口腔专业英语

UNIT-1
dental plaque 牙菌斑
S.sanguis 血链球菌
S.mitis 轻链球菌
S.mutans 变形链球菌
aerobic 好氧的，氧气的；依靠氧气的
anaerobic 没有空气而能生活得，厌氧的
1.In contrast to mucosal surface,the surface of teeth are not constantly renewed by shedding of colonized
epithelial cells.
较之粘膜，牙面不能稳定地通过上皮脱落而更新。

2. Selective manner in which bacteria attach to the tooth surface is thought to reflect the fact that bacteria on
their surface contain a recognition system which enables components on the bacteria surface (adhesions) to blind to complementary molecules (receptors) in the pellicle.
细菌附着与牙面的选择性方式反映了这一事实，即细菌表面具有识别系统，该系统能使细菌表面的附着器与获得性膜中的互补手提分子结合。

UNIT-2
ecology 生态学；个体生态学
ecosystem 生态系统（学）
mutanism 突变的
S.sanguis 血链球菌
S.mutans 变形链球菌
1.Colonization is a complex process, as it involves not only interaction between bacteria and their
environment but aslo bacterial interactions.
定植是一个复杂的过程，它不仅包括细菌和环境间的相互作用，也包括细菌之间的相互作用。

2.Tooth eruption has a major impact on the composition of oral flora.This is to be expected, as teeth provide
new types of surfaces and new microenvironments.
牙齿的萌出对口腔菌群组成有重要影响。

这是因为牙齿提供了一些新型的表面和新的微环境。

UNIT-3
saliva 唾液
parotid 耳旁的；腮腺的
lingual 舌的，语言的，舌侧的
buccal 颊的，颊侧的
labial 唇的，唇侧的
palatine 腭的
edentulous 无牙
sulculus 小沟
mastication 咀嚼
chew 嚼，咀嚼
temporomandibular joint (TMJ) 颞下颌关节
streptococci 链球菌
fungus (复fungi) 真菌，霉菌
1.The salivary amylase activity of differenr individuals varies but a weak action is compensated for by the
strong action of pancreatic amylase in the duodenum.
不同个体间唾液淀粉酶的活性不同，但是较弱的活性可由十二指肠中强活性的胰淀粉酶补偿。

UNIT-4
enamel 釉质
dentinal tubules 牙骨质小管
amelocemental junction 釉牙骨质界
dentine 牙本质
cementum 牙骨质
odontoblast 成牙本质细胞
alveolar bone 牙槽骨
alveolar crest 牙槽嵴
junctional epithelium 结合上皮
1.The tooth bud undergoes peripheral proliferartion into the mesenchyme, leaving a central
mensenchyme-filled depression, to form the tooth cap which consistants of the same components as the tooth bud.
牙蕾的周边区上皮向外胚间充质中生长，基底部凹陷，状如帽子，凹陷内充满外胚间充质细胞，帽状期上皮与蕾状期相同。

2.Dentine consists of mineralized tissue (chiefly hydroxyapatite) in which microscopic tubules are found
extending from the pulp to very close to, or even through, the amelodentinal junction.
牙本质由矿化组织（以羟基磷灰石为主）构成，镜下见有小管自牙髓贯穿全层到达或穿过釉牙本质界。

UNIT-5
dentine permeability 牙本质渗透性
remineralization再矿化
groove窝沟
slot (固定)沟
undercut retention 倒凹固位
cariogenic 致龋的
1.Fissure sealants, sa an effective way to prevent fissure caries, are supported by many controlled clinical
studies and should be used as a preventive measure in patients with moderate or high caries risk.
许多临床对照研究证明窝沟封闭剂是一种有效的预防沟裂龋的方法，并作为预防性措施应用中度或者高度龋易感性的患者。

UNIT-6
percuss 叩诊，敲
palpate 触诊
lamina dura 硬板
attrition 磨损
abrasion 磨耗
metamorphosis 变形
pulpitis 牙髓炎
microleakage 微渗漏
pulp polyp 牙髓息肉
matiscation 咀嚼
fistula 瘘管
abscess 脓肿
osteosclerosis 骨硬化
1.Rather,its purposes are to suggest in the broadest possible interpretation whether pulp os either healthy
or unhealty and to help the clinical determine whether it should be removed, based on clinical experience.
更确切地说，提出临床分类的目的是尽可能地解释牙髓是否健康，同时基于临床经验，以帮助医生决定牙髓是否需要摘除。

2.For this reason only complete cleansing, shaping, and obturation of the root canal will eliminiate the
source of the periapical disease and create a microenviroment in which these periapical lesion can remineralize.
因此，只有彻底冲洗，预备和充填根管，才会杜绝根尖周疾病的来源，并创造一个能促进根尖周病损再矿化的微环境。

UNIT7
obturate 闭塞
amalgam 汞合金
gutta-percha 牙胶
stopping 充填剂
bleach 漂白
rosin 松香
irritant 刺激的
However , it is only through a cognizant “problem-solving” approach to root canal treatment ,that quality assurance can be continually demonstrated in the obturation of the root canal system.
但是，只有通过认知性的，以解决问题为中心的根管治疗方法才能自始自终地保证根管填充的质量。

UNIT 8
pulpotomy 牙髓切断术
maxillary 上颌骨
mandibular下颌骨
radiolucent 射线透射的
pulpectomy 牙髓摘除术
dental floss 牙线
periodontium 牙周组织
hypodontia 牙发育不全
dysplasia 发育异常
(1)The specificity of induction reflects the particular combinations of signaling molecules their cognate cell surface receptors , various intracellular signal pathways , and a large number of transcriptional factors that regulate gene expression.
诱导的特异性表现在信号分子、同源性细胞表面受体、各种细胞内信号路径及其调控基因表达的大量转录因子的特殊联合作用上。

(2)In addition to changes in pulp size and shape with aging ,external stimuli also exert an effect . Caries , attrition , abrasion , erosion , impact trauma , and clinical procedure are some of the major irrritants that may
cause formation of irritation dentin.
牙髓的体积与形状除了随年龄变化之外，外界的刺激也对它产生影响。

龋病，磨损，磨耗，腐蚀，创伤及临床操作是导致刺激性牙本质形成的主要因素。

UNIT 9
endodontic 牙髓学
percussion 叩诊
palpation 触诊
probing 探诊
pathosis 病态
manifestation 临床表现
medical history 病历，病史
vital sign 生命体征
chief complain 主诉
pulp capping 盖髓
metamorphosis 变态，变形，变质
radiograph X射线照片
cement 粘固粉
recurrent caries 继发龋
full-crown restoration 全冠修复
orthodontic 牙科正畸的，正畸学
temporomandibular joint 颞下颌关节
occlusal 咬合的
sinus tract 窦道
deciduous teeth 乳牙
pulpless tooth 无髓牙
premonition 预告，预感
(1)A complete medical history should contain , as a baseline , the vital sighs ; give early warning of unsuspected general disease ; and define risks to the health of the staff as well as identify the risks of treatment to the patient.
一份完整的病历应该包括作为基础的生命体征；对尚未被怀疑的全身性疾病提出早期警告；并且确定影响健康的危险因素以及者患接受治疗的危险因素。

(2)The question , “What kind of treatment have you had?” might elicit a history of pulp capping ,deep fillings with sedative bases , or indirect pulp caps.
问题“你曾经接受过哪种治疗？”可能提示盖髓史，深部安抚剂垫底的充填史或间接盖髓史。

UNIT 10
periodontitis 牙周炎
the connective tissue 结缔组织
loss of attachment 附着丧失
Junctional epithelium 结合上皮
Apical migration 根向移动
periodontium 牙周组织(尤指牙周膜)
gingiva 牙龈
plaque 菌斑
agressive periodontitis 侵袭性牙周炎
refractory periodontitis 难治性牙周炎
Diagnosis was made on the basis of clinical parameters documented in a thorough periodontal assessment , as well as consideration of the age of onset , rapidity of progression , and extent /patten of alveolar bone loss. 诊断是建立在彻底的牙周状况评估所获得的临床指标的基础上的，同时，还必须考虑发病的年龄，牙周病进展的速度以及牙槽骨吸收的程度和类型。

UNIT 11
dental caries 龋齿
calculus 牙结石
Malignant lesions恶性病损
leukoplakia 白斑
asymptomatic 无症状的
premalignant 恶化前的,癌前期的
However , a possible lower salivary PH and buffering power , and the fact that there is a shift of the bacterial population towards lactobacillus and the cariogenic streptococci in smokers ,might all argue for increased dental caries.
吸烟人群较低的唾液PH值和缓冲能力以及，乳酸菌与致龋链球菌数量的增多，都可能是导致龋齿增多的原因。

UNIT12
dental floss 牙线
dentifrice 牙粉，牙膏
Supragingival scaling 龈上洁治术
Subgingival scaling 龈下洁治术
Root planning 根面平整术
instrumentation 器械用法，器械操作法
ecosystem 生态体系，生态系统
Thus , despite the large reduction , it is beyond the power of current mechanical therapeutic modalities to achieve an eradication of all bacteria , due to limited instrumentation efficacy and the fact that bacteria may reside in soft tissues or in root surface irregularities and dentinal tubules.
因而，尽管存活菌的总量大大减少，但目前的机械治疗方法还没有能力根除全部细菌，一方面是由于器械功效有限，另一方面细菌还有可能定居在软组织，或不规则牙根面和牙本质小管上。

UNIT-13
contraindication 禁忌症
indication 适应症
pulp capping 盖髓
zinc oxide-eugenol 氧化锌丁香油
root furcation 根分叉
UNIT-14
Ameloblastoma----成釉细胞
Curettage----刮除术
Decompression----减压术
Dentigerous cyst----含牙囊肿
Epithelial cell rests of Malassez----上皮剩余
Enucleation----剜除术
Eruption cyst----萌出囊肿
Incisive fossa----切牙窝
Keratocyst----角化囊肿
Nasoalveolar cyst----鼻牙槽囊肿
Odontogenic cyst----牙源性囊肿
Radiolucency----透射线性,密度减低性
For surgical decompression, a site for access is selected that will not impair function and that will allow for ease of drainage and cleansing irrigation
对于外科减压手术,切口选择应以不影响功能,便于引流.冲洗为原则。

Postoperative radiographs taken in the ensuing weeks often show a decrease in the site of the cyst as new bone forms at the margin.
术后几周拍摄的X线片显示,随着囊肿边缘新骨的形成,囊肿的体积常缩小。

UNIT-15
Condyle----髁突
Meniscus----关节盘
Ramus----下颌支
Bruxism----磨牙症,夜间磨牙
Synovitis----滑膜炎,关节膜炎
The teeth should be examined for wear facets, soreness, and mobility, which may be evidence of bruxism.
应该检查牙齿是否有磨损,疼痛那个,活动,及证实磨牙症的存在.
UNIT-16
Epidemiologic----传染病学的,流行病学的
Morphology----形态学
Inheritance----遗传,继承
Cartilage----软骨
Intermaxillary fixation(IMF)----颌间固定
UNIT-17
Tenderness----触痛
Palpation----触诊,扪诊
Perforation---穿孔
Anatomic----解剖的,解剖学上的
Occlusal----(上下齿)咬合(面)的
Hygiene----卫生,卫生学
Occlusion----咬合
When adequate bony reduction occurs following intermaxillary fixation but the fracture remains unstable. Direct wiring, suspension wiring techniques, or bone plates may be used to stabilize the fracture.
当颌间固定使骨折充分复位后,骨折仍不稳定时,可直接用金属丝.悬吊金属丝或骨板固定骨折。

UNIT-18
Morbidity----发病,发病率
Mandible----下颌骨
Implant----种植体,移植
Toxicity----毒性,毒力
Protocol----科学实验报告,原始记录
Fluoride----氟化物
Prophylaxis----预防
Premalignant----癌症前期的,恶性转化前的
To resect a primary tumor with adequate margins, surgeons use craniofacial approaches involving osteotomies of the mandible or maxilla, which can be ‘swung’ out of the surgical field to provide access to any area of the mouth..
为保证原发灶的切缘安全,外科医生们采用包括上颌骨或下颌骨截骨在内的路面进路,切开并暴露手术野,可以提供口腔内各个部位的手术进路.
UNIT-19
Prosthesis----修复体,修复术
Triangular----三角形的
Convex----凸的,凸面的
Embrasure----楔状隙,外展隙
A direct retainer is any unit of a removable dental prosthesis that engages an abutment tooth in such a manner as to resist displacement of the prosthesis away from basal seat tissues.
直接固位体是可摘局部义齿的重要组成部分,主要是利用基牙来对抗修复体向基托的组织面下沉。

They should be placed as far as possible from the distal extension base affording the best possible leverage against lifting of the distal extension base.
对于远中游离端缺失的情况,间接固位体的位置应距游离端越远越好,可对抗游离端基托翘动所引起的杠杆作用。

UNIT 20
complete crown：全冠
supragingival margins：龈上边缘
subgingival margins：龈下边缘
margin adaptation：边缘适合性
undercut：倒凹
in vitro：在试管中，在生物体外
metal-ceramic alloy：金属烤瓷合金
nickel-chromium alloy：镍铬合金
fixed partial dentures（FPD）：固定部分义齿
overcontoured：外形过凸
Teeth require preparation to receive restorations, and these preparation must be based on fundamental principles from which basic criteria can be developed to help predict the success of prosthodontic treatment.
牙体制备是为修复体创造出空间，必须遵循一些由具体标准界定的基本原则，从而有助于预测修复治疗的疗效。

However, care must be taken that esthetic considerations are not pursued at the expense of a patient’s long-term oral health or functional efficiency.
然而，美学的考虑不应损害病人远期口腔健康或以牺牲功能为代价。

UNIT 21
osseointegration：骨整合作用
radiolucency：射线可透性，射线透射性
trabeculation：小梁形成
osteoporosis：骨质疏松症
Thus, clinical integration of an implant is dependent on more than direct bone-to-implant contact, and other factors must be taken into consideration, such as the amount, location, and quality of the supporting bone structure, the soft connective tissues and the epithelium.
因此，种植体的临床整合主要依赖于骨与种植体之间的直接接触，还有其他一些必须考虑的因素，如支持骨组织、软结缔组织以及粘膜的数量、位置和质量。

More recently, resorbable coating have been developed that aim to improve the initial rate of bone healing against the implant surface, followed by resorption within a short time frame to allow establishment of a bone to metal contact.
最近，可吸收涂层已经被制造出来，其目的是为了加快种植体表面的最初愈合速度，随后，涂层在很短的时间内被吸收，以使骨与金属之间形成接触。

UNIT 22
overdenture：覆盖义齿
preventive：n.预防方法；adj.预防的
superstructure：上部结构
edentulous：无牙的
flange：边缘
interproximal：零间隙的
contour：n..外形
The base must end at the survey line (height of contour) of the ridge because further extension would allow the trapping of food in the undercut areas.
基托必须止于牙槽嵴观测线上，否则基托的进一步延伸到引起倒凹区的食物嵌塞。

UNIT 23
post：桩
reinforcement：加强，加固
stress distribution：应力分布
fracture resistance：抗折能力
prognosis：预后
crown to root ratio：冠根比例
wedging stress：楔力
film thickness：粘结剂的厚度
escape groove：溢出沟
cementation：粘固
Several studies have concluded that remaining tooth structure was a more significant concern for preventing fracture of the tooth and retention of restoration than was post design or use.
一些研究表明剩余牙体组织在预防牙折合修复体的固位上比桩的设计和使用更重要。

UNIT 24
jaw relationship：咬合关系
complete denture：全口义齿
freeway space：息止合间隙
occlusal vertical dimension：咬合垂直距离
rest vertical dimension：息止合位的垂直距离
condyle（英）condylus（拉）：髁，髁状突
retruded position：后退位
ligament：韧带
temporomandibular joint：颞下颌关节
centric jaw relationship：中性颌关系
permanent base：恒基托
nasolabial groove：鼻唇沟
occlusal plane：合平面
midline：中线
impression plaster：印模膏
It is therefore of considerable importance in the construction of complete dentures to select a suitable degree of jaw separation at which the teeth will be in contact.
因此，全口义齿修复的非常重要的一点是选择适当的上下颌开合度，这个开合度就是将来的咬合接触位。

UNIT 25
slot：托槽槽沟
banding：粘结带环
glass ionomer cement：玻璃离子粘固粉
UNIT26
cephalometry：头影测量术
dentofacial deformity：牙颌面畸形
orthopedic：矫形术
informed consent：知情同意
diastema：牙间隙
intercanine width：尖牙间宽度
supernumerary tooth：多生牙
bimaxillary proclination：双颌前突
retention：保持
Previously the orthodontist chose the preferred treatment plan for the patient, and the patient (or parent) either accepted or rejected the plan, with little room for consideration of alternatives.
以往是由正畸医生为病人确定治疗方案，病人或家长要么接受，要么拒绝该方案，而没有选择的余地。

It can be defined broadly as the balance between the available space and the desired tooth movements.
广义的支抗可定义为所提供的间隙与希望得到的牙齿移动之间的平衡关系。

UNIT 27
orthodontics：正畸学
malocclusion：错合
interception：干扰，阻断
cross bite：反合
overjet：覆盖
openbite：开合
anchorage loss：支抗丧失
bruxism：夜磨牙
Research has failed to demonstrate a significant association between malocclusion and caries, whereas diet and the use of fluoride toothpaste are correlated with caries experience.
没有研究表明错合畸形与龋患之间存在显著关系，但饮食和氟化牙膏的使用于龋患间存在相关性。

While it is accepted that dentofacial anomalies and malocclusion do have a negative effect on the psychological well-being and self-esteem of the individual, the impact of more minor occlusal problems is more variable and is modifiedby social and cultural factors.
牙面畸形和错合畸形对人的心理健康和自信心有负面影响，这点已有共识；但在轻微的错合对心理所产生的影响方面却存在较大分歧，而且受社会和文化因素的影响。

UNIT 28
preventive dentistry：预防牙医学
primary prevention：一级预防
secondary prevention：二级预防
tertiary prevention：三级预防
incidence：发病率
etiology：病因学
periodontitis：牙周炎
gingivitis：牙龈炎
gingival：牙龈
gingival sulcus：龈沟
interproximal：邻面的
occlusal：合面的
calculus：结石
Health is what we want to preserve, and is defined as “a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease of infirmity.”
健康的定义不仅仅是没有疾病或虚弱，而是身心健康、社会幸福的完美状态。

UNIT 29
fluoride：氟化物
water fluoridation：饮水氟化
anticariogenic：防龋的
dentifrice：洁牙剂，牙膏
demineralization：脱矿
remineralization：再矿化
pit and fissure sealants：窝沟封闭
fossae：小窝，沟单数为fossa
dental health education：口腔健康教育
caries activity test：龋活性试验
UNIT 11
dental caries 龋齿calculus 牙结石
Malignant lesions恶性病损leukoplakia 白斑
asymptomatic 无症状的premalignant 恶化前的,癌前期的
However , a possible lower salivary PH and buffering power , and the fact that there is a shift of the bacterial population towards lactobacillus and the cariogenic streptococci in smokers ,might all argue for increased dental caries.
吸烟人群较低的唾液PH值和缓冲能力以及，乳酸菌与致龋链球菌数量的增多，都可能是导致龋齿增多的原因。

UNIT12
dental floss 牙线Supragingival scaling 龈上洁治术
dentifrice 牙粉，牙膏Subgingival scaling 龈下洁治术
Root planning 根面平整术instrumentation 器械用法，器械操作法
ecosystem 生态体系，生态系统
Thus , despite the large reduction , it is beyond the power of current mechanical therapeutic modalities to achieve an eradication of all bacteria , due to limited instrumentation efficacy and the fact that bacteria may reside in soft tissues or in root surface irregularities and dentinal tubules.
因而，尽管存活菌的总量大大减少，但目前的机械治疗方法还没有能力根除全部细菌，一方面是由于器械功效有限，另一方面细菌还有可能定居在软组织，或不规则牙根面和牙本质小管上。

UNIT-13
contraindication 禁忌症indication 适应症
pulp capping 盖髓zinc oxide-eugenol 氧化锌丁香油
root furcation 根分叉
UNIT-14
Ameloblastoma----成釉细胞Curettage----刮除术
Decompression----减压术Enucleation----剜除术
Epithelial cell rests of Malassez----上皮剩余Dentigerous cyst----含牙囊肿
Incisive fossa----切牙窝Eruption cyst----萌出囊肿
Keratocyst----角化囊肿Nasoalveolar cyst----鼻牙槽囊肿
Odontogenic cyst----牙源性囊肿Radiolucency----透射线性,密度减低性
For surgical decompression, a site for access is selected that will not impair function and that will allow for ease of drainage and cleansing irrigation
对于外科减压手术,切口选择应以不影响功能,便于引流.冲洗为原则。

Postoperative radiographs taken in the ensuing weeks often show a decrease in the site of the cyst as new bone forms at the margin.
术后几周拍摄的X线片显示,随着囊肿边缘新骨的形成,囊肿的体积常缩小。

UNIT-15
Condyle----髁突Meniscus----关节盘Ramus----下颌支
Bruxism----磨牙症,夜间磨牙Synovitis----滑膜炎,关节膜炎
The teeth should be examined for wear facets, soreness, and mobility, which may be evidence of bruxism.
应该检查牙齿是否有磨损,疼痛那个,活动,及证实磨牙症的存在.
UNIT-16
Epidemiologic----传染病学的,流行病学的Morphology----形态学
Inheritance----遗传,继承Cartilage----软骨Intermaxillary fixation(IMF)----颌间固定
UNIT-17
Tenderness----触痛Palpation----触诊,扪诊
Perforation---穿孔Anatomic----解剖的,解剖学上的
Occlusal----(上下齿)咬合(面)的Hygiene----卫生,卫生学
Occlusion----咬合
When adequate bony reduction occurs following intermaxillary fixation but the fracture remains unstable. Direct wiring, suspension wiring techniques, or bone plates may be used to stabilize the fracture.
当颌间固定使骨折充分复位后,骨折仍不稳定时,可直接用金属丝.悬吊金属丝或骨板固定骨折。

UNIT-18
Morbidity----发病,发病率Mandible----下颌骨
Implant----种植体,移植Toxicity----毒性,毒力
Protocol----科学实验报告,原始记录Fluoride----氟化物
Prophylaxis----预防Premalignant----癌症前期的,恶性转化前的
To resect a primary tumor with adequate margins, surgeons use craniofacial approaches involving osteotomies of the mandible or maxilla, which can be ‘swung’ out of the surgical field to provide access to any area of the mouth..
为保证原发灶的切缘安全,外科医生们采用包括上颌骨或下颌骨截骨在内的路面进路,切开并暴露手术野,可以提供口腔内各个部位的手术进路.
UNIT-19
Prosthesis----修复体,修复术Triangular----三角形的
Convex----凸的,凸面的Embrasure----楔状隙,外展隙
A direct retainer is any unit of a removable dental prosthesis that engages an abutment tooth in such a manner as to resist displacement of the prosthesis away from basal seat tissues.
直接固位体是可摘局部义齿的重要组成部分,主要是利用基牙来对抗修复体向基托的组织面下沉。

They should be placed as far as possible from the distal extension base affording the best possible leverage against lifting of the distal extension base.
对于远中游离端缺失的情况,间接固位体的位置应距游离端越远越好,可对抗游离端基托翘动所引起的杠杆作用。

UNIT 20
complete crown：全冠supragingival margins：龈上边缘
margin adaptation：边缘适合性subgingival margins：龈下边缘
undercut：倒凹metal-ceramic alloy：金属烤瓷合金
in vitro：在试管中，在生物体外nickel-chromium alloy：镍铬合金
fixed partial dentures（FPD）：固定部分义齿overcontoured：外形过凸
Teeth require preparation to receive restorations, and these preparation must be based on fundamental principles from which basic criteria can be developed to help predict the success of prosthodontic treatment.
牙体制备是为修复体创造出空间，必须遵循一些由具体标准界定的基本原则，从而有助于预测修复治疗的疗效。

However, care must be taken that esthetic considerations are not pursued at the expense of a patient’s long-term oral health or functional efficiency.
然而，美学的考虑不应损害病人远期口腔健康或以牺牲功能为代价。

UNIT 21
osseointegration：骨整合作用radiolucency：射线可透性，射线透射性
trabeculation：小梁形成osteoporosis：骨质疏松症
Thus, clinical integration of an implant is dependent on more than direct bone-to-implant contact, and other factors must be taken into consideration, such as the amount, location, and quality of the supporting bone structure, the soft connective tissues and the epithelium.
因此，种植体的临床整合主要依赖于骨与种植体之间的直接接触，还有其他一些必须考虑的因素，如支持骨组织、软结缔组织以及粘膜的数量、位置和质量。

More recently, resorbable coating have been developed that aim to improve the initial rate of bone healing against the implant surface, followed by resorption within a short time frame to allow establishment of a bone to metal contact.
最近，可吸收涂层已经被制造出来，其目的是为了加快种植体表面的最初愈合速度，随后，涂层在很短的时间内被吸收，以使骨与金属之间形成接触。

UNIT 22
overdenture：覆盖义齿preventive：n.预防方法；adj.预防的
superstructure：上部结构edentulous：无牙的
flange：边缘interproximal：零间隙的
contour：n..外形
The base must end at the survey line (height of contour) of the ridge because further extension would allow the trapping of food in the undercut areas.
基托必须止于牙槽嵴观测线上，否则基托的进一步延伸到引起倒凹区的食物嵌塞。

UNIT 23
post：桩
reinforcement：加强，加固stress distribution：应力分布
fracture resistance：抗折能力prognosis：预后
crown to root ratio：冠根比例wedging stress：楔力
film thickness：粘结剂的厚度escape groove：溢出沟
cementation：粘固
Several studies have concluded that remaining tooth structure was a more significant concern for preventing fracture of the tooth and retention of restoration than was post design or use.
一些研究表明剩余牙体组织在预防牙折合修复体的固位上比桩的设计和使用更重要。

UNIT 24
jaw relationship：咬合关系complete denture：全口义齿
freeway space：息止合间隙occlusal vertical dimension：咬合垂直距离
rest vertical dimension：息止合位的垂直距离condyle（英）condylus（拉）：髁，髁状突
retruded position：后退位ligament：韧带
temporomandibular joint：颞下颌关节centric jaw relationship：中性颌关系
permanent base：恒基托nasolabial groove：鼻唇沟
occlusal plane：合平面midline：中线
impression plaster：印模膏
It is therefore of considerable importance in the construction of complete dentures to select a suitable degree of jaw separation at which the teeth will be in contact.
因此，全口义齿修复的非常重要的一点是选择适当的上下颌开合度，这个开合度就是将来的咬合接触位。

UNIT 25
slot：托槽槽沟banding：粘结带环
glass ionomer cement：玻璃离子粘固粉
UNIT26
cephalometry：头影测量术dentofacial deformity：牙颌面畸形
orthopedic：矫形术informed consent：知情同意
diastema：牙间隙intercanine width：尖牙间宽度
supernumerary tooth：多生牙bimaxillary proclination：双颌前突
retention：保持
Previously the orthodontist chose the preferred treatment plan for the patient, and the patient (or parent) either accepted or rejected the plan, with little room for consideration of alternatives.
以往是由正畸医生为病人确定治疗方案，病人或家长要么接受，要么拒绝该方案，而没有选择的余地。

It can be defined broadly as the balance between the available space and the desired tooth movements.
广义的支抗可定义为所提供的间隙与希望得到的牙齿移动之间的平衡关系。

UNIT 27
orthodontics：正畸学malocclusion：错合
interception：干扰，阻断cross bite：反合
overjet：覆盖open bite：开合
anchorage loss：支抗丧失bruxism：夜磨牙
Research has failed to demonstrate a significant association between malocclusion and caries, whereas diet and the use of fluoride toothpaste are correlated with caries experience.
没有研究表明错合畸形与龋患之间存在显著关系，但饮食和氟化牙膏的使用于龋患间存在相关性。

While it is accepted that dentofacial anomalies and malocclusion do have a negative effect on the psychological well-being and self-esteem of the individual, the impact of more minor occlusal problems is more variable and is modifiedby social and cultural factors.
牙面畸形和错合畸形对人的心理健康和自信心有负面影响，这点已有共识；但在轻微的错合对心理所产生的影响方面却存在较大分歧，而且受社会和文化因素的影响。

UNIT 28
preventive dentistry：预防牙医学primary prevention：一级预防
incidence：发病率secondary prevention：二级预防
etiology：病因学tertiary prevention：三级预防
periodontitis：牙周炎gingivitis：牙龈炎
gingival：牙龈gingival sulcus：龈沟
interproximal：邻面的occlusal：合面的
calculus：结石
Health is what we want to preserve, and is defined as “ a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease of infirmity.”
健康的定义不仅仅是没有疾病或虚弱，而是身心健康、社会幸福的完美状态。

UNIT 29
fluoride：氟化物
water fluoridation：饮水氟化
anticariogenic：防龋的
dentifrice：洁牙剂，牙膏
demineralization：脱矿
remineralization：再矿化
pit and fissure sealants：窝沟封闭
fossae：小窝，沟单数为fossa
dental health education：口腔健康教育
caries activity test：龋活性试验。