅰ号危岩体后壁裂缝深度被上方流土填充至1.9m ,危岩体后壁与母岩间的宽度为1.12m ,#Ⅰ号危岩体整体高度12.4m ,横向宽度18.9m ㊂由图8-b ,c 剖面图可知,#Ⅱ号危岩体整体高度6.8m ,凹腔深度3.1m ,横向宽度27.9m ㊂基于D OM 确定了岩质边坡露头坡面危岩体分布较为密集,划定露头位置作为研究区域,如图9所示,提取典型几何特征,包括结构面产状㊁表面粗糙度指数和倾向㊂3.3危岩体关键几何特征参数获取(1)结构面产状 从岩质边坡典型破坏类型来看,结构面特征及其组合关系对岩体稳定性往往起控制性作用㊂滤波后的地面点云通过D S E 软件[32]半自动识别其中的不连续结构面并进行聚类,以识别具有相同结构面特征的点簇,确定了J 1㊁J 2㊁J 3和J 4结构面点簇,每个点簇按聚类的结构面着色,如图10所示㊂倾角和倾向的结果以及每组结构面的占比如表3所示㊂占比最大的点簇J 1代表整体坡面52h t t p s ://d z k j q b .c u g.e d u .c n 地质科技通报2023年a .D OM (正视图);b .D OM (侧视图);c .三维点云透视投影(正视图);d .三维点云透视投影(侧视图)图7 基于D OM 和点云透视投影的危岩体初步识别F i g .7 P r e l i m i n a r y r e c o g n i t i o n o f d a n g e r o u s r o c k m a s s e s b a s e d o n D OM a n d p e r s p e c t i v e p r o je c t i o n of p o i n t c l o u d m o d el 图8 剖面分析F i g .8 P r o f i l e a n a l ys i s 面的方位,而其他点簇的占比相对较低,说明采场东侧边坡岩体的结构效应并不明显㊂(2)表面粗糙度指数 危岩体多突出于坡面,突出岩体大多呈不规则形状且边缘不平整[33],通过引入表面粗糙度指数来反映露头坡面的不平整特性[34]㊂根据这一特点,在高分辨率3D 点云中,可以表3 4组结构面产状信息T a b l e 3 F o u r s e t s o f d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s a n d t h e i r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s点簇倾向/(ʎ)倾角/(ʎ)密度/(个㊃c m -3)产状点云占比/%J 1208.384338.73413.289868.46J 2358.556088.60010.12117.94J 310.107586.61470.12047.38J 4340.624386.04410.09596.1562第6期 庞 鑫等:基于无人机L i D A R仿地飞行技术的高陡边坡危岩体快速识别方法图9 采场东侧边坡露头研究区域F i g .9 S t u d y a r e a o f s l o p e o u t c r o p o n E a s t s i d e o f s t o pe 通过露头坡面的表面粗糙度来识别危岩体,危岩体局部往往具有更高的表面粗糙度,因此表面粗糙度的分布可以用于直接反映危岩体边缘[35],如图11所示㊂表面粗糙度指数即点云高程标准偏差,在以当前点i 为圆心,半径为1.0m 的采样窗口内计算点i 的表面粗糙度γ㊂计算公式为:γ=ð(z -z ')2n -1(1)式中:z 为采样点高程;z '为采样窗口内所有点的平均高程;n 为采样窗口中的点数㊂(3)倾向 受到天气㊁光照㊁拍摄角度等条件的影响,通过目视识别难以直接从D OM 中确定悬空位置㊂倾向是边(滑)坡分析中最重要的参数,对岩质边坡而言,一定的倾向区间可以直观反映出部分悬空岩块的位置㊂通过式(1)计算点云中每个点的倾向θ,基于主成分分析法(p r i n c i p a l c o m p o n e n t a n a l ys i s ,简称P C A )的特征值比率,检测表面粗糙度指数,提取危岩体的地貌特征,并基于3D 点云提取局部邻域中倾向的变化㊂|θ|=t a n -1N 2x +N 2y N z ㊃180π(2)式中:N x ,N y ,N z 为平面法向量分量㊂基于露头坡面三维点云模型计算得到的倾向如图12所示,由3个视角对点云模型倾向场的观察发现,通过提取-60ʎ~60ʎ倾向区间可以直观地反映图10 结构面点簇分布F i g.10 P o i n t c l u s t e r d i s t r i b u t i o n o f s t r u c t u r a l p l a n e 图11 表面粗糙度指数提取F i g .11 E x t r a c t i o n o f t h e s u r f a c e r o u gh n e s s i n d e x 72h t t p s ://d z k j q b .c u g.e d u .c n 地质科技通报2023年图12 露头坡面倾向F i g .12 D i p o f t h e o u t c r op图13 突出岩体悬空面提取(倾向)F i g .13 E x t r a c t i o n o f t h e s u s pe n d e d s u rf a c e o f t h e o u t b u r s t r o c k m a s s 悬空岩体的位置和规模,如图13所示㊂3.4人机交互式危岩体识别方法对于突出于坡面且规模不一的悬空危岩体,仅通过D OM 的目视识别很难加以判断㊂在D OM 的基础上,通过引入表面粗糙度指数和倾向等反映危岩体几何特征的参数,对悬空危岩体进行人机交互式识别:危岩体#Ⅱ后缘脱离母岩后形成陡坎,通过D O M 的目视识别即可进行判断,如图7-a 所示;对于形状不规则且下部临空形成凹腔的危岩体群#Ⅰ,仅通过D O M 很难进行识别,需要结合表面粗糙度指数和倾向等反映危岩体几何特征的参数加以判断,如图14黑色虚线区域所示,将局部粗糙度突变且相邻区域存在悬空面的初步识别为悬空危岩体,悬空危岩体的展布方向与F 106断层面接近平行㊂通过对照无人机拍摄的各时段露头照片(部分照片可以通过阴影识别孤立岩体),基于本文方法识别的危岩体可以很好地反映实际露头坡面危岩体的情况㊂通过获取岩质边坡的坡面D OM 和基于点云模型的关键几何特征参数,我们提出了基于多源数据融合的人机交互式危岩体识别方法,人机交互式识别方法中 人 是指基于高分辨率D OM 的目视识别; 机 是指基于高精度三维点云数据,提取点关键几何特征参数,辅助快速定位危岩体隐患点㊂对于局部粗糙度突变且相邻区域存在悬空面,识别为悬空危岩体,如图14黑色虚线围起的区域;对于存在连成面的呈狭长分布的突变粗糙度区域,识别为倾倒型危岩体的后壁陡坎(裂缝),如图14红色虚线围起的区域㊂82第6期 庞 鑫等:基于无人机L i D A R仿地飞行技术的高陡边坡危岩体快速识别方法图14 基于D OM 和几何特征参数的人机交互式识别F i g .14 H u m a n -c o m p u t e r i n t e r a c t i v e r e c o g n i t i o n b a s e d o n D OM i m a ge a n d g e o m e t r i cf e a t u r e s 4 结 论(1)持续的爆破作用和台阶拐角处的应力集中是导致采场东侧边坡崩滑灾害的主因㊂(2)无人机搭载激光雷达可以快速获取高陡边坡的三维模型数据,而仿地飞行技术的引入则保证模型可以反映更精细的地表起伏和局部的微地形㊂(3)对岩质边坡而言,通过一定的倾向区间可以直观地反映悬空部分的岩体的位置和规模,这对悬空危岩体的识别至关重要㊂(4)提出了一套基于D OM 和几何特征参数的危岩体人机交互式识别方法,在采场东侧边坡的应用情况表明:在D OM 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[28]吕权儒,曾斌,孟小军,等.基于无人机倾斜摄影技术的崩塌隐患早期识别及影响区划分方法[J].地质科技通报,2021,40(6):313-325,334.L v Q R,Z e n g B,M e n g X J,e t a l.E a r l y i d e n t i f i c a i o n a n d i n f l u-e n c e r a n g e d i v i s i o n m e t h o d of c o l l a p s e h a z a r d s b a s e d o n U A Vo b l i q u e p h o t o g r a p h y t e c h n o l o g y[J].B u l l e t i n o f G e o l o g i c a l S c i-e n c e a n d T e c h n o l o g y,2021,40(6):313-325,334(i n C h i n e s ew i t h E n g l i s h a b s t r a c t).[29]陈飞,崔健,王郑.垂起固定翼无人机激光雷达的电力巡检应用[J].测绘科学,2020,45(12):77-80,125.C h e n F,C u i J,W a n g Z.A p p l i c a t i o n o f v e r t i c a l f i x e d-w i n g U A Vc a r r y i n g L i D A R s y s t e m o n p o w e r l i n e i n s p e c t i o n[J].S c i e n c e o fS u r v e y i n g a n d M a p p i n g,2020,45(12):77-80,125(i n C h i n e s e w i t h E n g l i s h a b s t r a c t).[30]梁峰.基于遥感技术与深度学习的四川高陡山区典型地质灾害识别[D].成都:成都理工大学,2021.L i a n g F.T h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f t y p i c a l g e o h a z a r d s i n S i c h u a n s t e e p m o u n t a i n o u s b a s e d o n r e m o t e s e n s i n g t e c h n o l o g y a n dd e e p l e a r n i n g t e c h n o l o g y[D].C h e n g d u:C h e n g d u U n i v e r s i t y o fT e c h n o l o g y,2021(i n C h i n e s e w i t h E n g l i s h a b s t r a c t).[31]Z h a n g W M,Q i J B,W a n P,e t a l.A n e a s y-t o-u s e a i r b o r n e l i d a rd a t a f i l te r i n g m e t h o d b a s e d o n c l o t h s i m u l a t i o n[J].R e m o t eS e n s i n g,2016,8(6):501.[32]R i q u e l m e A J,A b e l lán A,T o más R,e t a l.A n e w a p p r o a c h f o rs e m i-a u t o m a t i c r o c k m a s s j o i n t s r e c o g n i t i o n f r o m3D p o i n tc l o ud s[J].C o m p u te r s&G e o s c i e n c e s,2014,68:38-52.[33]崔溦,谢恩发,张贵科,等.利用无人机技术的高陡边坡孤立危岩体识别[J].武汉大学学报:信息科学版,2021,46(6):836-843.C u i W,X i e E F,Z h a n g G K,e t a l.I d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f i s o l a t e d d a n g e r-o u s r o c k m a s s i n h i g h a n d s t e e p s l o p e u s i n g u n m a n n e d a e r i a l v e h i c l e [J].G e o m a t i c s a n d I n f o r m a t i o n S c i e n c e o f W u h a n U n i v e r s i t y, 2021,46(6):836-843(i n C h i n e s e w i t h E n g l i s h a b s t r a c t).[34]Çe v i k E,T o p a l T.G I S-b a s e d l a n d s l i d e s u s c e p t i b i l i t y m a p p i n gf o r a p r o b l e m a t i c s eg m e n t o f th e n a t u r a l g a s pi p e l i n e,H e n d e k(T u r k e y)[J].E n v i r o n m e n t a l G e o l o g y,2003,44(8):949-962.[35]M c K e a n J,R o e r i n g J.O b j e c t i v e l a n d s l i d e d e t e c t i o n a n d s u r f a c em o r p h o l o g y m a p p i n g u s i n g h i g h-r e s o l u t i o n a i r b o r n e l a s e r a l-t i m e t r y[J].G e o m o r p h o l o g y,2004,57(3/4):331-351.03。
羌北地块上志留统龙木措上组岩石磁学特征
第42卷 第6期2023年 11月 地质科技通报B u l l e t i n o f G e o l o g i c a l S c i e n c e a n d T e c h n o l o g yV o l .42 N o .6N o v . 2023王保锋,程鑫,姜南,等.羌北地块上志留统龙木措上组岩石磁学特征[J ].地质科技通报,2023,42(6):310-318.W a n g B a o f e n g ,C h e n X i n ,J i a n g N a n ,e t a l .R o c k m a g n e t i c p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e U p p e r S i l u r i a n L o n g m u C o U p pe r F o r m a t i o n i n t h e N o r t h Q i a n g t a n g T e r r a n e [J ].B u l l e t i n of G e o l og i c a l S c i e n c e a n d T e ch n o l o g y,2023,42(6):310-318.基金项目:国家自然科学基金项目(41774073;91855211;42074075);第二次青藏高原综合科学考察研究(2019Q Z K K 0704)作者简介:王保锋(1997 ),男,现正攻读地球探测与信息技术专业硕士学位,主要从事古地磁学研究工作㊂E -m a i l :614975769@q q.c o m 通信作者:程 鑫(1982 ),男,教授,主要从事古地磁学与区域大地构造的教学与科研工作㊂E -m a i l :c h e n x i n @n w u .e d u .c n©E d i t o r i a l O f f i c e o f B u l l e t i n o f G e o l o g i c a l S c i e n c e a n d T e c h n o l o g y .T h i s i s a n o pe n a c c e s s a r t i c l e u n d e r t h e C C B Y -N C -N D l i c e n s e .羌北地块上志留统龙木措上组岩石磁学特征王保锋1,程 鑫1,姜 南1,卫弼天1,张伟杰2,吴 珂1,许鹏祥1,周亚楠1,刘雨纯1,吴汉宁1(1.西北大学地质学系,西安710069;2.南方科技大学海洋科学与工程系海洋磁学中心(C M 2),广东深圳518055)摘 要:开展羌北地块早古生代古地磁学研究,定量约束出其古生代以来的古地理位置,可为研究青藏高原古构造格局㊁显生宙特提斯演化和古地理重建等提供重要基础和关键制约㊂在进行古地磁研究之前,首先进行岩石磁学特征的研究,明确岩石中载磁矿物的组合类型和特征,为后续退磁实验方案的选择以及剩磁的原生性的讨论提供岩石磁学基础㊂对羌北地块上志留统龙木措上组灰岩和砂岩进行岩石磁学特征研究,包括等温剩磁获得曲线㊁磁化率随温度变化(χ-T )曲线㊁三轴等温系统热退磁实验㊁低温磁学性质测试以及扫描电镜(S E M )和能谱分析(E D S)等㊂实验结果表明,龙木措上组灰岩样品中的磁性矿物以磁铁矿为主,另外还有少量的磁赤铁矿和磁黄铁矿,砂岩样品中的磁性矿物较为复杂,主要为磁铁矿,可能还含有磁黄铁矿等其他磁性矿物㊂研究结果表明龙木措上组地层中灰岩样品可以分离出稳定的高温剩磁分量,适宜开展进一步古地磁学研究㊂关键词:青藏高原;岩石磁学;羌北地块;上志留统;龙木措上组2022-03-11收稿;2022-05-26修回;2022-06-17接受中图分类号:P 318.41;P 534.43 文章编号:2096-8523(2023)06-0310-09d o i :10.19509/j .c n k i .d z k q.t b 20220102 开放科学(资源服务)标识码(O S I D ):R o c k m a g n e t i c p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e U p p e r S i l u r i a n L o n gm u C o U p p e r F o r m a t i o n i n t h e N o r t h Q i a n g t a n g Te r r a n e W a n g B a of e ng 1,C h e n X i n 1,J i a n g N a n 1,W e i B i t i a n 1,Z h a n g W e i ji e 2,W u K e 1,X u P e n g x i a n g 1,Z h o u Y a n a n 1,L i u Y u c h u n 1,W u H a n n i n g1(1.D e p a r t m e n t o f G e o l o g y ,N o r t h w e s t U n i v e r s i t y,X i 'a n 710069,C h i n a ;2.D e p a r t m e n t o f O c e a n S c i e n c e a n d E n g i n e e r i n g ,C e n t r e f o r M a r i n e M a g n e t i s m (C M 2),S o u t h e r n U n i v e r s i t y o f S c i e n c e a n d T e c h n o l o g y ,S h e n z h e n G u a n g d o n g 518055,C h i n a )A b s t r a c t :[O b je c t i v e ]P a l a e o m a g n e t i c s t u d y of t h e e a r l y P a l a e o z o i c N o r t h Q i a ng t a n g T e r r a n e c a n q u a n t i t a -t i v e l y c o n s t r a i n i t s p a l a e o g e o g r a phi c l o c a t i o n s i n c e t h e P a l a e o z o i c ,w h i c h s e r v e s a s a n i m po r t a n t f o u n d a t i o n a n d k e y c o n s t r a i n t f o r s t u d y i n g o f t h e p a l a e o t e c t o n i c p a t t e r n o f t h e Q i n gh a i -T i b e t P l a t e a u ,t h e e v o l u t i o n o f t h e P h a n e r o z o i c T e t h y s a n d p a l a e o g e o g r a p h i c r e c o n s t r u c t i o n .[M e t h o d s ]P r i o r t o p a l a e o m a g n e t i c s t u d y,i t i s e s s e n t i a l t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e m a g n e t i c p r o p e r t i e s o f r o c k s t o i d e n t i f y t h e t y p e s a n d a s s e m b l a g e s o f m a gn e t -i c c a r r i e r s p r e s e n t i n r o c k s ,w h i c h w i l l f a c i l i t a t e t h e s e l e c t i o n o f d e m a g n e t i z a t i o n e x pe r i m e n t a l p r o t o c o l s a n d d i s c u s s i o n s o n t h e p r i m a r y n a t u r e of r e m a n e n t m ag n e t i z a t i o n .Thi s p a p e r f o c u s e s o n t h e m a gn e t i c p r o p e r t i e s o f l i m e s t o n e a n d s a n d s t o n e f r o m t h e L a t e S i l u r i a n L o n g m u C o U p pe r F o r m a t i o n i n t h e N o r t h第6期王保锋等:羌北地块上志留统龙木措上组岩石磁学特征Q i a n g t a n g T e r r a n e ,t h r o u g h a n a l y s e s o f i s o t h e r m a l r e m a n e n c e a c q u i s i t i o n c u r v e s ,m a g n e t i c s u s c e p t i b i l i t yw i t h t e m p e r a t u r e (χ-T )c u r v e s ,t r i a x i a l t h e r m a l d e m a g n e t i z a t i o n e x p e r i m e n t s ,l o w -t e m p e r a t u r e m a g n e t i c p r o p e r t i e s t e s t s ,s c a n n i n g e l e c t r o n m i c r o s c o p y (S E M )a n d e n e r g y d i s p e r s i v e s p e c t r a l (E D S )a n a l ys i s .[R e -s u l t s ]R e s u l t s s h o w t h a t m a g n e t i t e i s t h e p r e d o m i n a n t m a g n e t i c c a r r i e r i n t h e l i m e s t o n e s a m pl e s o f t h e L o n g m u C o U p p e r F m ,w i t h s m a l l a m o u n t s o f p y r r h o t i t e .T h e m a g n e t i c a s s e m b l a ge i n t h e s a n d s t o n e s a m -p l e s i s m o r e c o m p l e x ,d o m i n a t e d b y m a g n e t i t e ,p o s s i b l y w i t h o t h e r m a g n e t i c m i n e r a l s s u c h a s p yr r h o t i t e .[C o n c l u s i o n ]M o r e o v e r ,i t d e m o n s t r a t e s t h a t s t a b l e h i g h -t e m p e r a t u r e r e m a n e n t m a g n e t i z a t i o n c o m po n e n t s c a n b e i s o l a t e d f r o m t h e l i m e s t o n e s a m p l e s i n t h e L o n g m u C o U p p e r F o r m a t i o n ,m a k i n g t h e m s u i t a b l e f o r f u r t h e r p a l a e o m a g n e t i c r e s e a r c h e s .K e y wo r d s :Q i n g h a i -T i b e t P l a t e a u ;r o c k m a g n e t i s m ;N o r t h Q i a n g t a n g T e r r a n e ;U p p e r S i l u r i a n ;L o n g m u C o U p pe r F o r m a t i o n R e c e i v e d :2022-03-11;R e v i s e d :2022-05-26;A c c e pt e d :2022-06-17图1 羌北地块及邻区大地构造简图(a )和采样区地质简图(b)F i g .1 S i m p l i f i e d t e c t o n i c m a p o f t h e N o r t h Q i a n g t a n g T e r r a n e a n d a d j a c e n t a r e a s (a )a n d s i m p l i f i e d g e o l o g i c a l m a po f t h e s a m p l i n g ar e a (b ) 青藏高原各个块体的裂离㊁漂移㊁碰撞造山和大陆增生等地质历史过程[1-4],是研究冈瓦纳大陆与欧亚大陆的离散与汇聚㊁特提斯演化和古地理重建的重要基础和核心科学问题[5-7]㊂羌北地块位于青藏高原腹地,北部以西金乌兰-金沙江缝合带为界,与松潘-甘孜地块相邻(图1-a ),南部以龙木措-双湖缝合带为界与羌南地块相邻,被认为是研究青藏高原地质演化的重要窗口㊂目前,羌北地块在早古生代的古地理位置以及它和周缘古大陆的关系仍不清楚[8-9],羌塘中部龙木措-双湖缝合带特提斯洋的性质及演化过程仍然存在争议,早古生代和晚古生代是否是一个连续的大洋[10-11],需要利用古地磁方法定量确定羌北地块早古生代的古地理位置和运动学过程㊂开展古地磁工作首先要对岩石的载磁能力进行研究,识别出岩石中所含磁性矿物的种类,为后续退磁实验方案的选择以及剩磁原生性的讨论提供岩石磁学基础㊂目前在羌北地块,已经获得了多个晚石炭世以来的古地磁数据[12-16],但早古生代只有姜南等[17]所报道的唯一一个从灰岩中所获得的古地磁数据㊂北羌塘地块早古生代地层主要出露于块体西部的拉竹龙-龙木措地区[18-20]和东部的青泥洞-海通地区,奥陶系-志留系为碎屑岩和海相碳酸盐沉积,具有扬子板块西缘沉积建造和生物组合面貌的特点㊂笔者拟对拉竹龙-龙木措地区龙木措上组灰岩和砂岩进行系统的岩石磁学研究,包括等温剩磁(i s o t h e r m a l r e m a n e n t m a y n e t i z a t i o n ,简称I R M )及反向场退磁曲线㊁三轴等温系统热退磁实验㊁磁化率随温度变化曲线㊁低温磁学性质测试以及扫描电镜(s c a n n i n g e l e c t r o n m i c r o s c o pe ,简称S E M )和能谱分析(e n e r g y d i s p e r s i v e s pe c t r o m e t e r ,简称E D S )等㊂识别出龙木措上组地层中磁性矿物的种类㊁组合与含量等特征,为后续古地磁工作提供岩石磁学基础㊂1 区域地质概况与样品采集21世纪初,在1ʒ25万温泉幅㊁松西幅地质调查中,安徽省地调院在龙木措的北部边缘发现了完整的古生代地层,包括奥陶纪㊁志留纪以及泥盆纪3个年代的地层,而山西省地调局在托合平措幅以及113h t t p s://d z k j q b.c u g.e d u.c n地质科技通报2023年土则岗日幅的地质调查中,首先划分出了早古生代地层,在土则岗日幅㊁托和平错幅中,主要位于在羌塘西部的龙木措地区[19],志留纪地层从下到上依次划分为:下部地层为龙木措下组,主要岩性是灰岩;上部地层为龙木措上组,主要岩性是碎屑岩和灰岩㊂根据岩性和沉积环境的不同,龙木措上组又可分为下段和上段㊂这些地层剖面连续完整,化石丰富,地层年龄明确,变形和变质的程度都很小,为在北羌塘地块开展早古生代古地磁学研究提供了可能㊂选取西藏自治区阿里地区日土县龙木措北东的单面山剖面(剖面坐标:N34ʎ4',E80ʎ32.8')进行古地磁采样(图1-b)㊂剖面下段为志留系龙木措下组,底部出露不全,主要是灰青色薄中层灰岩㊁细晶白云岩及钙质页岩,龙木措下组含丰富的腕足㊁双壳㊁珊瑚及海百合茎等㊂包括珊瑚S u b s l v e o l i t e s s p.,H a l y s i t e s s p.,C a t e n i p o r a s p.等志留纪的常见分子,腕足类H i n d e l l a,S t r i c k l a n d i a,S t r i-i s p i r i f e r等是下志留统典型的化石类型,及丰富的G e i s o n o c e r a s c f.r i v a l e,O o n o x e r a s c f.a c i n a c a s, C o l u m e n a s s p.,A r i o n c e r a s s p.,A.s u b m o n i i l-f o r m,V i r g o c e r a s s p.,D a w s o n o c e r a s s p.等中志留世常见的头足类化石㊂顶部和中部龙木措上组下段呈整合接触关系㊂中部龙木措上组下段,主要是灰白色厚层石英质砾岩㊁石英砂岩㊁粉砂质泥岩㊂含腹足:S u b u l i t e s s p.,腕足:D i s c u l i n a c f.h e m i s p h a-e r i c a(S o w e r b y),H o l c o t h y r i s s p.和植物茎干化石;上部龙木措上组上段被古新统蚂蟥山组红层覆盖,其底和中部龙木措上组下段呈整合接触关系,未见顶,主要是灰黄色薄中层砾岩㊁钙质细粒岩屑石英砂岩以及一些生物碎屑灰岩㊂这2个组的化石较少,具有珊瑚㊁双壳㊁腕足类化石及植物茎干化石,但保存均较差㊂但据与下伏早-中志留世龙木措下组的整合关系推测,这套厚逾1000m的地层的时代应晚于中志留世,且区域上又被中-上泥盆统不整合所覆,故推测其时代为晚志留世[21-23]㊂根据地层出露情况,结合采样区交通情况,笔者拟选择一条出露较好,地层连续完整,变形和变质程度较弱的剖面,进行古地磁样品的采集,共设计17个采点采集砂岩和灰岩2种样品(图2),使用汽油钻机钻样,然后使用太阳罗盘测量样品产状,使用磁罗盘测定地层产状㊂2实验方法与原理将野外所采的样品加工成标准的古地磁样品(高2.2c m,直径2.54c m的圆柱体),然后选取灰岩和砂岩2种不同岩性的样品,进行等温剩磁图2龙木措上组地层柱状图和野外露头照片F i g.2 S t r a t i g r a p h i c c o l u m n a n d f i e l d o u t c r o p p h o t o-g r a p h s o f t h e L o n g m u C o U p p e r F o r m a t i o n (I R M)获得及反向场退磁实验㊁三轴等温热退磁实验㊁磁化率随温度变化(χ-T)曲线㊁低温磁学性质测试以及扫描电镜(S E M)和能谱分析(E D S)㊂采用逐步热退磁(t h e r m a l d e m a y n e t i z a t i o n,简称T D)和交变退磁(a l t e r n a t i n g f i e l d,简称A F)2种退磁方法来对样品的剩磁进行清洗和分离㊂以上实验在西北大学大陆动力学国家重点实验室和中国科学院地球环境研究所完成㊂2.1等温剩磁(I R M)获得及反向场退磁实验该曲线是将岩石样品在室温下逐步加场测量得到的,先测量样品的天然剩磁(n a t u r a l r e m a n e n t m a g n e t i z a t i o n,简称N R M),然后利用A S C-I M-10-30脉冲磁力仪对样品从1m T逐步加场至2500 m T,正向场加完后加反向场退磁,每次加场后用J R-6A旋转磁力仪测试其磁化强度㊂根据矫顽力的不同,磁性矿物可以分为硬(高矫顽力)磁矿物和软(低矫顽力)磁矿物,硬磁矿物主要有赤铁矿和针铁矿等,软磁矿物主要有磁铁矿㊁磁黄铁㊁矿磁赤铁和矿胶黄铁矿等㊂在外场加到200m T时,软磁矿物213第6期王保锋等:羌北地块上志留统龙木措上组岩石磁学特征基本上趋于饱和,但硬磁矿物在2500m T时仍然难以达到饱和㊂K r u i v e r等[24]和S t o c k h a u s e n[25]提出,已经获得的等温剩磁(I R M)曲线可以用累计对数高斯(c u-m u l a t i v e l o y-G a u s s-i a n,简称C L G)曲线进行分析㊂利用该曲线可以分析磁性矿物的矫顽力谱㊁样品中磁性矿物的种类以及定量的描述不同组分所占的比例[26],如果样品中的矫顽力差别较大,或者矫顽力有重叠的部分不好分离时,可以将累计对数高斯曲线分解为I R M线性获得曲线(l i n e a r a c q u i s i t i o n p l o t,简称L A P)㊁梯度获得曲线(g r a d i e n t o f a c q u i-s i t i o n p l o t,简称G A P)以及标准化获得曲线(s t a n d-a r d i z e d a c q u i s i t i o n p l o t,简称S A P)来进行分析㊂但是利用等温剩磁(I R M)获得曲线及反向场退磁曲线只能判断出载磁矿物是软磁性还是硬磁性,还需结合三轴等温热退磁实验及磁化率随温度变化实验等,才能确定出样品中的磁性矿物㊂2.2三轴等温热退磁曲线主要是根据不同磁性矿物具有不同的矫顽力谱和解阻温度㊂利用A S C-I M-10-30脉冲磁力仪依次在样品Z㊁Y㊁X3个相互垂直的轴分别施加2.5T (强场)㊁0.4T(中场)㊁0.1T(弱场)的外场,获得3种等温剩磁(I R M),即硬磁㊁中间磁㊁软磁㊂然后用T D-48热退磁炉对样品进行系统热退磁,每次加温后利用J R-6A旋转磁力仪进行剩磁测量㊂最后根据不同磁化组分的最大解阻温度,来判别磁性矿物的类型㊂2.3磁化率随温度变化曲线(χ-T曲线)磁性矿物的种类不同,其磁化率随温度的变化表现出的特征也不同[27],利用χ-T曲线可以判断磁性矿物的种类以及颗粒大小[28]㊂磁化率随温度变化实验所使用的仪器为M F K2-F A型卡帕桥多频磁化率,将样品从室温开始一直加热到700ħ,然后冷却到40ħ,加热和冷却过程中,仪器会自动测量其在该温度点所对应的磁化率,该实验在氩气环境中完成,主要是为了降低加热过程中磁性矿物的氧化反应[29]㊂磁性矿物在加热至其居里温度附近时磁化率会急剧上升后快速下降并趋近于0,这一现象也被称为H o p k i n s o n效应[30]㊂不同磁性矿物颗粒在加热时磁化率变化形态不尽相同,如果磁化率随温度变化曲线出现了较为明显的H o p k i n s o n峰,这可能是样品中所含磁性矿物的粒径较小导致的,因为粒径较大的磁性矿物颗,通常很难观察到明显的H o p-k i n s o n峰[31]㊂2.4低温磁学性质测试某些磁性矿物的磁学性质会随着温度的降低发生转变,如磁铁矿在120K左右时发生大程度的退磁,称为V e r w e y转换[32];单斜磁黄铁矿剩磁冷却曲线在30~34K左右会出现一个突然降低[33]㊂由于磁性矿物低温转变的温度点不同,还可以区分出混合磁性矿物组合中的单个成分,因此低温曲线适用于样品中存在热不稳定的磁性矿物或含有多种磁性矿物的样品㊂取约0.1g粉末状样品装入胶囊,然后将样品冷却至2K,若在零场状态下冷却至2K时,再对样品施加5T外场,使样品在低温下获得饱和等温剩磁(s a t u r a t i o n i s o t h e r m a l r e m a n e n t m a g n e t i s a t i o n,简称S I R M),然后去掉外场,在零场中测量S I R M 随温度升高变化曲线,得到零场冷(z e r o f i e l d c o o l-i n g,简称Z F C)曲线㊂若在强场状态(5T)下冷却至2K时将外场去掉,样品获得S I R M,然后在零场中测量S I R M随温度升高变化曲线,得到场冷(f i e l dc o o l i n g,简称F C)曲线㊂2.5扫描电镜(S E M)和能谱分析(E D S)通过扫描电镜(S E M)可以在镜下观察到样品中磁性矿物的形态,能谱分析(E D S)可以分析磁性矿物的元素组成,将样品固定在载玻片上打磨至厚度在0.50~0.55mm之间,用抛光液抛光后烘干,实验前对样品表面喷炭处理确保其导电性,然后在20k V的加速电压与4.80mm的工作距离下,用T h e r m o-S c i e n t i f i c H e l i o s G4U C型聚焦离子双束显微镜观察其详细显微结构,随后用牛津电制冷能谱仪获取元素组成㊂3实验结果3.1等温剩磁(I R M)获得曲线及反向场退磁曲线通过灰岩样品的I R M曲线(图3-a,d)可以看出,随着外加场强度的增加,I R M曲线迅速爬升,样品在300m T时获得了最大剩磁强度的70%~80%左右,且在加到最大外场2500m T时仍未达到饱和,表明样品中同时存在低矫顽力和高矫顽力的磁性矿物㊂从C L G模型I R M线性获得L A P曲线(图3-b,e)和梯度获得G A P曲线(图3-c,f)的结果中得出存在2个组分,砂岩样品中以低矫顽力组分为主,所有样品低矫顽力组分的剩磁矫顽力均小于100 m T,高矫顽力组分的含量较少,其剩磁矫顽力均大于1200m T㊂样品的S-r a t i o(-I R M-0.3T/I R M)值分别为0.768和0.847,S-r a t i o的值越大,则说明低矫顽力的组分含量更高㊂综合判断可知,灰岩样品中以低矫顽力磁性矿物为主,同时还含有一些的高矫顽力磁性矿物㊂通过砂岩样品的I R M曲线(图3-g,j)可以看出,313h t t p s ://d z k j q b .c u g.e d u .c n 地质科技通报2023年图3 龙木措上组灰岩(a ~f )和砂岩(g~l )样品等温剩磁及反向场退磁曲线㊁累计高斯模型获得曲线F i g .3 A c q u i s i t i o n c u r v e s o f i s o t h e r m a l r e m a n e n t m a g n e t i z a t i o n (I R M ),b a c k -f i e l d d e m a gn e t i z a t i o n c u r v e s o f I R M a n d c u -m u l a t i v e l o g G a u s s i a n a n a l y s i s c u r v e s f o r t h e l i m e s t o n e (a -f )a n d s a n d s t o n e (g -l )s a m p l e s f r o m t h e L o n g m u C o U p-pe r F o r m a t i o n 砂岩样品的I R M 曲线在300m T 前迅速爬升并且达到饱和,表明砂岩样品中主要以中低矫顽力的磁性矿物为主㊂L A P 曲线(图3-h ,k )和G A P 曲线(图3-i ,l)表明其同样存在2个组分,以低矫顽力组分为主,剩磁矫顽力小于100m T ㊂样品的S -r a t i o (-I R M -0.3T /I R M )值分别为0.919,0.867,高矫顽力组分的剩磁矫顽力差别较大,说明砂岩样品的磁性矿物的种类较为复杂㊂3.2三轴等温热退磁曲线灰岩样品的三轴等温剩磁系统热退磁曲线(图4-a ~d )表明,灰岩样品中软磁和中间磁占主导组分,软磁㊁中间磁组分在450~500ħ时已完全解阻,可能代表了磁铁矿和铁的硫化物存在㊂硬磁组分在580~620ħ完全解阻,可能指示了磁赤铁矿的存在㊂砂岩样品的三轴等温剩磁系统热退磁曲线(图4-e ,f)表明砂岩样品中同样也是软磁组分占主导成分,硬磁和中间磁含量较少,各组分在450ħ之前磁化强度迅速衰减,最终在580ħ完全解阻,应该是矫顽力低的磁铁矿㊂3.3磁化率随温度变化曲线(χ-T 曲线)灰岩样品磁化率随温度变化曲线(χ-T 曲线)可以看出,样品的冷却曲线都在升温曲线之上,样品的初始磁化率都比较低,但冷却后的磁化率和样品的初始磁化率相差都比较大,表明在加热过程中产生的大量磁铁矿,可能是由于氩气环境中少量铁硅酸413第6期 王保锋等:羌北地块上志留统龙木措上组岩石磁学特征图4 龙木措上组灰岩(a ~d )和砂岩(e ,f)样品三轴等温剩磁系统热退磁曲线F i g .4 T h e r m a l d e m a g n e t i z a t i o n o f t h r e e -a x i s I R M f o r l i m e s t o n e (a -d )a n d s a n d s t o n e (e ,f )s a m p l e s f r o m t h e L o n g-m u C o U p pe r F o r m a t i on 图5 龙木措上组灰岩(a ~d )和砂岩(e ,f )样品磁化率随温度变化(χ-T )曲线F i g .5 χ-T c u r v e s f o r l i m e s t o n e (a -d )a n d s a n d s t o n e (e ,f )s a m p l e s f r o m t h e L o n g m u C o U p pe r F o r m a t i o n 盐和磁赤铁矿㊁赤铁矿等被还原为磁铁矿所致㊂升温曲线在0~400ħ处于下降状态,在400~600ħ出现明显的峰值,可能是H o p k i n s o n 峰的存在,表明了样品中含有磁铁矿,或者是由于含F e 黏土矿物或铁硫化物的热分解造成的[34](图5-a ~d)㊂砂岩样品的冷却曲线同样高于升温曲线,冷却后的磁化率明显大于样品的初始磁化率,表明了在加热过程中有磁铁矿的产生㊂升温曲线在0~450ħ处于下降状态,在500~600ħ出现一定的峰值,说明在所测样品中均有顺磁性矿物的存在,并且在500ħ以后有磁性矿物的相变发生,在温度到达580ħ后,磁化率数值有明显下降,这可能是在实验过程中,磁性矿物发生了相变,产生了新的磁铁矿㊂冷却曲线350ħ附近出现了明显峰值,表明磁黄铁矿存在的可能(图5-e ,f)㊂3.4扫描电镜(S E M )和能谱分析(E D S )以及低温磁学性质测试为进一步确定灰岩样品中的磁性矿物,对灰岩样品进行了扫描电镜(S E M )和能谱分析(E D S )以及低温磁学性质测试㊂扫描电镜观察和能谱分析显513h t t p s ://d z k j q b .c u g.e d u .c n 地质科技通报2023年示,龙木措上组灰岩样品中的主要磁性矿物为铁氧化物(图6-a ,b ),大多数铁氧化物呈自形或半自形,直径介于2.0~5.0μm 之间,同时还含有一些铁的硫化物(图6-c),同样呈自形或半自形,直径介于2.0~4.0μm 之间㊂灰岩样品的Z F C 和F C 磁化强度随温度变化及其一阶导数曲线显示(图7),在0~50K ,样品的磁化强度随温度的升高而迅速升高,在50K 开始出现下降的趋势㊂从Z F C 曲线看,灰岩样品中可能存在磁赤铁矿[35],刚好对应了三轴等温热退磁实验中图6 龙木措上组灰岩样品扫描电镜与能谱分析图F i g .6 S c a n n i n g e l e c t r o n m i c r o s c o p e i m a g e s a n d e n e r g y d i s p e r s i v e s p e c t r a o f t h e l i m e s t o n e s a m pl e s f r o m t h e L o n g m u C o U p pe r F o r m a t i on 图7 灰岩样品的Z F C 和F C 磁化强度随温度变化曲线F i g .7 F i e l d -c o o l e d (F C )a n d z e r o -f i e l d -c o o l e d (Z F C )h e a t i n g cu r v e s o f R T S I R M o f l i m e s t o n e s a m -p l e s f r o m t h e L o n g m u C o U p pe r F o r m a t i o n 在600~620ħ解阻的硬磁组分㊂通过低温实验无法直接观察到磁铁矿的存在,可能是由于灰岩样品的磁性太弱导致的㊂3.5退磁特征灰岩样品通过热退磁和交变退磁都获得了较为稳定的特征剩磁分量,结果较为理想,样品退磁曲线具有单分量或双分量的特征,通过强度衰减曲线可以看出,灰岩样品在580ħ(70m T )时,其强度基本已衰减为0,曲线趋于原点,这和三轴等温热退磁实验的结果基本上是一致的,都表明了灰岩样品中主要的磁性矿物是磁铁矿,且磁铁矿很有可能记录了原生剩磁的方向(图8-a ,b)㊂砂岩样品的热退磁结果不太理想,虽然其天然剩磁(N R M )远大于灰岩样品的天然剩磁,但通过强度衰减曲线可以看出砂岩样品在400ħ,其强度已经衰减为N R M 的10%,在400ħ以后其退磁曲线方向已经紊乱,无法获得高温段的特征剩磁分量(图8-c ,d )㊂4 结 论(1)龙木措上组灰岩样品中的载磁矿物和砂岩样品明显不同,灰岩样品中的磁性矿物以磁铁矿为主,还存在着磁赤铁矿和少量的磁黄铁矿,不同样品中磁黄铁矿的占比不同㊂砂岩样品中的磁性矿物类型较为复杂,主要为磁铁矿,还可能含有磁黄铁矿等其他磁性矿物㊂613第6期 王保锋等:羌北地块上志留统龙木措上组岩石磁学特征N R M 为天然剩磁强度;实心㊁空心点分别代表正㊁负半球的投影图8 龙木措上组灰岩(a ,b )和砂岩(c ,d)样品退磁结果F i g .8 D e m a g n e t i z a t i o n r e s u l t f o r l i m e s t o n e (a ,b )a n d s a n d s t o n e (c ,d )s a m p l e s f r o m t h e L o n g m u C o U p pe r F o r m a t i o n (2)从退磁曲线来看,灰岩样品在热退磁和混合退磁过程中获得了高温段特征剩磁分量方向,很有可能是原生剩磁的方向,适合开展进一步古地磁研究㊂而砂岩样品的剩磁强度衰减较快,当温度到达400ħ时,强度已衰减为N R M 的10%,其退磁曲线轨迹已经紊乱,无法分离出高温剩磁分量㊂(所有作者声明不存在利益冲突)参考文献:[1] H o u Z ,Y a n g Z ,L u Y ,e t a l .A g e n e t i c l i n k a ge b e t w e e n s u b d u c -t i o n -a n d c o l l i s i o n -r e l a t e d p o r p h y r y C u d e p o s i t s i n c o n t i n e n t a l c o l l i s i o n z o n e s [J ].G e o l o g y,2015,43(3):247-250.[2] 王成善,郑和荣,冉波,等.活动古地理重建的实践与思考:以青藏特提斯为例[J ].沉积学报,2010,28(5):849-860.W a n g C S ,Z h e n g H R ,R a n B ,e t a l .O n p a l e o g e o g r a ph i c r e c o n -s t r u c t i o n 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小尺寸模型在五峰隧道涌突水判别中的应用徐啸川,_徐光黎,_林高炜,_李溢渊,
第42卷 第6期2023年 11月 地质科技通报B u l l e t i n o f G e o l o g i c a l S c i e n c e a n d T e c h n o l o g yV o l .42 N o .6N o v . 2023徐啸川,徐光黎,林高炜,等.小尺寸模型在五峰隧道涌突水判别中的应用[J ].地质科技通报,2023,42(6):42-52.X u X i a o c h u a n ,X u G u a n g l i ,L i n G a o w e i ,e t a l .A p p l i c a t i o n o f a s m a l l -s c a l e m o d e l t e s t i n d i s t i n g u i s h i n g of w a t e r i n r u s h i n t h e W u f e ng T u n n e l [J ].B u l l e t i n o f G e o l o g i c a l S c i e n c e a n d T e ch n o l o g y,2023,42(6):42-52.基金项目:湖北省重点研发计划项目(2021B C A 219)作者简介:徐啸川(1988 ),男,现正攻读土木工程专业博士学位,主要从事岩土工程㊁地质灾害防治等方面的研究工作㊂E -m a i l :993642890@q q.c o m 通信作者:徐光黎(1963 ),男,教授,博士生导师,主要从事岩土力学㊁地质灾害等方面的教学与研究工作㊂E -m a i l :x u 1963@c u g.e d u .c n©E d i t o r i a l O f f i c e o f B u l l e t i n o f G e o l o g i c a l S c i e n c e a n d T e c h n o l o g y .T h i s i s a n o pe n a c c e s s a r t i c l e u n d e r t h e C C B Y -N C -N D l i c e n s e .小尺寸模型在五峰隧道涌突水判别中的应用徐啸川1,徐光黎1,林高炜1,李溢渊1,马 郧2(1.中国地质大学(武汉)工程学院,武汉430074;2.中南勘察设计院集团有限公司,武汉4330063)摘 要:岩溶隧道的涌突水问题对于隧道安全性存在着较大影响㊂以宜来高速五峰隧道为研究对象,通过现场水文地质调查㊁钻孔水位与降雨量观测㊁数值模拟并结合室内小尺寸模型试验对隧道涌突水的风险进行了判别㊂试验结果显示隧道涌突水风险主要受到岩溶管道与隧道相对空间位置和管道水压的影响,当试验水压为0.2M P a 时,随着隧道上覆土体的厚度增加能够有效地减小渗流作用对隧道的影响,但随着水压的增大,管道水的渗流不单以垂直渗流为主,还包括水平向的渗流,水压的增大使隔水层中的断续裂隙发生扩展,从而使隧道产生涌水破坏;数值模拟结果显示五峰隧道在拱顶和拱肩处剪力最大,在地下水渗流的条件下容易形成沿着拱顶和拱肩处的拉剪破坏,隧道涌突水是剪应力场与渗流场耦合作用下的结果㊂隧道涌点水破坏的首要因素为水压并与隔水岩盘的厚度息息相关㊂关键词:五峰隧道;渗流作用;岩溶管道;涌水突泥;拉剪破坏2022-01-20收稿;2022-04-15接受;2022-04-29接受中图分类号:U 453.6 文章编号:2096-8523(2023)06-0042-11d o i :10.19509/j .c n k i .d z k q.2022.0149 开放科学(资源服务)标识码(O S I D ):A p p l i c a t i o n o f a s m a l l -s c a l e m o d e l t e s t i n d i s t i n g u i s h i n g of w a t e r i n r u s h i n t h e W u f e ng Tu n n e l X u X i a o c h u a n 1,X u G u a n g l i 1,L i n G a o w e i 1,L i Y i yu a n 1,M a Y u n 2(1.F a c u l t y o f E n g i n e e r i n g ,C h i n a U n i v e r s i t y of G e o s c i e n c e s (W u h a n ),W u h a n 430074,C h i n a ;2.C e n t r a l S o u t h S u r v e y D e s ig n I n s t i t u t e G r o u p Co .,L t d .,W u h a n 430063,C h i n a )A b s t r a c t :[O b je c t i v e ]W a t e r i n r u s h i n k a r s t t u n n e l h a s a g r e a t i nf l u e n c e o n t u n n e l s a f e t y .[M e t h o d s ]T a k -i ng th e W u f e n g T u n n e l o f Yi l a i E x p r e s s w a y a s t h e r e s e a r c h o b je c t ,t h e r i s k of w a t e r i n r u s h i n t h e t u n n e l w a s i d e n t i f i e d t h o ugh fi e l d h y d r o g e o l o g i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n ,b o r e h o l e w a t e r l e v e l a n d i n d o o r r a i n f a l l m o n i t o -r i n g,n u m e r i c a l s i m u l a t i o n a n d s m a l l -s c a l e m o d e l t e s t s .[R e s u l t s ]T h e t e s t r e s u l t s s h o w t h a t t h e r i s k o f w a t e r i n r u s h i n t h e t u n n e l i s m a i n l y a f f e c t e d b y t h e r e l a t i v e s p a t i a l p o s i t i o n b e t w e e n t h e k a r s t p i pe l i n e a n d t u n n e l ,i n c l u d i n g t h e w a t e r p r e s s u r e of t h e p i p e l i n e .T h e i n f l u e n c e o f s e e p a ge o n t h e t u n n e l c a n b e ef f e c -t i v e l y r e d u c e d b y i n c r e a s i ng th e t hi c k n e s s o f t h e o v e r l y i n g so i l w h e n t h e t e s t w a t e r p r e s s u r e i s 0.2M P a .B u t w i t h t h e i n c r e a s e i n w a t e r p r e s s u r e ,t h e s e e p a g e o f p i p e l i n e w a t e r i s n o t o n l y v e r t i c a l s e e p a ge b u t a l s o i n c l u d e s h o r i z o n t a l s e e p a g e .T h e i n t e r m i t t e n t c r a c k s i n t h e w a t e r p r o of l a y e r e x p a n d ,w h i c h f i n a l l y re s u l t s i n w a t e r i n r u s h d a m a ge i n t h e t u n n e l .T h e n u m e r i c a l s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s s h o w t h a t t h e m a x i m u m s h e a r第6期徐啸川等:小尺寸模型在五峰隧道涌突水判别中的应用f o r c e o f t h e W u f e ng T u n n e l i s a t th e a r c a n d s h o u l d e r,w hi c h m a y e a s i l y f o r m t e n s i l e s h e a r f a i l u r e a l o n g t h i s p a r t u n d e r g r o u n d w a t e r s e e p a g e.T h e f i n d i n g i s c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e t e s t r e s u l t s o f t h e s m a l l-s c a l e m o d-e l.T h e w a t e r i n r u s h i n t h e t u n n e l i s t h e c o u p l i n g e f f e c t o f t h e s h e a r f o r c e a n d s e e p a g e f i e l d.[C o n c l u s i o n] T h e p r i m a r y f a c t o r o f w a t e r i n r u s h i n t h e t u n n e l i s w a t e r p r e s s u r e a n d i s c l o s e l y r e l a t e d t o t h e t h i c k n e s s o f w a t e r b a r r i e r r o c k.K e y w o r d s:W u f e n g T u n n e l;s e e p a g e e f f e c t;k a r s t c h a n n e l;w a t e r a n d m u d i n r u s h;t e n s i l e s h e a r f a i l u r eR e c e i v e d:2022-01-20;R e v i s e d:2022-04-15;A c c e p t e d:2022-04-29宜来高速地处宜昌市五峰土家族自治县,境内碳酸盐岩广布,岩溶广泛发育,高速公路沿线桥隧占比约78%,线路沿线经过五级夷平面,高程从200~ 2000m不等,故此沿线的岩溶问题成为了制约高速公路能否顺利建设的关键性问题㊂岩溶隧道在建设过程中往往伴随涌水突泥等施工风险,对此,国内外许多专家学者进行了大量的研究㊂P u t i k a等[1]㊁罗玉龙等[2]㊁周毅[3]通过物理相似试验研究了溶洞的空间展布对隧道稳定性的影响;李利平等[4]㊁周宗青等[5]㊁罗明明等[6]通过分析岩溶地区隧道裂隙水的力学破坏机制从而提出了最小岩石防突厚度概念;曹茜[7]㊁郭佳奇等[8]㊁Z h a n g等[9]㊁L i等[10]通过研究充水溶洞对隧道的破坏模式,认为岩溶隧道的破坏主要取决于水在岩体节理中的渗流和劈裂作用;宋战平等[11-12]㊁M a等[13]采用数值模拟方法研究了溶洞尺寸及溶洞距隧道距离对隧道安全性的影响;许振浩等[14]采用层次分析法提出了岩溶隧道突水突泥风险评估与控制方法;田清朝等[15]㊁成建梅等[16]通过示踪试验对岩溶水系统进行了识别,并预测了隧道涌水量;刘宗辉等[17]采用物探方法对典型岩溶的涌突水进行了识别,并分析了其对施工的风险;G u o等[18]发现隧道隔水岩体的临界安全厚度主要受到岩体的抗压强度㊁抗拉强度㊁岩溶水压力和隧道开挖高度的影响,L i等[19]通过建立岩溶隧道的综合风险评价指标体系来对岩溶隧道涌突水风险进行判别㊂上述研究成果主要集中于对溶洞或溶腔的识别判断和溶洞分布对隧道安全稳定性的影响,以及从相关的评判指标的量化上来确定岩溶隧道的涌突水风险,这些研究对岩溶潜在危害的判别以及岩溶涌突水的防治有着重要的参考意义,但在实际工程中,许多隧道建设不可避免地需要从岩溶涌突水高风险地段通过,而岩溶隧道涌突水破坏往往是基于岩溶裂隙的渗流和贯通破坏,以及高压地下水对岩体剪切破坏,或是在开挖扰动下,地下水持续的渗流-损伤作用诱发岩体裂隙的扩展㊁贯通直至破裂㊂因此分析在这些涌突水高风险区域对隧道的影响程度则显得十分重要,笔者基于对五峰隧道的现场调查,结合有关的水文地质资料,并利用室内小尺寸试验模型,分析隧道的涌突水破坏模式,为类似的工程提供一定的理论参考依据㊂1工程区地质背景条件五峰隧道起讫里程桩号为Y K63+604~Y K68 +500,长4896m,最大埋深585.5m;隧道净空10.50mˑ6.0m㊂隧道位于构造溶蚀侵蚀中山区,岩层倾向为336ʎø52ʎ,岩性为下二叠统栖霞组(P1q)瘤状细晶灰岩,岩体较为破碎,地下水主要为岩溶水㊂属不纯碳酸盐岩强岩溶岩组,主要接受岩溶斜坡大气降雨入渗补给,雨季水量暴涨㊂地表冲沟及水系发育,北侧地下水沿栗子坪村南部山谷两侧的冲沟向北汇入黑炭河,南侧地下水以南侧山脊为分水岭,由东向西汇入湾潭河,暴雨期湾潭河峰值流量可达380m3/s㊂地下水总体流向由东北流向西南,线路与水系呈相交关系,五峰隧道岩溶水系统平面图见图1㊂2五峰隧道水文地质条件分析2.1五峰隧道岩溶发育情况与隧道空间关系前期勘查以及示踪试验结果显示,位于五峰隧道Y K65+500左250m处落水洞(K L014)中流入的地表水通过一条与隧道斜交的地表冲沟最终排泄到湾潭河,由于在前期勘查中揭露了溶腔,同时在钻孔S S K44中接收到了示踪剂,根据落水洞K L014与溶腔底部的标高连线可知地下水水力坡降约为0.22,推测地下水与五峰隧道在Y K66+500处相交,该处设计隧道高程为1405.6m,音频大地电磁测深(E H4)法探测在Y K66+480-Y K66+530处为岩溶发育区,揭示的溶洞深度约为5m,宽度约为10m,预测岩溶管道水位高于设计隧道高程以上30 m,该处属于地下水水平径流带,下部岩层为梁山组(P1l)粉砂岩隔水层,地质构造属于向斜储水构造㊂地下水主要受到大气降雨入渗㊁地表岩溶洼地㊁落水洞以及湾潭河侧向补给作用,丰水期测得流经落水洞(K L014)处的流量约为21600m3/d㊂五峰隧道地质剖面以及岩溶管道关系见图2,3㊂3444h t t p s://d z k j q b.c u g.e d u.c n地质科技通报2023年D2-3y.云台观组;S1l r.罗惹坪组;P1q.栖霞组;P1l.梁山组;D3h.黄家蹬组;S1-2s.纱帽组;D3C1x.写经寺组;Y K64为隧道右线64k m处图1五峰隧道岩溶水系统平面图F i g.1 K a r s t h y d r o g e o l o g i c m a p o f t h e W u f e n g T u n n e l图2五峰隧道纵断面图F i g.2 C r o s s s e c t i o n o f t h e W u f e n g T u n n e l图3五峰隧道与岩溶管道关系图F i g.3 R e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e W u f e n g T u n n e l a n d k a r s t c h a n n e l第6期 徐啸川等:小尺寸模型在五峰隧道涌突水判别中的应用2.2大气降雨与隧道水位之间的关系为研究大气降雨与隧道水位之间的联系,通过对图2中的钻孔S S K 44㊁S S K 45㊁S S K 47进行长期水位观测,并结合大气降雨数据,揭示隧道水位与大气降雨之间的变动情况,钻孔水位的采集采用钢尺水位计,量程为200m ,大气降雨量数据来源于五峰雨量站,观测结果见图4㊂通过分析图4可知,五峰隧道的地下水位随着降雨量的增加而波动,波动的幅度在1m 之内,总图4 五峰隧道钻孔水位及降雨量与时间关系曲线图F i g .4 R e l a t i o n s h i p be t w e e n b o r e h o l e w a t e r l e v e l a n d r a i n -f a l l i n t h e W u f e ng Tu n n e l 体而言,钻孔水位随着降雨量的增加而上升,隧道整体水位较为稳定㊂根据钻孔S S K 44的水位监测结果可知,五峰隧道的地下水受湾潭河的侧向补给,该处水位变化幅度较其余钻孔更为明显,且该段隧道区间位于地下水位以下,有一定的涌突水风险㊂3 岩溶隧道突涌水小尺寸模型装置及试验机理3.1小尺寸模型装置介绍为了研究岩溶涌突水对隧道的影响,试验采用了自行研制的岩溶突水测试系统,见图5,该套试验仪器能够模拟在不同的水压㊁不同的隧道埋深以及不同空间位置处的岩溶管道对隧道的影响,从而为岩溶隧道突涌水的治理提供指导性的建议㊂系统主要包括3部分:①注水系统,由水压表和相应的管道组成;②试验箱,试验材料由亚克力板和陶土组成,试验箱尺寸为400mmˑ200mmˑ600mm (长ˑ宽ˑ高),其中,隧道采用直径60mm 的透明P V C 管模拟,岩溶管道采用直径15mm 的开孔注水管模拟;③数据采集系统,由D M -Y B 1808动静应变采集仪和应变片组成,应变片沿着P V C 管每隔10c m 设置一个,分别设置在拱顶㊁拱腰和拱底位置处,共设置9个,应变片采用防水处理㊂试验箱详图见图6㊂图5 岩溶隧道突水试验监测系统F i g .5 W a t e r i n r u s h t e s t m o n i t o r i n g s ys t e m i n a k a r s t t u n n e l 图6 试验装置图F i g .6 D i a g r a m o f e x pe r i m e n t a l d e v i c e 54h t t p s://d z k j q b.c u g.e d u.c n地质科技通报2023年3.2试验机理及其试验方案根据相似比理论,凡具有同一特性的现象,当单值条件(系统的几何性质㊁介质的物理性质㊁起始条件和边界条件等)彼此相似,且由单值条件的物理量所组成的相似判据在数值上相等时,则这些现象必定相似㊂因此为研究岩溶管道对隧道涌水突泥的影响,试验选取了渗透系数与栖霞组(P1q)富水性灰岩相似的陶土作为试验材料㊂隧道现场压水试验结果表明栖霞组灰岩的渗透系数为0.08m/d,选取的陶土渗透系数为0.02~0.15m/d,由于岩溶隧道突水模型试验是流-固耦合模型,根据相似三定理[20]可求出其相应的流固耦合方程㊁相似比方程[21-22],见式(1):C G C u C2x =CλC eC x=C GC eC x=C X=C pC uC2t(1)式中:C为相似比尺(即原型与模型的相同物理量之比);X为模型和原型的相似物理量;C G㊁Cλ均为模型相似系数;C u为几何相似系数;C x为缩尺模型的几何相似系数;C X为实际模型的几何相似系数;C e 为弹性模量相似系数,且C e=C X C x;C p为比例相似系数;C t为时间相似系数,且C t=C x㊂根据五峰隧道的前期抽水试验结果,其影响半径R约为60m,且隧道顶至地面的高度为190m,因此实际的研究模型尺寸约为120mˑ120mˑ200 m㊂由于隧道为左右对称结构,根据弗洛德相似率故此小尺寸模型箱边长与实际的隧道研究模型的边长比例尺约为1ʒ300,为了研究岩溶管道位于隧道顶部以上不同位置处对隧道的影响,在本次试验中,采用6mm直径的开孔花管来模拟岩溶管道,岩溶管道设置在P V C管轴线正上方5~20c m的范围内以及拱腰右侧,管道水平设置㊂在拱顶位置处设置测点1(应变片1,2,3)㊁拱腰处设置测点2(应变片4,5,6)㊁拱底处设置测点3(应变片7,8,9),详见图6㊂通常大多数隧道的破坏往往是从拱顶开始,其次为拱肩至拱腰㊂若按照拱顶㊁拱肩㊁拱腰,直至隧道底部的情况进行正交试验则需要耗费大量的时间,同时由于试验箱的尺寸条件有限,宽度仅为200 mm,通过对岩溶管道所处的空间位置对隧道实际的破坏情况进行风险筛分,共设计4种试验工况,详见表1㊂试验开始时依次先铺设6c m厚陶土,用刮铲进行压实处理,静置24h等待陶土硬化后,再在P V C管上下侧各铺设1c m厚中粗砂;然后在其上铺设陶土,同样进行压实和风干硬化处理,并在其中埋设开孔的6mm花管㊂上覆陶土厚度至30c m位置处,同时保证管道上方有不小于5c m的陶土覆盖层㊂通过调整水压和渗水管道距离P V C管顶的高度来模拟隧道渗水破坏的过程,并记录涌水时间以及监测点的数值变化,应变片型号为B F120型号,即1mm=1000με㊂试验时通过开启进水管和排水管来模拟隧道的涌水和排水,并控制排水管的流量为进水管的1/2来模拟排水过程,当试验箱中的水没过隧道顶部后,同时关闭进水管和排水管,并静置10m i n后观察时间应变曲线,取曲线的峰值强度作为试验数据,对一个监测断面上的3个监测点数据取平均值,并剔除异常数据㊂试验结束后,将试验箱中的水排干,并将试验箱静置于室温下,待陶土再次硬化后进行下一组试验㊂试验开始时,采用数据处理系统对应变片进行归零处理㊂为了模拟岩溶管道分布在隧道周围不同位置的情况,此处设计了岩溶管道位于隧道上方不同位置处的工程共计4种,详见表1㊂表1设计工况T a b l e1 D e s i g n c o n d i t i o n s工况监测点位置岩溶管道与隧道的空间位置关系及水压情况工况1测点1测点2测点3岩溶管道位于拱顶正上方5c m处,且水压分别为0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8M P a时围岩的位移情况工况2测点1测点2测点3岩溶管道位于拱顶正上方10c m处,且水压分别为0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8M P a时围岩的位移情况工况3测点1测点2测点3岩溶管道位于拱顶正上方20c m处,且水压分别为0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8M P a时围岩的位移情况工况4测点1测点2测点3岩溶管道位于拱腰右侧5c m㊁垂直方向10c m处,水压分别为0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8M P a时围岩的位移情况4小尺寸模型试验结果分析4.1各工况对测点位移的影响通过对各个工况进行试验分析,在不同工况下,随着试验水压的不断增大,通过应变片实测并经过换算后的模型各测点位移变化情况如图7所示㊂由图7可知,在进水管道(花管)距离P V C管顶部距离一定时,当试验装置增加水压时,拱顶至拱腰部位的测点位移方向向下,拱底位移向上,表现为坑底隆起,总体的变化趋势是随着水压的增大,拱顶和拱腰处的位移逐渐增大,但拱底的位移近乎保持不变,位移变化情况为拱顶位移大于拱腰位移大于拱底位移㊂通过对比图7-a,b可知,当进水管道分别位于P V C管顶以上5c m和10c m时,测点位移数据相差不大,在0.2M P a的管道水压条件下管顶可见渗水的时间分别为18s和25s㊂根据蔡美峰‘岩体力学“一书中关于渗流作用下围岩卸荷对隧道周64第6期 徐啸川等:小尺寸模型在五峰隧道涌突水判别中的应用图7 不同工况条件下模型位移随水压大小的变化规律F i g .7 D i s pl a c e m e n t o f t h e m o d e l u n d e r d i f f e r e n t w a t e r p r e s s u r es a .隧道的半径(m );θ.应力和隧道水平方向夹角(ʎ);r 0.损伤区半径(m );b .弹性区半径(m );P 0.原岩垂直应力(k P a );r .应力计算点到隧道中心的计算距离(m );σr .岩体某点的径向应力(k P a );p .自重应力(k P a );σθ.岩体某点的切向应力(k P a );βp .岩体某点的剪切应力(k P a)图8 渗流作用下的隧道受力模型F i g .8 S t r e s s m o d e l o f t h e t u n n e l u n d e r s e e p a ge 边围岩损伤影响的影响范围约为5倍的隧道半径,见图8,即主要的影响范围为15c m 之间,测点位移在这一区间内变化较小㊂但当影响范围大于5倍隧道半径时,即进水管道位于P V C 管顶以上20c m 时,通过对比图7-b ,c 可知,拱顶和拱腰处的位移出现了显著的减少㊂在水压为0.2M P a 时,管顶可见渗水的时间分别为25s 和55s,说明随着上覆土层厚度的增加,管道水在排泄过程中由于受到隔水层的阻隔,难以实现就近排泄的模式,在实际工程中则表现为沿着弱面㊁裂隙走向向远基排泄,此时渗流作用对隧道周边围岩的损伤也随之减少㊂最后通过对比图7-a ,d 可知,当进水管道位于隧道斜上方区域时,拱顶和拱腰处位移呈现减少的趋势,说明压应力减少;但随着水压的不断增大,即最终达到0.8M P a 时,拱顶和拱腰处位移又会不断地增加,这说明随着水压的增大,管道水的渗流不单以垂直渗流为主,还包括水平向的渗流,水压的增大使土体中的断续裂隙发生扩展,导致土体连通率增加,张开度变大,渗透性增加,从而导致应力增大;同时随着进水管道距离P V C 管水平距离的增加,拱腰处位移减少的幅度要大于拱顶处减少的幅度,这说明在实际的工程中,当岩溶管道位于隧道以上时,拱顶位置的围岩最易破坏,其次为拱腰,而拱底受渗流影响最小,隧道上覆岩土层厚度的增加有效地减缓了水对隧道的渗流破坏作用㊂4.2数值模拟结果讨论本研究通过分别建立室内试验和实际工程的数值模型来探讨岩溶管道对五峰隧道的影响㊂为了使计算结果能够收敛,室内试验模拟模型尺寸采用4mˑ2mˑ6m ,其中P V C 管直径按60c m 考虑,花管尺寸直径设置为6c m ,基于最不利工况,试验管道水头压力选取为0.8M P a,其余数据同表2㊂模拟工况选取表1中的4种工况,数值计算结果见图9㊂实际工程五峰隧道数值模型研究区段为Y K 66+480-Y K 66+530,为了简化模型,仅考虑隧道在施工作用条件下岩溶管道对隧道的影响,即岩溶管道位于隧道上方30m 处这一工况,尺寸设置为60mˑ60mˑ60m ㊂采用P L A X I S[23-24]数值分析软件对其进行建模分析,P L A X I S 数值分析软件是一款由荷兰P L A X I S B .V .公司推出的通用岩土计算软件,其功能强大,内置了丰富的本构模型,基于有限元差分法,可进行塑性㊁安74h t t p s ://d z k j q b .c u g.e d u .c n 地质科技通报2023年全性㊁固结㊁渗流㊁流固耦合㊁动力等各种分析,已在各种复杂的岩土工程领域中得到了广泛应用㊂通过室内试验数值模拟结果可以得到4种工况的孔隙水压力场(图9),在实际的隧道突水过程中,突表2 数值模拟参数T a b l e 2 T a b l e o f n u m e r i c a l s i m u l a t i o n p a r a m e t e r s单轴抗压强度/M P a泊松比密度/(k g㊃m -3)完整岩石材料常数弹性模量/G P a扰动因子地质强度指数320.2226708250.5535图9 室内试验数值模拟结果F i g.9 R e s u l t s o f i n d o o r n u m e r i c a l s i m u l a t i o n 水管道通过与其相连的节理裂隙与隧道相连,岩溶水经过过水通道赋存于一般岩层中的裂隙内,由于裂隙内岩溶水是静止的,当其与有一定压力的岩溶管道水相连通时,二者具有一定水压差;在水压差影响下,当其值超过岩体抗拉或抗剪强度时,则会导致过水通道处的岩体发生损伤破坏;随着岩体的损伤,裂隙不断扩展,导致过水断面渗透系数增加,涌水量也随之增加㊂根据图9-a 可判别隧道处于岩溶管道水渗流场主要影响范围内,隧道有极高的突水风险,此时作用于隧道顶部的孔隙水压力约为0.2M P a ㊂图9-b ,c 显示随着管道距离隧道垂直距离的增加,渗流场对隧道的影响也随之减少,作用于隧道顶部的孔隙水压力仅有0.08,0.02M P a ,突水的风险也随之减少㊂图9-d 显示当管道位于隧道上方偏右位置时渗流场向拱肩位置发生了偏转,拱顶所受的剪应力减少㊂由于小尺寸模型未考虑隧道施工时对周边岩体的损伤所引起的剪应力场的变化,而实际工程中隧道涌突水的风险是施工扰动对围岩的损伤与孔隙水压力对岩体节理劈裂共同作用下的结果,因此可以通过判别作用于隧道顶部一定范围内的孔隙水压力场以及相应节理裂隙面抗剪或抗拉强度来判别隧道涌突水风险的可能性㊂由于有限元差分法无法分析随时间进程的岩体损伤破坏,故此采用P L A X I S 软件中的子单元R F P A 程序对第4.1节中的试验结果进行补充㊂R F P A 程序基于离散元分析法,假定离散化后的细观基元的力学性质服从w e i b u l l 分布规律,由此建立细观与宏观介质力学性能的联系,所建立的数值模拟与实际模型84第6期 徐啸川等:小尺寸模型在五峰隧道涌突水判别中的应用图10 实际工程数值模拟对比结果F i g .10 C o m p a r i s o n o f n u m e r i c a l s i m u l a t i o n o f t h e a c t u a l p r o je c t s 的比例为1ʒ1,选取工况1与工况3进行对比分析,数值模拟结果见图10所示㊂图10中工况1的数值模拟结果显示,随着水压的增大,隧道上方一定范围内的岩体开始破裂产生裂隙,当岩溶管道距离隧道顶部的距离越近时隧道围岩所受的影响就越大,室内试验测点位移也就随之增大;当水压达到0.4M P a 时,岩溶管道周边开始生成初始裂隙;当水压达到0.6M P a 时裂隙开始连通;当水压最终达到到0.8M P a 时,管道裂隙开始扩展破裂,从而使得隧道产生涌突水破坏,此时拱顶受到的剪应力最大,其次为拱腰部分,这也就说明了随着水压的不断增大,拱顶和拱腰部位的位移也随之增大,而拱底的剪应力变化很小,故而位移保持不变㊂工况3模拟结果显示当水压达到0.8M P a 时,隧道上方才开始形成初始裂隙,这表明岩溶管道距离隧道的距离增加时,上覆的安全岩盘有效地减少了管道水对围岩产生的剪应力,从而减少了隧道涌突水的风险,此时测点位移也随之减少,这与室内试验中图7-b ,c 结果相吻合㊂根据工况1计算所得的隧道涌突水风险的演化进程见图11所示,随着岩溶管道内的孔隙水压力的增加,渗流场起初以垂直的渗流力为主,随后也产生水平向的渗流场;随着渗流场范围的不断扩大,对岩体裂隙的劈裂程度也增大,直至与隧道贯通产生突涌水破坏,因此岩溶隧道突涌水的破坏实质上是岩溶管道水对岩体节理的劈裂作用,这也与室内试验中图7-d 岩溶管道水不单以垂直渗流为主,还包括水平向的渗流结果相吻合㊂根据‘水工隧洞设计规范“(S L -279-2016)计算作用于五峰隧道岩溶管道处的外水压力,其中作用水头取图4中的长观数据,见式(2)㊂P c =βcγw H c (2)式中:P c 为作用在岩溶管道处的外水压力(k N /m 2);βc 为外水压力折减系数,岩体破碎,风化强烈时取0.8;γw 为水的容重(采用9.81k N /m 3);H c 为地下水位线至管道中心的作用水头,取121.0m ㊂根据上式计算可得作用于岩溶管道处的外水压强P c 为0.97M P a ,岩溶主管道位于隧道上方30m 位置处,与隧道呈斜交关系㊂根据H o e k -B r o w n 经验方程[25-26]建立数值模型,前期物探以及钻探结果揭示上方岩溶溶腔的体积约为50m 3,为了简化模型,故将上部岩溶管道与隧道相交处的体积等效成直径为4.6m 的球体㊂综上,将模型水力条件设置为隧道受到水压为0.97M P a 的岩溶管道水作用,模型参数取自宜来高速五峰隧道室内试验数据,见表2㊂其中扰动因子根据岩体开挖扰动前后波速降λ与开挖扰动系数D 之间的关系为:D =2[1-(1-λ)2]取0.55,数值模拟结果见图12所示㊂94h t t p s ://d z k j q b .c u g.e d u .c n 地质科技通报2023年图11 隧道涌突水破坏进程F i g .11 D a m a ge p r o c e s s of w a t e r i n r u s h i n a t u n n el 图12 岩溶管道对五峰隧道影响情况图F i g .12 I n f l u e n c e o f t h e k a r s t p i p e l i n e o n t h e W u f e n g Tu n n e l 通过对五峰隧道的现场水文地质调查㊁钻孔水位与降雨量观测㊁室内小尺寸模型试验和数值模拟的结果可知,五峰隧道存在一定的涌水突泥风险㊂风险主要来源于湾潭河的侧向补给以及地表水通过落水洞(K L 014)的地下径流补给,同时五峰隧道的下部梁山组(P 1l )粉砂岩隔水层以及隧道所处的向斜储水构造不利于地下水的排泄㊂数值模拟计算结果显示,五峰隧道潜在涌突水破坏模式为高压地下水沿岩体裂隙对隧道拱顶的压剪破坏㊂图12-b 显示岩溶隧道涌突水的风险是隧道施工时对周边围岩产生的剪应力场与岩溶管道渗流作用产生的剪应力共同耦合的作用,即隧道施工时对顶部围岩的损伤造成的裂隙扩展与岩溶管道水沿着节理裂隙下渗共同作用的结果,从图12-c 可知,隧道施工所造成的塑性应变与岩溶管道渗流作用下所产生的塑性应变区的范围处于相互独立的状态,岩溶隧道是否涌突水取决于上覆管道水压的大小㊁隧道上方损伤区外隔水岩盘的厚度以及后期塑性区是否贯通㊂图12-d 显示岩溶管道的孔隙水压力5第6期徐啸川等:小尺寸模型在五峰隧道涌突水判别中的应用从上往下依次减小,隧道位于岩溶管道渗流场的主要影响范围之外,岩溶管道对隧道的影响大小分别是拱顶位移>拱肩位移>拱腰位移,且拱底位移最小;地下水渗流作用的影响随隧道距岩溶管道的距离增加而减小㊂这也与前面小尺寸模型(图7-c)㊁室内数值模拟(图9-b,c)的结果相互印证,故而五峰隧道在地下水渗流的条件下容易形成沿着拱顶和拱肩处的拉剪破坏,需要对此处进行加固和防水衬砌处理㊂综上,岩溶隧道突水机理实质上是隧道施工时所产生的剪应力场与渗流场共同作用下的结果,影响隧道突涌水的因素较多,如岩体结构面抗拉㊁抗剪强度以及上覆安全岩盘的厚度㊁水压的大小㊁岩溶管道的规模等㊂因此通过分析渗流场的影响范围㊁隧道与岩溶管道之间的塑性区变化情况㊁作用于围岩的孔隙水压力以及隧道的损伤区半径,可有效地判别岩溶隧道涌突水的风险㊂5结论(1)通过小尺寸模型可知,隧道涌水突泥主要受到岩溶管道与隧道空间相对位置关系和水压的影响,当岩溶管道位于隧道上方时拱顶位置的围岩为最易破坏点,其次为拱腰,而拱底受渗流影响最小㊂随着岩溶管道水压增大,拱顶和拱腰位移也随之增大,当岩溶管道距离隧道越远,渗流对隧道的影响作用也越小,在0.8M P a的水压下渗流场对隧道的主要影响范围约为5倍的管道半径㊂(2)小尺寸模型显示当试验条件固定时,上覆土体厚度的增加能够有效地减缓渗流对隧道的影响,管道水在排泄过程中由于受到隔水层的阻隔,难以实现就近排泄的模式,表现为远基排泄㊂但随着水压的增大,管道水的渗流不单以垂直渗流为主,还包括水平向的渗流,水压的增大使隔水层中的断续裂隙发生扩展,使得隧道产生涌水破坏㊂(3)五峰隧道涌水突泥的风险主要来源于湾潭河水的侧向补给与地表水通过落水洞(K L014)的地下径流补给,隧道的潜在破坏模式为高压裂隙水对隧道拱顶的压剪破坏㊂五峰隧道岩溶管道位于隧道顶部以上约30m,大于5倍隧道半径,数值分析结果显示在岩溶管道的影响作用下隧道在拱顶和拱肩处容易形成应力集中,此处剪应力最大,容易形成沿着拱顶和拱肩处的拉剪破坏,渗流作用随隧道距岩溶管道距离的增加而减小,岩溶隧道突水机理实质上是剪应力场与渗流场耦合作用的结果,通过分析渗流场的影响范围㊁隧道与岩溶管道之间的塑性区变化情况㊁孔隙水压力对岩体抗剪或抗拉强度的影响,可有效地判别岩溶隧道涌突水的风险㊂(所有作者声明不存在利益冲突)参考文献:[1]P u t i k a R,M a r s c h a l k o M,Y i l m a z I,e t a l.S u r f a c e g e o p h y s i c a l m e t h-o d s u s e d t o v e r i f y t h e k a r s t g e o l o g i c a l s t r u c t u r e i n t h e b u i l t-u p a r e-a:A c a s e s t u d y o f s p e c i f i c e n g i n e e r i n g-g e o l o g i c a l c o n d i t i o n s[J].A c t aG e o l o g i c a S i n i c a:E n g l i s h E d i t i o n,2021,95(5):1763-1770.[2]罗玉龙,吴强,詹美礼,等.渗流-侵蚀-应力耦合管涌试验装置的研制及初步应用[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2013,32(10): 2108-2114.L u o Y L,W u Q,Z h a n M L,e t a l.D e v e l o p m e n t o f s e e p a g e-e r o s i o n-s t r e s s c o u p l i n g p i p i n g t e s t a p p a r a t u s a n d i t s p r i m a r y a p p l i c a t i o n[J].C h i n e s e J o u r n a l o f R o c k M e c h a n i c s a n d E n g i n e e r i n g,2013,32(10):2108-2114(i n C h i n e s e w i t h E n g l i s h a b s t r a c t).[3]周毅.隧道充填型管道构造突涌水机理与预测预警及工程应用[D].济南:山东大学,2015.Z h o u Y.S t u d y o n w a t e r i n r u s h m e c h a n i s m a n d e a r l y w a r n i n g o f f i l l e d p i p i n g-t y p e d i s a s t e r a n d i t s e n g i n e e r i n g a p p l i c a t i o n s i n t u n n e l s[D].J i n a n:S h a n d o n g U n i v e r s i t y,2015(i n C h i n e s e w i t h E n g l i s h a b-s t r a c t).[4]李利平,李术才,张庆松.岩溶地区隧道裂隙水突出力学机制研究[J].岩土力学,2010,31(2):523-528.L i L P,L i S C,Z h a n g Q S.S t u d y o f m e c h a n i s m o f w a t e r i n r u s h i n-d u ce d b y h y d r a u l i cf r a c t u r i ng i n k a r s t t u n n e l s[J].R o c k a n d S o i lM e c h a n i c s,2010,31(2):523-528(i n C h i n e s e w i t h E n g l i s h a b-s t r a c t).[5]周宗青,李术才,李利平,等.岩溶隧道突涌水危险性评价的属性识别模型及其工程应用[J].岩土力学,2013,34(3):818-826.Z h o u Z Q,L i S C,L i L P,e t a l.A t t r i b u t e r e c o g n i t i o n m o d e l o f f a t a l-n e s s a s s e s s m e n t o f w a t e r i n r u s h i n k a r s t t u n n e l s a n d i t s a p p l i c a t i o n [J].R o c k a n d S o i l M e c h a n i c s,2013,34(3):818-826(i n C h i n e s e w i t h E n g l i s h a b s t r a c t).[6]罗明明,周宏,郭绪磊,等.峡口隧道间歇性岩溶涌突水过程及来源解析[J].地质科技通报,2021,40(6):246-254.L u o M M,Z h o u H,G u o X L,e t a l.P e o c e s s e s a n d s o u r c e s i d e n t i f i c a-t i o n o f i n t e r m i t t e n t k a r s t w a t e r i n r u s h i n X i a k o u T u n n e l[J].B u l l e-t i n o f G e o l o g i c a l S c i e n c e a n d T e c h n o l o g y,2021,40(6):246-254(i nC h i n e s e w i t h E n g l i s h a b s t r a c t).[7]曹茜.岩溶隧道与溶洞的安全距离研究[D].北京:北京交通大学,2010.C a o Q.S t u d y o n s a f e t h i c k n e s s f o r r o c k b e t w e e n t u n n e l a n d k a r s tc a v e i n k a r s t r e g i o n[D].B e i j i n g:B e i j i n g J i a o t o n g U n i v e r s i t y,2010(i n C h i n e s e w i t h E n g l i s h a b s t r a c t).[8]郭佳奇,乔春生,曹茜.侧部高压富水溶腔与隧道间岩柱安全厚度的研究[J].现代隧道技术,2010,47(6):10-16.G u o J Q,Q i a o C S,C a o Q.R e s e a r c h o n s a f e t h i c k n e s s o f r o c k p i l l a rb e t w e e n t h e t u n n e l a n d a d j ac e n t k a r s t c a v e w i t h p r e s s u r i s ed w a te r[J].M o d e r n T u n n e l i n g T e c h n o l o g y,2010,47(6):10-16(i n C h i n e s e w i t h E n g l i s h a b s t r a c t).[9]Z h a n g L W,F u H,W u J,e t a l.E f f e c t s o f k a r s t c a v e s h a p e o n t h es t a b i l i t y a n d m i n i m u m s a f e t y t h i c k n e s s o f t u n n e l s u r r o u n d i n g r o c k [J].I n t e r n a t i o n a l J o u r n a l o f G e o m e c h a n i c s,2021,21(9):110-121.[10]L i L P,X i o n g Y F,W a n g J,e t a l.C o m p r e h e n s i v e i n f l u e n c e a n a l y s i so f m u l t i p l e p a r a m e t e r s o n t h e s a f e t y t h i c k n e s s a g a i n s t w a t e r i n r u s hi n s h i e l d t u n n e l[J].I n t e r n a t i o n a l J o u r n a l o f G e o m e 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高三英语询问科学研究单选题50题
高三英语询问科学研究单选题50题1. In the famous Millikan's oil - drop experiment, which of the following was the key variable that Millikan was trying to measure?A. The size of the oil dropsB. The charge on the oil dropsC. The speed of the oil dropsD. The mass of the oil drops答案：B。
解析：在密立根油滴实验中，密立根主要是想测量油滴所带的电荷，这是该实验的关键变量。
本题主要考查对科学实验中变量概念的理解，同时也考查了词汇“variable（ 变量）”“charge（ 电荷）”等。
在语法上，这是一个由which引导的特殊疑问句。
2. When Darwin proposed his theory of evolution, his initial hypothesis was based on his observations during his voyage. Which of the following was part of his original hypothesis?A. All species are created equalB. Species do not change over timeC. Species evolve through natural selectionD. All organisms have the same ancestors答案：C。
解析：达尔文的进化论最初的假设是物种通过自然选择进化。
选项A所有物种生来平等不是其假设内容；选项B物种不随时间变化与进化论相悖；选项D所有生物有相同祖先不是最初假设。
高中英语学术前沿单选题30题
高中英语学术前沿单选题30题1. In academic research, the data should be analyzed ______ to draw accurate conclusions.A. carefullyB. carelesslyC. roughlyD. hurriedly答案：A。
本题考查副词的用法。
“carefully”表示“仔细地”，在学术研究中，为了得出准确的结论，数据应该被仔细分析，A 选项符合语境。
B 选项“carelessly”意为“粗心地”，不符合学术研究的要求。
C 选项“roughly”指“粗略地”，无法保证结论的准确性。
D 选项“hurriedly”表示“匆忙地”，也不利于进行准确的分析。
2. The ______ of this academic study is to explore the new phenomenon in the field.A. purposeB. resultC. effectD. cause答案：A。
本题考查名词词义辨析。
“purpose”意为“目的”，这项学术研究的目的是探索该领域的新现象，A 选项符合题意。
B 选项“result”指“结果”。
C 选项“effect”是“效果；影响”。
D 选项“cause”表示“原因；起因”。
3. Academic papers often require ______ references to support the arguments.A. plenty ofB. a number ofC. a lotD. much答案：A。
本题考查短语的用法。
“plenty of”既可以修饰可数名词，也可以修饰不可数名词；“a number of”修饰可数名词复数；“a lot”常修饰动词；“much”修饰不可数名词。
“references”是可数名词复数，A 选项“plenty of”最合适。
【06】新高考英语3500词汇习题精做+强化训练06（解析版）
【06】新高考英语3500词汇习题精做+强化训练06（解析版）新高考英语3500词汇习题精做+强化训练06基础练(夯实基础)一、单词拼写(根据汉语或首字母提示写出单词的完全形式)1.With our country entering an aging society, delaying the retirement age is probably __________(不可避免的). 【答案】unavoidable【句意】随着我国进入老龄化社会，延迟退休年龄也许是不可避免了。
2.He treated us as __________(自主的)individuals who had to learn to make up our own minds about important issues.【答案】autonomous【句意】他把我们看作是自主的个体，必须学会在重要问题上下定决心的3.There was an a__________ mo ment when she didn’t know whether to shake his hand or kiss his cheek.【答案】awkward【句意】她不知道该和他握手还是吻他的面颊时很尴尬。
4.After much argument, the judges finally compromised on the 18-year-old pianist and a__________ him the gold prize.【答案】awarded【句意】经过多番争论，评委们终于达成一致，授予这位18岁的钢琴弹奏者金奖。
5.A negative __________(态度)will never give you a positive life.【答案】attitude【句意】消极的态度永远不会给你积极的生活。
6.He was proud of being chosen to participate in the game and he a__________ us that he would try as hard as possible.【答案】assured【句意】他为被选中参加比赛而自豪，他向我们保证他会尽最大努力。
岩土类SCI期刊简介
国际著名岩土类SCI期刊中英文简介国际著名岩土类SCI期刊中英文简介转载请注明原出处：临峰山庄详细介绍1. Canadian Geotechnical Journal加拿大岩土工程杂志，1963年开始出版，世界上发行量最大的三家岩土工程学术期刊之一，以刊登有关基础、隧道、水坝、边坡问题精彩文章及相关学科的新技术、新发展而闻名月刊SCI期刊主编：Dr. Ian Moore, Queen's Universityhttp://pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/rp-ps ... de=cgj&lang=eng/ehost/d ... #db=aph&jid=35Hmonthly ISSN : 1208-6010 影响因子Impact factor: 0.542NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA, RESEARCH JOURNALS,MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, CANADA, K1A 0R6Published since 1963, this monthly journal features articles, notes, and discussions related to new developments in geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering, and applied sciences. The topics of papers written by researchers, theoreticians, and engineers/scientists active in industry include soil and rock mechanics, material properties and fundamental behaviour, site characterization, foundations, excavations, tunnels, dams and embankments, slopes, landslides, geological and rock engineering, ground improvement, hydrogeology and contaminant hydrogeology, geochemistry, waste management, geosynthetics, offshore engineering, ice, frozen ground and northern engineering, risk and reliability applications, and physical and numerical modelling. Papers on actual case records from practice are encouraged and frequently featured.更多资讯请上浏览2. Geotechnical Engineering, Proceedings of ICE/journals/英国土木工程师协会（ICE）主办，集中了岩土工程实践中的所有方面内容，包括工程实例、工程设计讨论、计算机辅助设计等SCI期刊双月刊影响因子(2006): 0.286 Geotechnical Engineering covers all aspects of geotechnical engineering including tunnelling, foundations, retaining walls, embankments, diaphragm walls, piling, subsidence, soil mechanics and geoenvironmental engineering.Presented in the form of reports, design discussions, methodologies and case records it forms an invaluable reference work, highlighting projects which are interesting and innovative.Geotechnical Engineering publishes six issues per year.ISSN 1353-2618 (Print)ISSN 1751-8563 (Online)Impact Factor (2006): 0.2863. Géotechnique, Proceedings of ICE国际著名的有关土力学、岩石力学、工程地质、环境岩土工程的岩土技术期刊，每期只刊登几篇文章，都是鸿篇巨著。
面向自然资源统一管理的国土空间规划用地分类体系及用途管制探索
42面向自然资源统一管理的国土空间规划用地分类体系及用途管制探索□ 龚 健，李靖业，韦兆荣，王向东[摘 要]文章立足自然资源体制改革的时代背景，针对我国现行土地利用分类体系存在的问题，剖析了自然资源统一管理背景下的国土空间规划用地分类功能导向，并构建了新时代背景下国土空间规划分类体系及其用途管控制度。
我国现行土地利用分类体系存在部门主导、缺乏统筹，标准制定独立封闭、弱化协同，用地内涵不清、交叉重叠，逻辑混乱、归类失序等问题，已无法适应国家机构改革、部门分割管理瓶颈破除后自然资源集中统一管理的新要求。
国土空间规划用地分类应当以健全自然资源空间管制、优化国土空间格局、推动城乡统筹发展和深化规划体制改革为功能导向，构建“3+15+68”的国土空间规划分类框架体系；以融合多部门规划特色、构建国土空间规划体系、健全国土空间用途管控制度为契机，建立全域覆盖、层级有序的国土空间用途管制分区体系，制定差别化用途管制机制。
[关键词]自然资源管理；国土空间规划；规划用地分类；用途管制[文章编号]1006-0022(2020)10-0042-08 [中图分类号]TU981 [文献标识码]Ａ[引文格式]龚健，李靖业，韦兆荣，等．面向自然资源统一管理的国土空间规划用地分类体系及用途管制探索[J]．规划师，2020(10)：42-49．Land Use Classification System and Governance for Unified Management of Natural Resources/Gong Jian, Li Jingye, Wei Zhaorong, Wang Xiangdong[Abstract] Based on the natural resource governance institutional reform and existing problems of land use classification, the paperanalyzes the orientation of land use classification for unified management of natural resources, and establishes a new system of land use classification and governance. The existing problems include: departmental dominance without integration, exclusive system of standard formulation without coordination, land use disorder and overlapped boundaries etc. Land use classification shall integrate natural resource governance, improve land-space layout, promote urban-rural integrated development, and deepen planning reform. A “3+15+68” land use classification system is established to integrate multiple plans, realize whole area coverage, and achieve hierarchical land use governance.[Key words] Natural resource governance, National land use and spatial plan, Land use classification, Land use governance划用地分类体系是实现自然资源统一管理的客观要求。
嬗变词汇
sumernetem 指南 P411翻译中嬗变的词汇（1）sumernetem 指南 P411翻译中嬗变的词汇（2）基础导学阶段长难句44训练(01)(10-R-1) We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaperreviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to thepublications in which it appeared. (49 words)(02) (10-R-1) “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of c ontempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are’.” (43 words)(03) (10-R-3) For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected, must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attentionto each of these people has little to do with the initial influential.(48 words)(04) (09-R-3) Progress in both areas is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political, and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. (46 words)(05) (09-R-4) Sexual confusion, economic frustrations, and religious hope — all came together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father that the first line he saw would总第37页settle his fate, and read the magical words: “Come out from among them, touch no unclean thing, and I will be your God and you shall be my people.”(58 words)(06) (0-TR) Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. (45 words)(07) (09-TR) Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the for ms of human association under which the world’s work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output. (41 words)(08) (08-R-2) Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. (40 words)(09) (07-R-1) If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s World Cup tournamen t, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months. (47 words)(10) (07-R-3) From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. (41 words)(11) (07-R-4) Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles, and improved their feeble corporation governance, a new problem threatens to earn them —especially in America — the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: data insecurity. (48 words) 总第38页(12) (07-R-4) Left, until now, to odd, low-level IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the boss’s agenda in businesses of every variety. (41 words)(13) (07-R-4) Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust, that most valuable of economic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore— and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands. (47 words)(14) (07-R-4) Meanwhile, the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America, disclosed on June 17th, overshadowed a hugely important decision a day e arlier by America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security. (49 words)(15) (06-R-1) Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around the world are fans of superstars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet “some Americans fear that immigrants living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation’s assimilative power.” (40 words)(16) (05-R-2) Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn’t know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? (53 words)(17) (05-R-2) A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of thema s just “mental noise” — the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. (47 words)总第39页(18) (03-R-2) Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. (42 words)(19) (03-R-3) If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. (40 words)(20) (03-TR) Therefore, it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner, with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth. (51 words)(21) (02-R-2) But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. (42 words)(22) (02-R-4) Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect,” a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects — a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen —is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect. (57 words)(23) (02-R-4) Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield d octors who “until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient medication to control their pain if that might hasten death.” (40 words)(24) (02-R-4) The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for总第40页hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life. (45 words)(25) (02-TR) As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood, however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions, and a technology of behavior may therefore become available. (40 words)(26) (01-R-1) Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable toprofessionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. (40 words)(27) (01-R-4) I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M & A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication cost, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting custom ers’ demands. (44 words)(28) (01-R-5) I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of “juggling your life” , and making the alterna tive move into “downshifting” brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status. (49 words)(29) (01-R-5) While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline — after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late ’80s —and is still linked to the politics of thrift, in Britain, at least among the middle-class downshifts of my acquaintance, we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives. (52 words)(30) (01-R-5) For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the ’80s, downshifting in the mid-’90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life — growing总第41页your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one — as a personal recognition of your limitations. (47 words)(31) (00-R-3) When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principle may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. (46 words)(32) (00-R-3) But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river — and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers: “Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms.”(64 words)(33) (99-R-4) Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment — although no one had proposed to do so — and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. (67 words)(34) (99-R-4) Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the “odd balls” among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who “work well with the team.” (50 words)(35) (97-R-4) “The test of any democratic society,” he wrote in a Wall Street Jou rnal column, “lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be. (46 words)总第42页(36) (96-R-3) Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. (47 words)(37) (96-R-3) Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large “comfortable” classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders’ meeting to dictate their orders to the management. (47 words)(38) (95-R-3) As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. (42 words)(39) (94-R-1) Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximizeprofits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it. (44 words)(40) (93-R-2) The oiling is done with higher wages, well-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “human-relations” experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he does not wholeheartedly participate in his work and that he is bored with it. (48 words)(41) (93-R-2) I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities — those of love and of reason — are the aims of all social arrangements. (47 words)总第43页(42) (93-TR) There is no more difference, but there is just the same kind of difference, between the mental operations of a man of science and those of an ordinary person, as there is between the operations and methods of a baker or of a butcher weighing out his goods in common scales, and the operations of a chemist in performing a difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance and finely graded weights. (73 words)(43) (92-TR) No one is in the least interested in the marks a little child gets on his test; what we are interested in is whether we can conclude from his mark on the test that the child will do better or worse than otherchildren of his age at tasks which we think require ‘general intelligence’. (55 words)(44) (92-TR) On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the others with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed. (56 words)(01) (10-R-1)【译文】我们甚至感到陌生的是：从20世纪初期到第二次世界大战之前，这一期间的英国报纸评论内容不拘一格。
转换斜坡型辫状河三角洲沉积特征：以珠江口盆地惠州凹陷始新统为例
第42卷 第5期2023年 9月 地质科技通报B u l l e t i n o f G e o l o g i c a l S c i e n c e a n d T e c h n o l o g yV o l .42 N o .5S e p .2023陶文芳,葛家旺,雷永昌,等.转换斜坡型辫状河三角洲沉积特征:以珠江口盆地惠州凹陷始新统为例[J ].地质科技通报,2023,42(5):103-114.T a o W e n f a n g ,G e J i a w a n g ,L e i Y o n g c h a n g ,e t a l .D e p o s i t i o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f a r e l a y r a m p c o n t r o l l e d b r a i d e d d e l t a i c s ys t e m :A c a s e s t u d y i n t h e E o c e n e H u i z h o u S a g ,P e a r l R i v e r M o u t h B a s i n ,C h i n a [J ].B u l l e t i n o f G e o l o g i c a l S c i e n c e a n d T e c h n o l o g y ,2023,42(5):103-114.转换斜坡型辫状河三角洲沉积特征:基金项目:国家自然科学基金项目(41902124);构造与油气资源教育部重点实验室开放基金项目(2019-15);联合中海石油(中国)有限公司深圳分公司研究院生产性科研项目(S C K Y -2023-S Z -03)作者简介:陶文芳(1988 ),女,工程师,主要从事珠江口盆地油气勘探及石油地质综合研究㊂E -m a i l :t a o w f @c n o o c .c o m.c n通信作者:葛家旺(1988 ),男,副研究员,主要从事定量层序地层学及构造-沉积学方面的科研和教学工作㊂E -m a i l :g j w d d n @163.c o m©E d i t o r i a l O f f i c e o f B u l l e t i n o f G e o l o g i c a l S c i e n c e a n d T e c h n o l o g y .T h i s i s a n o pe n a c c e s s a r t i c l e u n d e r t h e C C B Y -N C -N D l i c e n s e .以珠江口盆地惠州凹陷始新统为例陶文芳1,葛家旺2,雷永昌1,李旭彪2,朱筱敏3(1.中海石油(中国)有限公司深圳分公司,广东深圳518054;2.西南石油大学地球科学与技术学院,成都610050;3.中国石油大学(北京)地球科学学院,北京102249)摘 要:珠江口盆地惠州凹陷始新世发育多个不同类型的转换斜坡(或称为构造转换带),位于惠州26洼和西江30洼之间的H Z 25转换斜坡控制并发育了一套大型近源辫状河三角洲体系㊂基于新处理的三维地震㊁钻(测)井㊁岩心及相关分析化验资料,详细分析讨论了转换斜坡型辫状河三角洲砂体沉积特征㊂研究表明,晚始新世时期气候炎热潮湿,东沙隆起通过H Z 25转换斜坡向惠州26洼输送充沛的物源碎屑,发育厚层辫状河三角洲成因砂体,粒度概率曲线和C -M 图显示典型牵引流态特征;砂岩以岩屑砂岩为主,岩性粒度较粗㊁分选差,磨圆度为棱角状-次棱角状;岩心显示多期次冲刷界面㊁高角度斜层理㊁楔状交错层理等强水流动力沉积构造及间断性正韵律㊂转换斜坡是物源水系主要的运输通道,辫状河三角洲向前推进距离约8k m ,整体形态为向北东方向展布的坨状或朵叶状㊂受控于转换斜坡古地貌格局,辫状河三角洲具有水动力强㊁距物源较近且物源供给充足的特征,砂地比平均值约52%㊂辫状河三角洲前缘砂体是优质储层发育带,转换斜坡及其控制的厚层优质砂体耦合形成良好的地层-岩性圈闭,是惠州凹陷深层主要勘探对象㊂研究区辫状河三角洲整体为一套低孔㊁低渗储层㊂辫状河三角洲前缘储层由于泥质杂基含量低,分选改造中等,以显孔-原生孔为主,孔隙连通性较好,是下一步油气优先勘探评价的对象㊂关键词:辫状河三角洲;沉积特征;转换斜坡;惠州凹陷;珠江口盆地2022-05-09收稿;2022-08-29修回;2022-10-03接受中图分类号:P 618.130.2 文章编号:2096-8523(2023)05-0103-12d o i :10.19509/j .c n k i .d z k q.t b 20220202 开放科学(资源服务)标识码(O S I D ):D e p o s i t i o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f a r e l a y r a m p co n t r o l l e d b r a i d e d d e l t a i c s y s t e m :A c a s e s t u d yi n t h e E o c e n e H u i z h o u S a g,P e a r l R i v e r M o u t h B a s i n ,C h i n a T a o W e n f a n g 1,G e J i a w a n g 2,L e i Y o n g c h a n g 1,L i X u b i a o 2,Z h u X i a o m i n 3(1.R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e o f S h e n z h e n B r a n c h o f C N O O C C h i n a L i m i t e d ,S h e n z h e n G u a n g d o n g 518054,C h i n a ;2.C o l l e g e o f G e o s c i e n c e s a n d T e c h n o l o g y ,S o u t h w e s t P e t r o l e u m U n i v e r s i t y ,C h e n gd u 610050,C h i n a ;3.C o l le g e of G e o s c i e n c e s ,C h i n a U n i v e r s i t y o f P e t r o l e u m (B e i j i ng ),B e i j i n g 102249,C h i n a )A b s t r a c t :[O b je c t i v e ]T e c t o n i c t r a n sf e r z o n e s (o r n a m e d a s r e l a y r a m p s )c a n h a v e a p r o f o u n d i m p a c t o n t h e Copyright ©博看网. All Rights Reserved.h t t p s://d z k j q b.c u g.e d u.c n地质科技通报2023年d r a i n a g e s c a t c h m e n t,s e d i m e n t d i s p e r s a l a n d r e s e r v o i r s d i s t r i b u t i o n p a t t e r n s;t h e y a r e a l s o i m p o r t a n t f o r h y d r o c a r b o n t r a n s p o r t a n d a c c u m u l a t i o n p r o c e s s e s.I t i s a h o t o b j e c t o f c u r r e n t r e s e a r c h i n t e r e s t t o s e d i-m e n t a r y g e o l o g i s t s a s w e l l a s p e t r o l e u m g e o l o g i s t s.A f e w d i f f e r e n t t y p e s o f t e c t o n i c t r a n s f e r z o n e s a r e o b-s e r v e d i n t h e E o c e n e H u i z h o u S a g,t h e P e a r l R i v e r M o u t h B a s i n,S o u t h C h i n a S e a.T h e H Z25a r e a l i n k i n g t h e H u i z h o u26a n d X i j i a n g30S a g s i s a t y p i c a l o v e r l a p p i n g t r a n s f e r z o n e t h a t c o n t r o l s t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f a l a r g e s e t o f b r a i d e d-d e l t a i c s y s t e m.[M e t h o d s]B a s e d o n n e w l y a c q u i r e d a n d p r o c e s s e d h i g h-q u a l i t y3D s e i s m i c d a t a,t h r e e d r i l l i n g l o g s,c o r e s,a n d t h i n s l i c e s a r e u t i l i z e d t o d i s c u s s t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e r e l a y r a m p-c o n t r o l l e d b r a i d e d d e l t a i c d e p o s i t s a n d r e s e r v o i r s i n t h i s p a p e r.[R e s u l t s]T h e r e s u l t s s h o w t h a t t h e L a t e E o c e n e c l i m a t e w a s r e l a t i v e l y h o t a n d h u m i d,a n d t h u s,a b u n d a n t t e r r e s t r i a l c l a s t i c a r e c o l l e c t e d a n d t r a n s p o r t e d f r o m t h e D o n g s h a U p l i f t s o u r c e a r e a v i a t h e H Z25r e l a y r a m p r o u t i n g s y s t e m.S u b s e q u e n t l y,a s e t o f t h i c k-b e d d e d b r a i d e d-d e l t a d e p o s i t s w a s d e p o s i t e d i n t h e H Z26S a g.T h e b r a i d e d d e l t a i c s a n d s t o n e s a r e g e n e r a l l y c o a r s e-g r a i n e d w i t h r e l a t i v e l y p o o r s o r t i n g a n d r o u n d n e s s.I t i s d o m i n a t e d b y m a i n l y l i t h i c s a n d s t o n e.T h e p a r t i c l e s i z e p r o b a b i l i t y c u r v e a n d C-M d i a g r a m d i s p l a y t y p i c a l m u l t i p l e t r a c t i o n f l o w c h a r-a c t e r i s t i c s.L a r g e-s c a l e c r o s s b e d d i n g,h i g h-a n g l e i n c l i n e d b e d d i n g a n d e x t e n s i v e s c o u r s u r f a c e s i n m u l t i-s t o r y f i n i n g-u p w a r d s c y c l e s a r e c o mm o n i n c o r e o b s e r v a t i o n s.I t i s i m p l i e d t h a t r i c h a n d h y d r o d y n a m i c t r a c t i o n f l o w r e g i m e s a r e d e v e l o p e d.T h e d r a i n a g e d i s p e r s a l p a t h w a y s a r e r e d i r e c t e d b y t h e i n t e r n a l t e c t o n-i c b e l t s w i t h i n t h e r e l a y r a m p,w h i c h a r e c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y a l a r g e-s c a l e b u t l o w-g r a d i e n t(l e s s t h a n3d e-g r e e s)p h y s i o g r a p h i c s l o p e.S t r o n g h y d r o d y n a m i c f o r c e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h f a c i l i t a t e d d e l t a i c d r a i n a g e r e s u l-t e d i n a h i g h s a n d r a t i o o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y52%o n a v e r a g e.T h e m a x i m u m a d v a n c e m e n t o f t h e b r a i d e d d e l-t a i c s y s t e m i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y8k m,a n d i t s l o b e-l i k e g e o m e t r y i s s t r i c t l y r e o r g a n i z e d b y t h e s p e c i a l t e c t o n i c-g e o m o r p h i c p a t t e r n o f t h e r e l a y r a m p z o n e.[C o n c l u s i o n]T h e f r o n t a l d e p o s i t s o f t h e b r a i d e d d e l t a i c s y s t e mh a v e r e l a t i v e l y g o o d s a n d s t o n e s o r t i n g,a n d t h u s,t h e r e l e v a n t d e p o s i t s a r e c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y a h i g h e r p o r o s-i t y t h a n t h o s e o b s e r v e d i n t h e b r a i d e d-d e l t a p l a i n.T h e g o o d s t r a t i g r a p h i c-l i t h o l o g i c a l t r a p s c o n t r o l l e d b y t h e r e l a y r a m p c o u p l e d w i t h t h e m u l t i p l e s t a g e s o f t h i c k-b e d d e d b r a i d e d-d e l t a i c d e p o s i t s a r e m o s t i m p o r t a n t i n t h i s s t u d y a r e a,w h i c h c o u l d b e s e l e c t e d a s a n e x p l o r a t i o n p o t e n t i a l a r e a i n t h e f u t u r e.A d d i t i o n a l l y,t h e b r a i d e d d e l t a i c d e p o s i t s i n t h e s t u d y a r e a a r e m a i n l y d o m i n a t e d b y l o w-p o r o s i t y a n d l o w-p e r m e a b i l i t y r e s e r-v o i r s.T h e r e s e r v o i r i n t h e f r o n t a l a r e a o f t h e b r a i d e d d e l t a i c d e p o s i t s c o u l d b e a p r i o r i t y e x p l o r a t i o n a n d e-v a l u a t i o n t a r g e t f o r p e t r o l e u m r e s o u r c e s d u e t o i t s l o w m u d c o n t e n t a n d m i s c e l l a n e o u s b a s e s,m o d e r a t e s o r t i n g a n d g o o d p o r e c o n n e c t i v i t y.K e y w o r d s:b r a i d e d d e l t a;d e p o s i t i o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s;r e l a y r a m p;H u i z h o u S a g;P e a r l R i v e r M o u t h B a s i n R e c e i v e d:2022-05-09;R e v i s e d:2022-08-29;A c c e p t e d:2022-10-03变换带或传递带由D a h l s t r o m[1]在1970年研究挤压变形中褶皱-逆冲断层的几何形态时首次提出㊂M o r l e y等[2]在研究东非裂谷带过程中,在伸展构造体系中把变换带定义为保持区域伸展应变守恒而调节变形或位移的一种构造样式㊂G a w t h o r p e 等[3]的变换带涵义与M o r l e y等[2]类似,其分类含共轭和同向两种,分别代表倾向相反和倾向相对的正断层之间的位移转换构造(转换斜坡或者调节区域)㊂漆家福[4]认为构造转换带可归纳为同向未叠覆型(同向未叠覆线型㊁同向未叠覆凹型和同向未叠覆凸型)㊁同向传递型㊁同向叠覆型㊁对向叠覆型和平行型㊂此外,裂陷盆地中变换带依据构造单元的级别可分为一级变换带(一级构造单元之间的应力变换)及二级变换带(二级构造单元内部)[5-6]㊂转换斜坡(又称为 走向斜坡 )是伸展盆地中常见的一种转换带类型,是指两条相同倾向的正断层在其走向上叠覆而形成的强烈旋转区域[7-9]㊂转换斜坡会对入湖水系㊁沉积物分散方式及沉积结果产生深刻的影响㊂Y o u n g等[9-10]先后对埃及S u e z裂谷主控断层 T h a l断层自断层中心至分支断层间的转换斜坡处的层序地层学和沉积学进行了详细研究,认为转换斜坡可捕获充沛的水系,发育大型粗粒三角洲砂体㊂S o h n等[11]发现转换斜坡内部不同断裂部位,可同时形成吉尔伯特型三角洲以及浅水三角洲体系㊂活动水系对断层叠覆和硬连接的响应也是对转换带破坏这一构造样式的反映㊂T r u d g i l l[8]及M o u s t a f a[12]均以美国西部犹他州C a n y o n l a n d s地堑为例,研究了水系的变化与转换斜坡演化的相互关系,这对储层分布与质量的预测有重要意义㊂O f t e d a l等[13]研究了世界上最大的转401Copyright©博看网. All Rights Reserved.第5期陶文芳等:转换斜坡型辫状河三角洲沉积特征:以珠江口盆地惠州凹陷始新统为例换斜坡 H o l d W i t h H o p e 转换斜坡,发现转换斜坡的上部遭受剥蚀,下部局部沉降并发育粗碎屑三角洲前积体;其中粗碎屑单元的退积样式指示盆地水体逐渐加深㊂断陷盆地两条断层叠覆程度越高,转换斜坡的坡度越大,输送路径越受到断裂复杂的联接形式的影响㊂前人的研究表明,汇水面积增大形成大规模扇体或三角洲朵体,是油气的有利富集场所[14]㊂转换斜坡发育位置㊁地貌特征以及变换带与半地堑或次洼的组合关系对于沉积储层演化规律及关联性,是当前国际地学研究热点议题[15-18]㊂惠州凹陷位于珠江口盆地的东部,是重要的富生烃凹陷㊂珠江口盆地裂陷阶段受张扭性应力背景影响发育雁行式断裂体系,其中惠州凹陷古近系发育多个不同类型的转换斜坡[19-20]㊂这些变换带或转换带既有效地联结各相对独立的洼陷/次洼构造,又是物源进入湖盆的入口处㊂位于惠州26洼和西江30洼之间的H Z 25地区为一个典型的转换斜坡[21],是惠州凹陷面向古近系油气勘探重要试验地区;其中3口井(H A 1㊁H A 2和H A 3井)在文昌组钻遇了数十米厚的油层,两口井试油测试获得了良好产能,是目前勘探的重点靶区[22]㊂本研究以惠州凹陷H Z 25转换斜坡为研究对象,利用三维地震资料㊁3口钻(测)井㊁岩心及相关分析化验资料,重点讨论转换斜坡型辫状河三角洲体系的沉积及储集层特征,以期推动惠州凹陷古近系的油气勘探进程㊂1 区域地质概况惠州凹陷地处珠江口盆地的东北部和珠Ⅰ坳陷的中部,具有 隆凹相间斜列展布 的空间分布特征㊂惠州凹陷面积约1.0ˑ104k m 2,整体为N E E 走向,是珠江口盆地的优质油气区[23](图1)㊂珠江口盆地惠州凹陷先后经历了陆相㊁海相的沉积过程㊂裂陷期以陆相沉积为主,文昌组发育深湖相泥岩,是研究区的优质烃源岩[22];文昌组孢粉组合为栎粉(Q u e r c o i d -i t e s )-桤木粉(A l n i p o l l e n i t e s )-榆粉(U l m i po l l e n i -t e s ),其中被子植物占主导,且属种繁多,尤其是栎粉㊁榆粉和桤木粉含量较高[24-25]㊂除此之外,孢粉组分中出现大量温带阔叶落叶,以及热-亚热带常绿落叶阔叶植物,指示温暖湿润的亚热带气候㊂恩平组气候转凉[25],水体变浅,发育河湖㊁沼泽及三角洲沉积体系,岩性多为砂泥岩夹薄煤层㊂在坳陷期,盆地进入海相沉积期(图2)㊂H Z 25转换斜坡位于惠州凹陷西南部,由N E 走向控凹边界断层F 1和F 2控制(图1-c )㊂南部邻东沙隆起,连接惠州26洼东部和西江30洼西部区域(图1-b ),面积约100k m 2㊂图1 惠州凹陷地理位置(a )㊁构造纲要(b )和H Z 25转换斜坡井位和断层分布(c)F i g .1 T e c t o n i c l o c a t i o n (a )a n d s t r u c t u r a l o u t l i n e (b )o f t h e H u i z h o u S a g an d w e l l s a n d f a u l t d i s t r i b u t i o n (c )i n t h e H Z 25r e l a y r a m p2 物源区及转换斜坡特征白垩纪时期,受到太平洋板块俯冲的影响,东沙隆起处于挤压环境抬升剥蚀;始新世以来,由于太平洋板块俯冲后撤使得珠江口盆地处于拉张背景[26],惠州凹陷在强烈的伸展断陷作用下断裂持续活动㊂东沙隆起在此时期快速上升,剥蚀强烈,剥蚀量近2000m ,母岩主要为中酸性以及基性岩浆岩,风化剥蚀强烈[26],提供了充足的物源㊂古地貌深度等值线平面图或者立体图能够显示地貌单元形态,能够识别出物源及沟谷在空间上的展布[27-28]㊂基于测井㊁地震资料,采用构造回剥技术及层序地层学方法综合恢复的文昌组沉积前的古地貌图见图3-a ㊂沟谷和斜坡是东沙隆起物源进入惠州26洼的重要通道,水流顺着地势较低的断层连接处向低部位运输㊂H Z 25构造脊不仅分隔了西江30洼和惠州26洼,也对水流具有阻挡和调配的作用,其中砂体向N E 方向分散(图3-a)㊂转换带内部的沟槽分布及分叉方向能够精确地指示物源的推进方501Copyright ©博看网. All Rights Reserved.h t t p s ://d z k j q b .c u g.e d u .c n 地质科技通报2023年图2 珠江口盆地惠州凹陷地层综合柱状图[22-24]F i g .2 C o m p r e h e n s i v e c o l u m n o f t h e H u i z h o u S a g,e a s t e r n P e a r l R i v e r M o u t h B a s i n 向及三角洲的形态,可以看出共存在4条沟谷(通道①~④),其中通道①规模最大,延伸方向为N E 向,通道②㊁通道③长度较短,通道④长度在2.5k m 左右;沟谷通道主要沿着构造脊向下分布,深度较浅㊂研究区前积地震相投影方向联合砂体厚度平面图(图3-b ,c ),可以确定水流方向为N E 方向㊂砂体厚度呈扇形形态向N E 方向分散,且线状厚砂体分布与沟谷负地貌具有良好对应关系(图3-b ,d )㊂通过以上砂体厚度和沉积体系形态分析,再次印证了转换斜坡砂体主要来源于南部的东沙隆起㊂因此,转换斜坡是盆外隆起区水系长期稳定入口,也是沉积物卸载的主要通道㊂3 转换斜坡近源辫状河三角洲的识别特征在对H A 1和H A 2井累计25m 长岩心精细观察描述基础上,综合铸体薄片㊁构造背景㊁地震反射特征㊁测井等资料研究,认为H Z 25转换斜坡文昌组沉积期发育典型的辫状河三角洲体系,其沉积特征如下㊂3.1近源低成熟砂岩为主体葛家旺等[29-30]基于文昌组砂岩100余块岩石薄片的分析认为该研究区辫状河三角洲岩石主要为含砾(砾质)岩屑砂岩㊁长石质岩屑砂岩㊂其中,岩屑类型复杂且含量高,平均体积分数约45%,多为硅质岩岩屑,含有少量花岗岩岩屑㊁泥岩岩屑㊂石英体积分数波动较大(5.8%~85.3%),平均体积分数为40%㊂长石(钾长石为主)体积分数为2.3%~36%,平均体积分数为14.5%㊂杂基主要包括黏土及泥质组分,平均体积分数约7.2%[29-30]㊂本次研究统计了砂岩的结构成熟度和成分成熟度,发现砂岩分选普遍为中等-较差,磨圆度大多为棱角状-次棱角状(图4)㊂砂岩成分成熟指数小于1,平均为0.89㊂总结起来,H Z 25转换斜坡三角洲砂体整体以低成熟岩屑砂岩为主,具有岩屑含量高的特点[30];对H A 2井主力砂体的3块重矿物样品分析可知,重矿物组合以白钛矿-锆石-石榴石为特征,可见榍石和辉石等不稳定矿物(图5);计算Z T R 指数平均值约为0.25,反映其近物源的沉积特征㊂601Copyright ©博看网. All Rights Reserved.第5期陶文芳等:转换斜坡型辫状河三角洲沉积特征:以珠江口盆地惠州凹陷始新统为例a .转换带地貌及物源通道,物源主要是N E 向;b .砂体厚度等值线图;c .地震前积反射投影,前积优势方向为N E 向;d .能量半波长地震属性平面图,反映砂体分布形态图3 H Z 25转换斜坡古地貌-沉积体系-砂体含量对应关系F i g .3 C o u p l i n g r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n a n c i e n t l a n d f o r m -s e d i m e n t a r y s y s t e m -s a n d b o d y co n t e n t (c )i n t h e H Z 25r e l a y r a mp图4 惠州凹陷H Z 25转换斜坡文昌组砂岩分选性(a )与磨圆性(b)F i g .4 S o r t i n g (a )a n d r o u n d n e s s (b )o f t h e s a n d s t o n e s o f t h e W e n c h a n g F o r m a t i o n i n t h e H Z 25r e l a y r a m p ,H u i z h o u S ag图5 惠州凹陷H Z 25转换斜坡文昌组HA 2井三角洲砂岩重矿物组合F i g .5 H e a v y m i n e r a l a s s e m b l a g e s o f t h e d e l t a i c s a n d s t o n e s i n t h e W e n c h a n g Fo r m a t i o n o f t h e W e l l HA 2i n t h e H Z 25r e l a y r a m p ,H u i z h o u S a g3.2典型牵引流态粒度特征根据统计的粒度概率累计曲线,将其划分为一跳一悬式㊁两跳一悬式和三段式3种类型㊂跳跃总体(包括2个跳跃次总体)占主导,其曲线斜率为25ʎ701Copyright ©博看网. All Rights Reserved.h t t p s ://d z k j q b .c u g.e d u .c n 地质科技通报2023年~45ʎ,分选性中等,滚动组分体积分数低于25%(图6-a ),表明辫状河三角洲分流河道水道沉积物受到冲流和回流的双重影响㊂岩心样品C -M 图主要发育O -P -Q -R 段,C 值为1850μm ,M 值为800μm ,分选中等-较差,滚动组分与悬浮组分相混合,反映了典型牵引流态沉积结果(图6-b)㊂图6 惠州凹陷H Z 25转换斜坡文昌组粒度概率累计曲线(a )和C -M 图(b )(HA 2井)F i g .6 C u m u l a t i v e p r o b a b i l i t y c u r v e (a )a n d C -M g r a p h (b )o f t h e W e n c h a n g Fo r m a t i o n (W e l l HA 2)i n t h e H Z 25r e l a y r a m p o f t h e H u i z h o u S aga .细砾岩,高角度交错层理:b .细砾岩,斜层理:c .含砾粗砂岩,块状层理;d .细砾岩,斜层理;e .粉砂岩,波状层理;f .含砾粗砂岩,高角度交错层理;g .细砾岩,交错层理;h .暗色块状泥岩;i .块状细砂岩;j.细砾岩,交错层理;k .具生物扰动的粉细砂岩;l .粗砂岩,高角度交错层理;m.细砾岩,斜层理㊁槽状交错层理及冲刷面;n .细砾岩及粗砂岩,冲刷面及正粒序;o .含砾粗砂岩,高角度斜层理图7 惠州凹陷H Z 25转换斜坡型辫状河三角洲沉积构造特征F i g .7 S e d i m e n t a r y s t r u c t u r e s o f t h e r e l a y z o n e c o n t r o l l e d b r a i d e d d e l t a i n t h e H Z 25r e l a y r a m p o f t h e H u i z h o u S a g3.3多期冲刷及间断性正韵律通过岩心观察可知其岩性以细砾岩㊁含砾粗砂岩㊁粗砂岩为主;发育多期次冲刷面,高角度斜层理㊁砾石叠瓦状㊁楔状交错层理㊁波状层理等强牵引流态成因层理类型,少见块状层理(图7,8)㊂砾岩含量偏高,砾石成分为石英岩屑,砾石大小为2mmˑ3mm~3mmˑ4mm ,砾石普遍呈顺层或叠瓦状定向排布㊂多期次冲刷叠置㊁间断性正韵律较为普遍,单个正韵律厚度介于0.2~4m ,底部见冲刷面㊁大型交801Copyright ©博看网. All Rights Reserved.第5期陶文芳等:转换斜坡型辫状河三角洲沉积特征:以珠江口盆地惠州凹陷始新统为例错层理,其砾岩含量高并呈定向排列㊂由于所受的水动力强度㊁沉积过程有差别,在研究区发现2种间断性的正韵律: 有泥 间断正韵律㊁ 无泥 间断正韵律两类㊂无泥 间断正韵律出现在细砾岩㊁砾质粗砂岩㊁中细砂岩中,发育大型的楔状交错层理㊁斜层理㊂H A 1井段(3784~3789.9m ,岩心长5.9m )由至少6个厚度不一的正韵律构成,单个旋回厚度为0.8~1.5m ,代表多期水下分流河道沉积(图8)㊂底部发育砾岩冲刷面,砾石大小介于2m mˑ3m m~3m mˑ4m m ,多为顺层排列㊂正韵律的沉积序列从下部到上部表现为冲刷面㊁斜层理细砾岩/含砾粗砂岩㊁楔状交错层理中粗砂岩㊁细粉砂岩,揭示了辫状河道叠置冲刷无泥岩夹层的强水动力沉积成因㊂图8 惠州凹陷HA 1和HA 2井辫状河三角洲岩心素描图(岩心照片编号a ~o 详见图7)F i g .8 C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f s e d i m e n t a r y s e q u e n c e o f d r i l l i n g c o r e i n b r a i d e d d e l t a d e po s i t s o f W e l l HA 1a n d HA 2,H u i z h o u S a g有泥 间断正韵律多发育于三角洲前缘水下分流河道中,岩性以含砾粗砂岩㊁中砂岩㊁泥质粉砂岩为主,常见中型交错层理,例如H A 2井取心段(3753.6~3778.3m ,岩心长14.7m )发育多期 有泥 正韵律㊂自下部的细砾岩㊁含砾粗砂岩到上部的泥质粉砂岩,两个正韵律之间常发育灰色泥岩与粉砂质泥岩,泥岩厚度为0.5~2m (图8),上覆砂岩与下伏泥岩之间为冲刷接触关系㊂3.4典型斜交前积地震响应通过三维地震解释发现,斜交前积地震反射是研究区最主要的前积结构;斜交前积相是由多组相对高角度倾斜的地震同向轴向前叠置而成,地震相以多个同相轴㊁中-弱振幅㊁中等连续性的地震反射为特征(图9)㊂解释前积测线网展布面积约45k m 2,前积优势方向为N E 向(图3-c),也反映了水流沿着N E 向转换斜坡携带碎屑物入湖的过程,最大推进距离近8k m ㊂研究区钻井均钻遇该套文昌组斜交前积地震相(图9),钻井测井信息均显示岩性粗㊁砂泥比高㊁水道较为发育的特征,是坡度大㊁水流作用强㊁沉积速率较快的辫状河三角洲沉积响应㊂3.5砂体规模小且厚度巨大研究区文昌组发育的辫状河三角洲受构造地形㊁湖平面变化的影响,具有多期次性,受N E 向叠置转换斜坡的控制作用,来自东沙隆起的碎屑物向洼陷区推进速度快,沉积速率也快,辫状河三角洲砂体厚度大,最大厚度可达350m ,厚度中心位于H Z 26西次洼,靠近转换斜坡及沟槽砂体厚度较大(厚度60~200m )(图3-b ,d)㊂地形坡度缓-中等(坡度小于3ʎ),砂体推进距离不大(最远约8k m ),三角洲形态为朵叶状;总体上砂岩比例高,平均含砂率约52%㊂901Copyright ©博看网. All Rights Reserved.h t t p s ://d z k j q b .c u g.e d u .c n 地质科技通报2023年图9 惠州凹陷H Z 25转换斜坡型辫状河三角洲地震反射特征(地震测线A -A '和B -B '位置见图3-c)F i g .9 S e i s m i c r e f l e c t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e b r a i d e d d e l t a i n t h e H Z 25r e l a y r a m p o f t h e H u i z h o u S a g4 辫状河三角洲亚相及垂向演化结合研究区构造背景㊁物源供给㊁岩心㊁测井和地震等资料的综合研究,将H Z 25转换斜坡控制的粗粒辫状河三角洲分为辫状河三角洲平原和辫状河三角洲前缘两个亚相㊂4.1辫状河三角洲平原亚相辫状河三角洲平原亚相可细分为辫状河道和泛滥平原2类微相,地震反射剖面上为强振幅席状反射特征,主要分布于靠近转换斜坡和沟谷附近(图3)㊂由于近物源区,水动力强,以辫状河道微相沉积为主,偶夹薄层煤及褐色泥岩层㊂显示岩性为砾岩㊁含砾粗砂岩及中粗砂岩,砂体与上下呈突变接触关系,发育有大型的槽状交错层理㊁斜层理和板状交错层理,多期次的辫状河道叠置冲刷,表现为向上变细的间断性正韵律特征,泥岩夹层少且薄,自然伽马曲线(G R )呈箱型或微齿化箱型(图10),砂层厚度大(20~35m ),泛滥平原微相平均含砂率约75%(56%~84%)㊂4.2辫状河三角洲前缘亚相辫状河三角洲前缘亚相发育泥岩㊁中细砂岩㊁粗砂岩和少量含砾粗砂岩,在地震剖面上以中-弱振幅低频中连续的前积反射为主,主要分布在H Z 26西次洼区域(图4),含砂率30%~50%㊂其可以分为水下分流河道㊁河口坝和席状砂微相㊂(1)水下分流河道微相水下分流河道微相是辫状河三角洲前缘的重要沉积单元,发育槽状交错层理㊁波状层理,有大量虫孔构造(图7)㊂砂体厚度为5~10m ,在垂向上表现为 有泥 间断正韵律,底部发育冲刷面,且发育定向排列的细砾岩,向上则为中厚层状粗砂岩㊁中细砂岩,夹泥质粉砂岩和泥岩,测井相以锯齿化箱型㊁钟型和复合钟型为代表(图10)㊂(2)河口坝微相河口坝岩性以中细砂岩为主和少量含砾砂岩㊂由于水下分流河道的迁移,河口坝常常受到改造或破坏㊂岩屑录井剖面自下而上表现为细粉砂岩㊁中砂岩㊁粗砂岩的反韵律(厚度3~7m ),自然伽马曲线多为复合漏斗型或者漏斗型(图10)㊂(3)席状砂微相录井显示席状砂粒度较细,以厚度较薄(0.5~2m )的细粉砂岩为主,上下均以较厚的泥岩过渡,测井相以低幅度的指型为特征(图10)㊂文昌组大型辫状河三角洲总体上表现为湖泊范围不断扩大的沉积序列,自下而上辫状河道和水下分流河道规模减小,河口坝和席状砂出现频率增大(图11),反映湖平面上升和可容纳空间持续增大的沉积过程㊂11Copyright ©博看网. All Rights Reserved.第5期陶文芳等:转换斜坡型辫状河三角洲沉积特征:以珠江口盆地惠州凹陷始新统为例图10 惠州凹陷H Z 25转换斜坡文昌组辫状河三角洲测井相特征F i g .10 L o g g i n g f a c i e s o f b r a i d -r i v e r d e l t a i c s y s t e m s o f t h e W e n c h a n g F o r m a t i o n i n t h e H Z 25r e l a y r a m p o f t h e H u i z h o u S ag图11 惠州凹陷H Z 25转换斜坡型辫状河三角洲沉积微相演化剖面图(C o r e A 1和C o r e A 2岩心描述见图8)F i g .11 C r o s s s e c t i o n o f t h e m i c r o f a i c e s e v o l u t i o n o f t h e b r a i d e d d e l t a s y s t e m i n t h e H Z 25r e l a y r a m p o f t h e H u i z h o u S a g5 辫状河三角洲沉积与储集层的关系5.1储集层孔渗特征对研究区文昌组岩心样品的物性分析表明,孔隙度平均值为12%,71%样品的孔隙度分布在8%~16%区间(图12-a );渗透率分布区间为0.037ˑ10-3~184ˑ10-3μm 2,平均值为7.11ˑ10-3μm 2,占样品总数61.7%的渗透率集中于1ˑ10-3~10ˑ10-3μm 2区间(图12-b)㊂研究区辫状河三角洲整体为一套低孔㊁低渗储层㊂H A 1井三角洲平原孔隙度分布在4.8%~16.1%,平均值为9.4%,渗透率平均值为4.4ˑ10-3μm 2;三角洲前缘平均孔隙度14%(范围为4.2%~18.5%)和渗透率平均值为8.8ˑ10-3μm2(范围为0.037ˑ10-3~26.7ˑ10-3μm 2)㊂H A 2井三角洲平原储层的平均孔隙度和渗透率分别为11.1%和3.0ˑ10-3μm 2;三角洲前缘储层的平均孔隙度约12.5%,平均渗透率约7.5ˑ10-3μm 2(图13)㊂111Copyright ©博看网. All Rights Reserved.h t t p s ://d z k j q b .c u g.e d u .c n 地质科技通报2023年图12 惠州凹陷H Z 25转换斜坡辫状河三角洲储层孔隙度(a )和渗透率(b)频率分布F i g .12 H i s t o g r a m o f p o r o s i t y (a )a n d p e r m e a b i l i t y (b )o f t h e b r a i d e d d e l t a r e s e r v o i r i n t h e H Z 25r e l a y r a m p of t h e H u i z h o u S ag图13 惠州凹陷H Z 25转换斜坡型辫状河三角洲不同亚相储层特征F i g .13 C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f r e s e r v o i r p r o p e r t i e s a n d p o r e s t r u c t u r e s i n d i f f e r e n t s e d i m e n t a r y su b f a c i e s o f b r a i d e d d e l t a s i n t h e H Z 25r e l a y r a m p o f t h e H u i z h o u S a g5.2沉积相带与储层物性粒度和分选性特征决定了原始孔隙结构,进而对后续成岩过程产生重要影响[31]㊂研究区辫状河三角洲前缘砂体粒度级别相似且杂基和泥质含量少,物性方面具有以下2个特点:①原始的沉积岩石结构好,初始孔渗性较好;后期成岩演化过程中可以减缓机械压实的不利因素,利于保留更多的原生孔隙[32];②良好的原始岩石结构容易与外界酸性流体连通,利于形成高效的次生连通型溶蚀孔隙(图13)㊂对研究区辫状河三角洲储层样品孔渗结构的分析表明,沉积相带与储层物性关系密切㊂辫状河三211Copyright ©博看网. All Rights Reserved.第5期陶文芳等:转换斜坡型辫状河三角洲沉积特征:以珠江口盆地惠州凹陷始新统为例角洲前缘物性优于三角洲平原,三角洲前缘储层分选好于三角洲平原储层,三角洲前缘储层的孔隙组合以显孔-原生孔为主,孔隙连通性较好;三角洲平原储层的孔隙组合以微孔或微孔-显孔组合为主,压汞曲线显示排驱压力高㊁细尾度的特征,分选差,孔隙结构差㊂例如H A2井三角洲前缘样品(深度为3755.19m)与三角洲平原样品(深度为3776 m),虽然2个样品的孔隙度均在15%左右,但前者的渗透率为17.7ˑ10-3μm2,远大于后者(4.38ˑ10-3μm2),孔隙结构差异较大(图13):前者分选较好,孔隙类型以显孔为主,含部分原生孔隙,孔隙结构好;而后者虽然孔隙度较大,但溶孔中含有大量的黏土矿物,阻塞喉道导致渗透率较低,孔隙连通性差㊂6结论(1)H Z25转换斜坡是由同向的2条边界断层叠覆而形成的转换斜坡,坡度较缓-中等(小于3ʎ);该区位于湖盆陡坡带,紧邻东沙隆起物源,物源供给能力强且持续,受地形和湖平面影响的联合控制,形成大型转换斜坡型辫状河三角洲体系㊂(2)转换斜坡型辫状河三角洲具有粒度粗㊁近物源供给㊁以岩屑砂体组分为主的特征;粒度概率曲线显示典型牵引流沉积特征,常见多期次冲刷面㊁大型楔状交错层理及正韵律,地震反射以高角度的斜交前积结构为特征㊂(3)辫状河三角洲砂体总厚度大,呈扇形展布,面积较小,约45k m2,集中分布于H Z26西次洼地貌低势区,最大推进距离约8k m;不同时期受湖平面波动变化导致三角洲具有多期发育的特征,造成厚层三角洲砂体相带窄且变化的特征㊂(4)研究区辫状河三角洲整体为一套低孔㊁低渗储层㊂辫状河三角洲前缘储层由于含杂基且泥质少,分选改造中等,以显孔-原生孔为主,孔隙连通性较好,是油气优先勘探评价的对象㊂(所有作者声明不存在利益冲突)参考文献:[1] D a h l s t r o m C D A.S t r u c t u r a l g e o l o g y i n t h e e a s t e r n m a r g i n o ft h e C a n a d i a n R o c k y M o u n t a i n[J].B u l l e t i n o f C a n a d i a n P e t r o-l e u m G e o l o g y,1970,18(3):332-406.[2] M o r l e y C K,N e l s o n R A,P a t t o n T L,a t a l.T r a n s f e r z o n e s i nt h e E a s t A f r i c a n F i f t s y s t e m a n d t h e i r r e l e v a n c e t o h y d r o c a r-b o n e x p l o r a t i o n i n r i f t s[J].A A P G B u l l e t i n,1990,74(8):1234-1253.[3] G a w t h o r p e R L,H u r s t J M.T r a n s f e r z o n e s i n e x t e n s i o n a l b a-s i n s:T h e i r s t r u c t u r a l s t y l e a n d i n f l u e n c e o n d r a i n a g e d e v e l o p-m e n t a n d s t r a t i g r a p h y[J].J o u r n a l o f t h e G e o l o g i c a l S o c i e t y, 1993,150(6):1137-1152.[4]漆家福.裂陷盆地中的构造变换带及其石油地质意义[J].海相油气地质,2007,12(4):43-50.Q i J F.S t r u c t u r a l t r a n s f e r z o n e s a n d s i g n i f i c a n c e f o r h y d r o c a r-b o n ac c u m u l a t i o n i n r i f t i n g b a s i n s[J].M a r i n e O r i g i n P e t r o l e-u m G e o l o g y,2007,12(4):43-50(i n C h i n e s e w i t h E n g l i s h a b-s t r a c t).[5]梁富康,于兴河,慕小水,等.东濮凹陷南部沙三中段构造调节带对沉积体系的控制作用[J].现代地质,2011,25(1):55-61.L i a n g F K,Y u X H,M u X S,e t a l.A c c o mm o d a t i o n z o n e s a n d t h e i r c o n t r o l s o n d e p o s i t i o n a l s y s t e m i n t h e m i d d l e o f T h i r d M e m b e r o f S h a h e j i e F o r m a t i o n,s o u t h o f D o n g p u S a g[J].G e o-s c i e n c e,2011,25(1):55-61(i n C h i n e s e w i t h E n g l i s h a b s t r a c t).[6]白小鸟,焦养泉.伸展盆地的转换斜坡:控制储层发育与烃类运聚的重要构造单元[J].地质科技情报,2011,30(6):44-54.B a i X N,J i a o Y Q.R e l a y r a m p i n e x t e n s i o n a l b a s i n s:A n i m-p o r t a n t s t r u c t u r e o f r e s e r v o i r d e p o s i t i o n a n d h y d r o c a r b o n m i-g r a t i o n o r a c c u m u l a t i o n[J].G e o l o g i c a l S c i e n c e a n d T e c h n o l o g yI n f o r m a t i o n,2011,30(6):44-54(i n C h i n e s e w i t h E n g l i s h a b-s t r a c t).[7] P e a c o c k D C P.P r o p a g a t i o n,i n t e r a c t i o n a n d l i n k a g e i n n o r m a lf a u l t s y s t e m s[J].E a r t h-S c i e n c e R e v i w s,2002,58:121-142.[8] T r u d g i l l B D.S t r u c t u r a l c o n t r o l s o n d r a i n a g e d e v e l o p m e n t i nt h e C a n y o n l a n d s g r a b e n s o f s o u t h e a s t U t a h[J].A A P G B u l l e-t i n,2002,86(6):1095-1112.[9] Y o u n g M J,G a w t h o r p e R L,S h a r p I R.S e d i m e n t o l o g y a n d s e-q u e n c e s t r a t i g r a p h y o f a t r a n s f e r z o n e c o a r s e-g r a i n e d d e l t a,M i-o c e n e S u e z R i f t,E g y p t[J].S e d i m e n t o l o g y,2000,47(6):1081-1104.[10]Y o u n g M J,G a w t h o r p e R L,S h a r p I R.A r c h i t e c t u r e a n d e v o l u-t i o n o f s y n-r i f t c l a s t i c d e p o s i t i o n a l s y s t e m s t o w a r d s t h e t i p o f a m a j o r f a u l t s e g m e n t,S u e z R i f t,E g y p t[J].B a s i n R e a r c h,2002, 14(1):1-23.[11]S o h n Y K,S o n M.S y n r i f t s t r a t i g r a p h i c g e o m e t r y i n a t r a n s f e rz o n e c o a r s e-g r a i n e d d e l t a c o m p l e x,M i o c e n e P o h a n g B a s i n,S E K o r e a[J].S e d i m e n t o l o g y,2004,51(6):1387-1408. 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[24]张丽丽,舒誉,蔡国富,等.珠江口盆地东部始新世-渐新世沉积环境演变及对烃源条件的影响[J].石油学报,2019,40(增刊1):153-165.Z h a n g L L,S h u Y,C a i G F,e t a l.E o c e n e-O l i g o c e n e s e d i m e n t a-r y e n v i r o n m e n t e v o l u t i o n a n d i t s i m p a c t o n h y d r o c a r b o n s o u r c ec o nd i t i o n s i ne a s t e r n P e a r l R i v e r M o u t h B a s i n[J].A c t a P e t r o-l e i S i n i c a,2019,40(S1):153-165(i n C h i n e s e w i t h E n g l i s h a b-s t r a c t).[25]李振雄.珠江口盆地L F13-2-1井始新统孢粉组合[J].中国海上油气,1998,12(3):168-173.L i Z X.E o c e n e P a l y n o l o g y o f W e l l L F13-2-1i n P e a r l R i v e r M o u t h B a s i n[J].C h i n a O f f s h o r e O i l a n d G a s,1998,12(3): 168-173(i n C h i n e s e w i t h E n g l i s h a b s t r a c t).[26]李洪博.珠江口盆地惠州凹陷及东沙隆起结构构造特征㊁演化及其与油气成藏关系讨论[D].武汉:中国地质大学,2010:41-54.L i H B.T h e f e a t u r e s o f c o n s t r u c t a n d s t r u c t u r e a n d t h e d i s c u s-s i o n o f r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n e v o l u t i o n w i t h h y d r o c a r b o n r e s e r-v o i r i n g i n H u i z h o u D e p r e s s i o n a n d D o n g s h a M a s s i f o f P e a r l R i v e r M o u t h B a s i n[D].W u h a n:C h i n a U n i v e r s i t y o f G e o s c i-e n c e,2010:41-54(i n C h i n e s e w i t h E n g l i s h a b s t r a c t).[27]Z h u H T,Y a n g X H,L i u K,e t a l.S e i s m i c-b a s e d s e d i m e n tp r o v e n a n c e a n a l y s i s i n c o n t i n e n t a l l a c u s t r i n e r i f t b a s i n s:A n e x-a m p l e f r o m t h e B o h a i B a y B a s i n,C h i n a[J].A A P G B u l l e t i n,2014,98(10):1995-2018.[28]梁杰,刘杰,牛胜利,等.珠江口盆地惠州25转换带文五段低位体系域源-渠-汇耦合关系[J].沉积学报,2022,40(6):1451-1460.L i a n g J,L i u J,N i u S L,e t a l.D e p o s t i o n a l m o d e l a n s o u r c e-t o-s i n k c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e l o w s t a n d s y s t e m t r a c t i n t h e5t h m e m b e r o f t h e W e n c h a n g F o r m a t i o n,H u i z h o u25t r a n s f e r z o n e [J].A c t a S e d i m e n t o l o g i c a S i n i c a,2022,40(6):1451-1460(i nC h i n e s e w i t h E n g l i s h a b s t r a c t).[29]葛家旺,朱筱敏,潘荣,等.珠江口盆地惠州凹陷文昌组砂岩孔隙定量演化模式:以H Z-A地区辫状河三角洲储层为例[J].沉积学报,2015,33(1):183-193.G e J W,Z h u X N,P a n R,e t a l.A q u a n t i t a t i v e p o r o s i t y e v o l u-t i o n m o d e l o f s a n d s t o n e f o r W e n c h a n g F o r m a t i o n i n H u i z h o uD e p r e s s i o n,P e a r l R i v e r M o u t h B a s i n:A c a s e s t u d y f o r b r a i d e df l u v i a l d e l t a r e s e r v o i r o f H Z-A a r e a[J].A c t a S e d i m e n t o l og i c aS i n i c a,2015,33(1):183-193(i n C h i n e s e w i t h E n g l i s h a b-s t r a c t).[30]葛家旺,秦成岗,朱筱敏,等.惠州凹陷H Z25-7构造带文昌组低孔低渗砂岩储层特征和成因机理[J].岩性油气藏,2014,26(4):36-43.G e J W,Q i n C G,Z h u X M,e t a l.C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n d o r i g i n o fl o w p o r o s i t y a n d l o w p e r m e a b i l i t y s a n d s t o n e r e s e r v o i r o f W e n-c h a n g F o r m a t i o n i n H Z25-7s t r u c t u r a l b e l t o f H u i z h o u D e p r e s-s i o n[J].L i t h o l o g i c R e s e r v o i r s,2014,26(4):36-43(i n C h i n e s e w i t h E n g l i s h a b s t r a c t).[31]姚文礼.四川盆地须家河组致密砂岩物源体系的控储作用[J].地质科技通报,2021,40(5):223-230.Y a o W L.R e s e r v o i r c o n t r o l o f t i g h t s a n d s t o n e p r o v e n a n c e s y s-t e m i n X u j i a h e F o r m a t i o n,S i c h u a n B a s i n[J].B u l l e t i n o f G e o-l o g i c a l S c i e n c e a n d T e c h n o l o g y,2021,40(5):223-230(i n C h i-n e s e w i t h E n g l i s h a b s t r a c t).[32]徐国盛,崔恒远,刘勇,等.东海盆地西湖凹陷古近系花港组砂岩储层致密化与油气充注关系[J].地质科技通报,2020,39(3):20-29.X u G S,C u i H Y,L i u Y,e t a l.R e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n s a n d s t o n e r e s e r v o i r s d e n s i f i c a t i o n a n d h y d r o c a r b o n c h a r g i n g i n t h e P a l e o-g e n e H u a g a n g F o r m a t i o n o f X i h u D e p r e s s i o n,E a s t C h i n a S e aB a s i n[J].B u l l e t i n o f G e o l o g i c a l S c i e n c e a n d T e c h n o l o g y,2020,39(3):20-29(i n C h i n e s e w i t h E n g l i s h a b s t r a c t).411Copyright©博看网. 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重庆市万州第二高级中学2023-2024学年高二上学期10月月考英语试题
重庆市万州第二高级中学2023-2024学年高二上学期10月月考英语试题学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________一、阅读理解South Africa is the water-lovers' paradise. Whether you want to be by the sea, on the sea or even under it, there are countless ways to get your ocean experience. Almost all of them are located on South Africa's east coast, where the Indian Ocean keeps water warm. Thompson's Bay, BallitoDrive 40 minutes north of Durban to reach the unique coastal town of Ballito. Popular with holidaymakers, Ballito has a choice of pretty beaches—and the best for swimming is Thompson's Bay. This scenic cove （小海湾）is sheltered from the wind and characterized by its calm waters, interesting rocky outcrops and a fascinating geological hole-in-the-wall. There's a walled tidal pool for those who are nervous to swim in the open ocean, making this spot a particularly good choice for families.Umhlanga Rocks, DurbanLocated a 20-minute drive from central Durban, the resort town of Umhlanga is a proper getaway for peoplewith good incomes and visitors in the know(知内情的). The main Umhlanga Rocks beach boasts safe swimming waters and endless golden sands, again protected by lifeguards and shark nets. A paved walkway provides direct access to the town's beachfront shops, restaurants and bars.Gonubie Beach, East LondonThe coastal town of Gonubie is seen by many as a suburb of East London, one of the largest cities of the Eastern Cape. Its picture-perfect beach offers great swimming areas in the open sea. The Gonubie River reaches the sea at this point, too, and offers another bathing spot on days when the surf in the sea is bigger than usual. All along the river's green banks, you'll find a series of shaded spots perfect for summer picnics and barbecues.Kelly’s Beach, Port AlfredFurther south on the Sunshine Coast, the laid-back town of Port Alfred is home to Kelly’s Beach, which was awarded Blue Flag status for 2017-2018. A 400-meter stretch of pale brown sand, the beach and its waters are exceptionally clean. Two viewing decks comein handy during whale-watching season, or for admiring spectacular sunrises and sunsets. 1．If you are planning a family trip to South Africa, which beach suits you best?A．Thompson's Bay, Ballito.B．Umhlanga Rocks, Durban.C．Gonubie Beach. East London D．Kelly's Beach, Port Alfred.2．What's special about Umhlanga Rocks in Durban?A．It is free for children.B．Its target crowd is the rich.C．It has a walled tidal pool.D．It has pale brown sand.3．What could you do when meeting violent waves on Gonubie Beach?A．Go swimming in the open sea.B．Go bathing at another bathing spot.C．Go surfing in the open sea.D．Go camping by the riverside.“Anyone knows single parents who can’t afford to get their child’s hair done for school?I will braid (编辫子) it for free!”Brittany Starks wrote on a Facebook post.She decided to offer her hair braiding services after a family friend delivered backpacks full of school supplies, clothing and shoes for Cayden and Ceniyah in early August. “At the time, I didn’t have anything for my kids to start school,” said Starks, who is in between homes and staying with her mother. “It meant so much to me.”The unexpected gift made a big difference to Starks and her children, and it motivated her to pay it forward. Starks, who works two receptionist jobs, also braids hair part-time. “The hair-braiding process involves washing, blow-drying, and finally dividing the hair into small sections and braiding it. It also requires multiple supplies — including combs, brushes, hair jam and additional pieces of hair to weave in. It costs anywhere from $150 to $400 at a salon (美发厅), depending on the style,” Stacks explained. “But it can last for months and is a huge timesaver in the mornings.”When she wrote the Facebook post, she assumed only a handful of people would reach out,but before she knew it, she had 35 appointments booked. Her Facebook inbox was suddenly full of messages from single parents, whose stories of hardship and financial challenges mirrored her own.“There’s a huge need for this. I could really relate to a lot of the women who reached out, and it made me realize that what I was doing was really important,” said Stacks. “What got me the most was seeing the kids smile.” Given that there was less than two weeks before the start of school, Starks knew she needed to enlist help.4．What got Brittany Starks to offer her hair braiding service?A．A post on Facebook.B．Her friend’s timely help.C．Her mother’s advice.D．A trip to her kids’ school.5．What does Starks say about hair braiding?A．It’s a bit dear.B．It’s time-wasting.C．It’s an easy job.D．It’s a mother’s duty.6．How does Starks feel about the response to her Facebook post?A．Rather disturbing.B．Beyond expectation.C．Far from satisfactory.D．Very disappointing.7．What can we infer about Brittany Starks from the text?A．She is single with one child.B．She is ambitious and arbitrary.C．She is in need of helping hands.D．She is free from financial worries.Time was, being called “nerd (书呆子)” was a bad thing.That is happily different now, says Sarah Jane, director at the Port Angeles Fine Arts Center, which is home to the exhibit “Obsessed: The Art of Nerd-dom” through March 15. “I think the majority of my friends are nerdier than I am,” she said, “and I mean that in a ‘my friends are cooler than I am’ kind of way.”Jane said the rise of the Internet certainly helped blossom, connecting people with common interests across geographies. Now, it’s almost mainstream—exhibitions of nerd culture fill convention halls, comic book superheroes and science fiction stories are the focus of blockbuster movies, and more.“It has made being a nerd less of an isolating experience, and more of a community experience because you’re connecting with other people who have that shared interest,” she said.Holladay, the co-curator (副馆长), spoke up in a meeting about what the coming exhibition season would look like.“I knew of another nerdy exhibition that had happened in LA recently... and I just thought ‘you know, I bet there are nerdy artists on the (Olympic) Peninsula and in Washington who have really quality work, where the subject matter might not fit into most exhibits’,” she said.And she wasn’t surprised when they received plenty of recommendations.“My theory was that nerds are everywhere,” she said. “Once I got in touch with the right people, everyonewas coming out of the woodwork.”The exhibit features comic art, and things like Pokemon cards arranged in a collage (拼贴画). One work invites viewers to imagine the unique talents and abilities they have as superpowers they bring to the world. Holladay says the evolution of the idea of nerd culture has been positive over the past several years.8．What is Sarah Jane’s attitude towards “nerds”?A．Neutral.B．Critical.C．Appreciative.D．Uncaring. 9．Which of the following contributes most to the popularity of nerd culture?A．People’s varying views of nerd.B．Movies’ great influence upon people.C．The sufferings people have gone through.D．The Internet connecting people with shared interests.10．What does the underlined expression “coming out of the woodwork” mean ?A．Springing out.B．Getting out of the woods.C．Rushing outside.D．Expecting high quality of work. 11．What is the passage mainly about?A．The exhibition shows how being a “nerd” becomes good.B．The nerd culture is always evolving positively.C．Many unusual exhibitions are scheduled.D．Another different culture appears recently.New research suggests that a gene that governs the body’s biological (circadian) clock acts differently in males versus females and may protect females from heart disease. The study is the first to analyse circadian blood pressure rhythms(节奏)in female mice.The body’s circadian clock-the biological clock that organizes bodily activities over a 24-hour period—contributes to normal variations in blood pressure and heart function over the course of the day. In most healthy humans, blood pressure dips(下降)at night. People who do not experience this temporary drop, called “non-dippers”, are more likely to develop heart disease. The circadian clock is made up of four main proteins (encoded by “clock genes”) that regulate close to half of all genes in the body, including those important for blood pressure regulation.Previous research has shown that male mice that are missing one of the four clock genes(PER1) become non-dippers and have a higher risk for heart and kidney disease. A research team studied the circadian response and blood pressure of female mice that lack PERI and compared them with a healthy female control group. On both low-and high-salt diets, both groups “kept an apparent circadian rhythm” of blood pressure, the researchers explained. Unlike the male mice in previous research, the females without PERI showed normal dips in blood pressure overnight.These results suggest that the lack of PER1 acts differently in males and females. The findings are consistent with research showing that women are less likely to be non-dippers than men of the same age. “This study represents an important step in understanding sex differences in the regulation of cardiovascular(心血管的)function by the circadian clock,” the researchers wrote.12．What does the new research find?A．Biological clock may protect males from heart disease.B．Biological blood pressure rhythms in female mice act normally.C．Biological clock organizes bodily activities over a 24-hour period.D．A gene controlling biological clock works differently between sexes.13．What role can circadian clock play according to the text?A．Helping males cure heart disease.B．Helping blood pressure vary normally.C．Contributing to abnormal variations in blood pressure.D．Making up four main proteins regulating almost half of all genes.14．The lack of PRRI ______A．has the same impact on males and femalesB．makes no difference to malesC．does harm to male’s healthD．is more likely to affect female’s health15．What would be a suitable title for the text?A．One clock gene is importantB．Women may benefit from body clockC．New study analyses blood pressure rhythmsD．Blood pressure of healthy humans dips at night二、七选五Whether you can’t get motivated to clean your house or you just aren’t feeling motivated to lose weight, a lack of motivation can be the biggest obstacle to reaching your goals. When you have no motivation to complete a task, consider the possible reasons why you’reyour each your goals.Act as If You Feel MotivatedAct as if you felt motivated, and your actions may change your emotions. 17 Consider what you’d be wearing, how you’d be thinking, and what actions you’d be taking. Then, do these things, and see if your motivation level increases.18When you’re struggling with motivation, you’ll likely come up with a long list of reasons why you shouldn’t take any action. You might think, “It’ll be too hard,” or, “I’ll never get it done anyway.” These types of thoughts will keep you stuck. When you think you’re going to fail, think of all the reasons why you might succeed. There’s a chance that things might work out better than you expect.Manage Your To-Do ListIt’s tough to feel motivated when your to-do list is overwhelming. If you feel like there’s no hope in getting everything done, you might not try to do anything. Take a look at your to-do list, and determine if it’s too long. 19 You might find as light change in your to-do list. Or the way you view your to-do list will help you to see your tasks as more manageable.Everyone struggles with motivation issues at one time or another. Carefully consider the underlying thoughts and feelings that are affecting your drive. The way you respond to your lack of motivation is what matters, however. 20A．Argue the OppositeB．Be proud of what you are capable of.C．If so, get rid of tasks that aren’t essential.D．Then, develop a plan to help motivate yourself to get going.E．We will discuss how to stay motivated throughout your studies.F．Be kind to yourself, and experiment with strategies that motivate you.G．So ask yourself, “What would I be doing right now if I felt motivated?”三、完形填空Last Monday, to prepare a picnic, I decided to go into a superstore which was on my way home.I parked my car in the big parking lot and went into the superstore. It was a huge one,21 onto 2 stories and 200,000+ square feet. After 45 minutes of shopping to just get some tomatoes, cheese and 3 toothpicks, I arrived at the cashier line, thoughtful and a bit 22 by the time I spent to get 3 23 . I wondered why I did not go to a small local store.After 15 minutes of waiting in the line, the woman in front of me called me, “Hey... you have only 3 articles? Come and take my 24 . I have way more articles than you!”It wasn’t the first time it happened to me. But her intention was 25 , as well as was her smile (she did not wear any mask, so I could see it). Not knowing what else to do, I accepted her 26 . We chatted a bit waiting for the customers ahead of us to finish — she was incredibly 27 . Then I thanked her, giving her back my brightest smile (although I was wearing a mask...).28 my car, I rethought about that good moment, and realized that she 29 my day. In the meantime, I wondered how to 30 it back to her. No 31 it was quite impossible, so I considered how to pay it forward to someone else.While driving, I realized that she saved me 10 minutes. And 32 I was driving at 70 mph, I reduced my speed to 55 mph. My fuel 33 dramatically dropped down by 35%.34 , I relost part of the 10 minutes that the woman offered me, but it was a way to35 her and do a small thing for the environment.21．A．spreading B．covering C．turning D．taking 22．A．embarrassed B．delighted C．discouraged D．contented 23．A．foods B．copies C．passages D．articles 24．A．seat B．place C．advice D．chance 25．A．awkward B．fancy C．irresistible D．familiar 26．A．standing B．offering C．suffering D．talking 27．A．pleasant B．reliable C．confident D．powerful28．A．Getting off B．Getting through C．Getting away from D．Getting back in 29．A．ruined B．satisfied C．made D．filled 30．A．answer B．give C．bring D．hold 31．A．doubt B．wonder C．need D．sense 32．A．after B．once C．since D．while 33．A．devotion B．assumption C．consumption D．description 34．A．Unexpectedly B．Admittedly C．Surprisedly D．Disappointedly 35．A．recall B．help C．appreciate D．repay四、用单词的适当形式完成短文阅读下列材料，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
第4章 外文文摘数据库
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基本检索
高级检索
9个字段可供选择的 字段（文章标题、文 章文摘、文章全文、 文章主题词、文章作 者、期刊刊名、ISSN、 卷号、期号）。 字段之间由布尔运 算符组合。 检索短语用双引号 括起。 检索结果过多可在 查询结果范围内进行 二次检索 。
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3.2 NSTL（国家科技图书文献中心）外文数据库
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2 Ingenta期刊搜索
2.1 Ingenta概况
Ingenta期刊搜索最早于1998年建成。在近 几年的发展中，它兼并了当时的全球最大的二次 文献数据库——Uncover。经过多次整合后， Ingenta可提供全球200多个学术出版机构的31000 多种出版物的文摘检索服务。目前，Ingenta的文 献总量已超过2400万篇（册），拥有分布于世界 各地的1万多个团体用户和2500多万个个人用户， 成为全球学术信息服务领域最大的免费文摘信息 检索系统。内容覆盖多种学科领域。
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（2）高级检索
题目检索，关键词或文摘 检索
题目检索
期刊检索选项
已购期刊题目
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Ingenta高级检索的算符及其使用方法与示例
检索算符 AND-逻辑 “与”
OR-逻辑 “或” NOT-逻辑 “非” *截词符
检索式构造方法 computer AND human
college OR university television NOT cable optic*
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（３） 检索结果的显示和下载
四种检索结果标识
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2.3 个性化的服务
“Sign Up” 注册 My Ingenta ——My Publications ——My Research Alerts （用户可以设定25 个检索式） ——My Table of Contents （用户可以选定 50种感兴趣的出版物）
[高级口译笔译实战练习长难句翻译]
![[高级口译笔译实战练习长难句翻译]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/f984c1ea18e8b8f67c1cfad6195f312b3169eb55.png)
[高级口译笔译实战练习长难句翻译]1.Theoverallresulthasbeentomakeentrancetoprofessionalgeologicaljournalsharderforama teurs,aresultthathasbeenreinforcedbythewidespreadintroductionofrefereeing,firstbynation aljournalsinthe19thcenturyandthenbyseverallocalgeologicaljournalsinthe20thcentury.这样一来最终的结果便是业余爱好者想在专业地质学期刊上发表文章就更难了，广泛使用的论文评审推荐制度又进一步强化了这一结果。
评审推荐制度最早被使用于在19世纪的国家级刊物上，后又在20世纪被几家地方级地质学刊物所采用。
一个颇为类似的分化过程让全国的专业地质学家走到一起，组成了一两个专业学术社团，另一方面，业余地质爱好者们倾向于要么仍留在地方社团，要么以其他方式组成全国性机构。
遗憾地讲，这次新闻机构可信度调查只得到了一些含金量低的发现，比如新闻报道中的事实错误，拼写或语法错误。
调查结果中还交织着一些令人搔首顿足的问题，譬如读者到底想读些什么。
我认为，巨大的并购浪潮背后的最重要的推动力同时也促成了全球化的进程：即降低交通运输成本，逐渐减少贸易投资壁垒，以及大幅度拓展市场，这些都要求更大的经营管理规模，以满足消费者需求。
一次侧面攻击伤害了我的自尊，阻碍了我事业的发展，这个攻击并不光明磊落，它让我不得不抛弃了那份引人注目的工作。
尽管，在表面上，我还要以一个蒙受屈辱的政府部长的姿态，宣称"我只不过是想多和家人呆在一起"，掩盖我的退出。
6.Ihavediscovered,asperhapsKelseywillafterhermuch-publicizedresignationfromtheeditorshipofSheafterabuild-upofstress,thatabandoningthedoctrineof"jugglingyourlife",andmakingthealternativemoveint o"downshifting"bringswithitfargreaterrewardsthanfinancialsuccessandsocialstatus.凯尔西不堪积劳重负，公开地辞去她在《她》杂志社的编辑一职，之后她发现：放弃那种"为生活忙碌"的人生信条，转而追求比较悠闲的生活，这带给你的回报远远大于赚大钱和社会地位。
2024-2025学年重庆市SAGSSAT普通高等学校招生高三上学期7月适应性考试英语试题
2024-2025学年重庆市SAGSSAT普通高等学校招生高三上学期7月适应性考试英语试题Want to know all the ins-and-outs regarding the Paris 2024 Olympics? Then you’ve come to the right place! Below you will find all the information about the new Olympic sports.Olympic skateboardingWho will follow in the footsteps of Momiji Nishiya, the first Olympic skateboarding champion, who was crowned at the last Games at the age of 13? The answer will be revealed in Paris this summer. Speed, technique, mastery of the board will be required to successfully perform the most beautiful tricks.Olympic sports climbingWith its second time entering the Olympics, sports climbing has three branches: Speed, Bouldering (抱石攀岩) and Lead. Speed is all about the speed of climbing. Bouldering is all about climbing a boulder on a wall and Lead requires athletes to climb a difficult route 20 meters high.Olympic surfingThe Olympics will be held in Paris, but what about Olympic surfing? There is one venue (场地) that is literally on the other side of the world. The location Teahupoo, on the island of Tahiti, is where Olympic surfing will take place. This island is part of French Polynesia, between Australia and South America.Olympic breakdancingBreakdancing is the new Olympic sport that will make its first appearance in Paris 2024. How to establish a grading system without taking away the artistic freedom at the same time? The points should be based on creativity and musicality, a gray area that depends a lot on feeling and thus has a lot of subjectivity to it.Looking for a handy list of all sports? Click here! Throughout Paris there are all kinds of stadiums and arenas (竞技场) where sporting events are held. Not only Paris itself, but also the surrounding suburbs of the capital of France set the stage for the Olympic Games!1. Which sport is entering the Olympics for the first time in Paris 2024?A．Olympic skateboarding. B．Olympic sports climbing.C．Olympic surfing. D．Olympic breakdancing.2. Which of the following statements is correct?A．Olympic skateboarding requires a high level of physical strength.B．Three branches of Olympic sports climbing evaluate various sides of skills.C．All the above four Olympic events will be held in Paris.D．The scoring of Olympic breakdancing is highly objective.3. Where is the text probably taken from?A．A sports website. B．A health magazine.C．A travel brochure. D．An Olympic news report.A letter written by Charles Darwin in 1875 has been returned to the Smithsonian Institution Archives（档案馆） by the FBI after being stolen twice."We realized in the mid-1970s that it was missing," says Effie Kapsalis, head of the SmithsonianInstitution Archives. "It was noted as missing and likely taken by an intern（实习生）， from what the FBI is telling us. Word got out that it was missing when someone asked to see the letter for research purposes," and the intern put the letter back. "The intern likely took the letter again once nobody was watching it."Decades passed. Finally, the FBI received a tip that the stolen document was located very close to Washington, D. C. Their art crime team recovered the letter but were unable to press charges because the time of limitations had ended. The FBI worked closely with the Archives to determine that the letter was both authentic and definitely Smithsonian's property.The letter was written by Darwin to thank an American geologist, Dr. Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden, for sending him copies of his research into the geology of the region that would become Yellowstone National Park.The letter is in fairly good condition, in spite of being out of the care of trained museum staff for so long. "It was luckily in good shape," says Kapsalis, "and we just have to do some minor things in order to be able tounfold it. It has some glue on it that has colored it slightly, but nothing that will prevent us from using it. After it is repaired, we will take digital photos of it and that will be available online. One of our goals is to get items of high research value or interest to the public online."It would now be difficult for an intern, visitor or a thief to steal a document like this. "Archiving practices have changed greatly since the 1970s," says Kapsalis," and we keep our high value documents in a safe that I don't even have access to."4. When did the Smithsonian Institution Archives realize that this letter was lost ?A．In 1875. B．In 1885.C．In the mid-1970s. D．In the late 1970s5. Who ultimately owns this letter ?A．FBI. B．Smithsonian Institution Archives.C．Charles Dsrwin. D．Dr. Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden.6. What is the purpose of writing this letter ?A．In commemoration of his discovery of Yellowstone National Park.B．To thank himself for publishing a regional geological research.C．In order to obtain copies of his research.D．To express gratitude to the geologist.7. What will Smithsonian Institution Archives do according to Kapsalis?A．Stain the letter. B．Train museum staff.C．Keep it a permanent secret. D．Make it available online.Anime（二次元） culture has become a very common culture in our daily life. As people's minds become more and more open, most people gradually begin to accept anime culture. Although increasingly more young people like anime culture than before, many still don't know why there are so many people like anime culture in reality. What is its attractive charm?First and foremost, anime is not immature and cynical（玩物丧志的）. Many people don't understand people who like anime, just because they don't try to understand anime. They only evaluate it through other people's words and their own knowledge. Of course, the comments are not very pleasant. After all, the older generation don't agree with anime.Moreover, the reason why today's young people like anime so much is not because they are killing time, nor because they are addicted to animation, but because of pressure. Today's society is completely different from that of the 1980s. Back then, having a motorcycle or a big TV at home was already impressive. But now, cars, houses, and savings are everywhere, and young people are easily suffocated（扼制）.When we see anime protagonists invincible in the drama, willing to sacrifice everything to defeat enemies for their dreams and friends, it's like seeing us unwilling to be outdone in reality. Aren't those bosses in anime just like the things that bring us pressure in reality? When we see anime protagonists hitting them one after another, it's like we're putting all the pressure on ourselves, and we feel exhilarated（畅快淋漓）.In recent years, the rapidly rise popularity of anime games such as Genshin Impact（原神） and Love of Light and Night（光与夜之恋） has certainly brought a rich side to the life of the current young generation. Luo Xiang once said: "Paper people are virtual, and after a long time in the virtual story, they are unwilling to enter the real story." It is normal to embrace anime cultural , but we still need to have expectations for the future and believe in our youth and dreams.8. What is the function of the first paragraph ?A．To enhance people's awareness of anime culture.B．To persuade people stop contacting anime culture.C．To lead the deeper description of the anime trend.D．To arise reader's love to anime culture.9. What is the seniors' view of anime?A．Unbearable. B．Negative.C．awful. D．wonderful.10. What are the reasons why young people like anime drama ?A．Young people cannot bear the enormous pressure of house loans.B．Young people are often oppressed by their parents and elders.C．Young people have lost confidence and hope in the current reality of life.D．Young people have found their dream selves through the characters.11. What can we infer from what Luo Xiang put in the article ?A．We cannot treat the virtual world as an Eden to escape real-life problems.B．The current world is too false and not worth our time to pay attention to.C．In order to let people return to reality, all anime games should be banned.D．The anime world is as important as the real world.Recently, Ai Peiyan, Wei Guo and other scientific researchers from the Medicinal Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization Team of the Agricultural and Biotechnological Center of South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院）， used the "cell factory" method to produce anthocyanins（花青素）， and the output reached 96.23 mg/g(dry weight).In traditional methods, anthocyanins are mainly extracted from plants, while the content of anthocyanins in common fruit fruits is 0.08-25.77 mg/g(dry weight). In addition to low content and complicated extraction process, there are also difficulties such as long plant growth cycle. If a fully synthetic approach is adopted, there are issues such as high cost and difficulty. The team utilized the regulatory mechanism of efficient synthesis and accumulation of anthocyanins in black fruit goji berries, and employed metabolic engineering and other methods to efficiently synthesize high-value anthocyanins in a "cell factory".The team achieved a breakthrough in the efficient synthesis of fruit anthocyanin main component petanin from suspension callus tissue through multi omics（组） joint analysis, based on the established efficient genetic transformation system of black fruit goji berries in the early stage, and achieved a high yield of 96.23 mg/g (dry weight) of anthocyanin through a series of measures.This technology system breaks through the temporal and spatial limitations of the growth cycle and planting area of black fruit goji berries, achieving efficient synthesis under the conditions of a "cell factory", and providing technical support for the protection of wild germplasm resources of black fruit goji berries and the improvement and efficiency of the anthocyanin industry.In addition, the team closely focused on the research and development goals of functional gene mining and industrial development and utilization of anthocyanins in black fruit goji berries. They identified multiple key function al genes that regulate anthocyanin synthesis in black fruit goji berries and established a technical system for efficient production of anthocyanins in black fruit goji berries using suspended callus tissue, laying a solid technical foundation for the development and utilization of anthocyanins in food, health products, and other fields.12. What is the biggest advantage of using a "cell factory" method to produce anthocyanins ?A．The lowest price.B．The steep increase in yield.C．The biggest financial suppose from the local government.D．The simpler collection steps.13. What does the underlined word in the second paragraph mean?A．compose. B．experiment. C．facility. D．method.14. Which of the following statements is correct ?A．Genetic transformation is a must-use technology to reach the success.B．The research team used brown fruit goji berries to produce anthocyanins.C．The plants that used in the research can grow anywhere on Earth.D．The application value of this technology in the food industry is negligible.15. Which can be the best title of this passage ?A．Future humans will achieve the freedom of anthocyanins.B．Anthocyanins- A New Breakthrough in Plant Science.C．Black fruit goji berries give wings to botanic scientific development.D．Scientists Achieve Efficient Production of Anthocyanins Using "Cell Factory"Does your teenager seem addicted to the Internet? Probably yes. 16 At first, parents welcome the Internet into their homes, believing they are opening up an exciting new world of educational chances for their children. 17 Instead of using the Internet for homework or research, they are spending hours messaging with friends, playing online games or talking to strangers in chat rooms. Keeping a healthy balance between entertainment media and other activities in their children’s lives has always been a challenge for parents. The Internet has made this challenge even more difficult.18However, parents are usually not aware that there is a problem until it becomes serious. This is because it is easy to hide what you are doing online and Internet addiction is not widely recognized by the medical community.Children and young people can easily become hooked on online activities such as multi-player games, instant messaging and chat rooms. The most vulnerable children are those who are unpopular or shy with peers. 19 Boys, in particular, are frequent users of online role-playing games, where they assume new identities and interact with other players. For the children who are not so outgoing, playing these games with thousands of other users may apparently be a social activity. 20 . So parents need to help children limit the online time to an appropriate amount.The Unlikely FriendshipIn the heart of the city stood an old library, a place where time seemed to slow down. Among its many visitors was a young girl named Lily, who ________ spent her afternoons there, lost in the pages of books. One day, she noticed a man sitting quietly in a corner, surrounded by stacks of books. His name was Mr. Thompson, a retired professor who had a passion for literature and history.Lily was initially ________ by the man's presence, but soon she found herself draw n to the same corner every day. Mr. Thompson, noticing her curiosity, began to share stories from the books he was reading. Lily listened intently, fascinated by the tales of ancient civilizations and heroic deeds. Their conversations became a ________ part of her visits, and before long, a friendship began to________. Despite their age difference, they discovered that they shared a love for knowledge and a desire to understand the world. Mr. Thompson taught Lily about the importance of ________ and how it could open doors to new ________.As weeks turned into months, Lily's visits to the library became less frequent due to school comments. Feeling the absence of their friend, Mr. Thompson decided to write her letters, sharing interesting facts and insights he came across in his readings. These letters became a source of________ for Lily during stressful times, reminding her of the joy that could be found in the pursuit of knowledge. When summer arrived, Lily returned to the library more ________. She was surprised to find Mr. Thompson waiting for her with a special gift—a first edition of one of her favorite books. Touched by the gesture, Lily realized that their friendship had grown ________ the walls of the library. She decided to ________ Mr. Thompson to her family, introducing him to a world outside of books that was filled with laughter and warmth. Mr. Thompson, in turn, was delighted to be welcomed into Lily's family. He began to accompany them on outings, sharing his vast knowledge and enriching their experiences with historical context and cultural insights. Their bond deepened, and they both found that ________ wasn't limited to the pages of books but could be found in the connections we make with others.As years passed, Lily grew older and ________ to pursue her dreams. But she never forgot the lessons she learned from her unlikely friend. Whenever she felt lost or uncertain, she would remember Mr. Thompson's words of wisdom and find the strength to ________. And whenever she ________ her hometown, she would make sure to stop by the library, hoping to find Mr. Thompsonsitting quietly in his corner, ready to share another story. Their friendship had ________ a lifelong lesson: that the most meaningful connections can come from the most unexpected places.21.A．frequently B．rarely C．occasionally D．never22.A．intrigued B．frightened C．annoyed D．disappointed 23.A．minor B．major C．regular D．irregular24.A．decline B．flourish C．disappear D．wane25.A．competition B．education C．entertainment D．exploration 26.A．experiences B．jokes C．boys D．mistakes27.A．comfort B．confusion C．concern D．conflict28.A．over B．up C．beyond D．on29.A．introduce B．challenge C．recommend D．present30.A．rapid B．fast C．gradually D．regularly31.A．adventure B．friendship C．hardship D．solitude32.A．ran away B．moved away C．passed away D．went away 33.A．give up B．stand still C．move forward D．look back 34.A．encountered B．visited C．left D．found35.A．taught B．ignored C．questioned D．rejected阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
英语作文报道地震科普
英语作文报道地震科普篇1Earthquakes are terrifying natural disasters that can cause immense damage and loss of life. But do you really know what causes them? Well, it's mainly due to the movement of tectonic plates! These huge slabs of the Earth's crust constantly shift and collide, creating powerful forces that result in earthquakes. The impact can be simply astonishing!The destruction caused by earthquakes is beyond imagination. Buildings collapse, roads are shattered, and lives are tragically lost. It's a heart-wrenching sight to behold. But fear not, because there are measures we can take to prevent and prepare for such disasters.For instance, having a family emergency plan in place is crucial. Know where to meet and what to do in case of an earthquake. Also, strengthening the seismic design of buildings can make a significant difference. This means using materials and construction methods that can withstand the shaking.So, let's all be vigilant and prepared! Isn't it our responsibility to protect ourselves and our loved ones from the wrath of earthquakes? Let's take action now!篇2Earthquakes are one of the most terrifying natural disasters that canstrike without warning. Remember the massive earthquake that hit Haiti in 2010? It caused unimaginable destruction and claimed countless lives. Such disasters teach us painful lessons about the importance of preparedness.The losses from major earthquakes throughout history have been truly staggering. Buildings collapsed, families were torn apart, and entire communities were left in ruins. But why do these tragedies keep happening?Thankfully, modern technology has brought us some hope. Sophisticated seismological monitoring systems can now detect the slightest tremors and provide early warnings. This enables people to take necessary precautions and potentially save many lives.However, it's not just about technology. We, as individuals, also need to be knowledgeable. Do you know how to find a safe spot during an earthquake? Do you have an emergency kit ready at home?In conclusion, understanding earthquakes and being prepared is crucial for our survival. Let's not wait until it's too late. Let's act now and be ready to face the unexpected!篇3Earthquakes are one of the most terrifying natural disasters that can strike without warning! Have you ever wondered how animals seem to sense them before we do? Well, strange behaviors like dogs barking uncontrollably or horses becoming restless could be signs that anearthquake is coming. But what should we do when it hits? First of all, drop to the ground and take cover under a sturdy table or desk. Hold on firmly and protect your head and neck. Don't rush to the exit blindly! Have you ever participated in an earthquake emergency drill organized by your community? It's such an important practice! These drills teach us how to evacuate in an orderly manner and where to find safe spots. Remember, being prepared can save lives! Isn't it astonishing how much we need to know about earthquakes and how crucial it is to be vigilant? We must never underestimate the power of nature and always be ready to face its challenges. So, let's spread the knowledge and make sure everyone is aware of how to stay safe during an earthquake!篇4Earthquakes are one of the most terrifying natural disasters that can strike without warning! They can cause immense destruction and loss of life. Different regions have their own characteristics when it comes to earthquakes. For instance, in some areas, they occur frequently with low magnitudes, while in others, rare but highly destructive ones happen.When an earthquake strikes, it's crucial to know how to protect ourselves. Remember to stay calm! If you're indoors, quickly hide under a sturdy table or stand in a corner. Don't rush to the exit blindly! If you're outdoors, move to an open area away from buildings and power lines.In schools, various earthquake science popularization educationactivities are carried out. Students are taught how to respond in emergencies through drills and lectures. They learn the importance of being prepared and having a plan.Isn't it essential for us all to be aware of these things? Let's enhance our awareness of earthquake prevention and disaster reduction to protect ourselves and our loved ones. After all, knowledge is power in the face of such disasters!篇5Earthquakes, those terrifying natural phenomena, have always been a subject of great concern and study. Recent research findings have shed new light on their occurrence and patterns. Scientists have discovered that certain geological structures play a crucial role in determining the intensity and frequency of earthquakes.In the field of architecture, advanced seismic-resistant technologies have emerged. Buildings are now designed with flexible materials and complex structural systems that can withstand the powerful forces of earthquakes. For instance, some modern skyscrapers have base isolation systems that minimize the impact of tremors.The international community has also demonstrated remarkable cooperation in earthquake rescue and reconstruction efforts. When disasters strike, countries come together, sharing resources, expertise, and humanitarian aid. This joint action not only saves countless lives but alsospeeds up the recovery process.However, there is still much to learn and improve. How can we better predict earthquakes? How can we ensure that all regions have access to advanced seismic protection measures? These are the questions that keep scientists and policymakers engaged in continuous exploration and innovation. The fight against earthquakes is an ongoing battle, but with our growing knowledge and collective efforts, we are surely making progress in safeguarding lives and building a more resilient world!。
同位素技术在古堆泉岩溶水保护中的应用
第42卷 第4期2023年 7月 地质科技通报B u l l e t i n o f G e o l o g i c a l S c i e n c e a n d T e c h n o l o g yV o l .42 N o .4J u l . 2023张松涛,谢浩,梁永平,等.同位素技术在古堆泉岩溶水保护中的应用[J ].地质科技通报,2023,42(4):147-153.Z h a n g S o n g t a o ,X i e H a o ,L i a n g Y o n g p i n g ,e t a l .A p p l i c a t i o n o f i s o t o p e t e c h n o l o g y t o p r o t e c t i n g k a r s t i c w a t e r i n t h e G u d u i S p r i n g A r e a [J ].B u l l e t i n o f G e o l o g i c a l S c i e n c e a n d T e c h n o l o g y,2023,42(4):147-153.基金项目:国家自然科学基金项目(41672253);中国地质调查局地质调查项目(D D 20190334);中国地质科学院岩溶地质研究所基本科研业务费项目(2021006)作者简介:张松涛(1968 ),女,高级工程师,主要从事水文水资源相关技术研究和管理工作㊂E -m a i l :s z b z s t @163.c o m通信作者:梁永平(1962 ),男,研究员,主要从事北方岩溶水调查研究工作㊂E -m a i l :l y p0261@163.c o m ©E d i t o r i a l O f f i c e o f B u l l e t i n o f G e o l o g i c a l S c i e n c e a n d T e c h n o l o g y .T h i s i s a n o pe n a c c e s s a r t i c l e u n d e r t h e C C B Y -N C -N D l i c e n s e .同位素技术在古堆泉岩溶水保护中的应用张松涛1,谢 浩2,梁永平2,唐春雷2,赵春红2,张昊驰3(1.山西省水利发展中心,太原030001;2.中国地质科学院岩溶地质研究所/自然资源部㊁广西壮族自治区岩溶动力学重点实验室,广西桂林541004;3.天津仁爱学院,天津301600)摘 要:岩溶泉水资源是我国北方岩溶区重要的供水水源㊂查明泉水补给㊁径流和排泄条件,清晰刻画泉域边界,对合理评估和科学开发岩溶水资源具有重要意义㊂针对古堆-南梁泉群边界范围不清,补给情况不明的现状,开展了泉域岩溶水文地质条件和岩溶水δD ㊁δ18O ㊁87S r /86S r 分布特征调查分析,采用同位素技术对岩溶水补给径流路径上的水岩相互作用和水力联系进行了系统研究㊂研究发现,岩溶水中δ18O 数值范围较大,其原因主要是受到了高程效应㊁热水氧同位素漂移㊁蒸发浓缩和古封存水混合等作用的影响㊂岩溶水中δD ㊁δ18O及87S r /86S r 的分布特征,为岩溶地下水水力联系识别提供了有力的佐证:汾阳岭热田成因可能与中生代入侵碳酸盐岩的岩浆岩的水岩作用有关;泉域北部岩溶水开采将袭夺泉域内部岩溶水资源㊂古堆-南梁泉域岩溶水同位素研究成果可为区域岩溶水资源的管理和保护提供科学依据㊂关键词:古堆泉;岩溶水系统;同位素;岩溶水保护2022-07-24收稿;2022-09-05修回;2022-09-07接受中图分类号:P 642.25 文章编号:2096-8523(2023)04-0147-07d o i :10.19509/j .c n k i .d z k q.t b 202302400 开放科学(资源服务)标识码(O S I D ):A p p l i c a t i o n o f i s o t o p e t e c h n o l o g y t o p r o t e c t i n g ka r s t i c w a t e r i n t h e G u d u i S p r i n g Ar e a Z h a n g S o n g t a o 1,X i e H a o 2,L i a n g Y o n g p i n g 2,T a n g C h u n l e i 2,Z h a o C h u n h o n g 2,Z h a n g Ha o c h i 3(1.S h a n x i W a t e r C o n s e r v a n c y D e v e l o p m e n t C e n t e r ,T a i yu a n 030001,C h i n a ;2.I n s t i t u t e o f K a r s t G e o l o g y ,C h i n e s e A c a d e m y o f G e o l o g i c a l S c i e n c e s ;K a r s t D y n a m i c s L a b o r a t o r y,M i n i s t r y o f L a n d a n d R e s o u r c e s &G u a n g x i ;I n t e r n a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h C e n t e r o n K a r s t u n d e r t h e A u s pi c e s o f U N E S C O ,G u i l i n G u a n g x i 541004,C h i n a ;3.T i a n j i n R e n 'a i C o l l e g e ,T i a n ji n 301600,C h i n a )A b s t r a c t :[O b je c t i v e ]K a r s t i c s p r i n g w a t e r i s a n i m p o r t a n t s o u r c e of w a t e r s u p p l y f o r t h e k a r s t a r e a s o f n o r t h e r n C h i n a .T o r a t i o n a l l y e v a l u a t e a n d s c i e n t i f i c a l l y e x p l o i t k a r s t i c w a t e r r e s o u r c e s ,i t i s i m po r t a n t t o i d e n t i f y t h e r e c h a r g e ,r u n o f f a n d d i s c h a r g e c o n d i t i o n s o f s p r i n g w a t e r a n d t o c l e a r l y d e p i c t t h e b o u n d a r y of t h e s p r i ng a r e a .[M e th o d s ]T a r g e ti n g t h e i s s u e s o f a m b i g u o u s b o r d e r a n d u n k n o w n r e pl e n i s h m e n t s i t u a -t i o n s o f t h e G u d u i -N a n l i a n g s p r i n g g r o u p s ,t h i s p a p e r i n v e s t i g a t e d a n d a n a l y s e d t h e k a r s t h y d r o g e o l o gi c a l c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e s p r i n g a r e a a n d t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f δD ,δ18O a n d 87S r /86S r i s o t o p e s i n t h e k a r s t i c w a t e r .T h e w a t e r -r o c k i n t e r a c t i o n s a n d t h e h y d r a u l i c c o n n e c t i o n a l o n g t h e r e c h a r ge -r u n of f p a t h o f k a r s t i c w a t e r w e r e s y s t e m a t i c a l l y e x a m i n e d b y u s i ng i s o t o p e t e ch ni qu e .[R e s u l t s ]T h e r e s u l t s s h o w r e l a -t i v e l y l a r g e r a n g e o f δ18O v a l u e s i n t h e k a r s t i c w a t e r .T h i s i s m a i n l y a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e i m pa c t s o f a l t i t u d e e f f e c t ,i s o t o p i c s h i f t o f o x y g e n i n h o t w a t e r ,e v a p o r a t i o n -i n d u c e d e n r i c h m e n t a n d m i x i n g of a n c i e n t s e a l e d w a t e r .T h e d i s t r i b u t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f δD ,δ18O a n d 87S r /86S r i n t h e k a r s t i c w a t e r p r o v i d e s t r o n g ev i -Copyright ©博看网. All Rights Reserved.h t t p s ://d z k j q b .c u g.e d u .c n 地质科技通报2023年d e n c e f o r t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f t h e h yd r a u l i c c o n ne c t i o n of k a r s t i cg r o u n d w a t e r .Th e f o r m a ti o n o f t h e F e n -y a n g l i n g g e o t h e r m a l f i e l d m a y b e r e l a t e d t o t h e w a t e r -r o c k i n t e r a c t i o n s o f t h e M e s o z o i c m a gm a t i c r o c k s t h a t i n v a d e d t h e c a r b o n a t e r o c k s .A l s o ,t h e e x p l o i t a t i o n o f k a r s t i c w a t e r i n t h e n o r t h o f t h e s p r i n g ar e a w i l l s e i z e t h e k a r s t i c w a t e r r e s o u r c e s i n t h e s p r i n g a r e a .[C o n c l u s i o n ]O v e r a l l ,t h e i n v e s t i ga t i o n o u t c o m e s o f k a r s t i c w a t e r i s o t o p e s i n t h e G u d u i -N a n l i a n g s p r i n g a r e a c a n p r o v i d e a s c i e n t i f i cb a s i s f o r t h e m a n a ge m e n t a n d p r o t e c t i o n of r e gi o n a l k a r s t i c w a t e r r e s o u r c e s .K e y wo r d s :G u d u i S p r i n g ;k a r s t w a t e r s y s t e m ;i s o t o p e ;k a r s t w a t e r p r o t e c t i o n R e c e i v e d :2022-07-24;R e v i s e d :2022-09-05;A c c e pt e d :2022-09-07a 图:1.岩溶裸露区;2.岩溶覆盖区;3.岩溶浅埋藏区;4.岩溶深埋藏区;5.非碳酸盐岩区;6.早期泉域边界;7.新泉域边界(下细为子系统边界);8.岩溶等水位线(m );9.岩溶泉;10.岩溶水流向(左为浅循环,右为深循环);11.河流;12.山峰及高程(m );13.取样点及编号;14.剖面线;15.子系统编号;16.红色㊁棕色㊁黄色㊁粉红色㊁绿色依次代表岩溶水㊁碎屑岩裂隙水㊁松散层孔隙水㊁火成岩风化裂隙水和地表水样品㊂b 图:Q+N.第四系+新近系;O.奥陶系;ɪ.寒武系;A r .太古界;πδη.中生代侵入岩图1 古堆-南梁泉域岩溶水文地质略图与取样点分布图F i g .1 K a r s t h y d r o g e o l o g y s k e t c h a n d s a m p l i n g p o i n t d i s t r i b u t i o n m a p o f t h eG u d u i -N a n l i n g s p r i n g ar e a 古堆泉是山西19个重点岩溶大泉之一,也是唯一的中低温热水泉,于1996年断流㊂由于古堆泉的水文地质条件复杂且前期研究程度较低,泉域补给范围与边界及其水文地质性质长期未能确定[1-2]㊂因此,在1998年山西省水资源管理办公室开展泉域重点保护区划分时,确定的古堆泉域面积为460k m 2[3],但其中特别指出: 古堆泉的泉水流量由凉水供水系统与热水供水系统叠加而成,由于热水系统条件复杂,边界难于确定,由此,古堆泉域的范围目前只按凉水系统划定㊂该范围在后期的研究与水资源保护中一直被沿用,其中明显的错误是所圈定的泉域范围内评价的岩溶水补给量(0.208m 3/s)显著地小于古堆泉水天然流量(0.980m 3/s)㊂由于泉域补给范围不明确,给后期泉域岩溶水的开发管理㊁环境问题成因分析以及超采区治理带来了众多的难题㊂通过对地质结构㊁资源均衡分析㊁水动力场统测和水化学同位素场的综合分析研究,表明古堆-南梁泉域是由4个子系统(早期的 凉水系统 是其中之一)构成(图1),泉域岩溶水以古堆泉为主,并包括南梁泉㊁海头泉构成3级排泄㊂在此过程中,841Copyright ©博看网. All Rights Reserved.第4期张松涛等:同位素技术在古堆泉岩溶水保护中的应用同位素技术作为一种重要研究手段,发挥了独特的作用㊂1研究区岩溶水文地质概况古堆-南梁泉域位于汾河流域南部,泉域岩溶地下水总体上由北东㊁东南方向通过不同深度的循环,向古堆泉方向径流排泄,构建了以古堆泉为主,并包括南梁泉和海头泉3级排泄的岩溶地下水系统[4]㊂其中古堆泉群出露于新绛县城北约7k m的九原山东侧,由22个泉点组成,出流标高441~445 m,岩溶地下水开采前平均流量0.98m3/s㊂依据区域岩溶水埋藏和运移特征,可将泉域划分为4个子系统(图1),分别为:①塔尔山-九原山古堆泉岩溶水子系统;②佛岭山-高显海头泉岩溶水子系统;③中条山南梁泉岩溶水子系统;④侯马盆地深循环岩溶水子系统㊂泉域内同时存在大气降水㊁地表水㊁松散层孔隙水㊁上古生界碎屑岩裂隙水㊁下古生界碳酸盐岩岩溶水以及侵入碳酸盐岩中的火成岩风化裂隙水等多种系统要素,各子系统间存在各种形式转化关系,各子系统水的循环深度和路径差异巨大,既相对独立又存在不同程度的联系,使得岩溶水在不同地区的同位素分异明显且富有规律性,为同位素技术的使用提供了有利的条件㊂2研究方法同位素作为研究地下水最常用的同位素工具之一,在不同类型水中具有明显的差异,其数值大小和组合关系不仅体现地下水的补给条件,同时也能够表征含水层的储存条件以及地球化学背景条件[5-7]㊂在古堆-南梁泉域岩溶水资源保护所涉及的区域岩溶水文地质问题研究过程中,于2021年采集了δD㊁δ18O和锶同位素样品,与其他方法共同开展综合分析㊂根据取样条件(以井水为主),样点部署尽力从面上覆盖各子系统,垂向深㊁浅兼顾,并包括与泉域岩溶水相关的地表水㊁其他类型地下水以及少量泉域外围岩溶水样点(图1)㊂最终采集得到δD㊁δ18O 同位素样品46组,其中岩溶水样37组㊁地表水样3组㊁火成岩裂隙水样2组㊁孔隙水样1组㊁碎屑岩裂隙水水样3组㊂采集锶同位素样品42组,其中岩溶水样品35组㊁地表水2组㊁火成岩风化裂隙水2组㊁碎屑岩裂隙水样3组㊂δD㊁δ18O和锶同位素样品分别送交国土资源部岩溶地质资源环境监督监测中心(中国地质科学院岩溶地质研究所)和国土资源部中南矿产资源监督监测中心(中国地质调查局武汉地质调查中心)分析㊂3研究区岩溶水δD㊁δ18O特征及其指示意义3.1岩溶水δD、δ18O特征研究区岩溶水的δD值在-60.80ɢ~ -83.70ɢ之间,平均值-74.01ɢ;δ18O值在-7.81ɢ~-11.46ɢ之间,平均值-10.14ɢ;3组地表水的δD值在-62.10ɢ~-67.60ɢ之间,平均值-65.70ɢ;δ18O值在-8.08ɢ~-9.71ɢ之间,平均值-9.06ɢ;其他3类(火成岩水㊁孔隙水㊁碎屑岩水)5组样品的δ18O值在-7.81ɢ~ -11.46ɢ之间,平均值-10.14ɢ㊂3.2岩溶水补给条件分析3.2.1区域补给特征岩溶水样品δD与δ18O总体呈显著的线性特征(相关系数r=0.911)分布在雨水线附近(图2),表明其补给主要源于大气降水㊂根据本区具体条件,图2研究区水样δD与δ18O关系图F i g.2δD a n dδ18O r e l a t i o n s h i p o f w a t e r s a m p l e i n t h e s t u d y a r e a941 Copyright©博看网. All Rights Reserved.h t t p s ://d z k j q b .c u g.e d u .c n 地质科技通报2023年影响氘氧同位素数值大小的因素主要包括地下水的补给高程㊁水的蒸发分馏[8]㊁储存于深部的古赋存水混合[9]㊁热水的氧同位素漂移[10]以及地下热水水岩交换作用等㊂3.2.2 岩溶水的补给高程根据中国地质大学(武汉)1989年在邻区龙子祠泉及郭庄泉岩溶水系统建立的本区(δD )高程效应方程:δD=-37.2-0.023ˑH (r =0.994)计算得本区水样的补给高程如表1㊂表1 δD 计算的水样补给高程及其盈余值d注:深蓝色为子系统岩溶水(塔尔山九原山古堆泉岩溶水子系统);黄色为子系统岩溶水(佛岭山高显海头泉岩溶水子系统);浅蓝色为子系统③岩溶水(中条山南梁泉岩溶水子系统);粉色为子系统④岩溶水(侯马盆地深循环岩溶水子系统)计算4个子系统岩溶水的平均补给高程依次为1584.5,1462.4,1508.0,1908.8m ㊂从实际补给区高程分析(图1),子系统②岩溶水的计算补给高程最低,这与主要补给区是浮山盆地东缘碳酸盐岩裸露区及丹山-绵山碳酸盐岩覆盖区的降水入渗补给高程相对较低有关㊂子系统③岩溶水的主要补给区在泉域东南侧历山北西侧岩溶裸露区,与计算的补给高程基本可以对应㊂子系统①岩溶水的补给区主要为塔儿山区岩溶裸露区和汾阳岭㊁九原山区的岩溶覆盖区,计算平均补给高程甚至高于子系统内最高的塔儿山主峰1492m ,显然是不合理的,其中德西毛岩溶热水(编号G D 31)一带低氘㊁氧同位素值异常区是导致整体补给高程偏大的主要原因㊂子系统④岩溶水的计算补给高程最高,达1908.8m ,且远高于接受侧向补给区海头泉和南梁泉的平均高程,预示着可能存在其他影响因素㊂3.3同位素的蒸发分馏作用水样同位素在强烈蒸发作用下水中将保留更多的重同位素,使得δ18O 偏离雨水线,蒸发分馏作用在区内水样中有两点表现,其一是虽然岩溶水主要接受当地降水入渗补给,但其δD-δ18O 关系线的斜率低于雨水线的斜率;其二是3个地表水的平均计算补给高程为1217.9m ,以三泉水库水样(G D 47)932m 最低,且δ18O 值显著高于续鲁峪地表水样品的值,三泉水库水样受到蒸发分馏作用是主因㊂3.4古封存水的混合研究区岩溶含水层具有大断距断块相间分布的特点,同时中生代火成岩侵入所释放的幔源C O 2为深部岩溶发育提供了有利条件,因此为深部岩溶水提供了巨大的储存空间㊂前人在山西柳林泉域[9]和陕西渭北东[11]对岩溶水的δ18O 并配合14C 测年的研究结果表明,在含水层深陷区往往保留有第四纪寒冷气候条件时期补给的古封存水,与现代深循环水混合后表现出低δ18O 值的特征㊂本次在子系统④中的4个岩溶水样品的δ18O 值均小于-10.75ɢ,而位于古堆泉域北侧水井的G D 22样点,该井岩溶含水层埋深970m ,其δ18O 值为-11.3ɢ,这种δ18O 值偏小现象是现代循环的水与深部含水层中保留的寒冷时期补给的低δ18O 值古封存水混合的结果㊂3.5岩溶热水的氧同位素漂移由于热水的δ18O 远小于含氧矿物(如碳酸盐㊁硅酸盐矿物),在与围岩发生水岩反应时,同位素交换作用的结果常使水中的δ18O 增大即发生δ18O 漂移,水岩作用越强烈则δ18O 氧漂移现象越显著,同时δD 盈余值(d )越小[12]㊂图2中可以看出,编号为G D 21㊁G D 22㊁G D 31的3个岩溶热水样中,随着051Copyright ©博看网. All Rights Reserved.第4期张松涛等:同位素技术在古堆泉岩溶水保护中的应用δ18O 漂移增强,其d 值则从7.98ɢ减小到6.64ɢ(表1)㊂但由于前2个样品埋藏深度大,含水层中的古封存水对它们的δ18O 值所起的控制作用更强,因此在图中已完全脱离了岩溶水的集中分布区㊂3.6三泉水库渗漏对古堆泉排泄区岩溶水的影响三泉水库紧邻古堆泉排泄区,2012年蓄水后开始渗漏补给泉域岩溶水㊂对比古堆泉口排泄区2014年和2021年的同位素(图3),发现2014年三泉水库蓄水初期泉口的岩溶水样在δD-δ18O 关系图中位于岩溶水样的中部㊂此时,尽管泉域岩溶水接受了三泉水库的补给,但泉口水位总体较低,仍然是区域岩溶地下水最低排泄点(图1)㊂2021年以来,受泉口岩溶水开采井大量关闭㊁三泉水库渗漏补给和其他地区岩溶水持续开采的影响,研究区岩溶地下水位最低点出现在了汾阳岭一带,泉域岩溶水形成了由排泄区向径流区倒流的态势,使得泉口岩溶水水样在δD-δ18O 关系图中分布在非常接近三泉水库水样的位置㊂图3 2014年和2021年工作区岩溶水样δD 与δ18O 关系图F i g .3 δD a n d δ18O r e l a t i o n s h i p o f k a r s t w a t e r s a m pl e s i n t h e s t u d y ar e a i n 2014a n d 20214 研究区岩溶水锶同位素特征及其示踪效应自然环境中锶元素主要存在于菱锶矿(S r -C O 3)㊁天青石(S r S O 4)㊁斜长石和磷灰石等矿物中㊂由于锶同位素衰减周期长,因此理论上认为S r 稳定同位素在自然作用过程中不发生显著分馏,对水岩作用不敏感,是评价地下水混合㊁追踪地下水起源及水岩相互作用的可靠工具[13-14]㊂锶有84S r ,86S r,87S r ,88S r 4个稳定同位素,其中87S r 由87R b 衰变而来,随着时间的演化87S r 单方向增长,而且不同物质来源的87S r /86S r 比值不同,其大小有硅铝酸盐>结晶盐>白云岩>灰岩的顺序,因此,可以把锶同位素作为不同物源判别的指标㊂4.1 87S r /86S r 值与ρ(S r 2+)特征如表2,图1所示,在各类样品中,岩溶水的87S r /86S r 值范围为0.708767~0.717293,均值为0.71207,其ρ(S r 2+)变化较大,变化范围为0.415~2.395m g /L ,均值1.602m g/L ㊂取自研究区的3个碎屑岩样品(编号G D 29㊁G D 54㊁G D 58)的87S r /86S r 均值0.71255,略大于岩溶水,ρ(S r 2+)均值为0.677m g/L ,不足岩溶水的一半;2个火成岩样品(编号G D 41㊁G D 42)的87S r /86S r 均值0.71170,ρ(S r 2+)均值为0.385m g /L ;地表水样(2个)的87S r /86S r 值有一定差别,推断与其补给源有关,其中续鲁峪地表水(编号G D C L 04)补给源来自于为煤系地层的碎屑岩区,故其87S r /86S r 值偏大㊂4.2岩溶水补给关系分析图1中研究区岩溶水的ρ(S r 2+)分布整体上从东部补给区向西部排泄区有增加的趋势,而西部岩溶水的87S r /86S r 同位素值则存在由冷水区向热水区增大的规律㊂古堆泉岩溶水子系统样品的87S r /86S r 均值为0.71318,最小值位于上游补给区(编号G D 56),为0.71026,最大值则是德西毛热水编号G D 31,为0.71729㊂从补给区向排泄区,各样点ρ(S r 2+)值有随着水岩作用增强而增大的趋势㊂而西侧边界一带的样品(G D 36㊁G D 43㊁G D 46)则反映了受三泉水库渗滤补给的影响效应㊂海头泉岩溶水子系统样品的87S r /86S r 值与δ18O 一样,数值变幅较小,为0.71070~0.71128,全部落在冷水区(图4)㊂ρ(S r 2+)值除了最下游的G D 15偏大外,其余在0.97~1.33m g/L 间,表明相互间的生成联系㊂南梁泉岩溶水子系统样品的87S r /86S r 同位素值存在一定变幅,其原因是该区存在煤系地层以及火成岩产流区地表水的入渗补给㊂但岩溶水的ρ(S r 2+)值分布规律性明显㊂侯马盆地深循环岩溶水子系统的3个岩溶水样品的87S r /86S r 值变化较大,为0.70877~0.71473,其中点G D 24处于侯马盆地深陷热水区,岩溶含水层埋深达1628m ,其ρ(S r 2+)和87S r /86S r 值呈现同步增大的现象㊂而其G D 04㊁G D 60样品点的87S r /86S r 同位素值在散点图上均落在偏低的凉水区,其原因可从其补给条件进行阐述㊂如图1所示,这2处样品点分别处在古堆泉子系统和南梁泉子系统的接触处,地下水流场显示其水量源于冷水区的补给,特别是G D 60样品点,虽然岩溶含水层埋深达到1200m ,但由于北侧绵山-丹山隆起的强导水性,地下水形成了向南北两侧深循环区排泄的局部地下水分水岭,是导致其锶同位素偏低的直接原因,与上游点G D 17样品点更加接近㊂4.3研究区北部岩溶水开采问题研究区北部边界为深埋滞流性隔水边界㊂天然条件下,北部地区岩溶水处于缓慢循环状态,对研究151Copyright ©博看网. All Rights Reserved.h t t p s ://d z k j q b .c u g.e d u .c n 地质科技通报2023年表2 各样品87S r /86S r 与ρ(S r 2+)汇总87862+注:深蓝色为子系统岩溶水(塔尔山九原山古堆泉岩溶水子系统);黄色为子系统岩溶水(佛岭山高显海头泉岩溶水子系统);浅蓝色为子系统③岩溶水(中条山南梁泉岩溶水子系统);粉色为子系统④岩溶水(侯马盆地深循环岩溶水子系统)图4 泉域岩溶水87S r /86S r -ρ(S r 2+)关系图F i g .4 R e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n 87S r /86S r a n d S r 2+o f w a t e r s a m p l e s i n t h e s p r i n g ar e a 区岩溶水的袭夺量不大㊂近年新打的G D 22热水井,揭露的岩溶含水层埋深达970m ,水样ρ(T D S )和ρ(H B )分别为3548.0,2115.3m g /L ,ρ(S r 2+)值达到了7.90m g/L ㊂是所有样品中离子组分含量最大,推断是强烈水岩作用所致(水样天青石和菱锶矿的饱和指数分别为-0.10和-0.89,均处于非饱和状态)㊂但其87S r /86S r 同位素值仅为0.71031,与其他热水样品(G D 21㊁G D 31)相比显著偏低,处于图4中水温低于25ħ的冷水区,更接近于南侧岩溶水水样(图1中编号G D 23㊁G D 24㊁G D 27㊁G D 28样品点)㊂因此判断,在开采条件下,泉域外襄汾县城一带岩溶水的开采可能会进一步袭夺泉域岩溶水,因此需对北部深埋滞流区岩溶水的开采加以重点关注㊂4.4汾阳岭岩溶热水成因分析研究区分布大量岩溶热水资源,主要分布在碳酸盐岩含水层埋深较大的侯马盆地子系统中,出水量相对较小,但襄汾县汾阳岭热田是例外㊂该岩溶热田位于研究区内汾阳岭隆起的覆盖型岩溶区,含水层为中奥陶统㊂根据山西省地勘局勘探资料,地面标高约550m ,岩溶含水层埋深130~230m ,水位埋深150m 左右,降深10m 涌水量一般在3000m 3/s 以上,评价的热储面积38.52k m 2,地热资源折合标准煤为3.08亿t ㊂本次采用S i O 2温标法修正后计算的热储温度为77.7ħ㊂热田内G D 31的水样87S r /86S r 值在所有样品中最大,达到0.71729(同时其偏硅酸浓度为44.15m g/L ),已接近硅铝酸岩区域,周边多个样点均超过0.71340(图4,1),与北方其他泉域岩溶水比较显著偏大,其中3个岩溶热水样品的最大值仅为0.70959,同时G D 31样品点的ρ(S r 2+)达到4.3m g/L ,表明该区存在强烈的非碳酸251Copyright ©博看网. All Rights Reserved.第4期张松涛等:同位素技术在古堆泉岩溶水保护中的应用盐岩的水岩作用㊂从水样同位素判断,汾阳岭的隆起可能与深部硅酸盐岩浆的底劈式顶托侵入有关㊂5结论(1)研究区岩溶水氧同位素存在热水氧漂移作用㊁补给水的蒸发浓缩作用㊁高程效应以及寒冷气候时期补给的古封存水的混合效应,多种分馏作用是导致δ18O的数值范围(-11.46ɢ~-7.81ɢ)分布区间较大的原因㊂(2)研究区岩溶水87S r/86S r及ρ(S r2+)随循环深度与路径规律性变化的同时,受补给源和中生代侵入碳酸盐岩的岩浆岩水岩作用影响出现局部异常区㊂(3)目前三泉水库的渗漏直接影响了排泄区岩溶水的氘㊁氧同位素值变化;而北部深埋滞流型边界以外的岩溶水开采可能会袭夺泉域岩溶水资源,需引起足够重视㊂(所有作者声明不存在利益冲突)参考文献:[1]山西省地质局第二水文地质工程地质队.1ʒ20万区域水文地质普查报告(侯马幅)[R].太原:山西省地质矿产局,1983.T h e S e c o n d H y d r o g e o l o g i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g G e o l o g i c a l T e a m o f S h a n x i G e o l o g i c a l B u r e a u.1ʒ200000r e g i o n a l h y d r o g e o l o g i c a l s u r v e y r e p o r t(H o u m a f u)[R].T a i y u a n:S h a n x i P r o v i n c i a l B u-r e a u o f G e o l o g y a n d M i n e r a l R e s o u r c e s,1983(i n C h i n e s e).[2]韩行瑞,鲁荣安,李庆松,等.岩溶水系统:山西岩溶大泉研究[M].北京:地质出版社,1993.H a n X R,L u R A,L i Q S,e t a l.K a r s t w a t e r s y s t e m:S t u d y o fS h a n x i k a r s t s p r i n g[M].B e i j i n g:G e o l o g i c a l P u b l i s h i n gH o u s e,1993(i n C h i n e s e).[3]山西省水资源管理办公室.山西省泉域边界范围及重点保护区[R].太原:山西省水资源管理委员会,1998.S h a n x i P r o v i n c i a l W a t e r R e s o u r c e s M a n a g e m e n t O f f i c e.B o u n d a r y s c o p e a n d k e y p r o t e c t e d a r e a s o f s p r i n g r e g i o n i nS h a n x i P r o v i n c e[R].T a i y u a n:S h a n x i P r o v i n c i a l W a t e r R e-s o u r c e s M a n a g e m e n t C o mm i t t e e,1998(i n C h i n e s e). 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All Rights Reserved.。
大范围地质体分块建模方法
第42卷 第6期2023年 11月 地质科技通报B u l l e t i n o f G e o l o g i c a l S c i e n c e a n d T e c h n o l o g yV o l .42 N o .6N o v . 2023花卫华,宿紫莹,朱玉华,等.大范围地质体分块建模方法[J ].地质科技通报,2023,42(6):257-265.H u a W e i h u a ,S u Z i y i n g ,Z h u Y u h u a ,e t a l .L a r g e -r a n g e g e o l o g i c a l b l o c k m o d e l i n g m e t h o d [J ].B u l l e t i n o f G e o l o g i c a l S c i e n c e a n d T e c h n o l o g y,2023,42(6):257-265.基金项目:国家重点研发计划项目(2019Y F C 0605102);国家自然科学基金项目(41972307);湖北省自然资源科技项目(Z R Z Y 2023K J 01)作者简介:花卫华(1977 ),男,副教授,博士生导师,主要从事高性能三维可视化方法及三维地质建模算法研究工作㊂E -m a i l:h u a w e i h u a @c u g.e d u .c n 通信作者:刘修国(1969 ),男,教授,博士生导师,主要从事地理信息系统平台及其应用㊁地理空间智能建模与地学过程模拟等研究工作㊂E -m a i l :l i u x g318@163.c o m ©E d i t o r i a l O f f i c e o f B u l l e t i n o f G e o l o g i c a l S c i e n c e a n d T e c h n o l o g y .T h i s i s a n o pe n a c c e s s a r t i c l e u n d e r t h e C C B Y -N C -N D l i c e n s e .大范围地质体分块建模方法花卫华,宿紫莹,朱玉华,段剑超,张 文,庞世龙,肖海清,刘修国(中国地质大学(武汉)地理信息与工程学院,武汉430078)摘 要:三维地质建模是一种通过计算机技术将多源地质数据转化为三维地质模型的技术,它揭示着地下各类地质体之间的空间分布关系,可以帮助地质工作者更直观地理解地下地质结构,并为资源勘探㊁灾害预测和工程建设等工作提供一定支持,然而复杂的地质环境㊁有效地质数据的稀缺㊁巨大的计算量等因素使得大范围地质体的构建成为了三维地质建模发展过程中亟待解决的问题之一㊂针对该问题,提出了一种大范围地质体分块建模方法,该方法基于模型包围盒的水平分布范围将大型建模区域平均划分成若干个相对小型的区块分别进行建模,引入虚拟钻孔和地层分区自动追踪算法实现了对区块模型顶底部及中间地层分块边界的一致性约束,同时,在对每个区块进行建模时,对其建模数据范围进行一定扩充以确保合并后的区块间地层在分块边界处能够实现平滑过渡㊂研究结果表明各区块模型能合并成为一个地层衔接连贯㊁顺滑的完整地质模型,进而实现大范围地质体建模㊂以厦门马銮湾新城区的浅层地下模型为例,构建了厦门马銮湾新城区三维地质模型,并对该方法的建模效果进行了检验㊂对该模型剖切得到的地质剖面与真实钻孔进行了对比,并从建模效率㊁地层衔接的连贯性和顺滑性等方面进行了分析,证实了该方法的可行性㊂关键词:分块建模;三维地质模型;虚拟钻孔;地层分区;标准地层2022-05-16收稿;2022-10-03修回;2022-10-14接受中图分类号:P 628 文章编号:2096-8523(2023)06-0257-09d o i :10.19509/j .c n k i .d z k q.t b 20220217 开放科学(资源服务)标识码(O S I D ):L a r g e -r a n g e g e o l o g i c a l b l o c k m o d e l i n g me t h o d H u a W e i h u a ,S u Z i y i n g ,Z h u Y u h u a ,D u a n J i a n c h a o ,Z h a n g W e n ,P a n g S h i l o n g ,X i a o H a i q i n g ,L i u X i u gu o (S c h o o l o f G e o g r a p h y a n d I n f o r m a t i o n E n g i n e e r i n g ,C h i n a U n i v e r s i t yo f G e o s c i e n c e s (W u h a n ),W u h a n 430078,C h i n a)A b s t r a c t :[O b je c t i v e ]3D g e o l o g i c a l m o d e l l i n g i s a k i n d of t e c h n o l og y th a t c o n v e r t s m u l ti s o u r c e g e o l o g i c a l d a t a i n t o 3D g e o l o g i c a l m o d e l s t h r o u g h c o m p u t e r .I t r e v e a l s t h e s p a t i a l d i s t r i b u t i o n r e l a t i o n s h i p be t w e e n v a r i o u s u n d e r g r o u n d g e o l o g i c a l b o d i e s ,w h i c h h e l p s g e o l o g i s t s u n d e r s t a n d u n d e r g r o u n d g e o l o gi c a l s t r u c -t u r e s m o r e i n t u i t i v e l y ,p r o v i d i n g c e r t a i n s u p p o r t f o r r e s o u r c e e x p l o r a t i o n ,d i s a s t e r p r e d i c t i o n ,e n g i n e e r i n gc o n s t r u c t i o n .H o w e v e r ,c o m p l e x g e o l o g i c a l e n v i r o n m e n t ,s c a r c i t y o f e f f e c t i v e g e o l o g i c a ld a t a ,l a r ge a m o u n t of c a l c u l a t i o n a n d o t h e r f a c t o r s m a k e t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f l a rg e -s c a l e c o m p l e x g e o l o gi c a l b o d i e s b e c o m e a nh t t p s://d z k j q b.c u g.e d u.c n地质科技通报2023年u r g e n t p r o b l e m t o b e s o l v e d i n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f3D g e o l o g i c a l m o d e l l i n g.[M e t h o d s]T o a d d r e s s t h e s e i s s u e,t h i s p a p e r p r o p o s e s a l a r g e r a n g e o f c o m p l e x g e o l o g i c a l b o d y b l o c k m o d e l l i n g m e t h o d s.B a s e d o n t h e m o d e l h o r i z o n t a l d i s t r i b u t i o n s c o p e o f b o u n d i n g b o x,l a r g e r a n g e o f r e s e a r c h a r e a w i l l b e d i v i d e d i n t o s e v e r-a l r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l e r o n e s t o p e r f o r m m o d e l l i n g.A t t h e s a m e t i m e,v i r t u a l b o r e h o l e a n d s t r a t u m p a r t i t i o n a u t o m a t i c t r a c k i n g a l g o r i t h m w i l l b e i n t r o d u c e d f o r t h e b l o c k m o d e l a t t h e b o t t o m,t o p a n d m i d d l e p a r t f o r t h e c o n s i s t e n c y o f b o u n d a r y c o n s t r a i n t s.A t t h e s a m e t i m e,w h e n m o d e l l i n g e a c h b l o c k,t h e r a n g e o f m o d-e l l i n g d a t a i s e x t e n d e d t o e n s u r e t h a t t h e s t r a t a b e t w e e n m e r g e d b l o c k s c a n a c h i e v e s m o o t h t r a n s i t i o n a t t h e b o u n d a r y o f b l o c k.[R e s u l t s]E a c h b l o c k o f m o d e l i s c o m b i n e d i n t o a c o m p l e t e o n e w i t h c o h e r e n t a n d s m o o t h s t a r a s o t h a t a l a r g e r a n g e o f c o m p l e x t h r e e-d i m e n s i o n a l g e o l o g i c a l b o d y m o d e l l i n g c a n b e r e a l i z e d.[C o n c l u s i o n]T a k i n g t h e s h a l l o w u n d e r g r o u n d m o d e l o f t h e X i a m e n M a l u a n B a y N e w u r b a n a r e a a s a n e x-a m p l e,t h i s p a p e r c o n s t r u c t e d c o r r e s p o n d i n g g e o l o g i c a l m o d e l t o t e s t t h e m o d e l l i n g e f f e c t.T h e m o d e l i s d i s s e c t e d a n d c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e r e a l b o r e h o l e.T h e f e a s i b i l i t y o f p r o p o s e d m e t h o d i s v e r i f i e d i n t e r m s o f m o d e l l i n g e f f i c i e n c y,c o n t i n u i t y a n d s m o o t h n e s s o f s t r a t a c o n n e c t i o n.K e y w o r d s:b l o c k m o d e l i n g;t h r e e-d i m e n s i o n a l g e o l o g i c a l m o d e l;v i r t u a l b o r e h o l e;s t r a t i g r a p h i c d i v i s i o n; t h e s t a n d a r d f o r m a t i o nR e c e i v e d:2022-05-16;R e v i s e d:2022-10-03;A c c e p t e d:2022-10-14作为一种可以直观反映地表以下地质体结构㊁构造和相互关系,以及相应物理化学属性分布特征的数学模型[1],三维地质模型的构建逐渐成为了油藏工程㊁水文地质㊁工程地质等领域的关注焦点㊂20世纪50至60年代,K r i g e和M a t h e r o n对于地质统计学和克里金技术的开创性研究为地质统计学带来了飞跃式的发展,三维地质建模正是随其发展而兴起的一项研究技术[2]㊂三维地质建模技术的理论研究涵盖范围较广,包括空间数据的模型与结构[3-4]㊁数据的三维可视化[5-6]㊁多源数据的融合利用等方面[7-8]㊂如今随着三维地质建模相关理论的进一步成熟和计算机技术的快速发展,各类综合性或针对性的三维地质建模方法也层出不穷㊂这些方法可以从数据来源㊁建模尺度㊁地质体内部属性处理等不同角度划分为不同的种类[9],目前受到关注较多的方法主要包括基于钻孔㊁剖面等多源数据融合的建模方法[10]㊁隐式建模方法[11-12]㊁多点地质统计学随机模拟方法[13-14]及近几年兴起的机器学习相关建模方法[15-16]㊂尽管三维地质建模方法的研究已经日趋成熟,但受到地质勘探数据稀缺㊁数据分布不均㊁地质环境复杂等因素的影响,三维地质建模技术在建模效率㊁建模精度㊁模型真实性及显示效果等方面仍旧存在着一些问题㊂尤其是当建模区域范围较大而地质环境又相对复杂时,海量勘探数据的参与和复杂的地层连接问题将导致内存占用量大㊁C P U负载重㊁处理效率低等问题[17],此外,断裂对地层的切割以及岩体侵入等情况会使得完整区域地质模型的构建更加棘手,这些问题使得模型的构建㊁修改与更新变得费时费力,有时甚至无法成功构建模型㊂针对该类问题,一些学者提出了分块构建模型的建模思想[18-21],在一定程度上降低了大区域地质模型的构建难度,但依旧存在着建模流程自动化程度低㊁建模效率低等问题㊂基于以上现状,笔者拟提出一种针对大范围地质体的分块建模方法,该方法可以自动划分建模区块,按区块构建地质模型,通过引入虚拟钻孔和地层分区自动追踪算法实现大范围地质建模,并使用该方法在厦门马銮湾新城区构建模型㊂1方法及其优势1.1分块建模方法大范围地质体分块建模方法(图1)可以基于建模数据的空间分布信息对其进行区块划分,再分别依据各个区块的地质数据按照统一的坐标空间构建区块地质模型,最后将各区块地质模型合并得到大范围三维地质模型,为大范围地质模型构建时遇到的自动化程度低㊁耗时长㊁构建难甚至无法构建等问题提出一种有效的解决思路㊂大范围地质体分块建模算法的实现面临着4个关键性的挑战:①分块规格的确定㊂分块规格的确定是决定该方法的建模效率与效果的重要参数之一,过小的分块规格会造成以下2点缺陷:一是会花费大量精力进行分块边界数据处理及模型合并等工作;二是会导致每个区块中的真实数据过少,降低模型的可靠性㊂分块规格设置过大则不能有效解决单次模型构建数据量过大造成的问题㊂②接边裂缝问题的处理㊂合并模型时,若2块模型在区块边界处高程不一致,合并后就会在区块模型接边处出现明852第6期 花卫华等:大范围地质体分块建模方法图1 分块建模算法流程示意图F i g .1 F l o w c h a t o f b l o c k m o d e l i n g a l go r i t h m 显的接边裂缝问题㊂为了解决该问题,有必要在区块模型构建之前对连接边界处的顶底面和中间地层进行一致性处理,进而保证地层衔接的连贯性㊂③相邻区块模型间地层延展顺滑性处理㊂由于数据的分块,在构建区块模型时只有当前区块中的数据会直接参与建模计算,忽视了区块外的钻孔所提供的整体地层趋势信息,因而在模型合并时可能在区块边界处出现地层延展趋势突变的问题,降低模型的真实性㊂④相邻区块地层分区边界错断问题㊂构建区块模型时,若不对各个地层的分区边界进行约束,合并模型时相邻模型块间的相同地层分区就会出现错断问题㊂故建模前应当先根据所有钻孔数据计算出不同地区的分区情况,在构建区块模型时依据该分区数据作为约束条件,以保证各区块间地层分布区域的合理性与衔接的连贯性㊂1.2算法优势针对当前大范围地质模型构建所面临的问题,分块建模的方法给出了一种切实可行的解决方式,其优势主要体现在以下3个方面:①解决了大范围地质模型难以构建的问题㊂分块建模方法将大区域的建模问题转化为多个小区域的建模问题,简化了模型的构建㊂②引入虚拟钻孔对区块边界加以约束,避免了区块接边裂缝问题㊂在分块建模算法中,每个区块的三维地质模型都是分别构建的,因此在合并模型时需要格外注意区块间的缝合效果㊂针对该问题,王威等[21]通过令一个分块数据边界点替代相邻分块数据边界点的方法使得2区块高程一致,但该方法忽略了被替代区块的地层信息,使得边界信息的准确度有所欠缺㊂本研究通过在区块接边处添加一定密度的虚拟钻孔作为相邻区块间的共同边界约束来解决裂缝问题,虚拟钻孔由周围真实钻孔信息插值生成,故具有更高的可信度㊂③有效保证了区块间地层连接的顺滑性㊂分别构建每个区块模型时除了考虑区块范围内的数据外,还需要对数据范围进行一定的扩充以兼顾相邻区块部分地层的延展趋势信息,使合并后的区块间地层在分块边界处能够顺滑过渡㊂2 建模方法2.1地层分区自动圈定方法地层分区的自动圈定方法将基于完整的建模数据对地层分区进行自动追踪,以支持虚拟钻孔的构建并约束各个区块模型内的地层分区边界以避免地层分区边界错断问题㊂地层分区的圈定工作分为3个部分:顶部地层分区㊁底部地层分区和中间地层分区㊂2.1.1 顶㊁底部地层分区顶部地层分区可以直接取区域地质图中的地层分区数据,也可以根据各个钻孔的顶部钻孔分层数据对地表出露的各个地层分区进行追踪,进而得到各出露地层的顶部分区结果㊂具体追踪方法如下:①由钻孔数据集和建模参数得到钻孔顶部地层分区数据点集,该点集中的每个点都包括x ㊁y ㊁z 3个属性值,其中,x 和y 是该数据点的平面坐标信息,z是为每一个数据点分配的从零开始的独一无二的整型序号㊂②为该点集中的数据点建立一个查询字典,将每个数据点的序号和该数据点的地层属性建立起关系连接,为后文所述的地层分区追踪工作做铺垫㊂③对顶部地层分区数据点集进行三角化并追踪地层分区㊂追踪地层分区时,需遵循数据点序号依次遍历钻孔顶部数据点集,筛选出所有与当前追踪地层属性一致的数据点,这些数据点共同组成了当前追踪地层的地表出露钻孔点集㊂根据该点集遍历三角形,将连接当前追踪地层出露钻孔点与其他地层出露钻孔点的三角形边的中点连接起来作为分区边界(若当前追踪地层分布于建模范围边界,则将边界上连接出露点的三角形边也作为分区边界),即可追踪到该地层的顶部分区(图2)㊂对所有地层进行该操作即可得到所有的顶部地层分区结果㊂底部地层分区的追踪过程与顶部地层分区类似,只是将钻孔顶部的数据点更改为钻孔底部的钻孔分层数据点,故不再赘述㊂2.1.2 中间地层分区中间地层分区是指各中间地层在建模范围内的952h t t p s ://d z k j q b .c u g.e d u .c n 地质科技通报2023年图2 顶部地层分区自动圈定方法示意图F i g .2 S c h e m a t i c d i a gr a m o f a u t o m a t i c d e l i n e a t i o n f o r t o p st r a t u m z o n e s 水平投影,追踪该类分区是为了对区块模型中各地层的分区边界进行约束,保证区块模型之间地层分区边界的连贯衔接㊂具体方法为:对于当前追踪地层,遍历所有钻孔数据,并将出现该地层的钻孔标记为1,未出现该地层的钻孔标记为0,如此一来便可得到一个包括所有出现过该地层的钻孔数据集,取这些钻孔的水平面坐标点组成该地层的分布点集并三角化,用于表示该地层在水平面上的投影点分布情况,使用第2.1.1节所述规则求出该地层的分区(图3)㊂类似地,可以求出所有内部地层的地层分区㊂图3 中间地层分区自动圈定方法示意图F i g .3 S c h e m a t i c d i a gr a m o f t h e a u t o m a t i c d e l i n e a -t i o n f o r i n t e r m e d i a t e s t r a t a z o n i n g2.2区块划分及接边裂缝处理方法2.2.1 区块划分区块划分需要根据建模区域得到外围的包围盒,基于包围盒水平面对建模区域进行指定块数的划分㊂区块划分的方法多种多样,例如,以断裂和岩体边界作为分块依据的分块方法[19],该类方法尽管在分块过程中考虑了地质构造的影响,但需要一定的地质知识以指导划分区块边界,其自动化程度低,且不规则的区块边界增加了区块模型构建和合并的复杂度㊂本研究采用平均分块方法,对于面状分布区域,在包围盒水平面的基础上进行平均分块(图4),分块参数的确定需要基于以下原则:①每个区块内钻孔数量不得少于2个;②当建模精度要求较高时,应当在工作站性能允许的基础之上,尽量选择感兴趣区块钻孔数量更多㊁钻孔密度更大的分块方案㊂图4 平均分块方法示意图F i g .4 S c h e m a t i c d i a g r a m o f t h e a v e r a g e b l o c k p a r t i t i o n i n g图5 裂缝问题处理流程图F i g .5 F l o w c h a t o f t h e e d g e c r a c k p r o b l e m p r o c e s s i n g由于建模区域往往是不规则的多边形,故还需分别在每个区块中对该多边形建模范围和区块矩形进行求交操作,将计算结果作为各区块的最终建模区域㊂2.2.2 接边裂缝问题分块建模方法需要在区块模型构建完成后将其合并,若分块建模生成的相邻区块模型地层边界高程不一致会导致合并后的模型在区块边界处出现明显的裂缝问题,故分块建模时需要保证各个区块模型连接处的顶部高程㊁底部高程以及中间地层的顶底高程一致㊂对此,本研究引入了虚拟钻孔以解决区块模型边界的裂缝问题(图5)㊂该方法将基于真实钻孔数062第6期 花卫华等:大范围地质体分块建模方法据在分块边界处(总建模区域边界除外)生成虚拟钻孔作为相邻区块的共同边界约束,以保证区块模型的边界一致性,使分块边界处的地层在合并时能够衔接连贯(若虚拟钻孔构建点半径5m 以内有真实钻孔则直接使用真实钻孔数据),钻孔密度可根据模型精度需求设定,若精度要求高可取50~150m 或更低的虚拟钻孔间距(下文称网格精度),若无高精度要求则可取300~500m 或更高的虚拟钻孔间距㊂在分块边界处插值生成虚拟钻孔的具体方法如下:①根据顶部分区和底部分区结果得到当前构建的虚拟钻孔的顶部和底部钻孔分层㊂②中间的钻孔分层将根据周围钻孔分层数据通过距离反比加权插值算法计算生成㊂首先搜索当前构建点周围的真实钻孔,再根据新标准地层表结合搜索到的真实钻孔进行插值计算,自顶向下逐一确定各地层在虚拟钻孔中的分布情况㊂③检查当前虚拟钻孔的构建深度,若小于建模深度则将底部钻孔分层向下延展到需要的建模深度㊂2.2.3 相邻区块间地层延展顺滑性处理进行区块模型建模时,若只考虑块内建模数据可能导致同一地层在区块交接处的延展趋势出现突变问题(图6),因此有必要适度扩展每个区块的建模数据范围(图7),将扩充所得块间重叠区域的建模数据纳入当前构建区块的有效数据集中,使得在a .块间地层延展趋势突变的案例;b .经过顺滑性处理后的案例图6 延展趋势突变问题示意图F i g .6 S c h e m a t i c d i a gr a m o f t h e e x t e n d e d t r e n d m u t a t i on 图7 延展顺滑性处理方法示意图F i g .7 S c h e m a t i c d i a gr a m o f t h e e x t e n d e d s m o o t h -n e s s t r e a t m e n t插值计算当前建模区块内的地层界面时,得到的地层延展趋势能与相邻区块中相应地层界面自然衔接,保证相邻区块间地层延展的顺滑性㊂2.3区块建模及合并处理对于模型合并时需要考虑到的地层分区边界错断㊁接边裂缝㊁地层延展顺滑性等问题已通过前文所述算法得到了解决,因此这一步只需把各区块的建模区域同各地层分区结果进行求交运算得到各地层在该区块内的模板面,然后确定各区块内部及边界处的有效钻孔以建立各个区块模型㊂各区块模型构建完成后需将其合并,合并时,根据各区块模型的邻接关系对相同地层的顶面㊁底面以及块间重合的侧面进行合并(图8),剔除各地层块侧面衔接处的重复三角形以及地层内部多余的侧面三角形㊂若该地区存在特殊地质体,则应当对该特殊地质体进行建模,将特殊地质体合并至完整模型中㊂图8 区块模型合并方法示意图F i g .8 D i a g r a m o f t h e b l o c k m o d e l m e r g i n g3 应用实例与结果分析本研究以厦门马銮湾新城作为实例,基于该地区的钻孔数据通过分块建模的方法构建该地区的三维地质模型,以展示该方法的建模流程以及最终的建模效果㊂3.1研究区概况马銮湾新城是厦门西海岸黄金湾区的一个重要新城区,它横跨海沧区与集美区,东部与厦门本岛隔162h t t p s://d z k j q b.c u g.e d u.c n地质科技通报2023年海相望[22]㊂其总规划面积有45k m2,其中马銮片区37k m2,前场片区8k m2,自然资源丰富㊂近年来经过相关工作人员的研究和规划设计,其发展已由全面快速基础设施建设阶段转变为重点区域㊁重点产业发展阶段[23]㊂3.2模型构建基于厦门马銮湾新城区钻孔勘探数据,通过大范围地质体建模方法建立了该区域的地质体模型,这些钻孔数据覆盖了约40k m2的城区,包含6489个有效钻孔数据,平均钻孔深度达16.72m,最大钻孔深度达65.10m㊂首先根据厦门马銮湾新城区的钻孔数据及其他地质调查结果得到该建模区域的标准地层表,对钻孔中涉及到的岩性进行级别编码(表1)㊂表1厦门马銮湾新城区钻孔涉及到的标准地层编码及级别编码T a b l e1 S t a n d a r d s t r a t a a n d g r a d e c o d e s f o r d r i l l i n g i n t h en e w u r b a n a r e a o f M a l u a n B a y,X i a m e n年代地层岩性地层编码级别编码第四系水体G01-1-0杂填土1-11-1-1素填土1-21-1-2吹填土1-31-1-3耕植土1-41-1-4全新统淤泥2-11-2-1淤泥质土2-21-2-2淤泥3-11-3-1淤泥质土3-21-3-2粉砂㊁细砂3-31-3-3中砂㊁粗砂㊁砾砂3-41-3-4含淤泥砂3-51-3-5淤泥质砂3-61-3-6黏土㊁粉质黏土㊁砂质黏土4-11-4-1粉土4-21-4-2粉砂㊁细砂4-31-4-3中砂㊁粗砂㊁砾砂4-41-4-4角(砾)石4-51-4-5碎(卵)石4-61-4-6砂质黏土5-21-5-2上更新统黏土㊁粉质黏土㊁砂质黏土8-11-6-5粉砂㊁细砂8-31-6-7中砂㊁粗砂㊁砾砂8-41-6-8角(砾)石8-51-6-9碎(卵)石8-61-6-10黏土㊁粉质黏土10-11-8-1残积砂质黏性土11-11-9-1残积砾质黏性土11-21-9-2火山岩残积土11-31-9-3脉岩残积土11-41-9-4透镜体T1-10-1填石T s1-11-1续表1年代地层岩性地层编码级别编码上更新统全风化凝灰熔岩12-12-1-1强风化凝灰熔岩12-22-1-2中风化凝灰熔岩12-32-1-3微风化凝灰熔岩12-42-1-4全风化花岗岩17-12-6-1土状强风化花岗岩17-22-6-2碎块状强风化花岗岩17-32-6-3中风化花岗岩17-42-6-4微风化花岗岩17-52-6-7孤石G2-9-1基于钻孔数据对建模区域进行地层分区自动圈定,取建模区域包围盒水平面,按平均分块方法划分成4块ˑ5块规格的区块(图9),每个区块长约2.15k m,宽约0.93k m,建模深度达50m,合并区块模型得到完整的马銮湾新城地质模型(图10)㊂图9厦门马銮湾新城模型区块划分图F i g.9M o d e l b l o c k d i v i s i o n o f X i a m e n M a l u a n B a yN e w T o w n3.3结果对比与分析将从建模效率㊁区块间地层连接效果2个方面出发,对比分析本研究提出的分块建模算法的效果㊂使用分块建模算法和未使用分块建模算法(普通方法)的多源数据约束的三角剖分方法在相同的实验环境下分别对不同范围的建模区域建模,所有实验均在配备11t h G e n I n t e l(R)C o r e(T M)i9-11900K@3.50G H z㊁128G B R AM和N V I D I AG e F o r c e R T X3080T i G P U的工作站上进行㊂表2展示了2种建模方式在不同建模范围下时间上的横向对比㊂通过剖切上文中使用分块建模方法构建的厦门马銮湾新城地质模型可得到马銮湾新城的地质剖面,进而直观地展示该模型在分块边界处的地层连262第6期 花卫华等:大范围地质体分块建模方法图10 使用分块建模方法构建的厦门马銮湾新城地质模型F i g .10G e o l o g i c a l m o d e l o f X i a m e n M a l u a n B a y N e w T o w n c o n s t r u c t e d b y b l o c k m o d e l i n g表2 2种不同建模方法在时间上的横向对比T a b l e 2 C o m p a r i s o n f o r t w o d i f f e r e n t m o d e l i n g me t h o d s i n t i m e 建模范围/k m 2网格精度/m钻孔数量/个分块参数模型构建方法建模耗时/s 2010010029815块ˑ3块;0.95k mˑ1.4k m分块建模普通方法17.7929.2920505029815块ˑ4块;0.95k mˑ1.05k m分块建模普通方法14.9845.964010010064893块ˑ5块;1.58k mˑ0.84k m分块建模普通方法58.6485.0340505064894块ˑ7块;1.19k mˑ0.6k m分块建模普通方法156.19无法构建注:分块参数分别指横向块数ˑ纵向块数,长ˑ宽接效果(图11)㊂此外为进一步说明模型受到钻孔数据的良好约束,对建模区域内的钻孔进行了可视化,并沿钻孔剖切得到了对比剖面(图12)㊂由图12可见,区块边界处的地层衔接连贯且顺滑,未出现裂缝问题及地层延展趋势突变的问题,且构建出的地层与钻孔显示的信息一致㊂4 结论及展望4.1结论本研究针对三维地质建模中大范围模型难以构建修改与更新㊁自动化程度较低㊁建模效率低等问题,提出了一种基于分块思想的大范围地质体分块建模方法,该建模方法通过引入虚拟钻孔与分区边界自动圈定算法,解决了模型合并时易出现的接边裂缝与地层延展趋势突变问题,实现了大范围地质体的分块建模㊂由厦门马銮湾新城的建模实例可见,大范围地质体分块建模方法在该实例中表现良好,可以在遵循大范围钻孔数据约束的同时高效构建出完整建模区域的三维地质模型,且地层衔接连贯㊂4.2展望虽然该方法在大范围模型构建方面取得了良好的效果,但是仍旧存在一些值得进一步探究的地方,如:(1)分块方法的选择 本研究在对构建区域进行分块时,采用了基于建模范围平均分割的分块方法,然而该种分块方式未有效利用钻孔的分布信息㊂由该角度出发,可以对分块方法加以改进㊂如可以采用聚类分块的方式切分建模范围,即先对钻孔(或其他样本点)进行聚类,再根据聚类结果,依据数据点分布的稀疏规律划分区块㊂这种分块方式结合了362h t t p s ://d z k j q b .c u g.e d u .c n 地质科技通报2023年图11 厦门马銮湾新城地质模型地质剖面(a ㊁b 分别为不同区域处的地质剖面)F i g .11G e o l o g i c a l s e c t i o n o f t h e X i a m e n M a l u a n B a y N e w T o w n g e o l o gi c a l m o d el 图12 厦门马銮湾新城地质模型剖面与钻孔可视化对比图(a ,b 分别为不同区域处剖面与钻孔的对比)F i g .12 V i s u a l i z e d c o m p a r i s o n b e t w e e n t h e g e o l o g i c a l m o d e l s e c t i o n a n d b o r e h o l e o f X i a m e n M a l u a n B a y Ne w T o w n 样本点的分布信息,使得钻孔较为聚集的区块(通常是专家更感兴趣的区域)建模精度更高,进而提高该部分模型的可靠性㊂(2)建模效率的进一步提升 每个区块模型都是分别根据区块范围内的钻孔数据(包括真实钻孔和虚拟钻孔数据)来构建的,各区块间的构建互不干扰,故建立模型时,可以将每个区块模型作为一个并行块,使用多线程并行的方法建模,从而有效提高建模效率㊂(3)模型的修改与更新功能 分别存储每个区块模型,当工作人员遇到数据新增或数据修改的情况时,只需根据新数据(或修改数据)的分布在数据库中查询相应模型块,对该部分模型块进行修改或重建即可,将该方法应用到实际工程中可大幅降低模型的修改和更新成本㊂(所有作者声明不存在利益冲突)参考文献:[1] 吴健生,朱谷昌,曾新平,等.三维G I S 技术在固体矿产勘探和开发中的研究与应用[J ].地质与勘探,2004,40(1):68-72.W u J S ,Z h u G C ,Z e n g X P ,e t a l .T h e r e s e a r c h a n d a p pl i c a t i o n o f t h r e e -d i m e n s i o n a l G I S t e c h n o l o g y i n s o l i d m i n e r a l e x p l o r a -t i o n a n d d e v e l o p m e n t [J ].G e o l o g y a n d E x pl o r a t i o n ,2004,40(1):68-72(i n C h i n e s e w i t h E n gl i s h a b s t r a c t ).[2] 张文彪,段太忠,刘彦锋,等.定量地质建模技术应用现状与发展趋势[J ].地质科技情报,2019,38(3):264-275.Z h a n g W B ,D u a n T Z ,L i u Y F ,e t a l .A p pl i c a t i o n s t a t u s a n d d e v e l o p m e n t t r e n d o f q u a n t i t a 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