英语中级文法笔记
英语文法的重点知识点总结
英语文法的重点知识点总结英语文法是学习英语的基础，掌握好文法知识对于提高英语水平至关重要。
本文将总结英语文法的重点知识点，帮助读者更好地理解和运用英语文法。
一、名词名词是英语中最基本的词类之一，用来指代人、事物、地点等。
名词分为可数名词和不可数名词两类。
可数名词有单数和复数形式，而不可数名词只有单数形式。
二、动词动词是英语中最重要的词类之一，用来表示动作、状态或存在。
动词的时态包括一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时等。
此外，还有进行时态、完成时态、将来进行时态等。
三、形容词和副词形容词用来描述名词的特征和性质，副词用来描述动词、形容词和其他副词的程度和方式。
形容词和副词有比较级和最高级两种形式，用于比较不同事物之间的差异。
四、冠词和限定词冠词包括定冠词和不定冠词，用于特指或泛指名词。
限定词用于限定名词的范围和数量，包括数词、指示代词、疑问代词等。
五、代词代词用来替代名词，分为人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、疑问代词等。
代词在句子中起到简化表达和避免重复的作用。
六、介词和介词短语介词用来表示时间、地点、原因、方式等关系，介词短语由介词和它的宾语组成。
介词和介词短语在句子中起到连接不同成分和修饰其他词语的作用。
七、连词和从句连词用来连接词语、短语和句子，包括并列连词、从属连词和关联连词等。
从句是句子的一部分，由主句和从句组成，从句可以是名词从句、形容词从句或副词从句。
八、句型和语态句型是句子的结构模式，包括简单句、并列句、复合句等。
语态表示动作的主动或被动，包括一般现在时态、一般过去时态、一般将来时态等。
九、虚拟语气和倒装句虚拟语气用来表示与事实相反的假设、愿望或建议。
倒装句是将句子中的主语和谓语颠倒位置，常用于强调句子的某一部分或表示条件。
总结：本文总结了英语文法的重点知识点，包括名词、动词、形容词和副词、冠词和限定词、代词、介词和介词短语、连词和从句、句型和语态、虚拟语气和倒装句等。
通过掌握这些知识点，读者能够更好地理解和运用英语文法，提高自己的英语水平。
nicken 中级语法讲义
nicken 中级语法讲义
Nickchen中级语法讲义的内容很丰富，包含各种中级语法的详细解析，以下为您提供讲义中部分内容的详细解释：
首先，讲义中提到了主语从句的定义。
主语从句就是在复合句里面作主语的句子。
这个“作主语”的句子，可以是“动作”的句子，也可以是“状态”的句子。
“动作”
的句子就是我们学过的“主谓宾”句型，包括其他几个动作句型和被动句在内。
“状态”的句子就是“主系表”句型，包括there be句型在内。
也就是说，主语从句本身可以是一个“主谓宾，主系表，there be或者被动句”的句子，当然，主语从句肯定也要有连接词。
以具体的例子来解释：
1.That I love you. 连接词“that”+句子“I love you”，所以属于一个从句。
从句是“主谓
宾”的动作句子。
2.That Oscar is rich. 连接词“that”+句子“Oscar is rich”，所以属于一个从句。
从句是“主
系表”状态句子。
请注意，这只是Nickchen中级语法讲义中很小的一部分内容，为了获取完整的讲义内容，建议直接阅读讲义原文或咨询其相关人员。
中级文法笔记汇总
谢孟媛中级文法(1—120课)目录、学习笔记第一章不定词（1-8）第一节：名词用法第二节：形容词用法第三节：副词用法第四节：S+V+O+to V第五节：S+V+O+原形不定词第六节：S+V+it+C+to不定词第七节：seem (happen…等)+to不定词第八节：be+不定词第九节：不定词的被动态，进行式，完成式不定词第十节：特別注意的不定词用法第十一节：不定词的惯用表現第二章动名词（9-13）第一节：动名词的用法第二节：用不定词／动名词当受词第三节：动词意义上的主词第四节：动名词的否定形，被动态，完成形第五节：含动名词的惯用表现第三章假設語氣（14-17）第一节：假設法現在式第二节：假設法過去完成式第三节：假設法未來式第四节：其他假設法的表現第五节：代替if子句的用法第四章否定（18-20）第一节：否定字的表現第二节：部分否定第三节：双重否定第四节：否定的慣用表現第五节：不用否定字的否定表現第五章句子的要素及种类（21-25）第一节：词类第二节：片語及子句第三节：句子的要素第四节：句子的种类第六章五大句型（26-32）第一节： S+V第二节：S+V+ C第三节：S+V+O第四节：S+V+O+O第五节：S+V+O+C第七章比较（33-37）第一节：比较变化第二节：原级第三节：比较级第四节：最高级第八章疑问（38-40）第一节：疑问代名词第二节：疑问副词第三节：疑问形容词第四节：間接问句第五节：附加问句第六节：修辭疑问句第七节：應答疑问句第八节：敘述句型的疑问句第九章名词及冠词（41-47）第一节：名词第二节：名词的複數形第三节：名词的所有格第四节：冠词第五节：定冠词的用法第六节：冠词特別注意的用法第十章介系词（48-53）第一节：介系词的受词第二节：介系词的位置第三节：群体介系词第四节：双重介系词第五节：常見的介系词用法第六节：和形容词，动词結合的介系词第十一章关系词（54-60）第一节：关系代名词的种类和格第二节：关系代名词的用法第三节：限定用法和非限定用法第四节：关系副词第五节：复合关系词第六节：关系形容词及as, but, than 第十二章形容词、副词（61-68）第一节：形容词第二节：副词第十三章分词（69-74）第一节：修饰名词的现在分词第二节：修饰名词的过去分词第三节：S+V+C(分词)第四节：S+V+O+C(分词)第五节：分词构句第六节：分词构句的被动態，完成形，否定形第七节：独立分词构句第八节：with+(代)名词+分词第九节：分词构句的惯用表現第十四章被动语态（75-80）第一节：主被动语态转换第二节： (SVOO)的被动语态第三节： (SVOC)的被动语态第四节“疑问句被动语态第五节：祈使句的被动语态第六节：Say, believe, expect, know, think,consider等的被动语态第七节：特別注意的被动语态第十五章助动词（81-85）第一节：助动词的特徵第二节：助动词的用法第三节：含助动词的慣用表現第十六章特殊构句（86-91）第一节：倒装第二节：强调第三节：省略第四节：插入第五节：同位語第十七章代名词（92-100）第一节：人稱代名词第二节：指示代名词第三节：不定代名词第十八章时态（101-107）第一节：現在式第二节：過去式第三节：未來式第四节：現在进行式第五节：過去进行式第六节：未來进行式第七节：現在完成式第八节：過去完成式第九节：未來完成式第十节：完成进行式第十九章时态的一致與敘述法（108-113）第一节：时态的一致第二节：敘述法第二十章连接词（114-120）第一节：对等连接词第二节：从属连接词(1)第三节：各种从属连接词(副词子句)的意义不定词〈第01卷〉名词用法(1)不定词的用法名词用法形容词用法副词用法不定词无非就是比较长的名词、形容词、副词而已，因为它有两个字。
中职英语语法知识点总结
中职英语语法知识点总结英语语法知识点总结第一章：词类、词法、句子成分和句法第二章：名词的数：1.名词复数的构成可数名词复数规则变化和一些常见名词不规则变化形式。
2.不可数名词没有复数形式3.名词作主语时,句中主、谓语的一致关系。
4．名词的所有格第三章：冠词：1.冠词的分类的基本用法2.不定冠词(a, an )和定冠词(the)的基本用法3.一些不加冠词的情况第四章：代词:1.人称代词的主格、宾格2.名词性物主代词、形容词性物主代词的构成及用法3.自身代词、指示代词（this，that，these，those，it）和不定代词（some，any，no，none，many，much，few，little，each，every，one，all，both，neither，other，another）的构成及用法第五章：数词：1.数词的分类:基数词和序数词2.数词的几种用法,重点掌握1----9种第六章：描述词和副词1.形容词和副词基本用法：“the+形容词”表示某一类人或物,形容词修饰something, everything, anything, nothing等不定代词时的位置，副词在句中的位置，常见副词短语。
2.形容词和副词的比较级和最高级：要求重点掌握形容词比较级和最高级的构成及用法。
研究中注意规则变化形式及少数不规则变化的形式。
研究中注意规则变化的形式及少数不规则变化的形式。
在用法上，要注意在比较级之后一般跟有than 引出的比较的另一方；在最高级之后一般跟有限定范围的介词短语，而且在最高级的前面要有定冠词the。
3．比较等级的特殊用法第七章：动词的时态这是语法教学的重点，重点要求掌握：“一般现在时”，“现在进行时”，“一般未来时”（be going +动词不定式，be+动词不定式表未来）“一般曩昔时”，“现在完成时”和“曩昔完成时”。
要求掌握这六种时态的组成和用法。
现在分词组成和常用不规则动词的曩昔式，曩昔分词；弄分明几种时态所表示的不同时间观点，尤其当不同时态瓜代所用时，要注意对比，在使用中加深理解。
中级笔译的学习笔记6
1、主语分句汉译技巧。
a man spending twelve days on the moon would find ,on returning to the earth ,that a year had passed by already.一个人如果在月亮上度过了十二天，回到地球以后就会发现一年已经过去了。
2、谓语分句汉译技巧。
it goes without saying that oxygen is the most active element in the atmosphere.不言而喻，氧气是大气中最活泼的元素。
3、定语分句汉译技巧he managed to raise a crop of 200 miracle tomatoes that weighed up to two pounds each.他居然种出了二百个奇迹般的西红柿，每个重达两磅。
4、状语分句汉译技巧sunrays filtered in wherever they could ,driving out darkness and choking the shadows.阳光射入了它所能透过的地方，赶走了黑暗，驱散了幽影。
5、同位语分句汉译技巧。
mary normally a timid girl ,argued heated with them about it.玛丽平常是个腼腆的姑娘，现在也热烈地和他们辩论起来。
6、主语转译技巧，可以将句子的主语转译成汉语中的定语、宾语、状语等。
the wings are responsible for keeping the sir plane in the air.机翼的用途是使飞机在空中保持不坠。
(转译成定语)to get all the stages off the ground ,a first big push is needed.为了使火箭各级全部离开地面，需要有一个巨大的第一次推力。
剑桥商务英语中级完整笔记精品文档11页
《新编剑桥商务英语中级》-VocabularyUnit 1a Teamworktoiletries：n. 化妆品厂、清洁、化妆用品公司major brands：主导品牌expatriate：n. 旅居海外的，移居国外的creative thinking：创新思维 a survival course：生存技巧培训课程profile：n. 简介、小传、概况simulation：n. 模拟训练go for profit：追求利润behind schedule：进度落后于计划stick to the schedule：严格按计划进行Unit 1b Communicationexceed：v. 超越、胜过over-estimate：vt. 过高的估计manageable：adj. 便于管理understate：vt. 轻描淡写的说seminar：n. 研讨会、讨论会management：n.（企业、机关的）管理人员follow-up evaluation：后续评估deadline：n.最终期限complimentary ticket：免费赠送的票Self-study and Exam practicehave everything to do with：与…关系密切curriculum vitae：个人简历、履历，简称CV human factor：认为因素aggressive：adj. 咄咄逼人的、好斗indicate：vt. 显示、表明Unit 2a Entertainingcustomer satisfaction form：顾客满意、情况问卷表complete the form 填写表格questionnaire：n.调查表、问卷criteria：n. 标准（为criterion的复数形式）atmosphere：n.氛围attentiveness：n.殷勤、周到value for money：物有所值程度enhance：vt. 提高、增加mezzanine：n. （尤指介于一层与二层之间的）中层楼reasonable prices：合理的价格interior design：室内装修group dining：团体用餐catering requirement：餐饮要求tour groups：旅游团corporate events：公司社交活动wine tastings：品酒会steak：n.牛排company presentations：公司业务报告会business trip：公务旅行vegetarian：素食者call in：顺路到某处alike：adv. 一样的，相似的evolve：逐渐发展或完成pride ourselves on/upon：为…感到骄傲along with：同…一道be of importance：具有重要性to cater for：提供餐饮服务，接待gently：adv. 轻轻地，小心地strive：为获得…而努力奋斗concept：n. 概念，观念，想法distinctive：adj.与众不同的suitable：adj. 舒适，合适memorable：adj. 难忘的tourist：n. 游客，观光客awful：adj. 糟糕的，恶劣的Unit 2b Corporate hospitalitycorporate hospital：商务接待，企业社交tip：n. 技巧，窍门，忠告be in need of：需要mention：v. 提起，说起social setting：社交场合in due course：经过一段时间，到适当的时候poor timing：不合事宜trade fair：贸洽会teenage：adj. 少年的prospect：n. 可能的，潜在的顾客hook：钩子，吸引人们兴趣或注意力的方式 a fact-finding mission：情况调查，实地考察substantial：adj.重大的，有影响的fortunately：adv. 幸运的concern：v. 对…有印象；n.担心sociable：adj. 好交际的，喜欢与人交往的ensure：v.确保，保证rugby：n. （英式）橄榄球intimate：adj.亲密的；n.至交，密友ability：n. 能力，技能，本领purposeful：adj. 有清晰目的，有明确目标chit-chat：n.（非正式）聊天，闲谈disposal：n. 丢弃，处理therefore：adv. 因此，所以see…as：把…看作lie in…：（原因、兴趣、答案等）在于…stand around：闲站着add up to：意味着，说明whisper into his ear：在某人耳边低声说话in term of：从…的角度来看，就…而言in due course/time：经过一段时间，到适当的时候Self-study and Exam practicecontinental breakfast：欧式早餐bilingual applicants：具有双语能力的申请者end-of-year party：年终聚会job advertisement：招工广告marketing secretary：营销部秘书P.A. （Personal Assistant）：私人助理administrative support：行政管理上的支持secretarial skills：文秘技能up-to-date information technology：最新的信息技术communications skills：沟通能力，交际技能science marketing assistant：科技营销助理an internal recruitment policy：内部招工政策official working hours：正式的工作时间long-term employment：长期雇用production manager：生产经理work overtime：加班take legal action against：对…提出诉讼settle the dispute：解决纠纷secretarial and administrative staff：文秘及行政人员unforeseen circumstances：难以预料的情况meet agreed delivery dates：按约定的日期准时送货place your order with：向…定货outlet：n.代销店，专卖店legal advisers：法律顾问established customers：老顾客bring…up：把…提出来give…priority：优先考虑，处理某事 a backlog of orders：积压的订单at one’s disposal：由…自由支配be popular with ab.：为惯用搭配，深受喜爱on…basis：在…基础上look forward to sth.：期盼，盼望price 前一把用介词at value for money：物有所值cater for：承办an overview of…：对…的概述call in：来访call by: 顺道访问推迟到某个时间用postpone till/until… a long way from：离…还差得很远Unit 2 Customersreorganise：n.改组，改编loan：n.银行贷款forecast：n.预测consume：v.消费，消耗venture：n.风险项目warranty：n.（产品的）保证书oval：椭圆形finalise：v. 确定，最后定下backlog：n.积压未办的事情substantial：adj.重大的，可观的，坚固的，有影响的Unit 3a Ordering goodsmail order company：邮购计划headquarters：n.（公司）总部catalogue：n.商品目录单recommendation：n.推荐信、建议item：n. 产品、货物in standard length：标准长度的article：n. 商品、项目measurements charts：尺寸图knitted skirts：针织裙子vendor：n. 销售商asap（as soon as possible）尽快Unit 3b Cash flowcash flow：现金流向、现金流量，现金流动cash flow gap：现金流量差额case study：案例分析final payment：最后付款bar chart：柱形图down payment：订金bill：vt. 要求支付…的费用remainder：n.剩余物early settlement discount：提前付款折扣labour cost：劳动力成本credit terms：信用期限、信用条件outstanding：adj. 剩余的outstanding balance：剩余金额order books：订货薄 a shortage of cash：现金短缺turnover：n. 营业额financing costs：筹措成本cash on delivery：货到即付款margin：n. 利润inventory：n.库存、存货penalty：n. 处罚、罚款potential customer：潜在客户hard sell：强行推销flat management culture：扁平化的管理结构Self-study and Exam practiceworkmanship：（尤指精细的）工艺，手艺negotiate：v.谈判，商定retail：v.零售detail：n.细节deliver：v. 把…送往delivery：n.送货measurement：n.长度，高度gap：n.缺口，差距forecast：n.预测，预报settlement：正式协议penalty：n.惩罚，处罚charge：n.费用，v.收费potential：adj.潜在的，可能的n.潜在性，可能性grant：n.给予，准予patient：adj.有耐心的，忍耐的patience：耐心，忍耐familiar：adj. 熟悉的average：adj.平均的lack：n. v. 没有，不足，缺乏aggressive：n.好斗的，雄心勃勃的furthermore：adv. 而且，不仅如此however：然而，不过，但是sector：n. （尤指商业、贸易等的）部门，行业accordion：n. 手风琴for instance：例如combination：组合，联合promotional：（电影、活动等）旨在推销（宣传）的combine：v. （使）组合equally：adv. 相同的，相等的equalize：v. 使相等的equality：n.平等segment：n. 部分alternate：adj. 轮流，交替cable：n. 电缆，缆绳forthcoming：adj. 即将，到来demonstrate：v. 证明，证实flatter：v. 奉承，讨好，感到荣幸cash on delivery：货到付款credit terms：信用期限，信用条件interest on…：…的利息，习惯用on pay for…：支付…的费用，用介词for pay in cash：in表示付款方式，以现金形式price…at：以…的价格，习惯用介词at cost of labour：劳动成本as down payment：作为订金outstanding balance：剩余金额30 days net：净30天early settlement discount：提前付款折扣penalty charge：罚款Unit 3 Commercecurrency：n.货币paying-in slip：【英】（银行）存款单payee：n.收款人deduct：v.减去，扣除transaction：n.交易，事务counterfoil：n.存根adviser：n. 顾问interest：n.利息cashier：n.出纳deposit：n.定金，首付dividend：n. 股息，红利deductible：adj. 减去haulage：n. 货运业，货运费consignment：n. 托运的货物margin：n. 页边，空白courier：n. （递送包裹或文件的）信徒logistic：n. 后勤；逻辑custom duty：关税overdraft：n.透支额Unit 4a Brand powerselling point：卖点environmental-friendliness：n. 对环境无害，有环保的特点user-friendliness：n.用户使用方便kitchen appliances：厨房用具competitive advantage：竞争优势diversify：vt. 多样化经营，增加产品种类own-label clothing：贴（名牌超市）自己品牌的服装saturate：vt. 使饱和supermarket chains：连锁超市industry analyst：行业分析家cut-price：削价出售retail food marker：食品零售市场mortgage：n.住房按揭，抵押margin：n. 利差，赚头boost profit：提高利润estate agent：房产商bonus points：（消费积分）loyalty scheme：忠实（顾客）奖励计划voucher：n.优惠，奖券interest rate：利率incentive：n.刺激，鼓励reputation：名誉、名望gradually：adv.逐渐的，逐步的eventually：adv.终于、最终survey：n.调查、审视combine：v.组合，综合outlet：n. 专卖店、分销店fixed rate：固定利率banking on a Brand：bank on既可解释为“依赖…获利”，也含有“对…抱有信心”。
赖世雄中级美语笔记
1. Rome Wasn't Built in a Day p.1.English is an international language. Therefore, it is necessary for us to learn it. It can be rewarding or just a waste of time. It's up to you. It depends on how you study it. Here are some tips about learning English.First, don't be afraid to make mistakes. You will learn from them. Second, you must not be shy. Be thick-skinned and speak up! Finally, you mush be patient. Remember, "Rome wasn't built in a day."获益benefit fromrewarding a.有（获）益的；修得做的，划算的．Teaching is a very rewarding profession.教书是一种很有价值的职业．It's up to you what your world looks like. 你的世界呈现出怎样的面貌，全由你自己决定。
a good piece of advice 不说: a good advicegive sb. tips on/about sth. vt.给某人关于某事的建议tip (about) = advice (on) we gave the waitress a tip because the service was excellent。
thick-skinnned a.厚颜的If you want to be a good salesman,you must be thick-skinned. 'seɪlzmən大声说，清楚响亮地说：Speak up. Don't mumble!大声说，别嘀嘀咕咕的!大胆说出，坦率说出：Why don't you speak up? I'm your father!为什么不直接说出来呢?我是你的父亲。
赖世雄中级美语教程 英语笔记
赖世雄中级美语教程英语笔记1. New York is a window on the world. 纽约是世界之窗。
2. This river abounds in fish. 这条河里有好多鱼哦。
3. When it comes to singing, Jay is unsurpassed/unrivaled/second to none. 说到唱歌，杰是无人能比的。
4. Miami is a magnum for the sun lover. 对喜欢阳光的人来说，迈阿密是个胜地。
5. Out of (choice/curiosity) sympathy, I gave the beggar some change. 出于同情，我给了这个乞丐一些零钱。
6. As hard as this may be to imagine…/As beautiful as she is, Istill don’t like her. =Beautiful as she is…7. Teenagers are mostly rebellious. 青少年大多比较叛逆。
8. To make a long story short, I love you no more. 长话短说，我不爱你了。
9. Conserve energy. 节约使用能源。
10. In Singapore, chewing gun is a no-no. 在新加坡，吃口香糖是被禁止的。
11. The mayor will take office on the first of the month. 这个市长将在这个月月初就职。
12. On her way to the library, Mary ran into Bill. 玛丽在往图书馆途中，碰到了比尔。
(Hey, don’t stand in my way!不要挡路。
Don’ t stand in the way of…)13. For me, chocolate is addictive. =I am addicted to chocolate.对于我来说，吃巧克力是会上瘾的。
英文文法学习笔记（15）被动语态
英⽂⽂法学习笔记（15）被动语态本篇为第15篇笔记：被动语态。
⼀、经典例句1. The terrorists bombed the station.2. The station was bombed by the terrorists.3. We keep a dog named Lucky. Lucky is an old dog and can't move quickly. He was almost run over by a car yesterday.4. My sister isn't very good at driving, yesterday she insisted on driving my car, and she almost ran over an old dog.1.1 主、被动语态转换5. People all over the world watch the Olympics.=> The Olympics is watched by people all over the world.6. Tom threw the paper plane during the break.=> The paper plane was thrown by Tom during the break.7. They do not permit talking on the cell phones in the train.=> Talking on the cell phones is not permitted (by them) in the train.8. Wild monkeys are seen around this area.9. This seat is taken.10. The newspapers are delivered around 5:00 a.m.11. This swimmer will make a new record.=> A new record will be made by this swimmer.12. The wind had blown away the balloons before they came.=> The balloons had been blown away by the wind before they came.13. The teacher is counting the number of students.=> The number of students is being counted by the teacher.1.2 第四句型（SVOO）的被动语态14. The sent all the customers a card about the sale.=> All the customers were sent a card about the sale.=> They sent a card about the sale to all the customers.=> A card about the sale was sent (by them) to all the customers.15. The embassy gave me a new passport.=> I was given a new passport by the embassy.=> A new passport was given (to) me by the embassy.16. My father bought me a motorcycle.=> I was bought a motorcycle by my father.(很少⽤)=> A motorcycle was bought for me by my father.1.3 第五句型（SVOC）的被动语态17. His grandfather named the baby Doris.=> The baby was named Doris by his grandfather.18. They painted the wall blue.=> The wall was painted bule (by them).19. John persuaded me to go to the dentist.=> I was persuaded to go to the dentist by John.20. The make the students wait in line.=> The students were made to wait (by them).21. He heard his dog bark/barking at a cat.=> His dog was heard to bark/barking at a cat (by him).22. I saw a man jump/jumping into the river.=> A man was seen to jump/jumping into the river.1.4 疑问句的被动语态23. Does your wife cook your meals?=> Are your meals cooked by your wife?24. Did your father bake this pizza?=> Was this pizza baked by your father?25. Will you finish the work tomorrow?=> Will the work be finished (by you) tomorrow?26. Who produced this CD?=> Who(m) was this CD produced by?=> By whom was this CD produced?27. Who do the police suspect?=> Who is suspected by the police?28. What do you call this in English?=> What is this called in English?29. What kind of program do you favor?=> What kind of program is favored by you?1.5 祈使句的被动语态30. Open the door of the room.=> Let the door of the room be opened.31. Don't forget this lesson.=> Let this lesson not be forgotten.=> Don't let this lesson be forgotten.32. Let my daughters pack the things.=> Let the things be packed by my daughters.1.6 say, believe, expect, know, think, consider 等的被动语态33. They say that yawns are catching.=> It is said that yawns are catching.=> Yawns are said to be catching.34. We expect that the plane will land on time.=> It is expected that the plane will land on time.=> The plane is expected to land on time.35. They think that he is the best football player of the year. => It is thought that he is the best football player of ther year. => He is thought to be the best football player of the year.1.7 特别注意的被动语态36. She was shocked at the man's bad manners.37. Her parents were satisfied with her school report.38. Mr. Wang is known to many young students.39. The language is known by everyone in this class.40. She is known as an excellent pianist.41. The box was covered with a black cloth by the magician.42. Many people were killed in the plane crash.43. He is absorbed in buying an selling real estate.44. These are home-made cakes.45. Excited spectator rushed into the playground.46. I don't like to be talked about.47. Nobody likes being made fun of.48. The street lights are switched on at sunset.49. The street lights are switched now.50. My little brother is dressed by my mother.51. My little brother is dressed in red pants today.52. She got dressed very quickly.53. The city lies buried under the sand.54. The door remained closed until morning.55. Chicken doesn't bake well.56. Your paper reads like a novel.57. Long use has worn his gloves at the tips.58. Red wine stains doesn't wash out easily.59. The door doesn't lock.60. This tough steak doesn't cut easily.61. I had my house burned down in the fire.62. I got my pocket picked.63. I got my wrist broken.64. I got my tooth pulled out.65. I had my hair cut.66. I was born in 1975.67. My mom has borne four children.68. You were borne by me.69. He was born on January 1.70. They have been married seven years.71. She was badly/slightly injured in the accident.72. He was wounded in the left leg.73. Aren't you hurt?74. They are acquainted with each other.75. My father is engaged in business.76. John is engaged to Mary.77. They are accustomed to foreign manners.78. I am used to staying up late at night.79. My father used to smoke(, but now he doesn't).80. He used to be a naughty boy.81. Please be seated.=> Please sit down.=> Please take a seat.=> Please seat yourself.⼆、知识点回顾（对应例句编号）时态主动语态被动语态现在式 I punish the boy. The boy is punished (by me).过去式 I punished the boy. The boy was punished (by me).未来式 I will punish the boy. The boy will be punished (by me).现在进⾏式 I am punishing the boy. The boy is being punished (by me).过去进⾏式 I was punishing the boy. The boy was being punished (by me).未来进⾏式 I will be punishing the boy. The boy will be being punished (by me).现在完成式 I have punished the boy. The boy has been punished (by me).过去完成式 I had punished the boy. The boy had been punished (by me).未来完成式 I will have punished the boy. The boy will have been punished (by me).2.1 主、被动语态转换by + 受词可省略的情形有三{1) 动作者为⼀般⼈或泛指⼀群⼈时2) 动作者不清楚时3) 从前后⽂的关系可清楚动作者是谁时}2.2 第四句型（SVOO）的被动语态第四句型{S + V + O(间接受词->⼈) + O(直接受词->物)S + V + O(直接受词->物) + 介系词 + O(间接受词->⼈)}注意：动词 buy, get, make, read, sing, write, build, cook, pass, choose 等，其被动语态，多不⽤间接受词当主语。
剑桥中级英语语法
10个关于剑桥中级英语语法的必须知道的要点如果你正在准备剑桥中级英语考试，那么你一定会经历苦与乐。
在考试中，语法是最重要的内容之一。
下面是你必须知道的10个关于剑桥中级英语语法的要点。
1.主语和谓语必须一致在句子中，主语和谓语动词必须一致，即如果主语是复数，那么谓语动词也必须是复数。
如果主语是第三人称单数，那么谓语动词必须带有s或es。
2.完成时态完成时态用于描述一个过去动作的结果，一个动作从过去开始，并一直延续到了现在，它的时间通常是从过去的某一个时间点或者某一个事件开始的。
它通常是由动词have/has + 过去分词构成的。
3.虚拟语气在语法上，虚拟语气是用来表达情感、建议或者假设的语气，与事实相对。
去年我想去做义工，如果我有充足的时间就好了。
（如果从某个角度考虑这个事情，它是不可能发生的）4.被动语态被动语态用于强调动作的承受者，与主动语态相对。
被动语态通常由be的各种形式加上过去分词构成的。
5.介词介词通常用于描述两个物品之间的关系，它通常放在名词或者代词的前面。
例如：He is in the room.（他在房间里）6.形容词形容词通常用于描述名词或者代词，它描述的是这个名词或者代词的特征或者性质。
例如：He is a professional singer.（他是一位专业歌手）7.连词连词可以用来连接两个句子、两个词语或者两个短语。
英语中经常使用的连词包括and, or, but等等。
8.复合句复合句是指由至少一个要素从句和一个主句组成的句子。
要素从句通常用来描述主句中的名词或者动词，用来解释或者强调主句的内容。
9.比较级和最高级比较级用来比较两个以上的东西之间的差异，而最高级用来指出同类事物中的最大、最小、最优等的特征。
10.倒装语序倒装语序通常用于强调句子中的某个词或者短语。
倒装语序包括完全倒装和部分倒装两种形式。
例如：Never have I seen such a beautiful sunset.（我从来没有看过如此美丽的日落）希望这些要点能帮助你更好地准备剑桥中级英语考试，祝你考试成功！。
记录最全的赖世雄中级美语课堂笔记1(1-38课)
1. Rome Wasn't Built in a Day p.1.English is an international language. Therefore, it is necessary(/ important) for us to learn it. It(/learning English) can be rewarding or just(/only) a waste of time. It's up to you. It depends on how you study it. Here are some tips about(/on) learning English.First, don't be afraid to make(/of making) mistakes. You will learn (something)from them(the mistakes that you make). Second, you must not be shy. Be thick-skinned and speak up! Finally, you must be patient. Remember, "Rome wasn't built in a day."Well, Rome does not refer to the city of Rome only, it refers to the Roman empire, that is the great country that Rome built more than 2000 years ago. It was a great empire and of course you can not build anything good or great in just a short time .the Roman Empire [ˈɛmˌpaɪr] 罗马帝国Empire--this word is spelled e-m-p-i-r-e. Now, I have this question: in what situation will you use this expression "Rome wasn't built in a day "? Please give us an example.Well, let's say that your friend wants to learn how to do something, like typing or swimming, and at first, your friend feels a little discouraged, because it is not easy to learn a new skill, but you tell him: Hey, come on. Rome wasn't built in a day. We want to encourage our friends with this saying.Your friend is learning how to type. He is a little bit discouraged.We can encourage our friends with this saying. 谚语We say that English is an international language, because English is spoken around the world. Of course, there are more speakers of Mandarin than of English, but English is spoken by more people in more countries than Mandarin is, so, when you travel or do business or study overseas, you can always find English speakers, and English TV programs and English newspapers.In other words, English is a universal/ an international language, that is why we should learn it. Mandarin 普通话，国语Bruce speaks beautiful Mandarin.[ˈmændərɪn]foul language 下流话Your stay here is just(or only) a waste of time.rewarding a.有（获）益的；值得做的，划算的．Teaching is a very rewarding profession.教书是一种很有价值的职业．Exercise is very rewarding for our health. It pays(/is rewarding) to exerciseIt is up to you. 随你吧Well, if Peter asks me: do you want to go to a restaurant first or see a movie first tonight? I might say: it's up to you.Do we go to the movies first or shall we go to a restaurant first? It's up to you .but I know the true answer. He enjoys eating more than anything, let's go to the restaurant first .In our studio[ˈstudioʊ], we have got a small studio over here and we have only two people here, that's Bruce and me, but Bruce is much too big, we have little room left here.by fits and starts adv.间歇地,断断续续地,一阵一阵地If you learn English by fits and starts, you’ll get no where.My brother studied accounting by fits and starts, so he failed.If you give me a tip, I’ll give some tips on how to learn English.if you are in a restaurant, and you leave a little money for the waiter, we say that is a tip小费. But then Peter said I'll give you some tips about learning English. -- some advice about learning English.建议advice un.tip①n.小费②n.建议，提示，技巧give sb. tips on/about sth= give sb. advice (on) sth. n.给某人关于某事的建议③vt.给小费Mr. Bruce, before leaving, don't forget to tip me.④vt.建议tip somebody on something (He tipped me on how to learing English)afraid两种用法：afraid to make(/of making) 即+不定式或+ of +动名词I’m afraid to talk to him. I’m afraid of talking to him.advice un. a good piece of advice 不说: a good adviceWell, you have to speak or write a language to really learn it. if you make a mistake while speaking, usually the listener will understand you anyway, because usually your mistake is just a grammar mistake or maybe a vocabulary mistake, but usually we understand you. But if we don't understand you, we will ask: what do you mean? And then you can try again.Only by making mistakes can we learn sth.Children are often shy around strangers.Well, this is often the case, but there is some situation in which adults are shy. For example, each time Bruce is with me he is shy.-- That's not shy, Peter, that's embarrassed. embarrassed stink vi.臭Peter, you stinks.be patient with sb.对...有耐心A good teacher must be patient with his studentsthick-skinnned a.厚颜的Eg：If you want to be a good salesman, you must be thick-skinned.Don’t be afraid to make mistake. 别怕犯错．It depends on how you study it.那要看你如何去学习．It depend on when you do it.那要看你何时去做．2. How to Improve Your English p.9.Mack is talking to his friend Don.M: Hi, Don! How are you doing in your English class?D: Not so well, I'm afraid. (原：I'm afraid I ’m not doing so well in my English class)M: What's the problem (省do you have with your English)?D: I'm not improving(/I’ve not been improving/ I’ve not made any improvement). Tell me, how come your English is so good?M: Well, uh…I have an American girlfriend.D: Aha! That's it. Now I know what to do. (He runs off.)(=runs away)M: Hey, Come back! I was just kidding!Well, probably they would like to hear you speak English only, so please introduce yourself in English again.However, this is basically an English teaching program. So, every now and then, of course, he ?? and speak Chinese. But most of time, he will explain the key points, if there is any inEnglish. so, lesson 2, we had a very short dialogue. now, by the way, what is the meaning of this word "dialogue "?dialogue/dialog A dialog is a conversation between two people. And that is spelled? Well,you can see it on page 9 here "dialogue", but it is also spelled "dialog". so, there are two spellings for this word. Their pronunciation is exactly the same.…O r sometimes just one person, Peter. because sometimes I hear you talking to yourself. Peter is going to be send to a kind of hospital--funny farm.funny farm疯人院正式：mental asylumHe was raised on the farm.Yesterday Peter was send to a nearby mental asylum, because he kept talking to himself. improve vt.vi. improvement n.-->improve sth = make improvement in sthHe improve d his English by studying every day.=He study everyday, so his English improved. Peter, you’ve made a lot of improvement in your Mandarin. improvement un-- Thank you Bruce for teaching me.because he studies hard, he has made a lot of improvement in his English.①talk to(/with) sb. about sth. vi. ②talk sb. into doing vt.+into说服talk nonsense胡说八道What are you talking about? The teachers were talking about the problem student.He is a problem student. --He keeps causing trouble.His girlfriend talk ed Mike into quitting smoking.When he gave the speech, we realized that he was just talking nonsense.He is a problem student.Hi和Hey区别："Hi" as you just said, is a greeting. if I see my good friends or sometimes my students, I will say "hi", it's a friendly greeting. but "hey" means I want you to pay attention to me. I have something important to talk to you about or maybe to show you. Hey, come here！Hey, listen to me！--but "hey" in this case is not quite impolite, we should only use it between friends.回答Ok, and you？或者fine, thank you等how are you doing? How are you getting along?久违的老朋友还可以说：How are you? or How have you been?Howdy 美国南部招呼语answer: Howdy（=how do you do第一次见面）If you go to Texas or other southern states in the United States, many people will greet you with Howdy.afraid vt.恐怕+that从句（I think/guess）I am afraid (that省略) it is going to rain, so we can't go on the picnic. 我认为...(弱语气，后带内容比较负面)I’m afraid she is not good-looking. I’m going to have a blind date. blind date 相亲,盲目约会Look into the mirror yourself.What's the problem (with)? It seems that he has some problems with the work.= What's wrong?= What's the matter (with)?I'm not improving. 文中= I have not been improving =I have not made any improvement. how come(口) 无需要倒装=whyBruce, How come you look s o ugly/why do you..? Where’s the hankerchief? The truth hurts. why is he late for class again? how come he is late for class again?How come you failed your Chinese text? Why did you fail your Chinese text?Because I goofed around. I didn't study at all. goof around 浪费时间，混时间Aha, that's it. = Aha, I’v got it. = I understand.Aha, means I understand. I’ve got it. For example, if you are trying to think of the answer to a problem, Let's see, the capital of Canada is. .., aha, is Ottawa.If you try to think of a answer t o a problem, Let’s see: the capital of Canady is? Aha, is Ottawa. run off = run away kidding = joking3. The City of Song p.13Listening to music is the favorite pastime of many people all over the world. This is especially true for people living in Vienna, the city of song(un,=music). Being(可省) the home of Mozart, this city is the birthplace of classical music and the waltz.Music fills the air in Vienna. Going to public concerts is often free of charge. And don't forget, Vienna is also home to the world famous Vienna Boys' Choir. No wonder people say Austria is always alive with the sound of music.Oh, Bruce, you know something? I should leave this lesson to you. Because this lesson features one country and that’s? Austria. This country has a lot to do with your background. So, tell all of listeners, how come you have a very close connection with this country? --My mother was born in Yugoslavia, but her mother comes from Austria, and I still have many relatives living there, and I like to visit them every two or three years.I still have many relatives living there, and I like to visit them every two or there years. Austria Australia The city of song refers to the city of Vienna. --You've been to that city before. Tell us something about this city.Vienna is one of the most beautiful citys I have ever seen. I’m not kidding. It's a very old and beautiful city, full of culture, music and good beer.potbelly 大肚皮Well, if you go out with Peter, because he is a big potbelly, you might feel embarrassed..Jogging (/Going jog/Lifting heavy glasses of beer) is my favorite exercise. jog 慢跑What’s your pastime over the weekend? what's your favorite habit?How do you pass the time on your weekends(每逢周末)?Going to a restaurant and seeing a movie.the world over adv. = around/across the world = throughout the world = all over the world Mikle Jackson is famous the world over.song un=music CN歌曲a song You got to face the music.But here I’m a little bit curious again. Now that you just mention you have something to do with Vienna, how come you don't know anything about music?--That's a good question. Peter means I can't sing. I like to listen to music, but I can't sing.To face the music means that you must face your problem, you must try to solve your problem. He was sick of learning, he ran away from home (being) sick of learning, he …Mozart was one of the most famous classical musicians. maestro [ˈmaɪstroʊ] 艺术大师，名作曲家birthplace 发源地，诞生地what’s your birthplace?=where were you born?In fact, I was born in Nanjing, even though my hometown is in Guangxi province.Sure, this is true. When you go to Vienna, especially in the summer time, you can hear music being played, not from the radio or the CD player, but from the people who play music on the street or in the parks or in the concerts. You can hear music as you walk around the city.In other words, you can see a live shows/concerts on your own. live adj.现场的classical 古典的classic 经典的be free (of charge) 免费的--I work for Peter free of charger. In other words, I am enslaved by Peter.--In fact, the truth is I am a slave to Bruce.be enslaved by 被...奴役a slave toDon’t be enslaved by money= Don’t a slave to moneylet me give our students a better example here: This sample is free of charge.be home to 某地是…的发源地／出产地／聚集地/的故乡/ 老家be the home ofHe is a good boy, he often helps his mum with chores. chore 杂务(可数)You should do some chores.Chicago is home to some of the world’s tallest buildings.That island is home to some special birds.He studies hard, no wonder he passed the examination.no wonder + clause（主+v.）adv.难怪Eg：No wonder Bruce is in such good shape, he exercises every day.No w onder you’re so thin, you eat so little.he is in poor shape.be alive with=be filled with a.活的，充满的Eg：The room is alive with children’s laughter.sth. fill the air充满着某物Eg：Romatic love songs fill the air in that cozy Italian restaurant.那家温馨的意大利餐馆充满着罗曼蒂克的情歌．4. He Who Hesitates Is Lost p.21Mike is in Vienna with his girlfriend Daisy.M: Are you having a good time, Daisy?D: Are kidding? I'm having the time of my life（=having the greatest time）. I loved the concerts.M: Concert going is fantastic but what else can we do?D: Biking along the banks of the river Danube could be fun.M: It sounds like a great idea!D: Let's do it then.M: You're right. As they say, "He who hesitates is lost."We have this title "he who hesitates is lost ". Now we have this word "he", in this case, "he" isthe subject. He means anyone or one, those. 凡是......的人He who(引导表语从句) hesitates is lost/a loser. 迟疑着将丧失良机I’m new here, I’ve just got lost. 走失，迷路.He who…+单数动词“凡是…的人….”= one who.. = those who +复数动词Eg：He（/anyone/one/anybody）who works hard will be successful.Those who work hard will be successful.hesitates to … 做…犹豫不决If you have question, don’t hesitate to ask me.I was lost in that music. ＂沉醉于＂= be absorbed in one's workDon’t talk to Morris now, he is lost/absorbed in his work.daisy is a very beautiful little flower. but remember, if you talking about the flower, then we do not capitalized "d".Probably they are on vacation there.I’m sorry, Peter. I don't know what vacation means.In my dictionary, there is no such word as vacation. this means that I work all day/day and night for Peter.While (I was) on vacation last year, I visited France and Italy. 度假have a good time (省in) doing something in介词后只能跟动名词，即使in省have a good time +动名词He always has a good time in(in可省) camping.I had a good time dancing last night. Bruce always has a good time working for me.have difficulty, have a hard time. Forigners ~ learing how to write Chinese characters. Chinese characters “中国字” 不说Chinese wordsBut Bruce can write at least one word, that is 一.have a good time =have fun I had a lot of(/ lots of ) fun/a good time/a great time dancing yesterday.how many kids/children do you have?--I have two kids, same as you. n.小孩子，小山羊Mr. Wang who lives next to me has three ears ! come on ! you must be kidding (me) !are you kidding (me)? v.The artist will put on /hold an exhibit next month.put on/hold a concert/ an exhibit娱乐性、文教性hold a meetingThe artist will put on/hold an exhibit next month.House cleaning is Peter’s favorite pastime/activity.fantastic= wonderful, great, awesome, terrific (cool for the young) aweful = terrible 糟Mozart’s music is fantastic. What do you think of that movie? It was terrific!Biking along the banks could be/can be/must be/is fun. 可能性 大I bike/bicycle/cycle on weekends. n. v.Learning English is fun. fun n.好玩(=a good time) adj.有趣的与funny滑稽的含义不同fun man, funny man Bruce is fun, Peter looks funny. He is a fun man to be with."Fun" we always use with "have a good time ". If you like to do something and it's a good time, you say that's a lot of fun. But if something makes you laugh, then we say it's funny.Make fan of嘲笑The students made fun of the new kid of class. D on't make fun of people. It sounds like a great idea/sounds like a great idea/ sounds like great/ sounds great.I’m going to use a different verb of sense: Tastes like garbage.--Peter’s cooking.He picked up the garbage and threw it into the garbage can.--Let’s go see a movie tonight. --Sounds greathave 做“有”无进行时态Eg：I have a car. I have time.即，无法说＂正在＂的词，无进行时态I love you.Thanks for listening, see you next time.5. Bungee Jumping p.26Bungee jumping looks like It makes me nervous to watch someone do it. It certainly takes a lot of guts (/courage) to jump one thousand feet above the water with only a rope tied to your legs. It scares me just to think about it. However, it is something I really want to do one day.Some people think I'm crazy(/ a lunatic). They say to jump (/jumping) is foolish enough, but to have(/having) to pay for it is madness. I don't agree. For me, to live a short and exciting life is far better than to live a long and boring one. What do you think?On this page we have a new lesson, lesson five, and we have a picture here. This picture describes a person, and this person, or rather this is not a person, but an animal, but looks very familiar to me. What is it? -- it's wild Bruce, oh..., wild boar.wild boar 野猪This is not the case with Bruce. He would think that Bungee jumping is something that we should do. so, tell us some history about this activity. I think if I remember correctly, it originated in that country New Zealand.That's right, it originated in New Zealand. To originate simply means to start someplace, to start somewhere. New Zealand is an island nation in the south Pacific, is an English speaking country, and it's not very big in population, but some of the people there are really like to have an exciting fun time. so, they had the idea that you could jump from a bridge or jump from a tall building with a rope tied to your leg. Just as we see here in the picture, there is a rope tied to one of the wild boar's four legs, and that rope will stop you from hitting the ground.Paper originated in China. 起源于have the guts(口语)/courage to be. 有做…的勇气／胆量．looks like fun looks/sounds/tastes/smells good (vi.+adj.).looks /tastes /sounds like(prep.)+n 感官不及物动词后不接名词, 但+like+n. “象”looks like fun, tastes like fish感观动词vt. 加宾语后，后可直接接动词原形做宾补，表事实。
剑桥商务英语中级完整笔记（词汇）
剑桥商务英语中级完整笔记（词汇）第一篇：剑桥商务英语中级完整笔记(词汇)《新编剑桥商务英语中级》-Vocabulary Unit 1a Teamwork toiletries：n.化妆品厂、清洁、化妆用品公司 major brands：主导品牌expatriate：n.旅居海外的，移居国外的creative thinking：创新思维a survival course：生存技巧培训课程profile：n.简介、小传、概况simulation：n.模拟训练go for profit：追求利润behind schedule：进度落后于计划stick to the schedule：严格按计划进行Unit 1b Communication exceed：v.超越、胜过over-estimate：vt.过高的估计manageable：adj.便于管理understate：vt.轻描淡写的说 seminar：n.研讨会、讨论会management：n.（企业、机关的）管理人员follow-up evaluation：后续评估 deadline：n.最终期限complimentary ticket：免费赠送的票Self-study and Exam practice have everything to do with：与…关系密切curriculum vitae：个人简历、履历，简称CVhuman factor：认为因素 aggressive：adj.咄咄逼人的、好斗indicate：vt.显示、表明Unit 2a Entertaining customer satisfaction form：顾客满意、情况问卷表complete the form 填写表格questionnaire：n.调查表、问卷criteria：n.标准（为criterion的复数形式）atmosphere：n.氛围attentiveness：n.殷勤、周到value for money：物有所值程度enhance：vt.提高、增加mezzanine：n.（尤指介于一层与二层之间的）中层楼reasonable prices：合理的价格interior design：室内装修group dining：团体用餐catering requirement：餐饮要求tour groups：旅游团corporate events：公司社交活动wine tastings：品酒会steak：n.牛排 company presentations：公司业务报告会business trip：公务旅行vegetarian：素食者call in：顺路到某处 alike：adv.一样的，相似的 evolve：逐渐发展或完成 pride ourselves on/upon：为…感到骄傲along with：同…一道be of importance：具有重要性to cater for：提供餐饮服务，接待gently：adv.轻轻地，小心地 strive：为获得…而努力奋斗concept：n.概念，观念，想法distinctive：adj.与众不同的 suitable：adj.舒适，合适memorable：adj.难忘的 tourist：n.游客，观光客awful：adj.糟糕的，恶劣的Unit 2b Corporate hospitalitycorporate hospital：商务接待，企业社交tip：n.技巧，窍门，忠告be in need of：需要mention：v.提起，说起 social setting：社交场合 in due course：经过一段时间，到适当的时候poor timing：不合事宜trade fair：贸洽会teenage：adj.少年的 prospect：n.可能的，潜在的顾客hook：钩子，吸引人们兴趣或注意力的方式a fact-finding mission：情况调查，实地考察substantial：adj.重大的，有影响的fortunately：adv.幸运的concern：v.对…有印象；n.担心sociable：adj.好交际的，喜欢与人交往的ensure：v.确保，保证rugby：n.（英式）橄榄球intimate：adj.亲密的；n.至交，密友ability：n.能力，技能，本领purposeful：adj.有清晰目的，有明确目标chit-chat：n.（非正式）聊天，闲谈disposal：n.丢弃，处理therefore：adv.因此，所以see…as：把…看作lie in…：（原因、兴趣、答案等）在于…stand around：闲站着 add up to：意味着，说明whisper into his ear：在某人耳边低声说话in term of：从…的角度来看，就…而言in due course/time：经过一段时间，到适当的时候Self-study and Exam practice continental breakfast：欧式早餐bilingual applicants：具有双语能力的申请者end-of-year party：年终聚会job advertisement：招工广告marketing secretary：营销部秘书P.A.（Personal Assistant）：私人助理administrative support：行政管理上的支持secretarial skills：文秘技能up-to-date information technology：最新的信息技术communications skills：沟通能力，交际技能science marketing assistant：科技营销助理an internal recruitment policy：内部招工政策official working hours：正式的工作时间long-term employment：长期雇用production manager：生产经理work overtime：加班take legal action against：对…提出诉讼 settle the dispute：解决纠纷 secretarial and administrative staff：文秘及行政人员unforeseen circumstances：难以预料的情况meet agreed delivery dates：按约定的日期准时送货place your order with：向…定货outlet：n.代销店，专卖店legal advisers：法律顾问established customers：老顾客bring…up：把…提出来give…priority：优先考虑，处理某事a backlog of orders：积压的订单at one’s disposal：由…自由支配be popular with ab.：为惯用搭配，深受喜爱on…basis：在…基础上look forward to sth.：期盼，盼望price前一把用介词atvalue for money：物有所值cater for：承办an overview of…：对…的概述call in：来访call by: 顺道访问推迟到某个时间用postpone till/until…a long way from：离…还差得很远Unit 2 Customersreorganise：n.改组，改编loan：n.银行贷款forecast：n.预测consume：v.消费，消耗venture：n.风险项目warranty：n.（产品的）保证书oval：椭圆形finalise：v.确定，最后定下backlog：n.积压未办的事情substantial：adj.重大的，可观的，坚固的，有影响的Unit 3a Ordering goods mail order company：邮购计划headquarters：n.（公司）总部catalogue：n.商品目录单recommendation：n.推荐信、建议item：n.产品、货物in standard length：标准长度的 article：n.商品、项目measurements charts：尺寸图knitted skirts：针织裙子vendor：n.销售商asap（as soon as possible）尽快Unit 3bCash flow cash flow：现金流向、现金流量，现金流动cash flow gap：现金流量差额case study：案例分析final payment：最后付款bar chart：柱形图down payment：订金bill：vt.要求支付…的费用remainder：n.剩余物early settlement discount：提前付款折扣labour cost：劳动力成本credit terms：信用期限、信用条件outstanding：adj.剩余的 outstanding balance：剩余金额order books：订货薄a shortage of cash：现金短缺turnover：n.营业额financing costs：筹措成本cash on delivery：货到即付款margin：n.利润 inventory：n.库存、存货penalty：n.处罚、罚款potential customer：潜在客户hard sell：强行推销flat management culture：扁平化的管理结构Self-study and Exam practice workmanship：（尤指精细的）工艺，手艺negotiate：v.谈判，商定retail：v.零售detail：n.细节deliver：v.把…送往delivery：n.送货measurement：n.长度，高度gap：n.缺口，差距forecast：n.预测，预报settlement：正式协议penalty：n.惩罚，处罚charge：n.费用，v.收费potential：adj.潜在的，可能的n.潜在性，可能性grant：n.给予，准予patient：adj.有耐心的，忍耐的patience：耐心，忍耐familiar：adj.熟悉的average：adj.平均的lack：n.v.没有，不足，缺乏aggressive：n.好斗的，雄心勃勃的furthermore：adv.而且，不仅如此however：然而，不过，但是sector：n.（尤指商业、贸易等的）部门，行业accordion：n.手风琴for instance：例如combination：组合，联合promotional：（电影、活动等）旨在推销（宣传）的 combine：v.（使）组合 equally：adv.相同的，相等的 equalize：v.使相等的equality：n.平等segment：n.部分alternate：adj.轮流，交替cable：n.电缆，缆绳forthcoming：adj.即将，到来demonstrate：v.证明，证实flatter：v.奉承，讨好，感到荣幸cash on delivery：货到付款credit terms：信用期限，信用条件interest on…：…的利息，习惯用onpay for…：支付…的费用，用介词forpay in cash：in表示付款方式，以现金形式price…at：以…的价格，习惯用介词atcost of labour：劳动成本as down payment：作为订金outstandingbalance：剩余金额days net：净30天early settlement discount：提前付款折扣penalty charge：罚款Unit 3 Commerce currency：n.货币paying-in slip：【英】（银行）存款单payee：n.收款人deduct：v.减去，扣除transaction：n.交易，事务counterfoil：n.存根adviser：n.顾问interest：n.利息cashier：n.出纳deposit：n.定金，首付dividend：n.股息，红利deductible：adj.减去haulage：n.货运业，货运费consignment：n.托运的货物margin：n.页边，空白courier：n.（递送包裹或文件的）信徒logistic：n.后勤；逻辑custom duty：关税 overdraft：n.透支额Unit 4a Brand power selling point：卖点environmental-friendliness：n.对环境无害，有环保的特点user-friendliness：n.用户使用方便kitchen appliances：厨房用具competitive advantage：竞争优势diversify：vt.多样化经营，增加产品种类own-label clothing：贴（名牌超市）自己品牌的服装saturate：vt.使饱和supermarket chains：连锁超市industry analyst：行业分析家cut-price：削价出售retail food marker：食品零售市场mortgage：n.住房按揭，抵押margin：n.利差，赚头boost profit：提高利润estate agent：房产商bonus points：（消费积分）loyalty scheme：忠实（顾客）奖励计划voucher：n.优惠，奖券interest rate：利率incentive：n.刺激，鼓励reputation：名誉、名望gradually：adv.逐渐的，逐步的 eventually：adv.终于、最终survey：n.调查、审视combine：v.组合，综合outlet：n.专卖店、分销店fixed rate：固定利率banking on a Brand：bank on既可解释为“依赖…获利”，也含有“对…抱有信心”。
英文文法笔记第三。八。二课：名词：代名词：种类（第二部分）
英⽂⽂法笔记第三。
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⼆课：名词：代名词：种类（第⼆部分）英⽂⽂法笔记第三。
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⼆课:名词：代名词：种类（第⼆部分）LESSON #3.8.2: NOUN: PRONOUN: TYPES (PART 2)(*建议着重英⽂造句结构和⽂法，不⽤理会⽂法的名称。
)2. Possessive Pronoun (所有格代词)A Possessive Pronoun indicates possession.For example:This world is (mine1/yours2&5/his3/hers3/ours4/theirs5).I have a dog and the living room is all its3.Bold: Possessive PronounReferences: 1. 1st person singular; 2. 2nd person singular; 3. 3rd person singular; 4. 1st person plural; 5. 2nd person plural;6. 3rd person plural.Exceptions and NotesPossessive AdjectiveThese forms of Possessive Pronouns can also be used as Possessive Adjectives, e.g.o (My1/Your2&5/His3/Her3/Our4/Their6) talent and wittiness are unparalleled.o Its3 fur is fluffy.Bold: Possessive AdjectiveReferences: 1. 1st person singular; 2. 2nd person singular; 3. 3rd person singular; 4. 1st person plural; 5. 2nd person plural; 6. 3rd person plural.3. Reflexive Pronoun (反⾝代词)A Reflexive Pronoun refers back to the subject and is formed by adding -self or -selves to a Possessive Pronouns. Forexample:It is important to look after (myself1/yourself2/himself3/herself3/ourselves4/yourselves5/ themselves6).The cat almost scared itself3 to death.Bold: Reflexive PronounReferences: 1. 1st person singular; 2. 2nd person singular; 3. 3rd person singular; 4. 1st person plural; 5. 2nd person plural;6. 3rd person plural.4. Intensive Pronoun (强势代词)An Intensive Pronoun emphasizes its Antecedent Noun.In form, all Reflexive Pronouns are Intensive Pronouns. For example:(I myself1 have/You yourself2 have/He himself3 has/She herself3 has/We ourselves4/You yourselves5 have/They themselves6 have) to do everything in the office.The very dog itself3 bit the child.Bold: Intensive PronounReferences: 1. 1st person singular; 2. 2nd person singular; 3. 3rd person singular; 4. 1st person plural; 5. 2nd person plural;6. 3rd person plural.5. Demonstrative Pronoun (指⽰代词)A Demonstrative Pronoun points to and replaces a Noun or Pronoun that can be understood and not explicit in thecontext.There are 4 Demonstrative Pronouns: “this” (singular) and “these” (plural) refer to items that are close by in space and time to the speaker, while “that” (singular) and “those” (plural) refer to items that are at further away in space and time to the speaker.For example:This1 right here is cheaper than that1 over there.These2 nowadays taste better than those2 long time ago.Bold: Demonstrative PronounReferences: 1. 3rd person singular demonstrative pronoun; 2. 3rd person plural demonstrative pronoun.Exceptions and NotesDemonstrative AdjectiveA Demonstrative Pronoun is used alone, and it should not be confused with a Demonstrative Adjective that is used before a Noun, such as the ones in the sentence: “(This person/These people/That person/Those people) are mean”, where “this”,“these”, “that”, and “those” are Demonstrative Adjectives.6. Interrogative Pronoun (疑问代词)An Interrogative Pronoun is used to ask questions.There are five items in this category: who (nominative case referring to person), whom (objective case referring to person), which (referring to people, animals or things), whose (possessive case referring to person, animal and inanimate objects, although some people believe it should refer only to humans and other mammals), and what (referring to people, animals or things).For example:Who are you?Whom am I speaking to?Which of those cups is mine?Whose is this car belongs to?What is this?Bold: Interrogative PronounExceptions and NotesInterrogative AdjectiveJust like Demonstrative Pronoun, Interrogative Pronoun is used alone and not in the company (陪伴) of another Noun.Certain Demonstrative Pronouns in form are used as Demonstrative Adjectives before a Noun, as in the followingexamples:o Which bus is going downtown?o What time is it?o Whose bag is this?Bold: Interrogative AdjectiveWho or WhomSome people have problems deciding whether to use the Nominative Case “who” or the Objective Case “whom” in a particular sentence.Two things you have to consider:· Is the answer using “he” or “him”?If you answer the question with “he”, then use “who” in the question, and if you answer the question with “him”, then use “whom” in the question.In the question: “(Who/Whom) are you talking to?”, the answer would be “I’m talking to him.” Since “him” is in theObjective Case, therefore “whom” should be used in the question.In the question: “(Who/Whom) is in charge around here?”, the answer would be “He is in charge here.” Since “he”is in the Nominative Case, therefore “who” should be used in the question.· Popularity of “Who” in SpeechNowadays, many people in U.S. seem to abandon the use of “whom” in speech. People say: “Who are you talkingto?” and “Who are you looking at?” although “whom” should be used in both cases.However, in formal written English and exams, you should follow the proper grammar rules and use “whom” and“who” where appropriate.7. Relative Pronoun (关系代词)This group of Relative Pronouns performs two functions: a noun and a connector adjoining itself to a subordinate clause.To refresh your memory, a subordinate clause is a phrase with a subject and a predicate that cannot function as a stand-alone sentence8 Main Relative PronounsThere are 8 items in the main group: “who” (refers to people), “whom” (refers to people), “whose” (refers to people, animals and things), “which” (refers to animals and things but not people), “that” (refers to people, animals, and things), “what” (refers to things, and not to people or animals), “when” (refers to time), “where” (refers to places), and “why” (refers to reasons).For example:· The person who won last week’s lottery is my uncle.· The person whom you were speaking to is a millionaire.· The girl whose sister is Miss China is my classmate.· The dog which bit you just now belongs to my neighbour.· Those of you that object to my suggestion please raise you hands.· I know exactly what you are thinking about.· The time to strike is when you enemy least expects it.· I don’t know the direction of the place where you want to go.· I don’t know the reason why you have been giving me the cold shoulder.Bold: Relative Pronoun“-ever” and “-soever” GroupAdditionally, another group of Relative Pronouns are formed by adding –ever and –soever to the aforesaid pronouns.For example:· The princess said she would marry whoever won the tournament.· Her father does not allow her to marry whomever she wishes.· The father has promised to buy whichever car his daughter chooses if she comes first in her class.· The billionaire’s daughter can have whatever she wants.· His wife has nothing to do with his bankruptcy whatsoever.Bold: Relative Pronoun8. Infinitive Pronoun (不定代词)This group of Infinitive Pronouns refers to unspecified persons, and includes the following words: all, any, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, few, many, most, neither, no one, nobody, none, nothing, one, several, some, somebody, someone, and something.For example:Give me (another1/more2).(Each1/Either1/One1/Neither1/Both2) of them would do a better job than you.(None1 of the/Few2 of the/Many2/All2 the/Most2/Several2/Some2) students in this group are gifted.Much1 of this country is barren.Such1 is the case for many new immigrants.(Anybody1/Everybody1/Nobody1/Somebody1/Anyone1/Everyone1/No One1/Someone1) knows what is doing on in this office.He (doesn’t know anything1/knows everything1/knows nothing1/knows something1) about the fight last night.I have enough1 of you.Less1 is better than too much in watering this plant.Bold: Infinitive Pronoun1: Singular Infinitive Pronoun2: Plural Infinitive Pronoun9. Dummy Pronoun (虚拟代词)This group of Dummy Pronoun consists of two pronouns: it and there.Generally a Pronoun has an antecedent which it substitutes (替代), e.g., “John goes to kindergarten, and he is a good boy”, where “John” is the antecedent of the Pronoun “he”.However, in certain sentence constructions, Pronouns “it” and “there” do not have antecedents:Dummy “It”· Time and WeatherThe Personal Pronoun “it” is sometimes used as a “dummy” in sentences pertaining to “time” and “weather”, e.g.o What time is it?o It is time for the show to start.o It is two o’clock sharp.o It is raining cats and dogs outside.o It is going to snow this afternoon.Bold: Dummy Pronoun “it”· Subordinate ClauseIn some cases, dummy “it” stands for certain part of a sentence relocated to the end as a subordinate clause. Forexample:o It is important that you arrive at the meeting on time. (Comment: The sentence can be rewritten as: “That you attend the meeting on time is important.”)o It seems John doesn’t care how other people feel. (Comment: The sentence can be rewritten as: “John doesn’t seem to care how other people feel.”)o It is advised that you drink eight glasses of water each day. (Comment: The sentence can be rewritten as: “That you drink eight glasses of water each day is recommended.”)Bold: Dummy Pronoun “it”Italic: Adverbial Clause represented by “it”· Vague and General MattersIn other cases, dummy “it” is used to represent vague (含糊) and general matters. For example:o Can we make it to the airport on time to catch the flight?o Don’t get upset and take it easy!o That’s it. I have enough of your nonsense!Bold: Dummy Pronoun “it”b. Delayed Subject (延迟主词) - Dummy “there”Generally the Subject of a sentence precedes the Verb.In some sentences, however, the Subject is moved to the back of the sentence in form that resembles SubjectComplement which grammarians call a “Delayed Subject”. Its usual place at the front of the sentence is replacedby a dummy Pronoun “there”. The Verb, however, agrees in singularity (单式性质) or plurality (复式性质) with theDelayed Subject at the back and not the dummy “there” at the front.For example:o There are too many girls in this class. (Comment: The Verb “are” agrees with the Delayed Subject “girls” in plural form. The sentence without the dummy “there” can be restructured as: “Too many girls are in this class”)o There is a fly in my soup. (Comment: The Verb “is” agrees with the Delayed Subject “fly” in singular form. The sentence without the dummy “there” can be restructured as: “A fly is in my soup.”)Bold: Dummy Pronoun “there”Italic: Delayed Subject10. Reciprocal Pronoun (相互代词)In Reciprocal Pronoun, there are only two ex×pressions: “each other” and “one another”. Both of these ex×pressions involve 2 or more members in a group, and the actions reciprocate to each member of the group.The rules work like this:2 for “Each Other” and >2 for “One Another”Strictly speaking, use “each other” when the group consists of two members and “one another” when there are more than two members.For example:o The couple love each other.o All the three children in the family love one another.Infinitive GroupSome suggest that when the number in the group is infinite, both “each other” and “one another” are acceptable. For example:o People in this world should love (each other/one another).“Each Other” in All CasesNowadays, many people use “each other” in all cases, particularly in spoken English, including the cases where the number of members in the group exceeds two.In formal English and exams, I suggest you should use “each other” and “one another” according to proper grammar rules. However, do not jump to correct people when they use “each other” incorrectly in informal conversation.Exercises1. Make sentence using the following:mine (Possessive Pronoun);your (Possessive Adjective)ourselves (Reflexive Pronoun);yourselves (Reflexive Pronoun);himself (Intensive Pronoun);this (Demonstrative Pronoun);that (Demonstrative Adjective);whose (Interrogative Pronoun);whose (Interrogative Adjective);what (Relative Pronoun);whoever (Relative Pronoun);another (Infinitive Pronoun);m. it (Dummy Pronoun);there (Dummy Pronoun);each other (Reciprocal Pronoun);one another (Reciprocal Pronoun).2. Choose the correct form of verb:She (love/loves) her car.They (jog/jogs) every day.It (do/does) not matter which shirt you buy.There (is/are) too many wild cats in this neighbourhood.3. Choose the correct form of Pronoun:(Who/Whom) is the manager in this office?(Who/Whom) are you speaking to over the phone just now? This class of students help (each other/one another).These two sisters-in-law hate (each other/one another).。
BEC中级教程笔记
TeamworkEssential vocabulary1.assess n. ~ to calculate or decide on the value of or an amount for some special purpose;~ to judge the quality or worth of;eg. Assess tax on somebody’s property 对某人的财产征税assessing teamsto assess the amount of damage caused by a stormThe annual income of staff in this place was assessed at＄10002. poles apart eg. My hometown and the capital are poles apart.The employers and the trade union leaders are still poles apart.3. acquire v. eg. He acquired a knowledge of language by careful study. 获得、得到Madsion plc. is hoping to acquire Rosewall Holdings. 收购、并购、取得所有权acquisition n. eg. The acquisition of wealth usually takes time.He is a valuable acquisition to the team.4. take on responsibility5. accountable adj.~ responsible; having to give an explanationeg. I’m not accountable to you for my actions.They should be held accountable for their acts.6. electric adj.~ very exciting7. toiletry n. cosmetic n. a. participant a. n. extraordinary a. launch8. come up with ideas I hope you can come up with a better plan.9. take over bring in work on put on10. commence v. (fml) ~ to begin start eg. The meeting commenced at 8 o’clockcommencement11.tradition n. eg. It is a tradition that women get married in long white dress. traditional a.12.seminar n. 研讨会研究小组recruitment method human factor13.adventure n. ~ a journey, activity experience that is strange, exciting and often dangerous.eg. He lived for adventure. 他平生喜欢冒险adventure n. adventurous a.喜欢冒险的14.allocate (allot) ~ to set a[art for somebody as a share or for some purposeeg. That space has already been allocated for building a new hospital 分配、分派、拨给15.solve v. ~ to find an answer to or way of dealing with eg. to solve a problem 解答、解决、处理16. individual a.n.个人, 个别的, 独特的, 个人的corporate a. 共同的、集体的、社团的、公司企业的collective a.n. ~ a number of people or groups of people集体、团体~ considered or acting as one 共同的、集体的eg. collective efforts共同努力collective ownership 集体所有制17. get down to [T+V.-ing]~ to be gin to give serious; attention to18.the concept of teamwork didn’t exist; develop new approaches; throw new light on old problems;We need to ensure that what happens on the programmers happens back in the workplace. What makes a good team?1.The members work towards a common objective.2.The discuss roles and allocate them to team members.3.They co-operate fully with each other.4.They help individuals develop within the team.5.The members trust each other.6.Everyone makes an equal contribution to the team.7.The members share information effectively within the team.8.They listen to different points of view.9.They talk openly and honestly within the team.10.When people are under pressure, others offer help.11.attach importance to team building; develop team work; an effective team; collective efforts exchange of views; major investment emphasize team spirit a high-performance unitmajor brands monthly reviews management consultant managerial skills set targets creative thinking team building work on managerial skill measure progressgo for profit behind schedule stick to the schedule learn from other people’s strong points;Making arrangements1.How about/what about the following week?2.Shall we say 8 February?3.When would suit you?4.Did you have a time/place in mind?5.I’m afraid I’m busy then.6.I’m sorry but I can’t make it then.7.They’re working on another project until 12 February.8.Could we have a meeting for the sales team next week.9.effective management style behind schedule10.Would the week commencing 11 February be convenient for you?Telephoning skills1.Could I speak to…? Could I have extension 204,please? Could you put me trough to Wilson, please?I am afraid she’s out of the office at the moment.I am afraid she’s in a meetingI am afraid she’s not here, can I take a message?I am afraid the line’s busy, would you like to hold?Hold the line please. I’ll put you through2.Is Keith available? I am afraid he’s not available.3.Can I take a message? Yes, I’m ringing about…4.Do you know when he’ll be free? He should be available after lunch. Right, I’ll call back then.5.Could you get back to me? I’ll ask her to call you.6.I’ll give him the message. Thanks for calling.7.Could you tell Ms Symes I’ll have to cancel our meeting on Thursday. Fine ,I’ll tell her that.CommunicationEssential vocabulary1. to work as+job to work for+company to work in (the food industry)2. international communication official language3.exceed v. (fml) ~ be great then 超过、胜过eg. The cost will exceed 550.~ to do more than 超越eg. Don’t exceed the speed limit4.estimate v. ~ to calculate(an amount cost); from an opinion aboutI estimate her age at 35 估计（数量），判断、评价（某事）n. My estimate of her character was wrong.estimation n. over-estimate vt.5. understate v.~ to cause(something) to seem less important than it is.They understated the problem. 贬低（某事物）重要性，轻描淡写、未充分地表达6. follow-up evolution后续评估time consumingTalking about communication1.raise the efficiency in your work2.differences in cultural background create barriers in communication.3.I am afraid it’s not going to work out because of deadline here.4.to cancel (a meeting) to confirm(arrangement) deadline to postpone(a meeting)to put back (a meeting)要求得到信息:Could you please…? Could I ask you to…?向对方提供帮助或信息:Shall I…? Would you like me to…?If you’d like some complimentary tickets, please let me know.请求得到允许:I’d like to know whether is all right to…Do you mind if I…? Would it be all right if…?On Tuesday morning on the 18th in April at weekend at ChristmasEntertaining a clientEssential vocabulary1.entertain v. ~ to amuse and interest A teacher should entertain as well as teachHe does most of his entertain in restaurants. 款待招待请客An entertainer story a.使人愉快的、有趣的entertainment n.款待、招待、娱乐活动、文娱表演2.Strive v. to do/for she strove for recognition as an artistment n. 评论4.attentive a. attention n.5.sole n. 脚底鞋底 a.~ only The sole survivor of the crash. 独家的、独有的6.prove v.~ to give proof of, show to be true 证明7.evolve v. ~ to(cause to )develop gradually eg. The British political system has evolved over severalcenturies (使)逐步发展、演化8.enhance v. ~ to increase (good things such as value, power or beauty) 提高增加美化eg. Passing BEC should enhance your chances of getting job.9.distinctive a. ~ clearly marking a person or thing as different from others 与众不同的、有特色的eg. she had a distinctive appearance.distinction n. 区别、差别distinct a.～diffident/separate 独特的、截然不同的、清楚的、明显的10.to cater for ~ to provide what is necessary 提供餐饮、服务、接待11.pride…on company presentations corporate event12.definite a. ~ clear, without any uncertainty 清楚的、明确的13.interpret v. 翻译（口译）interpreter interpretation 翻译、阐明、解释Talking about business entertaining1.at very reasonable prices2.high-quality service3.catering to different tastes4.the attractive and relaxing atmosphere5.have a feeling of friendliness and comfort6.value for money service7.enjoy the attractive and relaxing atmosphere8.catering to different tastesEncouraging conversation1.Showing interest/surprise: Really? I’m surprised to hear that. Do/did/are/have you?2.Asking follow-up questions: What did you think of…? When are you going to…？How do you feel about…？Corporate hospitalityEssential vocabulary1.hospitable a.好客的、殷勤的、招待周到的hospitality n. Mrs Brown is know for her hospitality.2.fact-finding mission 情况调查、实地考察a fact-finding mission enables the businessmen to understand the companymission n.~ a group of people who are sent abroad for a special reason任务,代表团,使命eg. a British trade mission to Russia.~ the duty or purpose for which these people are sent 使命,任务3.substantial a. ~ solid, strong made 坚固的,结实的~ large enough to be noticeable, of some size of value 大量的,可观的,相当的eg. Substantial improvement a substantial amount of money4.finalise v. ~ to finish and make firm/plans/arrangement5.stopover n. (长途航空旅行等的)中途停留6.ensure v. ~ to make sth. certain to happen.eg. If you want to ensure that you catch the plane, take a taxi 保证,担保,确保7.intimate a. intimate friends 关系密切的,个人的,私人的,详细的,经过仔细研究的8.stand around (about) 闲站着,坐着不做事9.mention v.n. prospect chit-chat 非正式的闲聊add up to 意味着,说明lie in原因,答案,兴趣,在于10.distract v. 使分心分散注意力distraction n. 娱乐,使人分心的事或物11.sociable a. 好交际的,社交的,友好的12.disposal n.处理、处置、让掉、卖掉at someone’s disposal ~ able to be used freely by someone 由某人做主使用、供某人支配13.establish/build a relationship to get down to business meet expenses sociable setting goldenrule bring up a subject to be in need of place an order with poor timingin due course sales figures in due course the recipe for success 成功的秘诀to bring up (a subject) sightseeing tour a valued customer尊贵的、有价值的客户Talking about corporate hospitality1.to fit his social status2.facilitate one-to-one conversation3.take it as a chance to strengthen business ties4.have the right atmosphere to talk about business5.can concentrate on the work without distraction6.enhance mutual understanding7.invite him to a round of golf8.build a good business relationship9. a chance to know the other person betterLetters of invitation1.Inviting/offering: we should like to invite you; we should be very pleased if you could…；we could be delighted if you could…2.thanking: thank you for your invitation to…；It was very kind of you to invite me to…；I was delighted to receive your invitation to…3.accepting: I would be very pleased to…；I should be delighted to …4.declining: unfortunately, due to…I am unable to…Ordering goodsEssential vocabulary1.headquarters n. definitely av. 确切的、肯定的Vendor2.recommendation n. ~ advice, the acting of recommending3.respective a. ~ of or for each one; particular and separate eg. They went home to their respectivehouses.4.sort out: ~ to separate from a mass 拣选Will you sort out the papers to be thrown away?<BrE> ~ to put in order, put righteg. a silly quarrel that’s now been s orted out. 整顿、排解、整理Talk about orders:1.place/cancel/confirm/ an order;2.reliable suppliers time delivery goods of consistent quality3.can provide a quality product or service4.attractive price competitive priceLetters1.I would be very grateful if you could…2.Further to your letter of….3.I trust you will find the following points of interest.4.Could you please confirm the date…5.May I remind you that….6.Thank you for your fax concerning…Cash flowEssential vocabulary1.inflow outflow; down payment; early settlement discount; bill for; labour costs;outstanding balance; to finance 筹措资金；case study 案例分析； a shortage of cash; cash flow gap 现金流量差额cash on delivery2.install v. ~ to set up ready for use 安装（设备）～to settle in an official position 任命、使就职3.reminder n. 提示，提醒的人,催函4.inventory n. 详细目录、存货清单、盘货Some stores inventory their stock once a month.I regret not completing the inventory on time.5. margin n. He left early and caught the train by a good margin. 余地～the amount of profit eg. High profit margins 利润额6. over-trading贸易透支financing costs 筹措成本credit terms 信用期限条件7. a cash storage a shortage of cash \8.outstanding a. ~ better than others, very good 杰出的、卓越的、显著~ not yet done or paid 未完成的、未解决的、未付款的Talking about company finances1.cash purchases2.inability to brand themselvesck of capital4.unsound business plan5.unable to do market research6.inability to get sufficient capital to expand7.improve business performance through cash flow planning8.bill promptly so that you can have the cash available to cover the payments due.9.adding penalty charges for late payment urges clients to pay promptly10.reduce the amount time of credit given to customers11.become more selective when granting credit is good for the business’s cash flow, too.12.trimming your inventory is also a good way to avoid cash-flow problems.Brand powerEssential vocabulary1.brand stretch品牌延伸2.diversify v. ~ to make different or various in form or quality ; vary 使…不同，多样化3.under way= started 正在进行中The party got under way at 9.4.gradual av. gradual a. 逐渐的、逐步的there has been a gradually increase in the number of people owingcars. A gradually rise in the path 缓坡5.industry analyst 行业分析家personal loans 个人贷款case base 成本6.saturate v. ~ to make completely wet 湿透、浸透～to fill completely 充满、使饱和It’s hard to get a teaching job now, the market is saturated.7.mortgage n. v. He will have to mortgage his land for a loan. 抵押8.deposit v. ~ to place in a bank of safe 储蓄存放、堆放、寄存9.bound to ~ certain sure10.eventual a. ~ (of an event)happening at last as a result 最终的，结局的11.reputation n.12.estate agent interest ratebine v. ~ to (cause to)come together, unite, or joint together. （使）联合，结合~ a group of people, business etc. joined or acting together 集团、联合企业14.incentive n. ~ an encouragement to greater activity 激励前进的动力15.loyal a.n. The soldiers are loyal to their country. loyalty scheme16.boost profits selling point competitive advantageTalking about brands and marketing1. a brand represents a certain culture.2.be attracted by the quality brand image3.brand leader consistent quality4.have a strong sense of brand loyalty5.have confidence in the reliability of the product6.have confidence in the good quality7.not necessarily the best deal in every case.Public relations1.accurate a. ~ careful and exalt, exactly correct.eg. Give me an accurate report of what happened <反>inaccurate2.maintain v. ~ to continue to have, do as beforeeg. He maintained his interest in football all his life.维持、延续、保持~ to support with money, to maintain a family （用金钱）供养～to keep in good condition, take care of the high cost maintaining a house 维修、保养the high cost of maintain a house3.venue n. ~ meeting place arranged for some purpose or activityeg. The venue of the big match is the football ground at Wembley4.format n.(出版物的)版式、开本，～the general plan or arrangement of something 总的计划、安排布局eg. we’re try a new format for our television show this year.5.clash v.[I. with]~ to come into opposition eg. The two armies clashed(=fought)hear the border.The shirt clashes with my trousers.6. core n.~ the most important or central part of anything 最重要部分，中心，核心7. operational advantage 运作优势Talk about brands and marketing1. public image company values dealership showroom product launchadvance preparation3.manage the public relation strategy; give an accurate picture of company;maintain goodwill and understanding; build long-term relationships4.do whatever is appropriate to promote its image.5.create the image that attracts and retains clientsponents of an overall image include advertising, marketing communication; publicity, companylocation, prices and product position7.distribute fliers, pass out brochures or issue press releases will also help to create a company image.8.its marketing strategies help to shape company images.9.customer service policies also impacts company image10.enhance their current image11.adjust to the need of the customers.12.meet the promotional requirements13.place advertising in newspapers14.in the most timely and cost effective way15.process steps from planning to execution of launch action plans16.advertising campaignRelocation1.running costs 管理费用regulatory authority 管理机构capital investment资本投资2.logistics 物流inflation 通货膨胀set-up costs创办成本3.overheads n.~ money spent regularly to keep a business runningeg. The office is in central London, so their overheads are very high4.generous a. ~ showing readiness to give money, help kindnessIt was very generous of you to lend me your car yesterday.慷慨的，大方的5.grant n. 拨给款项You can get a grant to improve your house .6.successive a. ~ following one after the other7.smooth a 平和、平滑、平静、顺利、平整的smoothly av顺利，平稳、平滑地8.cosmopolitan a. 世界性的9.spectacular a.~ grandly unusual , attracting, excited notice 壮观的，引人注意的10.scenery n.景色、风景、舞台布景11.resident a. [in] living in a place 居住的、常驻的n.居民12.leisure n. ~ time when one is free employment, free timeeg. Tennis and swimming are her leisure activities 有空的、闲着的、悠闲的、不慌不忙的13.decade n.~ a period of 10 years14.be supportive ofprehensive a. ~ thorough, broad, including much. eg. The government gave a very comprehensiveexplanation of its plans for industrial development 全面的、综合的、广泛的Talking about relocation1. got government grant save costs cheap labor costs low rates of corporate tax2.relocate to a place where cheap labor is available3.better transport network facilitates company development4.attracted by the pro-business environment5.have all the advantages of operating in a total business hub6.get financial aid from the local government7.investors enjoy easy access to customers worldwide8.taxation system is business friendly9.enjoy good quality of life10.have better prospects of promotion11.a change of lifestyleReport writingIntroduction: The aim/purpose of this report is to; the report sets out to…Conclusion: It was decided/agreed/felt that; No conclusions were reached regarding…Recommendation: we would recommend that…It is suggested that…New premises1.premises n. 房屋（及其附属建筑、工地等）premises business2.property n. ~ something which is owned; possession 资产、财产~ land, buildings, or both together 房产、地产property consultancy 地产咨询公司The city is growing and property in the center is becoming more valuable~ a quality or effect that belongs naturally to something 性质、性能、特征3.tenure n.(fml)~ the right of holding land or job conditions of tenure（土地）使用权（职位）占有权the tenure of an office 任职conditions of tenure 使用条件occupy v. 占有、居住to occupy a bed 处于（地位）担任（职务）占用（时间）writing occupies a lot of his free time4.lease n. 租约v. 出租、租用terms of lease租赁条件leasehold freehold a可终身保有的tenant n. 承租人、房客5.prominent a. ~ of great ability, fame 杰出的、卓越的、著名的~ noticeable or easily seen 突出的、显著的prominently av. prominence n.6.numerous a. ~ many homogenize v. 使均匀7.approximate a. ~ nearly correct but not exact近似的、大约的8.prestige n. 威信、威望The old universities of oxford and Cambridge still have a lot of prestige.prestigious a. ~ having or bringing prestige 有威信的，有声望的9.standby a. v. n. 后备的人，备用的10.distinguish v.~ to hear, see or recognize eg. can you distinguish those two objects~ to set apart or mark as different 识别、把…分类~ to behave noticeably well 表现突出、显出特色distinguishable a.11.myriad a. (书) 极大的数量，无数的12.retain v.~ to keep possession of, avoid losingeg. In spite of all his troubles he retained his sense of humor 保持、保留、保有13.entail v. ~ to make necessary 使（行动）必需、必要writing a book entails a lot of work14.aspiration n. 渴望、志气、抱负aspire v. 渴望、追求15.conservation n.~ the act of conserving, preservation 保护、保存conservatism n. ~dislike of change保守、守旧性conservative a.保守的、守旧的、反对变化的16.dedicate v.~ to give to or declare for, a cause, purpose or person奉献、献上dedicated a. 尤指人（对某种思想、目标）献身的，努力工作的，专心从事的eg. she’s very dedicated to her work17.boardroom n.会议室renovation n. 修复underground/surface car parking18.Public transport: bus route high street metro station underground stationbusiness developmentSuggestingLet’s…Why don’t we…How/What about…I think we should…Perhaps we could…Couldn’t we…If we… we should…Reporting results1. measure performance company performance performance evaluation2. asset n. 财务、财产、资产3. dividend n.~ that part of the money made by a business which is divided among those who own shares in the business 红利、股息eg. The company declared a large dividend at the end of the year.5.merger n. ~ joining together of two or more companies or firms 合并6.offset v. ~ to make up for balance 抵消，补偿eg. Higher mortgage rates are partly offset by increased tax allowances.7.sales volume 销售量strike action罢工8.streamline v. ~ contour economically or efficiently 使...成流线型,使...合理化n. 流线,流线型eg. We must streamline our production procedures. He aim to streamline the office.9.collapse v. ~ to (cause to )fall down or inwards suddenly （使）倒塌、崩溃eg. The bridge collapsed under the weight of the trainDescribing trendsshoot up 急升、暴涨peak up the price collapses fall/get down go into steady decline marginally up 微升collapse/to collapse fall/to fall improvement/to improve peak/to peak recovery/to recover rise/to rise sharp(ly) steady/steadilyDescribing cause and effectLead to as a result of mean(引起、造成)due to owing toTalking about company performance1.The company is committed to a performance management culture2.performance appraisal system3.track performance of the company4.standardized benchmarks to measure the performance of the company5.the company’s annual report6.the company’s data put into charts and graphs7.key performance indicators include: profit, turnover, share price, sales volume, dividend8.earnings per share dividend per share9.yield the desired level of profits10.with limited export performance11.smaller scale industry adds to the flexibility12.the restructuring programme would deliver the company’s performance improvements13.the consolidation strategy would increase its investment and bring in greater operating margins Environmental report1.by-product n. ~ something additional formed when marking or doing something 副产品~ an additional result, sometimes unexpected or unintended 额外收获、意外收获ply v. (fml)~ to act in accordance with a demand, order ruleeg. you must comply with the law to comply with (regulations)按…行事，依从、遵守3.energy-consumption 能源消耗energy-efficient 节能的4.environmental impact environmental issues environmental programme5.legislation n.~ the act of making laws立法~ a body of laws 法律、法规legislative a.6.to fulfill (an obligation) obligation n. 义务, 责任，欠款, 合同, 施加义务7.to meet (regulations)8.priority n.~ the state or right of being first, in position or earlier in time 优先、优先权9.product life cycle cycle n.~ a number of related events happening in a regularly repeated orderthe cycle of the season 循环，周而复始recycle10.subsidy n.~ money paid by the government to an organization, to make prices lower, good cheaper.补助金、津贴Subsidize v. Should public transport be subsidized?11.to reach a target12.threaten v.[to-V/with]~ to express or be a threat(n.) to 威胁、恐吓~ to give warning of (something bad)预示…的凶兆，有…危险The black clouds threatened rain.13.address (fml) ~ to put (oneself) to work at 致力于He addressed himself to the main difficulty. address a problem/concern14.halve v. ~ to divide in to halves eg. Let’s halve the work between the two of us 对半分，把…减办mit v. 犯（错误、罪行）；（尤指自身或财产等）献身、致力于；明确表示态度eg. The government has committed itself to improving the National Health Servicecommitment n. 许诺、承担义务、遵循信念committal n.监禁、托付、交押committee n. 委员会committeda.献身于某种事业或生活方式Jean’s a committed nurseTalking about environment impact1.readjust energy consumption policy2.collect and separate the waste3.reduce disposables 减少一次性用品4.to green the environment with plants5.water saving system6.reduce energy consumption7.show concern for the environment8.keep to environment legislation9.balance economic, environmental and ethical interests10.resolve the confrontation between economic and environmental interests11.sustainable development12.strike a balanceMaking presentations1.Introducing your talk: Today we’re going to look at…I’d like to begin with…Then we’ll go on to look at…And finally, we’ll turn to…2.Referring to visuals: If you’d like to look at the screen, you’ll see…As you can see…3.Signaling: Moving on to…So, now I’d like to turn to…Health and safetyEssential vocabulary1.absent form work2.arise v. arose arisen ~ to came into being or to notices, happen, appear 出现、呈现、发生eg. some unexpected difficulties have arisen3.cause for concern first aid4.finding n. (法律)裁决、判决；官方调查的结果5.incident n. 事件、插曲6.liability n.倾向、责任、（法律规定的）义务、债务、不利条件to take liabilities7.precaution n.预防措施8.office injury health and safety obligations accident report accident at work go to countrisk assessment industry standards safety officer civil liability in one’s own right take…into account keep an eye on 照看、密切关注ignore ------concentrate9.sustain v. ~ to keep strong, strengthen 支撑、维持体力eg. The meal sustained us through the day~ to keep (in existence) over a long period 维持、持续she owes her success to sustained hard work.~ to suffer 遭受（痛苦）eg. The sustained server injuries in the accident10.hazard n.~ a danger危险、危害 a hazard to health hazardous a. hazardousness n.11.ruin n.v. 毁灭、崩溃ruinous a.12.output n. v. ~ production eg. an output of 10,000 tins a year 产量13.significant a. ~ of noticeable importance 重大的，值得注意的significance n.14.adequate a.[for] 足够的、可以胜任的15.afresh av. (fml) once more again 重新、再次Talking about health and safety1.hire a full-time health and safety professional2.entrust a manager with safety responsibilities3.conduct work safety inspections4.report in time unsafe conditions5.provide safety training for all staff6.over-crowded office7.first aid facilities8.not enough drinking water safety equipment lighting temperature individual work spacewashroom facilities poor ventilation n.通风、公开讨论Right at workEssential vocabulary1.to abuse a system2.to ban v.n.~ to forbid esp. by law <反> to be allowed to3.to deal with (complains) to draw up/formulate (a policy)4.to dismiss/sack (an employee) dismiss v.[from](fml)~ to take away(the job of)quit v. a. n. 离开、辞职、放弃、停止；摆脱的；I’ve quit my job5.grievance n. ~ a report of cause for complainteg. a committee to deal with work’s grievances不满、不平6.to meet (a target) to observe (regulations)7.to keep up with (work) keep up with v. 和...保持联系, 了解跟上n. 生计, 生活费, 保持, 供养keep up with one's stride v. 跟上...的步伐8.automatic right work extra time contractual obligation 合同义务9.bulletin n.v.公告plaintiff n.原告、起诉人tribunal n. 法庭、仲裁tribunal rules 法庭裁决industrialtribunal legal action 法律诉讼law firm employment law10.sufficient a. ~ enough sufficiency n. suffice v.11.quote v. 引用、引证、举出（例证）、报价Talking about personnel problems1.respect the employees’ basic right at work2.protect the employees’ working time rights3.prevent employers from denying staff their legal right4.the employer is not acting within the law5.the employer has breached its contractual obligation6.safety is the first priority of company7.learn to be co-operative and respect your colleague8.awareness of business secrets9.promote honesty10.strictly observe honesty principleBusiness expensesEssential vocabulary1.amount2.authorize v. ~ to give formal permission to or for 授权、委任、批准eg. I authorized Mr. Jones to act for me while t away3.to claim/ claim back (expenses) make a false claim for expenses process a claim claimantclaim[on for]~ to ask for demand 要求、索取did you claim on the insurance after your car accident4.to come to ￡125 to fill in (a form)5.incur v. 招致、惹起、承受、蒙受incur expenses incur debts。
谢孟媛中级英语语法讲义笔记-(新版)
第二节：修饰名词的过去分词 第三节：S+V+C(分词) 第四节：S+V+O+C(分词) 第五节：分词构句 第六节：分词构句的被动態，
完成形，否定形 第七节：独立分词构句 第八节：with+(代)名词+分词 第九节：分词构句的惯用表現 第十四章 被动语态（75-80） 第一节：主被动语态转换 第二节： (SVOO)的被动语态 第三节： (SVOC)的被动语态 第四节“疑问句被动语态 第五节：祈使句的被动语态 第六节：Say, believe, expect, know, think,consider 等的被动语态 第七节：特別注意的被动语态 第十五章 助动词（81-85） 第一节：助动词的特徵 第二节：助动词的用法 第三节：含助动词的慣用表現 第十六章 特殊构句（86-91） 第一节：倒装 第二节：强调 第三节：省略 第四节：插入 第五节：同位語 第十七章 代名词（92-100） 第一节：人稱代名词 第二节：指示代名词 第三节：不定代名词 第十八章 时态（101-107） 第一节：現在式 第二节：過去式 第三节：未來式 第四节：現在进行式 第五节：過去进行式 第六节：未來进行式 第七节：現在完成式 第八节：過去完成式 第九节：未來完成式 第十节：完成进行式 第十九章 时态的一致與敘述法（108-113） 第一节：时态的一致
2. Give me something to eat. 翻译：(你)给我些吃的。 to eat 是修饰 something ，修饰名词的具有形容词的功能。
中英文差异
一个美丽的女孩 a beautiful girl 这个刚好是中英文顺序一致，但是这样的概率不到 20%；
一个站在门口的女孩 a girl standing at the door 一个字的形容词可以放在名词前面，多个字的形容词就要放在名词后面， 所以不定词是两个字的形容词要放在名词的后面。
剑桥英语中级语法归类
剑桥英语中级语法归类剑桥英语中级课程是英语学习者在英语学习过程中的重要里程碑。
语法是英语学习的重要组成部分，掌握好语法，可以帮助学习者更好地表达自己，增强语言交流的能力。
以下是剑桥英语中级语法的一些归类。
1. 动词时态动词时态是英语语法中最基本的部分之一。
掌握好动词时态，可以帮助学习者正确地表达过去、现在和未来的事情。
- 现在时：表示现在正在进行的动作或状态。
- 过去时：表示过去发生的动作或状态。
- 将来时：表示将要发生的动作或状态。
- 现在完成时：表示过去到现在发生的动作或状态仍然持续着。
- 过去完成时：表示过去某个时间点之前已经完成的动作或状态。
2. 从句从句是一个独立的语法结构，可以增强句子的表达能力。
从句可以有多种类型，包括名词从句、形容词从句和副词从句。
- 名词从句：用作主语、宾语或表语，引导词有that, whether, if, who, whom, whose, what, which等。
- 形容词从句：用作定语，修饰名词或代词，引导词有that, who, whom, whose, which, where等。
- 副词从句：用作状语，修饰动词、形容词或副词，引导词有when, while, where, why, how, because, although等。
3. 语气和情态动词语气和情态动词是英语语法中比较复杂的部分。
语气指句子表达的语气，如陈述语气、疑问语气、祈使语气等。
情态动词则是表示说话者态度或行为意愿的助动词，包括can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must等。
- 条件语句：表示假设的情况，包括现在或过去的真实条件和未来的虚拟条件。
- 虚拟语气：表示假设或推测的情况，包括与现在或过去相反的虚拟语气和与未来相反的虚拟语气。
- 祈使句：表示请求、命令或建议。
以上是剑桥英语中级语法的一些归类，学习者可以通过系统学习和不断练习掌握好这些语法知识，从而提高英语表达能力。
中级英语课程知识点归纳总结
中级英语课程知识点归纳总结本文档旨在对中级英语课程的知识点进行归纳总结，帮助学生更好地掌握和理解这些知识点。
1. 语法知识点- 动词时态：包括一般现在时、一般过去时、现在进行时、过去进行时、将来时等。
- 名词和冠词：研究名词的单复数形式及不同冠词的使用。
- 代词：包括人称代词、物主代词、反身代词等。
- 形容词和副词：研究形容词和副词的比较级和最高级形式。
- 句子结构：了解主语和谓语、宾语、定语和状语等在句子中的作用和位置。
- 条件句：研究如何构建和使用条件句，包括零条件句、一般条件句和虚拟条件句等。
- 连词：研究如何使用常见的连词，如并列连词、从属连词和转折连词等。
2. 词汇知识点- 常用词汇：掌握常见的英语词汇，包括名词、动词、形容词和副词等。
- 同义词和反义词：研究有相似或相反意义的词汇，并掌握它们的正确用法。
- 短语和惯用语：研究常用的短语和惯用语，以提升语言表达能力。
- 词根和词缀：了解常见的词根和词缀，帮助研究和记忆新词汇。
3. 阅读理解知识点- 阅读技巧：了解如何快速扫描文章、寻找关键词并理解文章的主旨。
- 推理和推断：研究如何通过上下文推理和推断词义和句意。
- 阅读策略：掌握各种阅读策略，如预测、细节理解、主旨概括等。
4. 写作技巧- 句子结构和连贯性：研究如何构建简单、复合和复杂句子，并保持句子间的连贯性。
- 表达观点和论证：学会清晰地表达观点并使用合理的论证支持。
- 写作风格和修辞手法：研究如何运用各种修辞手法和写作技巧，提升写作的表达力。
以上是中级英语课程的知识点归纳总结，希望对您的学习有所帮助。
如果您需要更详细的解释或练习材料，请随时联系您的英语老师或查阅相关教材。
中专英语语法知识点总结
中专英语语法知识点总结一、基础语法知识点1.词性和词序：英语词性包括名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、冠词、介词等。
在英语中，词序是非常重要的，主语在前，谓语在后。
2.句子结构：英语句子的结构一般包括主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语等。
句子的基本结构为主谓宾。
3.时态：时态是指动词表示的动作或状态发生的时间。
常见的时态有一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时等。
4.人称：人称是指动词的形式与主语的人称和数的一致性。
5.语态：语态是指动词所表示的动作或状态发生时主语的活动程度或受动程度的不同。
二、名词1.可数与不可数名词：可数名词可以用来计数，不可数名词不能计数。
2. 单数与复数：名词有单数和复数形式。
大部分名词复数形式加-s或-es。
3.所有格：表示名词所有关系的格称为所有格。
名词的所有格一般在名词后面加-s或-’s。
三、冠词1. 定冠词：用于特指其中一个人或事物。
定冠词有the，表示特指。
2. 不定冠词：用于泛指人或事物。
不定冠词有a，an，表示不特指。
四、代词1.人称代词：用于代替人的名词，有主格和宾格两种形式。
2.物主代词：用于表示所有关系的代词。
3.反身代词：表示动作的主体和承受者是同一个人或事物。
4.指示代词：用于指示特定的人或事物。
五、形容词和副词1.形容词：用于修饰名词或代词，表示人或物的性质、特征或状态。
2.副词：用于修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，表示程度、方式、时间或地点。
六、动词1.动词的时态和语态：动词的时态有一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时等。
动词的语态有主动语态和被动语态。
2.动词的非谓语形式：动词的非谓语形式有不定式、动名词和现在分词。
七、介词和连词1.介词：用于表示时间、地点、原因、目的、方式等。
2.连词：用于连接句子或句子中的词语。
八、从句1.名词性从句：用来充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语或定语等。
2.定语从句：用来修饰名词或代词，相当于一个定语。
3.状语从句：用来修饰动词、形容词和副词。
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英语中级文法笔记第一章不定词（1-8）第一节：名词用法第二节：形容词用法第三节：副词用法第四节：S+V+O+to V第五节：S+V+O+原形不定词第六节：S+V+it+C+to不定词第七节：seem (happen…等)+to不定词第八节：be+不定词第九节：不定词的被动态，进行式，完成式不定词第十节：特別注意的不定词用法第十一节：不定词的惯用表現第二章动名词（9-13）第一节：动名词的用法第二节：用不定词／动名词当受词第三节：动词意义上的主词第四节：动名词的否定形，被动态，完成形第五节：含动名词的惯用表现第三章假設語氣（14-17）第一节：假設法現在式第二节：假設法過去完成式第三节：假設法未來式第四节：其他假設法的表現第五节：代替if子句的用法第四章否定（18-20）第一节：否定字的表現第二节：部分否定第三节：双重否定第四节：否定的慣用表現第五节：不用否定字的否定表現第五章句子的要素及种类（21-25）第一节：词类第二节：片語及子句第三节：句子的要素第四节：句子的种类第六章五大句型（26-32）第一节： S+V第二节：S+V+ C第三节：S+V+O第四节：S+V+O+O第五节：S+V+O+C第七章比较（33-37）第一节：比较变化第二节：原级第三节：比较级第四节：最高级第八章疑问（38-40）第一节：疑问代名词第二节：疑问副词第三节：疑问形容词第四节：間接问句第五节：附加问句第六节：修辭疑问句第七节：應答疑问句第八节：敘述句型的疑问句第九章名词及冠词（41-47）第一节：名词第二节：名词的複數形第三节：名词的所有格第四节：冠词第五节：定冠词的用法第六节：冠词特別注意的用法第十章介系词（48-53）第一节：介系词的受词第二节：介系词的位置第三节：群体介系词第四节：双重介系词第五节：常見的介系词用法第六节：和形容词，动词結合的介系词第十一章关系词（54-60）第一节：关系代名词的种类和格第二节：关系代名词的用法第三节：限定用法和非限定用法第四节：关系副词第五节：复合关系词第六节：关系形容词及as, but, than 第十二章形容词、副词（61-68）第一节：形容词第二节：副词第十三章分词（69-74）第一节：修饰名词的现在分词第二节：修饰名词的过去分词第三节：S+V+C(分词)第四节：S+V+O+C(分词)第五节：分词构句第六节：分词构句的被动態，完成形，否定形第七节：独立分词构句第八节：with+(代)名词+分词第九节：分词构句的惯用表現第十四章被动语态（75-80）第一节：主被动语态转换第二节： (SVOO)的被动语态第三节： (SVOC)的被动语态第四节“疑问句被动语态第五节：祈使句的被动语态第六节：Say, believe, expect, know, think,consider等的被动语态第七节：特別注意的被动语态第十五章助动词（81-85）第一节：助动词的特徵第二节：助动词的用法第三节：含助动词的慣用表現第十六章特殊构句（86-91）第一节：倒装第二节：强调第三节：省略第四节：插入第五节：同位語第十七章代名词（92-100）第一节：人稱代名词第二节：指示代名词第三节：不定代名词第十八章时态（101-107）第一节：現在式第二节：過去式第三节：未來式第四节：現在进行式第五节：過去进行式第六节：未來进行式第七节：現在完成式第八节：過去完成式第九节：未來完成式第十节：完成进行式第十九章时态的一致與敘述法（108-113）第一节：时态的一致第二节：敘述法第二十章连接词（114-120）第一节：对等连接词第二节：从属连接词(1)第三节：各种从属连接词(副词子句)的意义不定词〈第01卷〉名词用法(1)不定词的用法名词用法形容词用法副词用法不定词无非就是比较长的名词、形容词、副词而已，因为它有两个字。
1. I like to eat pizza.翻译：我喜欢吃披萨。
在国语中可以无条件的将两个动词摆在一起。
在英文句子中只能是一个主句配一个动词，多出来的动作就需要连接词。
S：I，V：like，O：to eat这里的to eat 当受词，所以该不定式具有名词的身份。
表示我喜欢吃披萨这件事，所以是名词用法。
动词ing 形式也可以叫做动名词，本句也可以写成：I like eating pizza.2. Give me something to eat.翻译：(你)给我些吃的。
to eat 是修饰something ，修饰名词的具有形容词的功能。
中英文差异一个美丽的女孩a beautiful girl这个刚好是中英文顺序一致，但是这样的概率不到20%；一个站在门口的女孩a girl standing at the door一个字的形容词可以放在名词前面，多个字的形容词就要放在名词后面，所以不定词是两个字的形容词要放在名词的后面。
3. He went to that restaurant to eat pizza.翻译：他去餐厅吃披萨。
S：He，V：went，后面的that restaurant 属于地方副词，形容词才能当补语，本句属于S+V句型，这里的to eat 当副词修饰went 这个动词。
这里的to eat 扮演副词的角色不能用eating 来代换，eating 是动名词只有名词的功能。
副词的作用动词：verb，副词：adverb，显然副词是修饰动词的，同时像总统和副总统那样，副总统不是必须的，所以副词也不是必须的。
一、不定词的名词用法当主词1、在同一时间取悦每个人是不可能的。
“在同一时间取悦每个人”指的是一件事情，人、事、地、物都是名词可以当主词。
同时又可以发现在主词的短语中真正的主词是“取悦每个人”，“在同一时间”只是时间副词，“取悦”是please 但是它是一个动词，要变成名词才能做主词，用不定式 to pleaseTo please everyone at the same time is impossible.2、保护环境是重要的。
To protect the environment is important.本句和第一句分析的原理一样。
重点分析重点一：不定词当主词时，也可用假主词it 代替。
1. To please everyone at the sometime is impossible.It is impossible to please everyone at the sometime.老外为了突出重点它会将整个主词用一个假主词it 来代替，注意是整个主词。
2. To protect environment is important.It is important to protect the environment.先把最重要的说出来，老外习惯这样的用法。
重点二：表明不定词意义上的主词时，在不定词前加for 。
意义上的主词就是真正要做这件事的人，for 要解释成对什么人而言。
1、对我而言在同一时间取悦每个人是不可能的。
It is impossible for me to please everyone at the sometime.注意：动词前面用主格，介系词后面用受格，所以我用受格的me 。
2、对我们而言保护环境是重要的。
It is important for all of us to protect the environment.重点三：It’s + 形容词(表人格特质) + of 人 + to V ~1、It’s dangerous for children to play on the street.翻译：小朋友在街上玩耍很危险。
在街上玩耍很危险To play on the street is dangerous.(对小朋友而言)在街上玩耍很危险For children to play on the street is dangerous.对小朋友而言同时强调“危险”It’s dangerous for children to play on the street.但是这里的“危险”并不是小朋友的人格特质，不是重点三的范畴。
如果形容词是表示人格特质的话用介系词of ，不表示该人物特性的就用for 。
2、你真好来为我送行。
你真好，表示人的心地好，人格特质。
You are kind to see me off.片语see off 表示送行，see 是看，off 表示消失，看着…消失不就是送行吗？It’s kind of you to see me off.3、I was stupid to do such a thing.It’s stupid of me to do such a thing.翻译：我笨到会去做这样的事情。
〈第02卷〉名词用法(2)、形容词用法接上集重点四：不定词的否定形：not to V1、不依赖别人是成功的最佳途径。
Not to depend on others is the best way to success.other 是形容词，加上个s 变成others 才是名词。
to success 是best way 的形容词，成功的途径。
我不依赖别人。
I don’t depend on others.这里的depend 是动词，所以它否定是do 助动词 + not ,但是不定词前面不能加助动词do ，否则do 的后面要用原形就不能有to，没有to 就形不成不定式，所以不定词前面直接加not 就可以了。
当补语位于be 词之后，例如：I am a teacher. am 后面是名词，不定词有名词的特性所以也可以在be 后面。
1、A doctor’s duty is to take care of sick people.翻译：医生的责任是照顾病人。
注意：is 后面不能直接加take ，所以要用不定式to take 。
2、His fault is to talk too much.翻译：他的错误就是讲话太多了。
当受词1、We decided to put off the meeting.注意：decide + toV 后面只能跟不定词，而不能跟Ving 动名词。
翻译：我们决定将会议延期。
这个句子可以改成：We decided it. 整个不定词部分用it 来代替，可见不定词部分是一般动词后面的受词。
I am a teacher.我是一个老师。
老师和我是同一个人，这里的动词时be 动词，它的后面是主语的补语。
I like a teacher. 我喜欢上一个老师。
老师和我不是同一个人，这里的动词是一般动词，它的后面是受词。
2、My son needs to see a dentist.翻译：我的儿子需要去看牙医。