20世纪美国文学史 2
美国文学史2RomanticismandEmerson.ppt
Lecture 3
Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803—1882):
-- denoting “whatever belongs to the class of intuitive thought”
-- பைடு நூலகம்merson said, Transcendentalism means idealism.
Lecture 3
What is Transcendentalism?
Lecture 3
a period of the discussion of social issues: a. the woman’s issue b. slavery
Lecture 3
American Romanticism: “… romanticism remained one of the glories of
American Romanticism (1800—1850s)
Lecture 3
Historical Background:
• 1812, war with Britain • 1830s, a series of wars against native Americans • 1846—1848, war against Mexico • 1848, discovery of gold in California, thus the Gold Rush • 1859, first oil well drilled in Pennsylvania • 1861—1865, Civil War • 1869, the first transcontinental railway constructed
陶洁《美国文学选读》(第2版)复习笔记(第22单元 20世纪美国诗人(2))【圣才出品】
22.1复习笔记Robert Lowell(1917-1977)（罗伯特·洛威尔）1.Life（生平）Lowell came from a distinguished New England family.This background endowed him with culture and taste in the very texture of his being,and meanwhile offered a window of opportunity for him to scrutinize and dissect the decline of his New England tradition.He was well educated at Harvard and then at Kenyon College,Ohio under the well-known New Critical poet and critic John Crowe Ranson.Lowell’s poetic career reached a height when he received a Pulitzer for his second volume,Lord Weary’s Castle in1946.In1959his Life Studies came out,at that time he had switched from the New Critical style to open form,and had inadvertently initiated a new school of verse,the Confessional School poetry.He received the National Book Award for the new book.In the late1960s he once was arrested for his part in the march on the Pentagon against the Vietnam War.洛威尔来自显赫的新英格兰家庭。
美国文学史Chapter 2-Benamin Fanklin
Note: Alain LeRoy Locke (1886-1954) :American educator and writer
Librarian Printer
Inventor Statesman
Benjamin Franklin - Printer
At the age of twelve, he started as an apprentice with his older brother James. At the age of twenty-two, he opened his own printing shop. His newspaper, the Pennsylvania Gazette [ɡə'zet] became very popular and profitable. A few years later, _P_o_o_r_R_i_c_h_a_rd_’_s_A_l_m_a_n_a_c_k____was released and soon became the best selling book in the colonies, selling over 10,000 copies a year.
Benjamin Franklin (1706----1790)
Benjamin Franklin, --- America's “__fi_rs_t_g_re_a_t_m_a_n__of_l_e_tt_er_s_,” embodied the Enlightenment ideal of human rationality. Franklin recorded his early life in his famous _A__u_to_b_i_o_g_r_a_p_h_y_.
20世纪外国文学史(第二卷)
如果说19世纪与20世纪之交是现实主义文学和现代主义文学争奇斗艳、各放异彩的时期,那么,从第一次世界大战爆发到20世纪20年代末,则是现代主义文学蓬勃发展成为主潮的时期。
现代主义文学的历史可以追溯到19世纪下半叶,一般认为波德莱尔1857年发表的《恶之花》是现代主义文学的发轫之作。
20世纪初,法国、德国、意大利、英国和俄国等欧洲国家涌现出一批具有现代意识的作家,他们向传统现实主义文学发出了有力挑战。
到了20年代,现代主义文学轰轰烈烈,蔚为大观,成为一场国际性的文学运动。
从东方到西方,不同的民族和国家的文学都受到这一运动的冲击。
现代主义文学时代的到来有其深刻的历史社会原因和复杂的文化思想背景。
最重要的因素之一是第一次世界大战。
这是人类历史上一次空前的浩劫。
战争开始时,许多青年人怀着一腔热血,奔赴战场。
随着战争日益残酷,死伤人数急剧增加,他们美丽的理想开始破灭,逐渐看清了政府宣传的虚伪与欺骗性。
第一次世界大战使人们付出惨重的代价,同时给西方世界带来普遍的精神危机。
那些经历了这场噩梦的年轻人对国家、社会、个人前途感到悲观失望,对基督教文化传统的信念发生了动摇。
第一次世界大战的结局是:德意志帝国、奥匈帝国因战败而彻底瓦解;英、法虽然得胜,但元气大伤;日本扩张了自己在中国和太平洋地区的势力;美国作为一个后起的资本主义强国登上争夺世界霸权的政治舞台。
1919年的巴黎和会,以及1921年至1922年的华盛顿会议,建立起“凡尔赛—华盛顿体系”,确定了战胜国美、英、法、日等帝国主义国家共同宰割战败国、瓜分殖民地的新秩序。
战后主要资本主义国家相继进入稳定发展时期。
美国20年代经济空前繁荣,尤其是在柯立芝执政期间,由于工业管理改进和技术革命,经济增长迅速。
到1928年,美国工业生产总量超过了全欧洲,美国人的生活水平居世界最高。
英国经济增长相对缓慢,工业产量直到1929年才勉强恢复到战前水平。
法国1926年进行财政改革,经济开始繁荣。
外研社美国文学史及选读(第三版)(第二册)教学课件0 Part V-Introduction
Waste Land, the most significant American poem of the 20th century, helped to establish a modern tradition of literature rich with learning and allusive thought.
ICnhatprtoerd3uction
American society. Early in the century Ezra Pound and T. S. Eliot published works that would change the nature of American poetry, but their impact (and that of other modernist writers) on the general reading public was slight. The genteel tradition and popular romanticism still dominated the nation’s literary tastes.
二十世纪美国文学简史(20c初期文学)
二十世纪美国文学简史二十世纪初期的文学群星灿烂的第三次文学高潮十九世纪未到二十世纪初，是美国资本主义向垄断资本主义发展的时期。
具有十九世纪优秀的浪漫主义和现实主义传统的美国小说，伴随着美国社会的这一演变踏进了二十世纪的门槛，在丰富的民族传统和社会土壤的培育下，形成了二十世纪初期绚丽多彩的创作景色，它不但产生了一大批杰出的小说家和优秀的作品，而且在形成美国民族文学独特的风格和众多的流派上起了巨大的作用。
从整个美国文学发展历程看，它是继十九世纪三十年代至五十年代的浪漫主义高潮和七十年代至九十年代的现实主义高潮之后的第三个高潮。
从本世纪初开始，以马克·吐温和弗兰克·诺里斯为代表的现实主义作家，直接培养出他们出色的继承者——西奥多·德莱塞、杰克·伦敦，随后又现出舍伍德·安德森、厄普顿·辛克莱、维拉·凯瑟、辛克莱·刘易斯、厄内斯特·海明威、司各特.菲茨杰拉德、威廉·福克纳、约翰·斯担贝克、托马斯·沃尔夫、多斯·帕索斯这样一批出类拔萃的作家，以及象珀尔·布克、玛莱丽特·米切尔等在某个时期因某个作品而具有一定影响的小说家他们当中的好几位获得过诺贝尔文学奖，使美国小说一跃成为世界文坛上的一支劲旅。
左翼小说是美国现实主义小说的一个重要组织部分，诞生于美国危机年代发展起来的左翼文学运动之中。
它与左翼戏剧、左翼诗歌、左翼报告文学和左翼文学理论一起组成规模巨大的左翼文学运动。
约翰·里德（1887—1920）曾亲自经历俄国十月社会主义革命，是美国左翼文学的先驱。
迈克尔·高尔德（1894—1967）的文学评论对左翼小说作了理论上的阐述。
阿格尼丝·史沫特莱（1890—1950）是一位与中国人民革命斗争息息相通的左翼作家，她的自传小说《大地的女儿》以同情的态度记载了青年转向革命的过程。
二十世纪西方文学课件第二章
• 在拉丁美洲更是出现了举世瞩目的世界级的文学大 师。。
英国
20世纪的英国现实主义文学加强了对英国社会的保守 性和虚伪性的批判，具有一种冷峻地直面人生的特点。
萧伯纳、劳伦斯、高尔斯华绥 、毛姆、 “愤怒的青 年” 、戈尔丁等
萧伯纳
特别是注意吸收现代主义的艺术手法，诸如内心独 白、梦幻描写、时空倒序、象征、荒诞意识手法 的运用等等，丰富了艺术表现的技巧与手段。
3、重视人物精神世界的探索
① 明显的内倾化、主观化特征，心理描写的 手法更为丰富。
② 人物潜意识的探索，以反映人物完整的内 心世界。
③ 情节越来越淡化，更注重心理变态的描写， 而不是情节的曲折。
杜亚美
马尔罗
海明威《第五纵队》
2、融汇了各种不同流派的艺术方法
现实主义作家一方面继承和发扬传统手法，注重情 节完整，结构严密，人物的典型和语言的纯洁； 另一方面又努力融汇各种不同流派的艺术表现手 法，借用传记、新闻等非艺术作品的写作形式， 融合电影、电视、新闻报道中的新的表现手法， 以增强自己的表现力。
三、创作特征
1、迅速及时地反映现实生活 把握时代的脉搏、撷取重大的社会题材，象旋 风一样追逐当代人的足迹，快速及时地反映瞬 息万变的现实生活和世界风云。 战争文学或反法西斯文学成为20世纪现实主义 文学的一个重要主题，在这类题材的作品中， 爱国主义的激情响彻云霄。
（法）杜亚美《受害者》（1917） （法）马尔罗《希望》（1938） （美）海明威的剧作《第五纵队》（1938）
索尔贝娄及其小说《赫尔索格 》、《洪堡 的故事 》：
第二节 罗曼·罗兰与《约翰·克利斯朵夫》
美国文学史浪漫主义二
the Puritan Past – The Scarlet Letter (1850) – raises the question of whether Hester and her lover Dimmesdale were really sinful
the psychology of his characters, secret guilt, problem, pride, envy, or the desire for revenge
Nathaniel Hawthorne (18041864)
Mad Scientist story -- “The Birthmark” (1843), “Rappaccini’s Daughter” (1844)
--- Ann Hibbins
Major Works
The Scarlet Letter The House of the Seven Gables The Blithedale Romance The Marble Faun
“Young Goodman Brown” “The Minister’s Black Veil” “The Birth Mark”
Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress (1678) and the medieval morality play Everyman.
Salem Witch Trial(1692)
"Examination of a Witch"
“I am no witch. I am innocent. I know nothing of it.”
美国文学史chaptertwo(sectionI)
Major Writers and Literary Works
--- several names attached to Irving (1) the first American writer who gained international fame (2) started short story as a literary genre (3) father of American literature
• Characteristics of Romanticism • 1. subjectivity • (1) feeling and emotions, finding truth • (2) emphasis on imagination • (3) emphasis on individualism –
(Rousseau: French Philosopher)
American Romanticism
• Background • (1) Political background • a. economic boom • b. calling for culture independence • c. eagerness in literary expression • (2) Romantic movement in European
• Major work:
• The Sketch Book , including his best-known short stories The Legend of Sleepy Hollow and Rip Van Winkle
countries
Features
• (1) American romanticism was in essence the expression of “a real new experience” and blended with “an alien quality” for the simple reason that “the spirit of the place” was radically new and alien.
《美国文学史及选读》(吴伟仁)第二部分理性和革命时期文学历史背景(汉语翻译)
美国文学第二部分理性和革命时期文学历史背景众所周知，神学主宰了清教徒时期的美国文学，给当时人们思想影响也最深。
其次才是政治。
用书面或口头形式倡导的这些理念，鼓舞和指引了当时殖民地人们的行为。
其中大部分作者作为思想的引导者，理所当然地在美国独立战争中扮演了极其重要的角色。
托马斯·佩因声情并茂的《常识》和美国的《独立宣言》在取得战争胜利的过程中，同华盛顿、拉斐特的武装力量一样起到了同等重要的雄浑有力的作用。
如果没有托马斯·佩因的作品，很有可能就没有华盛顿领导的军队;没有托马斯·杰弗逊的作品，法国人就不可能帮助殖民地人民完成独立革命。
正在各州积极准备独立战争时，是政治家和文学家相互争论，才使得原来的十三州统一了认识。
他们必须联合起来，形成一个统一的联邦国家。
十八世纪的中期，殖民地的美国人不再是由一些分散的殖民者构成，他们的生活较之以前更为安稳。
随着殖民地的迅速扩大和发展，相邻的繁荣的各种殖民地逐渐形成，人们开始相互融合，逐渐呈现出一派欣欣向荣的景象。
这时人们习惯用“州”来取代以往的“殖民地”，“州”开始指代一个独立的政府，代表了当时的时代潮流，这也是人们政治思想转变的一个极其重要的信号。
这些州的人们生机勃勃，对生活充满了希望，自然资源丰富，本土工业开始迅速生根发芽。
同时文学活动也逐渐活跃起来。
波士顿仍是当时文化的中心，费城、纽约和弗吉尼亚州经过发展开始逐渐享有同波士顿同等重要的地位，这里政治家、文学家辈出，同波士顿比较起来也毫不逊色。
社会进步，尤其是工业的增长，直接加剧了殖民地与英国之间的矛盾。
英国政府不愿意让殖民地的工业迅速发展强大，以至同他们本土竞争。
他们希望这块土地在政治上、经济上永远隶属于英国。
他们采取一系列措施来防止殖民地独立，加强同英国本土联系。
在经济方面，英国要求殖民地出口原材料，然后从英国购回高成本的机器。
这无疑直接阻碍了殖民地的经济发展。
政治方面，他们要求这些殖民地由隔海相望的英国政府统一管理，殖民地必须交纳各种税收，但在议会中却并没有殖民地的代表。
美国文学史及选读2
爱默生Emerson = The chief spokesman of New England Transcendentalism 超验主义He was a descendent of a long line of New England clergymen牧师【pastor】.American TranscendentalismAs a philosophical and literary movement, American Transcendentalism flourshed in New England from the 1830s to the Civil War. It is the high tide of American romanticism and its doctrines found their greatest literary advocates in Emerson and Thoreau. Transcendentalists spoke for the cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society.Transcendentalism 超验主义(+ H. D. Thoreau; Nathaniel Hawthorne; )The major features of Transcendentalism:①The Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe. 思想超灵宇宙②The Transcendentalists stressed the importance of the individual. To them, the individual is the most important element of Society. 个体+社会③The Transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. Nature was not purely matter. It was alive, filled with God’s overwhelming presence. 自然+上帝Emerson’s代表作：Nature；Self-Reliance；The American Scholar；The Over-soul；H. D. Thoreau 梭罗and his workWalden 瓦尔登湖not only fully demonstrates Emersonian ideas of self-reliance but also develops and tests Thoreau’s own transcendental philosophy.Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 朗费罗William Faulkner(1897-1962 1949 Nobel price“Stream of Consciousness”意识流or “interior monologue”,内心独白is one of the modern literary techniques. It is the style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character’s thoughts, feelings, reflections, memories, and mental images as the character experiences them. It was first used in 1922 by the Irish novelist James Joyce.The Sound and the Fury (1929) 人物??As I Lay Dying (1930)Light in the August ( 1932)Absalom, Absalom (1936)Go Down Moses (1942)Ernest HemingwayIceberg Principle (Theory):冰山法则The dignity of movement of the iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water.Code heroa noble but tragic hero; fighting with the overwhelming force; though he knows that he will be defeated at last, he decides to act like a hero. In one sense Hemingway wrote all his life about one theme, which is neatly summed up in the famous phrase “grace under pressure”Major Works:The Sun Also Rises 1926 (Jake Barnes)A Farewell to Arms 1928 (a tragic story about war and love) (Frederic Henry and Catherine Barkley)For Whom the Bell Tolls 1940 (Spanish civil war) (Robert Jordan)The Old Man and the Sea 1952 (Santiago)Herman Melville代表作：白鲸Moby Dick Other Works are: Billy Budd,Typee, Omoo, Mardi.Symbolism in Moby Dick：It is regarded as the first American prose epic. 散文史诗？It turns out to be a symbolic voyage of the mind in quest of the truth 寻找真理and knowledge of the universe, a spiritual exploration into man’s deep reality and psychology.Different people on board the ship are representations of different ideas and different social and ethnic groups; facts become symbols and incidents acquire universal meanings; the Pequod is the microcosm of human society and the voyage becomes a search for truth. The white whale, Moby Dick, symbolizes nature for Melville, for it is complex, unfathomable难以理解的, malignant恶性的, and beautiful as well.Realism 浪漫主义之后，现代主义之前As a literary movement, the Age of Realism came into existence after Romanticism with the Civil War It was a reaction against “the lie”of Romanticism and sentimentalism, and paved the way to Modernism.This literary interest in the so-called “reality”of life started a new period in the American literary writing known as The Age of Realism.Psychological RealismIt is the realistic writing that probes deeply into the complexities of characters’thoughts and motivations. And Henry James is considered the founder of psychological realism. He believed that reality lies in the impressions made by life on the spectator, and not in any facts of which the spectator is unaware. Such realism is therefore merely the obligation that the artist assumes to represent life as he sees it.The three dominant figures of the period are William Dean Howells豪威尔斯, Mark Twain, and Henry James. Mark Twain and Howells seemed to have paid more attention to the “life”of the Americans, and Henry James had apparently laid greater emphasis on the “inner world”of man.William Dean Howells：The Rise of Silas LaphamHenry James：The Portrait of a Lady (Isabel Archer; Madam Merle; Gilbert Osmond)Daisy Miller (Daisy; Mr. Winterbourne; Mr. Giovanelli)Mark Twain = Samuel Langhorne Clemens Missouri Writing: humor and local colorism 地方特色The characteristics of local colorismTwain preferred to have his own region and people at the forefront of his stories. This particular concern about the local character of a region came about as “local colorism,”a unique variation of American literary realism. “The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County,”brought him recognition from a wider public. His best works were produced when he was in the prime of his life：Life on the Mississippi & The Adventures of Tom Sawyer.Mark Twain’s most representative work：The Adventures of Huckleberry FinnHis humor, a kind of artistic style used to criticize the social injustice and satirize the decayed romanticism, is remarkable.Nathaniel Hawthorne effected by 超验主义One of the most ambivalent writers in the American literary history.The Scarlet Letter:红字Other works: Mosses from an Old Manse; Twice-Told Tales; The Marble Faun; The House of the Seven Gables He is a master of symbolism, which he took from the Puritan tradition 清教徒传统and bequeathed to American literature in a revivified form.In his masterpiece, by using Pearl as a thematic symbol, Hawthorne emphasizes the consequence the sin of adultery has brought to the community and people living in that community. With the scarlet A as the biggest symbol of all, which is ambiguous, he proves himself to be one of the best symbolists.American Naturalism 自然主义The impact of Darwin’s evolutionary theory达尔文进化论on the American thought and the 19th century French literature on the American men of letters gave rise to another school of realism: American naturalism.The naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral与道德无关的, that men and women had no free will, that lives were controlled by heredity遗传and environment, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion湮没in death. America’s literary naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths. They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by their environment and heredity.代表作家Stephen Crane；Frank Norris；Theodore Dreiser；Edwin Arlington Robinson；Upton Sinclair；Jack London；O’HenryStephen Crane：Maggie: A Girl of the Streets；The Red Badge of Courage；The Open Boat；The Black Riders and Other Lines；War Is KindEdwin Arlington Robinson：Richard CoryJack London：The Call of the Wild；The White Fang；The Sea Wolf；Martin EdenUpton Sinclair：The JungleO.Henry (William Sydney Porter)：The Gift of the Magi；The Cop and the anthemTheodore Dreiser：Trilogy of Desire:1.The Financier2. The Titan3. The Stoic；Sister Carrie；Jennie Gerhardt；An American TragedyThe 20th Century American Poets：Two characteristic strains：introspection自省&social criticismT.S.Eliot：The Waste LandImagism 意象派A poetic movement of England and the U.S. that flourished from 1909 to 1917. The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing”and the economy of wording. “poetic techniques to record exactly the momentary impressions”Three main principles of the Imagist Movement (1912) :[1] direct treatment of poetic subjects[2] elimination of merely ornamental or superfluous words, to use no word that does not contribute to the presentation.[3] rhythmical composition in the sequence of the musical phrase rather than in the sequence of a metronome.Ezra Pound：Idaho爱达荷洲worked for the Italian government in WW II, engaged in some radio broadcasts of anti-Semitism and pro-Fascism.代表作:Cantos; Hugh Selwyn Mauberley; In a Station of the Metro; CathayWilliam Carlos Williams: The Red WheelbarrowWallace Stevens: Anecdote of the JarThe 20th Century American Poets:Major Features1. The relationship of art and life; reality and imagination; fact and miracle; chaos and order.2. References to painting, music, and color.3. Abstract, philosophical, and difficult. He saw poetry as a personal transaction between self and reality.4. Meticulous language, though frequently exotic; coined words, and some are employed simply for sound effects. Robert Frost: Fire and Ice; Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening; The Road Not TakenMajor Features:1. His verse was terrifying at first, showing the dark side of human life and society. Later, filled with sunshine.2.New England as the setting; The subjects come from daily life of ordinary life;Rural poetry in pastoral tradition. ( Wordsworth; Emerson)3.His themes include landscape and people of New England, loneliness and poverty of isolated farmers, beauty, terror and tragedy in nature.Simple language, a graceful style and traditional forms of poetry.诗歌鉴赏：In both "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening" and "The Road Not Taken," the speaker hesitates on route. Compare the hesitations. Do they derive from the same impulse and misgiving or are they distinct?Winners of Nobel Prize for Literature during this periodSinclair Lewis (1930); Eugene O’Neill (1936); Pearl S. Buck (1938); T.S. Eliot (1948); William Faulkner (1949); Ernest Hemingway (1954); John Steinbeck (1962)Walt WhitmanThe first edition of Leaves of Grass was published in 1855.In this giant work, openness, freedom, and above all, individualism are all that concerned him.What he prefers for his new subject and new poetic feelings is “free verse”自由诗体, that is , poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme.The poet’s essential purpose was to identify his ego with the world, and more specifically with the democratic “en-masse”同一地of America, which is established in the opening lines of “Song of Myself”.Writing features of Whitman1. A singer for the ideals of equality , democracy and human dignity.2. Songs for himself, for the labour of common American people, natural creation, the independence of the country, love and friendship, and for the memorizing of President Lincoln.3. Free verse, rhythmical unit, phonetic recurrence.Emily Dickinson：I Died for Beauty；Because I could not stop for DeathEmily was an energetic and outgoing woman while attending the Academy and Seminary.Most of her poems are about life and nature. They are short; many of them are based on a single image or symbol.。
美国文学史概论之二殖民地时期文学
美国文学史概论之二殖民地时期文学殖民地时期文学是美国文学史中的第一个阶段，大约从17世纪初到18世纪末。
这个时期的文学主要以探索者、移民和殖民者的文字为主，所以也被称为“新英格兰文学”或“殖民地文学”。
这段时期的文学作品反映了当时殖民地社会的特点和发展。
在殖民地时期的文学中，最有代表性的作品是宗教文学。
这是因为最早来到新大陆的移民是宗教迫害的受害者，他们来到这里是为了寻求宗教自由。
《普利茅斯纪实》是最早的一部重要作品，它记录了移民者在新大陆上建立普利茅斯殖民地的经历和困难。
这个殖民地后来成为美国的第一批殖民地之一
除宗教文学外，殖民地时期还产生了一些其他类型的文学作品。
其中最重要的是旅行文学，这些文学作品描述了探险者和移民探索和开发新大陆的经历。
《新奥主义银行》是最早的一部重要作品之一，它记录了这个时期英国探险家亨利·哈德森和他的队友在北美洲的探险经历。
此外，殖民地时期的文学还包括了一些诗歌和散文作品。
这些作品主要以抒发个人情感和表达个人意见为主，其中最知名的作家是安妮·布拉德斯特里特。
她的作品《传奇》是美国第一部诗集，被认为是殖民地时期文学中最重要的作品之一
总的来说，殖民地时期文学是美国文学史中的开端，它记录了欧洲移民在新大陆上建立殖民地的经历和困难。
这些作品揭示了当时的社会和文化特点，为后来的美国文学奠定了基础。
20世纪美国文学史笔记
20世纪美国文学史笔记
诺贝尔文学奖获得者：尼日利亚的渥雷·索因卡
20世纪文学的历史行程中，一方面是文学流派思潮蜂拥而起，异彩纷呈；一方面是这些千差万别的流派思潮，花开花落，更替频繁，其中很多是“各领风骚”才几年，令人目不暇接。
在20世纪文学的格局中，基本上形成了“三足鼎立”之势：传统的现实主义或19世纪的批判现实主义文学，仍在继续向前发展；以革命浪漫主义或以革命现实主义为原则和方法的无产阶级文学，大踏步地走向世界文坛；一种涵盖了诸多流派和思潮的现代主义文学，迅速崛起和扩展。
什么是文学中的“后现代主义”？这是一个悬而未决的问题。
可以说，在当今世界上，没有一个术语比“后现代主义”更时髦、更富有争议和更无确定性了。
有人认为，爱尔兰作家乔伊斯于1939年发表的小说《为芬尼根守灵》，标志着后现代主义文学的开端。
第二次世界大战后，美国文学呈现了五彩缤纷的局面，黑人文学有了新的发展，犹太文学应运而生，南方作家以福克纳为代表，更加引人注目。
20世纪美国文学丰富多彩，错综复杂，要准确地掌握评价的尺度是不容易的。
（描述一个人的心理活动比描述一个国家的文学创作更困难）。
美国文学史及选读2复习笔记
History And Anthology of American Literature (VolumeⅡ)美国文学史及选读2PartⅣ The Literature Of Realism现实主义文学1.美国国内战争Civil War 1861-1865.美国现实主义文学：他们寻找描写美国人真实生活的方法，他们声称平凡的、就近的事件同重大的、遥运的事件一样都是艺术创作的源泉they sought to portray American life as it really was,, insisting that the ordinary and local were as suitable for artistic portrayal as the magnificent and the remote.2.现实主义一词来源于法语realism, 她是一种文学原则，她强调描写平凡的生活，强调其“真实性和现实性”。
Realism had originated in France asrealism, a literary doctrine that called for “reality and truth” in the depiction of ordinary life. “现实主义要求创作素材绝对真实，即不能夸张，也不能缩小”,William Dean Howells(豪厄斯) defined realism as “nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment of material”.他反对那些表现失意和绝望类苍白无力的小说，他强调现实主义作品要发掘出生活中微笑的一方面，因为美国人都坚信自己的国家是一个充满希望，什么奇迹都有可能发生的一个国家，作为文学也应该把这些特征表现出来he spoke out against the writing of a bleak fiction of failure and despair. He called for the treatment of the “Smiling aspects of life” as being the more “American”, insisting that Americ an was truly a land of hope and of possibility that should be reflected in its literature.3.美国现实主义文学总体说来对生活的表面现象进行了乐观的处理，这是其局限，然而最伟大的现实伟大的现实主义大师亨利·詹姆斯、马克·吐温则摆脱了对十九世纪美国进行肤浅描写的局限，詹姆斯对他作品中的人物个性心理进行了深度探讨，他运用深厚的和复杂的写作方式对复杂的个人经历进行了揣摩。
美国文学2
Theodore Dreiser (1871-1945)
Masterpiece---Sister Carrie (1900)
Carrie—a country girl looking for a better life in Chicago. Drouet took her home as mistress. Hurstwood, Drouet’ s friend, deserted family and forced her to run away with him. Carrie became a famous actress; Hurstwood committed suicide. Dreiser’s naturalistic pursuit expounding the purposelessness of life attacking the conventional moral
Trilogy (三部曲) of desire The Financer (1912) The Titan (1914) The Stoic (1945) 《欲望三部曲》——《金融家》，《巨 人》，《斯多葛》
masterpiece—The American Tragedy (1925)
V. The Modern Period (19141939)
5.1 Lost Generation
5.2
Modern Poetry
5.1 What is the Lost Generation?
American writers caught in WWI and cut off from the old values; unable to come to terms with the new era.
了解美国文学史分期,简述各期 文学创作特点 (120字左右
了解美国文学史分期,简述各期文学创作特点(120字左右1、第一阶段：殖民时期（约1607-1765）这一时期大约从1607年JohnSmith船长带领第一批移民在北美大陆建立第一个英国殖民地Jamestown到1765殖民地人们愤怒抗议英国政府颁布的印花税法。
2、第二阶段：启蒙时期与独立战争时期（1765-18世纪末）这是北美人民争取独立、建立美利坚和中和国的时期。
18世纪30年代，在欧洲启蒙主义和自然神论等哲学思潮的影响下，上帝的作用大大削弱，清教徒们掀起一场“大觉醒”运动。
18世纪末期，北美大陆的政治形势发展很快，从1765年英国殖民者第一次反对英国政府的印花税到1789年美国联邦政府成立，文学作品主要围绕着革命的必要性、革命的前途和方向、政府的形式与性质等问题。
3、浪漫主义时期（1800-1865）19世纪初，美国完全摆脱了对英国的依赖，以独立国家的身份进入世界政治舞台。
民族文学开始全面繁荣，逐渐打破英国文学在美国的垄断局面。
这时期作家们跟英国浪漫主义作家一样，强调文学的想象力和感情色彩，反对古典主义的形式和观点，歌颂大自然，崇尚个人和普通人的思想感情，并且寻根问祖，发幽古之思情。
特别是以爱默生为代表的超验主义（Transcendentalism）的倡导, 这些作家们主张人能超越感觉和理性而直接认识真理，摒弃以神为中心的清教教义。
4、现实主义时期（1865-1918）南北战争（1861-1865）以后到第一次世界大战爆发，美国完成了从农业社会到工业社会的转化，社会面貌和经济生活开始发生急剧的变化。
工业化带来了蓬勃兴旺的发展，同时也带来了政治日趋腐败，政界丑闻屡见不鲜，是人们重新认识新的生活和新开发的土地。
于是乡土文学得到了很大的发展。
5、现代主义时期（1918-1945）自20世纪开始，美国文学进入新的时代。
第一次世界大战对美国人的思想和精神面貌产生极大的影响。
人们对于自由民主的信念开始动摇，普遍感到迷茫，甚至绝望。
美国文学史2
----Emerson is generally known as an essayist; his prose, at its best, ranks with the finest American literature can offer.
1836 Nature《论自然》
----Emerson’s 1st published work. The book is now regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendentalism.
----Nature’s voice pushed American Romanticism into a new phase, the phase of England Transcendentalism,
1
Who is Ralph Waldo Emerson?
◆ Ralph Waldo Emerson (May 25, 1803 – April 27, 1882) was an American essayist, lecturer, and poet, who led the Transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century. He was seen as a champion of individualism and a prescient critic of the countervailing pressures of society, and he disseminated his thoughts through dozens of published essays and more than 1,500 public lectures across the United States.
美国文学史2
c. “To a Wild Honeysuckle”
B. Representative Writers
1. Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)
inventor, printer, political statesman, diplomat, author, etc. (jack of all trades)
Age of Experiment: He had faith in human accomplishment and progress. He believed that an individual, with industry and thrift, will improve himself and his community.
c. 1773 Boston Tea Party
d. 1776 Declaration of Independence
e. 1783 Victory of American Revolutionary War
III. Literature in the Age of Enlightenment
John Locke (1632-1704)
Every person is born with a “tabula rasa,” a blank slate, upon which experience inscribed its lessons.
上述三人对美国人认知论的影响：
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Jazz Age
After WWI, people found that the war which cost millions of lives failed to provide an abiding solutions to the world’s problems, that the war was just the traps of political leaders. Such a disillusionment about the value of war, accompanied by the booming of American economy drove people to cynical hedonism. People experiment with new amusements. They restlessly pursued stimulus and pleasures, wallow in heavy drinking, fast driving and casual sex. By these, they hoped to seek relief from serious problems.
20s, Jazz Age
Economically, because of the war, American industry developed fast. The nation is full of bouncing ebullience, fearful of nothing, confident smug isolationism.
Part V. Twentieth-Century
Literature
1920s, Jazz Age.
I. Historical Background: WWI, peace-making period/boom time.
Politically, US entered WWI in 1917 for purity and democracy. The period of peace-making ended with general disillusionment about the value of war: only a sense of the failure of political leaders and a belief in the futility of hope. No abiding solutions to the world’s problems was found. And the resurgence of nationalism and the rise of new totalitarianism produce a secondion
They had cut themselves off from their past and old values in America and yet unable to come to terms with the new era when civilization had gone mad. They wandered pointlessly and restlessly, enjoying things like fishing, swimming, bullfight and beauties of nature, but they were aware all the while that the world is crazy and meaningless and futile. Their whole life was undercut and defeated. They cast away all past concepts and values in order to create new types of writing, which was characterized by disillusionment with ideals and further with civilization the capitalist society advocated. They painted the post-war western world as a waste land, lifeless and hopeless due to ethical degradation and disillusionment with dreams.
Lost Generation
refers to those writers who were devoid of faith, values and ideas and who were alienated from the civilization the capitalist society advocated. It includes the writers such as (Hemingway, F.S. Fitzgerald, Thomas Wolfe, and Louis Bromfield) and poets (like Malcolm Cowley, E. E. Cummings, Archibald Macleish, and Ezra Pound), who rebelled against former values and ideas, but replaced them only by despair or a cynical hedonism. They were totally frustrated by the WWI and returned from that “Great War” to their own country only to find the grim reality that the social values and civilization were hollow and affected if compared to the cruel realities of the battleground. They felt alienated from American civilization, which was conveyed in their