The effects of enhanced external counterpulsation on the serum level of C-reactive protein

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排除外界干扰激发潜能英语作文

排除外界干扰激发潜能英语作文Unleashing Potential by Eliminating External Distractions.In the tapestry of human life, countless threads of potential lie dormant, obscured beneath layers of external distractions. These distractions, like a relentless cacophony, drown out the whispers of our true capabilities and stifle the growth of our latent abilities. To unleash our fullest potential, we must embark on a journey of self-discovery, shedding the weight of distractions and embracing the silence within.The Nature of Distractions.External distractions manifest in myriad forms, each vying for our attention and diverting us from our intended path. Social media, with its endless stream ofnotifications and captivating content, lures us into a vortex of wasted time and mental dissipation. The incessantbuzz of emails and text messages disrupts our concentration and fragments our thoughts. The physical environment, too, can be a source of distraction, from the flickering of fluorescent lights to the hum of office machinery.The Impact of Distractions on Potential.The detrimental effects of external distractions on our potential are profound. They rob us of focus and clarity, hindering our ability to engage in deep and meaningful work. By constantly bombarding us with information and stimulation, distractions create a cognitive overload, making it difficult for us to process informationeffectively and solve problems creatively. Furthermore, distractions erode our willpower and discipline, making it more challenging to resist temptations and stay on track.The Path to Distraction-Free Productivity.Unleashing our potential requires a conscious and deliberate effort to minimize external distractions. This can be achieved through various strategies:Technology Boundaries: Establish clear boundaries around technology use. Set aside specific times for checking emails, social media, and other potentially distracting apps. Consider using apps that block or limit access to distracting websites during work hours.Designated Workspaces: Create a dedicated workspacethat is free from distractions. This could be a quiet corner of your home, a library, or a coworking space. Ensure that your workspace is well-lit, comfortable, and conducive to focus.Time Blocking: Break down your day into time blocks and allocate specific tasks to each block. This technique helps you stay focused on one task at a time and prevents your mind from wandering.Mindfulness Techniques: Practice mindfulness techniques such as meditation or deep breathing exercises to calm the mind and reduce distractions. These practices help you develop greater awareness of your thoughts and emotions,allowing you to let go of distracting thoughts more easily.The Benefits of Reduced Distractions.When we minimize external distractions, we open up space for our potential to flourish. We experience increased focus and clarity, enabling us to tackle complex tasks with greater efficiency. Our creativity and problem-solving abilities are enhanced as we are able to delve deeper into our thoughts and generate innovative ideas. Furthermore, reduced distractions lead to improved well-being and reduced stress levels, creating a more balanced and fulfilling life.Conclusion.Unleashing our potential is not a mere aspiration but an achievable goal. By eliminating external distractions and creating an environment conducive to focus and productivity, we can shed light on the hidden depths of our capabilities and reach our full potential. Embracing thesilence within, we unlock the symphony of our true selves and embark on a journey of limitless possibilities.。

增强型体外反搏在冠心病康复治疗中的应用研究进展

·综述·SYSTEMS MEDICINE系统医学系统医学2019年10月第4卷第20期卫生健康事业发展70年巡礼增强型体外反搏(EECP)又被称为被动的“运动”,以其安全、有效、经济、简便、无创等独特优势受到学术界的广泛关注。

目前,EECP 已成为冠心病患者长期治疗的重要选择,也已成为了冠心病一、二级预防的有效手段。

1EECP 的发展简史增强型体外反搏(EECP)英文全称为enhanced external counterpulsation,其雏形的诞生应上溯至20世纪60年代,当时在美国哈佛大学有位名为Soroff 的教授,发明了一种“液压非序贯式”ECP,但因存在设计上的不合理性而未能得到推广。

20世纪70年代初期,中山医科大学郑振声教授带领团队在前人经验基础之上,攻关研发出四肢气囊序贯加压式ECP,10年后再加用了臀部反搏气囊,即研发成型了EECP,由于其设计合理、效果突出而广受国内外学术界的认可[1-3]。

至20世纪90年代,EECP 正式获批进入了美国市场,在临床应用的过程中又逐步迈入全球市场,其应用范围涵盖全世界30多个国家、地区。

21世纪初期,EECP 又被美国心脏协会和美国心脏病学会(AHA/ACC)纳入冠心病临床治疗指南中,其后又被中华医学会心血管病分会、欧洲心脏病学会(ESC)纳入指南,成为具有有力理论、实践依据的冠心病康复治疗方法之一。

2EECP 的结构特点EECP 主要是由3对充气囊套构成的,它们分别在小腿、大腿和臀部进行缠绕。

EECP 可跟踪人体的心电波,当出现R 波时就作为信号进行触发,并且与心脏搏动是同步的,当心脏处于舒张早期时,EECP 由远端向近端序贯式充气、加压,促使循环血液反流向主动脉,有助于增加重要器官如心、脑、肾血液灌DOI:10.19368/ki.2096-1782.2019.20.193增强型体外反搏在冠心病康复治疗中的应用研究进展贾晓云南宁市第三人民医院心内科,广西南宁530003[摘要]近年来随着冠心病发病率的逐年走高,它成为严重威胁人类的健康问题之一。

体外反搏在冠心病治疗中的应用及其循证医学证据

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BTBU_3.1 Shareholder voting on auditor selection, audit fees, and audit quality

THE ACCOUNTING REVIEW American Accounting Association Vol.87,No.1DOI:10.2308/accr-10159 2012pp.149–171Shareholder Voting on Auditor Selection, Audit Fees,and Audit QualityMai DaoUniversity of ToledoK.RaghunandanDasaratha V.RamaFlorida International UniversityABSTRACT:The Advisory Committee on the Auditing Profession(ACAP),formed bythe U.S.Department of the Treasury,has recommended that all public companies berequired to have shareholder ratification of auditor ing data from1,382firmsfor the year ending December31,2006,we find that audit fees are higher in firms withshareholder voting on auditor ratification.We also find that firms that started having ashareholder vote pay higher fees than firms that stopped having a shareholder vote.Inthe second part of our study,we find that in firms with shareholder voting on auditorselection(1)subsequent restatements are less likely and(2)abnormal accruals arelower.Our findings are consistent with the experimental results in Mayhew and Pike(2004),and provide empirical grounding for the debate about mandating shareholdervoting on auditor selection.Keywords:auditor selection;shareholder voting;audit fees;audit quality.I.INTRODUCTIONT he objective of this study is to examine the association between shareholder involvement in auditor selection and(1)audit fees and(2)audit quality.Motivation for this study comes from the U.S. Department of the Treasury’s (DoT 2008) Advisory Committee on the Auditing Profession(ACAP),which recently recommended that all public companies must have an annual shareholder ratiﬁcation of the external auditor. The ACAP (DoT 2008, VIII:20) justiﬁed this recommendation by stating that that the annual submission of auditor selection for ratiﬁcation enhances‘‘competition in the audit industry.’’The ACAP did not provide any empirical evidence in support of the above recommendation,and research related to shareholder involvement in auditor selection is sparse.We gratefully acknowledge many useful comments and suggestions from Steve Kachelmeier(senior editor)and two anonymous reviewers.We thank Abhijit Barua,Vishal Munsif,and Paul Tanyi for help with data collection and analysis. Editor’s note:Accepted by Steven Kachelmeier.Submitted:October2009Accepted:June2011Published Online:August2011149The ACAP did not elaborate on exactly what beneﬁts would accrue from any increased competition among auditors.However,the traditional view of the courts,legislators,and regulators has been that competition in any sector leads to higher quality and lower price (U.S. Supreme Court 1978; Federal Trade Commission 2003). In contrast, economic theory suggests that the joint effect of competition on price and quality is not uniform;the effect of increased competition on price and quality will depend on the relative elasticities of price and quality (Dranove and Satterthwaite 1992;Kranton 2003). Even within the context of professional services, prior studies examining different types of services have shown divergent results about the joint effects of enhanced competition on price and quality (Kwoka 1984; Haas-Wilson 1986; Rizzo and Zeckhauser 1992; Kessler and McClellan 2000).While the ACAP recommends shareholder voting on auditor selection based on arguments about increased competition,the same recommendation can be arrived at by using a governance and accountability framework.We argue that any arrangement that strengthens the role of the shareholders in auditor selection also changes the incentives of the auditors and strengthens auditor independence.The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX, U.S. House of Representatives 2002) made audit committees formally responsible for the selection and compensation of the external auditor;however,evidence indicates that even in the post-SOX era,managers exercise signiﬁcant control over the hiring and ﬁring of auditors (KPMG 2004; Cohen et al. 2010). If managers retain signiﬁcant inﬂuence over auditor selection,then auditors will be more likely to go along with the preferences of managers (Saul 1996). Hence, institutional arrangements that strengthen the role of shareholders in auditor selection will also strengthen auditor independence.Mayhew and Pike (2004) examine, in a laboratory market setting, the effects of alternative auditor hiring rules on competition in the audit market.They ﬁnd that,in their experimental setting,investor involvement in auditor selection leads to both higher audit quality and an increase in audit fees. Mayhew and Pike (2004, 820) note that ‘‘further research into the institutional structures that promote audit committee independence or produce the types of incentives for auditor independence documented in our investor selection treatments is clearly warranted.’’The ACAP recommendation represents a step in the direction toward increased shareholder involvement in auditor selection. Saul (1996, 135) suggests that having shareholder ratiﬁcation of the auditor is ‘‘more than a symbolic act ’’in the context of strengthening auditor independence.Accordingly,our objective is to empirically examine the association between shareholder involvement in auditor selection and both audit fees and audit quality,using archival data.To the extent that increased shareholder involvement in auditor selection alters the governance and accountability dynamics between auditors,management,and shareholders,we ﬁnd that shareholder voting on auditor selection leads to both higher audit fees and better audit quality.We use data from a sample of 1,382companies included in the 2006edition of the Board Analyst database.We ﬁnd that audit fees are higher in ﬁrms that submitted auditor selection for a shareholder vote,after controlling for other factors associated with audit fees.This ﬁnding is inconsistent with the argument generally advanced by legislators,regulators,and the judiciary,but is consistent with the experimental evidence in Mayhew and Pike (2004).As noted by Hermalin and Weisbach (2003), endogeneity is a pervasive problem in any governance-related archival-empirical research.For example,it is possible that the same factors that are associated with some ﬁrms voluntarily having a shareholder vote on auditor selection,since such a vote is not currently legally required,are also associated with higher audit fees.We perform a Hausman test of endogeneity between audit fees and shareholder voting on auditor selection,and ﬁnd that there is support for the two being endogenous.Accordingly,we perform two-stage regression analysis and ﬁnd that the positive relationship between shareholder involvement in auditor selection and audit fees persists.150Dao,Raghunandan,andRamaThe Accounting ReviewJanuary 2012We also perform a different type of test,relying on changes inﬁrms’policies relating to shareholder voting on auditor ratiﬁcation.Speciﬁcally,we focus onﬁrms that changed from not having a shareholder vote on auditor selection in2005to having such a vote in2006,and vice versa.Because auditor-selection-related issues are supposed to be the prerogative of the audit committee after SOX,we require that theﬁrms selected for such change analyses do not have a change in the composition of the audit committee.With this additional restriction,we have54ﬁrms that newly initiated an auditor ratiﬁcation vote in2006and45ﬁrms that stopped having an auditor ratiﬁcation vote in2006,and did not have a change in the membership of the audit committee.For this subset of99ﬁrms,we perform the audit fee regression in the‘‘changes’’form.Weﬁnd that the indicator variable measuring change in auditor ratiﬁcation policy is positive and signiﬁcant, indicating thatﬁrms that initiated an auditor ratiﬁcation vote paid higher audit fees compared to ﬁrms that stopped having an auditor ratiﬁcation vote.While audit pricing is directly observable,audit quality is a more difﬁcult construct.The quantity or quality of audit work is not directly observable,so researchers have used different measures for audit quality.In this study,we use subsequent restatements as our measure for audit quality.A restatement implies that the previouslyﬁledﬁnancial statements are unreliable and, hence,the presence(or absence)of a restatement can be viewed as a direct measure of audit quality. We restrict our analysis to restatements with a negative effect onﬁnancial statements.Weﬁnd that ﬁrms with a shareholder vote on auditor ratiﬁcation during2006were less likely to have a subsequent restatement ofﬁscal year2006ﬁnancial statements.Hennes et al. (2008)point out that not all restatements are the same, and suggest using stock price reactions as a direct measure of problem restatements.Accordingly,we further restrict our analysis to subsequent restatements that also had a negative stock price reaction.With this analysis we alsoﬁnd thatﬁrms with a shareholder vote on auditor ratiﬁcation were less likely to have a later restatement that elicits a negative market reaction.As with audit fees,we conduct Hausman tests of endogeneity but cannot reject the hypothesis of exogeneity between subsequent restatements and shareholder involvement in auditor selection. Unlike with audit fees,we do not perform the analyses with only the subset ofﬁrms changing auditor ratiﬁcation policies because only fourﬁrms from each of the change groups had a subsequent restatement.As additional analysis,we use clients’abnormal accruals as another measure of audit quality. Although using accruals measures as a proxy for audit quality is subject to many limitations (Ball 2009), previous studies have used clients’ abnormal accruals as a measure of audit quality given the paucity of observable measures related to audit quality (e.g., DeFond and Subramanyam 1998; Francis and Krishnan 1999). Following this tradition, we examine the association between shareholder voting on auditor selection and abnormal accruals.Weﬁnd that performance-matched abnormal current accruals are lower inﬁrms that submit auditor selection for shareholder ratiﬁcation.A Hausman test indicates the presence of endogeneity,but the association between shareholder voting and accruals quality persists after controlling for endogeneity.In summary,we examine an issue that is currently of interest to regulators and the accounting profession but lacks relevant archival evidence.Research methods involve trade-offs,and the beneﬁt of an experimental setting such as the one used by Mayhew and Pike (2004)is that it enables researchers to control and manipulate factors of research interest while ignoring other external factors that are present in the real-world setting.Conversely,the beneﬁts from archival research are the use of more natural settings that currently exist and greater external validity. Ideally,results from multiple methods should complement each other and there is greater conﬁdence in the inferences when different research methods yield the same basicﬁndings.The results from our archival tests validate the experimental results of Mayhew and Pike (2004)in a closely related setting—that increased shareholder involvement in auditor selection leads to an Shareholder Voting on Auditor Selection,Audit Fees,and Audit Quality151The Accounting Review January2012increase in both audit fees and quality—but are inconsistent with the traditional arguments of legislators,regulators,and the judiciary in the U.S.that enhanced competition will lead to lower prices and higher quality.Section II discusses the background.This is followed by a description of hypotheses,research method,data,and discussion of results related to the two issues examined in this study:audit fees in Section III and audit quality in Section IV.Section V concludes with a summary and discussion.II.BACKGROUNDShareholder Voting:Competition PerspectiveEven when there were eight large international auditing ﬁrms,legislators had expressed concerns about the (lack of ) competition in the audit market (U.S. Senate 1976, 1977; U.S. House of Representatives 1985). Such concerns have become more pronounced as the Big 8 have now become the Big 4since 2002.For example,Section 701of SOX mandates the General Accounting Ofﬁce (GAO)to study and report back to Congress about the concentration of the audit market and the problems resulting from limited competition among public accounting ﬁrms. The GAO (2003,Highlights)concluded that ‘‘the signiﬁcant changes that have occurred in the profession may have implications for competition and public company choice,especially in certain industries,in the future. ’’ In a follow-up report, the GAO (2008, Highlights) stated that ‘‘the loss of another large ﬁrm would further reduce large companies’auditor choice and could affect audit fee competitiveness.’’Thus,it is clear that the extent of competition in the market for audit services for public companies (and the resultant impact on fees)continues to be an issue of signiﬁcant interest to legislators and regulators.Such concerns led to the U.S.Department of the Treasury forming,in October 2007,an Advisory Committee on the Auditing Profession (ACAP).The ACAP held a series of meetings during 2007and 2008,and issued a report in October 2008,proposing six recommendations related to concentration and competition in the audit market.Recommendation #5suggests the adoption of ‘‘annual shareholder ratiﬁcation of public company auditors by all public companies ’’ and notes as follows (DoT 2008, VIII:20–21):The Committee believes shareholder ratiﬁcation of auditor selection through the annual meeting and proxy process can enhance the audit committee’s oversight to ensure that the auditor is suitable for the company’s size and ﬁnancial reporting needs.This may enhance competition in the audit industry ...The Committee also urges exchange self-regulatory organizations to adopt such a requirement as a listing standard.Competition,Price,and QualityFrom an economic perspective,increased competition generally leads to higher quality and/or lower price.However,if price and quality are jointly determined,then the effect of increased competition on price and quality is not clear-cut;the effects of increased competition on price and quality will depend on the relative elasticities of price and quality (Dranove and Satterthwaite 1992;Kranton 2003).Nevertheless, the U.S. Supreme Court (1978, 695) noted in a case brought by the National Society of Professional Engineers:‘‘The Sherman Act reﬂects a legislative judgment that ultimately competition will produce not only lower prices,but also better goods and services ...The assumption that competition is the best method of allocating resources in a free market recognizes that all elements of a bargain—quality,service,safety,and durability—and not just the immediate cost,are favorably affected by the free opportunity to select among alternative offers.’’Similarly,the Federal Trade Commission (2003, 1) states that ‘‘vigorous competition forces producers to152Dao,Raghunandan,andRama The Accounting ReviewJanuary 2012minimize costs and prices and to increase quality.’’Thus,the legislative,judicial,and executive views appear to be that increased competition will lead to lower prices and higher quality.Empirical evidence on the joint effects of competition on price and quality is sparse and mixed (Kranton 2003; Kallapur et al. 2009). Prior research shows that, when the ban on advertising was removed(i.e.,competition increased),the price of optometric services declined without an adverse impact on quality (Kwoka 1984; Haas-Wilson 1986). However, in the case of physicians’ services, the removal of the ban on advertising led to higher prices and an increase in at least some measures of quality (Rizzo and Zeckhauser 1992). Similarly, Kessler and McClellan (2000)show that in the case of hospitals,prior to1991,higher levels of competition led to both higher costs and improved quality.1Shareholder Voting:Governance and Accountability PerspectiveWhile the ACAP recommendation is based on the effects of increased competition,there is an alternative perspective that is useful in the context of shareholder voting on auditor ratiﬁcation. Until the enactment of SOX,client management was responsible for selecting the auditor.Under Section301of SOX,audit committees are directly responsible for the appointment,compensation, and oversight of the auditor.Accordingly,Section301of SOX is a recognition of the governance and accountability perspective of auditor selection.Speciﬁcally,if management is responsible for hiring orﬁring the auditor and negotiating the audit fee,then it is more likely that the auditor will go along with the wishes of management (Saul 1996). Mayhew and Pike (2004, 798) note that the auditor’s ‘‘ﬁnancial dependence on the client depends heavily on the client’s ability to hire andﬁre the auditor.As a result,the control over hiring andﬁring the auditor serves as the core incentive for auditors to maintain or compromise their independence.’’By removing the authority to hire andﬁre the auditor from management,and vesting such authority with representatives of shareholders,Section301of SOX sought to shift the locus of power in the auditor-manager relationship—and thereby enhance auditor independence.However, as noted by Mayhew and Pike (2004), in many companies, the board of directors is dominated by management.This enables management to retain signiﬁcant inﬂuence over auditor-related decisions,including the hiring andﬁring of auditors.In these circumstances,auditors’natural response is to be more likely to go along with managements’preferred accounting choices. Along these lines, a survey of audit committee directors and executives by KPMG (2004, 5) found that,even after SOX,‘‘69percent of respondents said the chief executive ofﬁcer or the chief ﬁnancial ofﬁcer had the most inﬂuence over the compensation of the external auditor,and only27 percent thought the audit committee had the most inﬂuence.’’In a later study based on interviews with 30 audit partners and managers from the Big 4 ﬁrms, Cohen et al. (2010, 752) report that ‘‘management continues to be seen as a major corporate governance actor and,contrary to the intent of SOX,often the driving force behind auditor appointments and terminations.’’The ACAP noted that,even though SOX gives the audit committees the responsibilities related to the appointment and compensation by the auditor,shareholders should have a say in auditor selection and that‘‘ratiﬁcation allows shareholders to voice a view on the audit committee’s work, including the reasonableness of audit fees and apparent conﬂicts of interest ’’(DoT 2008, VIII:20). Thus,shareholder voting on auditor ratiﬁcation,while perhaps not as effective as direct shareholder selection of the auditor,is a step toward increasing the role of shareholders in the auditor selection process.Reﬂecting this view,shareholder activists have continued to press companies to let 1This is the so-called‘‘Medical Arms Race’’hypothesis,and this logic has been used by the courts in litigation involving hospital mergers.See,for example,U.S.vs.Carilion Health System,892F2d1042. Shareholder Voting on Auditor Selection,Audit Fees,and Audit Quality153The Accounting Review January2012shareholders vote on auditor selection because this is considered to be a good corporate governance practice (Krishnan and Ye 2005; Institutional Shareholder Services [ISS] 2007a, 2007b ).Support for this governance-and-accountability-based perspective comes from the actions of the Financial Reporting Council (FRC)in the United Kingdom.The FRC established the Market Participants Group (MPG)in October 2006to provide advice on ‘‘possible actions that market participants could take to mitigate the risks arising from the characteristics of the market for audit services to public interest entities in the United Kingdom ’’ (FRC 2006, 1). The MPG issued its report in October 2007with a set of recommendations;Recommendation #8notes that the FRC should amend the rules ‘‘to include a requirement for the provision of information relevant to the auditor re-selection decision,’’while Recommendation #10states that ‘‘investor groups,corporate representatives,ﬁrms,and the FRC should promote good practices for shareholder engagement on auditor appointment and re-appointments ’’ (FRC 2007, 10). The MPG report noted that the recommendations were ‘‘directed at improving the accountability of boards for their auditor selection decisions ’’ (FRC 2007, 10).Finally,we interviewed three audit partners from three of the Big 4audit ﬁrms and a subcommittee chair of the ACAP about shareholder involvement in auditor selection.Of the audit partners,one is a regional managing partner,the second is an ofﬁce managing partner of a large metropolitan ofﬁce,and the third is a regional leader for audit practice.Two of the audit partners and the ACAP member noted that shareholder voting on auditor selection led to slightly higher risks for the auditor.To paraphrase,the partners and the ACAP member noted that ‘‘everyone expects the auditor to receive 98or 99percent approval from the shareholders,so even if you get 90or 95percent approval,there are bound to be questions from the audit committee;in addition,even if remote,there is a non-zero probability of a signiﬁcant proportion of shareholders voting against the auditor.’’Two partners also discussed anecdotal evidence about Ernst &Young,which had 38percent of Sprint shareholders voting against ratiﬁcation in 2003,resulting in unfavorable media coverage.2To the extent that perceptions affect auditors’judgments and actions,we can expect both audit quality and price to be higher when there is a shareholder ratiﬁcation vote on auditor selection.III.SHAREHOLDER VOTING AND AUDIT FEESRegulators in the U.S.and U.K.are considering recommendations to require all public companies to have a shareholder vote on auditor selection.Some recent studies have examined issues related to shareholder ratiﬁcation of the auditor,including characteristics of ﬁrms submitting auditor selection for a shareholder vote (Krishnan and Ye 2005) and the determinants of shareholder votes for ratiﬁcation (e.g., Raghunandan 2003; Hermanson et al. 2009). However, there is little archival evidence related to the effect of having a shareholder vote on price and/or quality in the market for audit services.This study seeks to ﬁll this void,given the calls from regulators to require companies to have such a shareholder vote.As noted earlier, the experimental evidence in Mayhew and Pike (2004) and the governance/accountability perspective suggest that shareholder voting on auditor selection leads to higher audit fees and improved audit quality.Nevertheless,given the paucity of evidence on this issue,and given the stated opinions of the judiciary and the executive that increased competition is expected to result in lower price and better quality,we do not make a directional prediction for our ﬁrst hypothesis.Formally stated,our ﬁrst hypothesis is:H1(null form):There is no association between shareholder involvement in auditor selectionand audit fees.2Following the shareholder vote,Ernst &Young was replaced as the auditor for Sprint.154Dao,Raghunandan,andRama The Accounting ReviewJanuary 2012ModelWe use the following regression model to test H1:LogðAuditFeesÞ¼a0þa1ÃLogðTotalAssetsÞþa2ÃInvRecTAþa3ÃSqrtSegmentsþa4ÃForeignþa5ÃCurrentRatioþa6ÃLeverageþa7ÃROAþa8ÃGCþa9ÃICWþa10ÃBig4þa11ÃInitialþa12ÃVOTEþerror:ð1ÞThe variables are deﬁned as follows:Log(AuditFees)¼natural logarithm of audit fees;Log(TotalAssets)¼natural logarithm of total assets;InvRecTA¼ratio of assets in inventory plus accounts receivable to total assets;SqrtSegments¼square root of the number of business segments;Foreign¼1if foreign income is reported,0otherwise;CurrentRatio¼ratio of current assets to current liabilities;Leverage¼ratio of total liabilities to total assets;ROA¼ratio of income before extraordinary items to total assets;GC¼1if theﬁrm receives a going-concern modiﬁed opinion,0otherwise;ICW¼1if theﬁrm has an adverse SOX404opinion,0otherwise;Big4¼1if the auditor is a Big4auditﬁrm,0otherwise;Initial¼1if the audit engagement is aﬁrst-or second-year audit,0otherwise;VOTE¼1if theﬁrm submits auditor selection for shareholder ratiﬁcation vote,0otherwise.3 Starting from Simunic (1980), prior research has used various measures related to client size, complexity,and risk as control variables in audit fee models.We use the same audit fee model as in Raghunandan and Rama (2006). Following a long tradition in the auditing literature, we use the log transformed audit fees,Log(AuditFees),as the dependent variable.Log(TotalAssets)is employed to measure client size,and we expect the coefﬁcient of Log(TotalAssets)to be positive.Three variables—InvRecTA,SqrtSegments,and Foreign—proxy for client complexity,and we expect positive coefﬁcients for these three variables.Five variables,CurrentRatio,ROA,Leverage,GC,and ICW,control for clientﬁnancial condition and internal control;the coefﬁcients of CurrentRatio and ROA are expected to be negative,while the coefﬁcients of Leverage,GC,and ICW are expected to be positive.A large body of literature has shown that there is a Big N audit fee premium,so we include Big4and expect the coefﬁcient of this variable to be positive.Prior research also suggests that audit fees are discounted for initial years of audit engagements (e.g., Simon and Francis 1988; Whisenant et al. 2003); however,recent research suggests that initial audit engagements have an audit fee premium in the post-SOX period (Huang et al. 2009), so we include Initial in the model but do not make a prediction about the sign of the coefﬁcient.The independent variable of interest is VOTE.The governance/accountability perspective and experimental results of Mayhew and Pike (2004)suggest that the coefﬁcient of VOTE should be positive.DataWe start our sample with all panies that are included in the2006version of Corporate Library’s Board Analyst database.As part of our analyses of audit quality,we examine subsequent restatements;since it takes some time before restatements are discovered and disclosed,using data 3Continuous variables(used in this and any subsequent regression)are winsorized at the1st and99th percentiles. Shareholder Voting on Auditor Selection,Audit Fees,and Audit Quality155The Accounting Review January2012from ﬁscal year 2006enables us to examine subsequent restatements over a three-year period (until the end of 2009).Section 404of SOX ﬁrst became applicable for ﬁscal years ending on or after November 15,2004,and auditors have noted that there has been a steep learning curve related to audits in the post-Section 404period.Hence,we restrict the analysis to the 2,084companies with ﬁscal years ending December 31,2006.4Consistent with prior research related to audit fees and because ﬁrms in ﬁnancial sectors have different ﬁnancial statement reporting formats (and are subject to additional regulations),we exclude 602ﬁrms with SIC codes from 6000–6999.We obtain data about audit fees,audit opinions,and auditor changes from the Audit Analytics database,while ﬁnancial data are from the Compustat database and 10-K ﬁlings available on the SEC’s website.We manually collect data about submission of auditor selection for shareholder ratiﬁcation voting from proxy ﬁlings available on the SEC’s website.After eliminating 100observations with missing data,our ﬁnal sample includes 1,382ﬁrms.Descriptive StatisticsPanel A of Table 1provides descriptive statistics about the variables used in the audit fee regression model.The mean (median)audit fees for the sample ﬁrms are $2.86($1.53)million.The mean and median values for the control variables are generally in line with those found in other studies (e.g., Ghosh and Lustgarten 2006; Raghunandan and Rama 2006) that examine audit fees in the post-SOX period.5Seventy-ﬁve percent of the sample ﬁrms submitted auditor selection for shareholderratiﬁcation in 2006.As seen in Panels B and C of Table 1,ﬁrms that submitted auditor selection for shareholder ratiﬁcation tend to be larger,are more likely to be audited by a Big 4auditor,and are less likely to have adverse Section 404reports,going-concern modiﬁed audit reports,or auditor changes.We test for multicollinearity between the independent variables by examining the correlation matrix (untabulated).We ﬁnd that all of the bivariate correlations are less than 0.50.We also ﬁnd that the variance inﬂation factors for the variables in the regression model are all less than 2.0,indicating that multicollinearity does not cause problems with our inferences.Audit Fee Regression ResultsTable 2presents the regression results for the model with Log (AuditFees )as the dependent variable.The overall model is signiﬁcant,and the adjusted R 2of 71percent is in line with prior audit fee studies.All control variables in the model (except for Leverage and Initial )are signiﬁcant and have the expected coefﬁcient signs.The variable of interest,VOTE ,is positive and signiﬁcant (p ,0.05).The magnitude of the coefﬁcient of VOTE is 0.085,indicating that companies 4There are two reasons why we restrict the analysis to clients with a 12/31ﬁscal year-end.First,the Big 4ﬁrms noted in submissions to the SEC in 2005and 2006that SOX 404-related work had a signiﬁcant impact on audit fees and that there is a steep learning curve effect for SOX 404-related work;hence,a ﬁrm with a 12/31/2006ﬁscal year-end would be in the initial phase of the third year of SOX 404work,while a ﬁrm with a 2/28/2006(6/30/2007)ﬁscal year-end would still be in the second year (later phase of the third year)cycle of SOX 404.We do not want to contaminate our sample by mixing ﬁrms that would have been in different stages of the learning curve.The second reason relates to the change from AS 2to AS 5;the PCAOB approved the change in May 2007to use a more top-down approach,and this had a pronounced effect on audit work and fees;the PCAOB provided permission for immediate application of the standard.5We also compared our ﬁrms with the overall Compustat population (after excluding foreign ﬁrms and ﬁrms in ﬁnancial sectors). In terms of industry, when we use the 12 industry groups based on Professor French’s (http://mba.tuck /pages/faculty/ken.french/data_library.html) classiﬁcation, our sample has fewer ﬁrms in the ‘‘wholesale,retail,and some services ’’category (5.9percent in our sample versus 10.4percent in Compustat).However,75percent of the sample ﬁrms from this sector had a shareholder ratiﬁcation of the auditor—identical to the proportion for the rest of the sample.Firm size in our sample is,however,larger than in the Compustat population (e.g.,average total assets are $1.00billion for our sample compared to $199million for the Compustat sample).156Dao,Raghunandan,andRama The Accounting ReviewJanuary 2012。

抵抗外界干扰拥有屏蔽力英语作文800字

抵抗外界干扰拥有屏蔽力英语作文800字全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Strength to Stay Focused Amidst the NoiseAs a student in today's world, it's becoming increasingly challenging to maintain focus and resist the constant barrage of distractions that surrounds us. From the endless notifications on our smartphones to the alluring world of social media, we're constantly bombarded with stimuli vying for our attention. Developing the resilience to tune out these external disruptions is a crucial skill that can significantly impact our academic success and personal growth.One of the most pervasive distractions we face is the constant pull of our digital devices. Smartphones, tablets, and laptops have become an integral part of our lives, offering instant access to a wealth of information and entertainment. However, the ease with which we can switch between tasks and engage with these devices can be a double-edged sword. It's all too easy to find ourselves mindlessly scrolling through social media feeds or losing track of time while binge-watching ourfavorite shows, neglecting our studies and responsibilities in the process.To combat this, we must cultivate self-discipline and develop strategies to manage our digital consumption. Setting specific times for focused work, enabling app limits, and physically removing devices from our study spaces can help create an environment conducive to concentration. Additionally, practicing mindfulness techniques, such as deep breathing exercises or meditation, can help us regain control over our attention and resist the urge to constantly check our devices.Beyond the digital realm, we also face distractions in our physical environments. Noisy roommates, cluttered workspaces, or even the constant hum of traffic outside our windows can disrupt our ability to focus. Addressing these external factors is essential for maintaining a productive study environment. Investing in noise-canceling headphones, creating designated quiet zones, or finding a peaceful study spot on campus can help mitigate these disruptions and facilitate deep, uninterrupted work sessions.Moreover, we must learn to manage our internal distractions, such as procrastination, self-doubt, or negative thought patterns. These mental barriers can be just as detrimental to ourproductivity and academic performance as external distractions. Developing habits like setting realistic goals, breaking tasks into manageable chunks, and practicing positive self-talk can help us overcome these internal obstacles and stay focused on our objectives.Ultimately, cultivating resilience against distractions is not only essential for academic success but also for personal growth and well-being. By learning to manage our attention effectively, we develop self-discipline, time management skills, and the ability to prioritize our goals. These skills will serve us well beyond our academic careers, helping us navigate the challenges and distractions of the professional world and personal life.It's important to remember that building resilience against distractions is a journey, and setbacks are inevitable. There will be days when the lure of procrastination or the siren call of social media prove too tempting to resist. However, it's crucial not to beat ourselves up over these lapses but instead to approach them as learning opportunities. Reflect on what triggered the distraction, identify the strategies that didn't work, and adjust our approach accordingly.In conclusion, the ability to resist external distractions and maintain focus is a vital skill for students in today's fast-paced,constantly connected world. By developing self-discipline, creating conducive environments, and managing both external and internal disruptions, we can cultivate the resilience needed to stay on track and achieve our academic and personal goals. It's a journey that requires commitment, perseverance, and a willingness to continually adapt and improve, but the rewards of sustained focus and concentration are invaluable.篇2Resisting External Distractions and Developing the Power to FocusIn today's world, we are constantly bombarded with distractions from every direction. Our smartphones buzz incessantly with notifications, social media platforms vie for our attention, and the allure of mindless entertainment isever-present. Amidst this cacophony of stimuli, it can be challenging to maintain focus and harness our concentration. However, cultivating the ability to resist external distractions is an invaluable skill that can profoundly impact our lives, enabling us to achieve our goals and unlock our full potential.As a student, I've experienced firsthand the detrimental effects of succumbing to distractions. Whether it's the siren callof scrolling through Instagram or the temptation to binge-watch the latest series, these diversions can quickly derail our productivity and impede our academic progress. It's all too easy to rationalize these momentary lapses as harmless breaks, but they often spiral into hours of wasted time and unfulfilled intentions.Fortunately, through trial and error, I've discovered strategies to cultivate focus and strengthen my ability to resist distractions. One of the most effective approaches is to establish a conducive environment for focused work. This may involve creating a dedicated study space free from potential disruptions, or using noise-canceling headphones to block out external sounds. Additionally, disabling notifications on my devices and employing website blockers has proven invaluable in minimizing digital temptations.Another crucial aspect of resisting distractions is mindfulness and self-awareness. By developing a heightened sense of our thought patterns and tendencies, we can recognize when our minds begin to wander and consciously redirect our attention to the task at hand. Practicing mindfulness techniques, such as deep breathing exercises or meditation, can enhance our ability to stay present and focused.Moreover, cultivating the power to focus involves setting clear goals and prioritizing tasks effectively. When we have a clear understanding of our objectives and the steps required to achieve them, we are better equipped to channel our energy and concentration towards meaningful pursuits. Employing time management strategies, such as the Pomodoro technique or creating structured to-do lists, can help us stay organized and focused on our priorities.Undoubtedly, developing the ability to resist external distractions and maintain focus is a challenging endeavor, but the rewards are immense. By harnessing our concentration, we can unlock new levels of productivity, creativity, and academic success. We become more efficient learners, betterproblem-solvers, and more adept at retaining information. Additionally, the discipline and self-control cultivated through this process can spill over into other areas of our lives, fostering personal growth and self-mastery.It's important to recognize that the journey towards mastering focus is a lifelong pursuit, and setbacks and lapses are inevitable. However, with perseverance and a commitment to continuous improvement, we can gradually strengthen our ability to resist distractions and harness the power ofconcentration. Each small victory over a distraction, each focused hour of study, is a step towards unlocking our full potential and achieving our academic and personal goals.In conclusion, the ability to resist external distractions and cultivate focus is an invaluable asset in today's world. By embracing strategies such as creating a conducive environment, practicing mindfulness, setting clear goals, and employing effective time management techniques, we can overcome the constant pull of distractions and unlock new levels of productivity, creativity, and academic success. It is a challenging journey, but one that yields immense rewards and equips us with the skills necessary to thrive in an increasingly fast-paced and distraction-filled world.篇3Developing the Power to Block out DistractionsAs a student in today's constantly connected world, it's becoming increasingly challenging to stay focused and productive. We live in an age where distractions are omnipresent, lurking around every corner, waiting to derail our concentration. From the incessant pings of social media notifications to the temptation of mindless internet browsing, the potential fordistraction is virtually limitless. Amidst this chaos, the ability to block out external influences and maintain laser-sharp focus has become an invaluable asset – a superpower, if you will.Admittedly, honing this skill is no easy feat. The path to mastering the art of concentration is fraught with obstacles, both external and internal. External distractions, such as noisy environments, constant interruptions, and the ever-present allure of our digital devices, can quickly erode our ability to stay on task. Internal distractions, on the other hand, manifest as wandering thoughts, worries, and the constant mental chatter that plagues our minds.However, the rewards of cultivating this power of concentration are immense. By learning to block out distractions, we unlock a world of enhanced productivity, improved academic performance, and a heightened sense of mental clarity. Imagine being able to sit down and tackle that daunting research paper or complex math problem without the constant temptation of checking your phone or getting sidetracked by trivial diversions. The sense of accomplishment and satisfaction that comes from maintaining unwavering focus is truly unparalleled.So, how do we go about developing this superpower? The first step is to identify and understand our personal triggers fordistraction. For some, it might be the lure of social media, while for others, it could be the constant urge to multitask or the inability to resist the temptation of procrastination. Once we recognize these triggers, we can develop strategies to counteract them.One effective strategy is to create a distraction-free environment. This could involve turning off notifications on your devices, finding a quiet study space, or using website blockers to prevent access to time-wasting online destinations. Additionally, practicing mindfulness techniques, such as meditation or deep breathing exercises, can help train our minds to stay present and focused.Another crucial aspect of developing this skill is time management. By carefully structuring our days and allocating dedicated blocks of time for focused work, we can create a rhythm that promotes concentration. During these designated periods, it's essential to eliminate all potential distractions and fully immerse ourselves in the task at hand.Ultimately, the power to block out distractions is a skill that requires continuous practice and dedication. It's a journey of self-discovery, discipline, and determination. Along the way, we may encounter setbacks and moments of weakness, but it'sessential to persevere and remain committed to our goal of cultivating this invaluable superpower.As students, the ability to maintain focus and concentration is not merely a luxury – it's an essential tool for academic success and personal growth. By mastering the art of blocking out distractions, we open the door to a world of limitless potential, where our minds are free to explore, create, and achieve greatness.。

体外反搏在心力衰竭治疗中的应用概述

体外反搏在心力衰竭治疗中的应用概述刘凡【期刊名称】《实用中医药杂志》【年(卷),期】2014(000)006【总页数】3页(P587-589)【作者】刘凡【作者单位】重庆市第一人民医院心内科，重庆400011【正文语种】中文【中图分类】R256.214.16120世纪60年代，由哈佛大学Soroff教授等设计了旨在增加心脏舒张期灌注，改善心肌缺血的体外反搏技术。

该技术后由郑振声教授改良为增强型体外反搏（enhanced external counterpulsation，EECP）。

EECP治疗通过心电门控技术使气囊在心脏舒张早期从远到近挤压肢体使含氧血流向心脏，导致主动脉舒张压升高，随之增加冠脉血流，而气囊在心脏收缩之初快速松弛，减少外周阻力，明显降低心脏后负荷，进一步提高心输出量［1］。

EECP技术发展的早期主要应用于急性心肌梗死和心源性休克患者的循环辅助治疗。

在EECP逐渐应用于临床的过程中，研究发现EECP对心衰患者的治疗也能获益。

因此，美国FDA于2002年正式批准EECP可用于心力衰竭患者的治疗。

现就EECP在心力衰竭治疗中的应用综述如下。

ECCP治疗心绞痛主要机制为可以改善心脏舒张期的充盈，减少左室舒张末压，提高左室舒张期充盈峰率、舒张末容积［2］，作用类似于于主动脉内球囊反搏术治疗心源性休克［3］。

1999年Arora［4］的研究提示EECP对于有心绞痛且左室功能正常的患者是有益的治疗方法，与接受假体外反搏的对照组相比，EECP组能明显减轻心绞痛症状，减少硝酸甘油用量，延长无缺血症状的运动时间。

治疗12个月后，EECP组还能明显提高患者生活质量［5］。

此外Braith［6］还观察到EECP和对照组相比还能增加14%的最大氧耗量，能延长59%的运动时间。

EECP早期曾作为左室射血分数下降的冠心病患者治疗的禁忌症，因既往有研究发现有3%～5%的患者在体外反搏期间发生了心衰加重［7］，其原因可能与治疗期间EECP不同的气囊压力有关［8］。

大学英语四级阅读理解训练

大学英语四级阅读理解训练（一）Classified advertising is that advertising which is grouped in certain secti ons of the paper and is thus distinguished from display advertising. Such groupings as “Help Wanted”,“Real Estate”,“Lost and Found” are made, the rate charged being less than for display advertising. Classified adverti sements are a convenience to the reader and a saving to the advertiser. The reader who is interested in a particular kind of advertisement finds alladvertisements of that type grouped for him. The advertisers may, on this account, use a very small advertisement if it were placed among larger ad vertisements in the paper. It is evident that the reader approaches the class ified advertisement in a different frame of mind from that in which he app roaches the other advertisements in the paper. He turns to a page of classif ied advertisements to search for the particularadvertisement that will meet his needs. As his attention is voluntary, the a dvertiser does not need to rely too much extent on display type to get the reader’s attention. Formerly all classified advertisements were of the sam e size and did not have display type. With the increase in the number of s uch advertisements, however, each advertiser within a certain group is co mpeting with others in the same group for the reader’s attention. In many cases, the result has been an increase in the size of the space used and the addition of headlines and pictures. In that way, the classified advertisement has in reality advertisement. This is particularly true of real estate adve rtising?1. All of the following facts are advantages of classified advertisement for advertisers EXCEPT that ____.A) classified advertisement charges less moneyB) it is easier to attract the attention of the target consumers C) it provides more information for the readers D) it does not have to rely too much on display type2. One of the examples given of types of classified advertisement is ____A) houses for saleB) people who are asking for help C) people who are lost D) job vacancie s3. What sort of attitude do people have when they look at classified adver tisement, according to the writer?A) They are in the frame of mind to buy anything. B) They are looking fo r something they need.C) They feel lost because there are so many advertisements. D) They feel the same as when they look at display advertisements.4．According to the passage, in which way have the classified advertise ments changed nowadays?A) They depend more on display type. B) More money is charged for the m. C) They are divided into more groups. D) They are less formal.5．Why have classified advertisements changed in appearance? A) Becau se people no longer want headlines and pictures. B) Because real estate a dvertising is particularly truthful now.C) Because the increase in the number of such advertisements means they have to be small now.D) Because there are more advertisements now and more competition am ong advertisers.答案与解析： 1. C分类广告的优越性不包括为读者提供更多的信息。

篇章翻译练习

英译汉33篇：1. Quitting smoking is more of a matter of willpower than of individual choice, for smoking is widely recognized as addictive. Although counseling and medication can increase the odds that a smoker quits permanently, the best way to avoid dilemmas is never to take up smoking to begin with.The irreversible effects of cigarette smoking vary in intensity and are related both to the amount and duration of exposure and the age at which the person is initially exposed. This report challenges the notion that a few years of exposure to smoking will have no lasting harmful consequences. We hope to discourage this prevalent but vital habit and suggest that tobacco-related health effects decline substantially as time away from smoking increases.2. This book derives from decades of teaching in various schools across the country. It is based on the belief that philosophy is a genuinely exciting subject, accessible not only to gifted undergraduate majors but to everyone. Everyone is a philosopher, whether enrolled in a philosophical course or not. The difference is that someone who has studied philosophy systematically has the advantage of having encountered stronger and more varied arguments than might have been available otherwise. What is special about this book is that it offers introductory students the opportunity of having direct contact with substantial readings from significant books on philosophy, but without the unreasonable demand that they confront these books in full, which are often incomprehensible.3. Social progress has done away with the need for backbreaking work and has provided time and leisure for personality development. With it, indeed because of it, today the middle-class family expects each of its members to develop his unique personality, and so does each individual, more or less, himself. This new obligation of the family to provide a setting for the development of a unique personality makes family consensus extremely difficult, if not impossible. Nothing is more problematic for a small group of quite different, unique individuals than to live in close quarters, in close harmony with each other. Besides, the necessity of cultivating teenagers’ moral character adds to the difficulty in parenting.4. One of the unintended consequences of the globalization is that it puts different societies and cultures in much greater direct contact with one another. It connects people to people much faster than people and cultures can often prepare themselves. Some cultures thrive on the sudden opportunities for collaboration that this global intimacy makes possible. Others are frustrated, and even humiliated by this close contact, which, among other things, makes it easy for people to see where they stand in the world in relation to everyone else. All of this helps to account for the emergence of one of the most devastating forces today – terrorist organizations which have no regard for human lives and which it is in our best interest to wipe out.5. In this book, we offer advice that we hope will seem reasonable and worth serious consideration. But as any experienced writer knows, there are occasions when even the best advice may not apply. The demands of writing for different audiences, with different purposes, on different subjects, at different levels of formality are so varied that they cannot begin to be anticipated in a book like this, and we recognize that what is appropriate for one piece of writing may not be appropriate for another. In most cases, you will have to avoid ambiguity at all costs so as not to leave your words open to misinterpretation.6. When dominant innovators in a science respond to the challenge of a situation that demands some change in its practice, this may take a number of forms, and rival schools may grow up around differentleaders responding differently to a particular situation. These rivalries may be reinforced and perpetuated by the use of standard textbooks. Any empirical science must be able to cope with its own phenomena, and once any observation is accepted as relevant, its theory and modes of description and analysis must be able to handle it with scientific adequacy, of which exhaustiveness, consistency, economy are basic principles. The extension of a science to new but relevant fields may require the further elaboration and presentation of existing theory along previously-followed lines.7. Changes and developments in a science are determined by a number of causes. Every science grows from its past, and the state reached in a previous generation provides the starting point for the next. But no science is carried on in a vacuum, without reference to or contact with other sciences and the general atmosphere for learning. Scientists and men of learning are also men of their age and country, and they can’t live independent of the culture. Besides its own past, the course of science is also affected by the social context of its contemporary world and the intellectual premises in it. Applications of the science and the expectations that others have of it may be a very important determinant of the direction of its growth and changes.8. Human progress is greatly accelerated by the use of language in cultural transmission; the knowledge and experience acquired by a particular person can be passed on to another in language, so that no amount of demonstration can replace the role of language. In this connection the importance of the invention of printing can never be exaggerated. At the present time the achievements of anyone in any part of the world can be made available and accessible to anyone else able to read and capable of understanding what is involved. From these uses of language, spoken and written, the most developed animal communication system, though given the courtesy title of language, is worlds away.9. The purchase process is initiated when a consumer becomes aware of a need. This awareness may stem from an internal source such as starvation or an external source such as TV commercials or promotions. Awareness of such a need motivates the consumer to search for information about options with which to fulfill the need. This information is available from varied sources. Once alternatives have been identified through these sources, consumers evaluate the options, paying particular attention to those attributes the consumer considers vital. To attract more regular customers, many companies continue to communicate with their customers after a purchase in an effort to influence post-purchase satisfaction and behavior.10. Here are some tips for a low-carbon life. Burning fossil fuels emits heat-trapping pollution like carbon dioxide that contributes to global warming. Cutting down on driving is environmentally friendly and helps eliminate weight problems over time without dangerous diets or surgery. Next, skip the bottled water and drink tap water. Limit your consumption of red meat because of its unhealthy saturated fat content, particularly corn-fed animals. Raising food animals contributes substantially to climate change because a meat-based diet requires more energy than a plant-based one. Finally, avoid heavily packaged foods and buy in bulk. The health benefits of going organic include no synthetic pesticides and fertilizers so you reduce your exposure to hazardous chemicals.11. There is more to school education than instruction and passing knowledge. To live up to his or her image, a teacher at an elementary or secondary school has to have positive influence on the pupils in terms of manners, attitudes and views of life. It’s no exaggeration to claim that a teacher is a parent, consultant and role model all rolled into one. When a teacher has become someone to talk to, turn toand correspond to, his role as a friend is enhanced. Accompanied by teachers who are considerate, helpful and responsible, a child is likely to be imprinted by such good qualities and eventually does the same to others.12. One of the chief concerns of wildlife management is the protection and improvement of the natural habitat so that animals have enough food and water to survive. Wildlife management involves care of the soil to produce good vegetation; it also involves care of plants, not only as a source of food, but as protection. Animals need cover to hide from their natural enemies and to raise their young safely. Just as crops are harvested, wildlife too must sometimes be “harvested”. By a llowing limited hunting, good management can control certain species that threaten to overpopulate their habitat.13. The standard educational or psychological tests are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees and military personnel. But they have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, and even in Congress. The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tools themselves but largely upon the user.14. To the average person knowledge itself is of importance because of its bearing upon what he needs to do and to make. It helps him in clarifying his wants, in constructing his ends and in finding means for realizing them. There exist, in other words, values as well as known facts and principles, and philosophy is concerned primarily with values –with the ends for the sake of which man acts. Given the most extensive and accurate system of knowledge, man is still confronted with the question of what he is going to do about it and what he is going to do with the knowledge in his possession.15. The miracle silicon chip represents a development in the technology of mankind that over the past few years has acquired the force and significance associated with the development of hand tools or the discovery of the steam engine. Just as the Industrial Revolution took over an immense range of tasks from men’s muscles and enormously expanded productivity, so the microcomputer is ra pidly assuming huge burdens of tedious work from the human brain and thereby expanding the mind’s capacities in ways that man is beginning to grasp. With the chip, remarkable achievements of memory and execution become possible in everything from farms to banks to corporate offices.26. Recent history has demonstrated the need to change our conception of the process driven forward by competition. The price variable once perceived as the dominant aspect of the competitive process is now subordinate to the competition of the new product and technology. While in a highly competitive industry investment in innovation might meet resistance from management and stockholders who might be concerned with cost-cutting and large advertising budgets, it would be a shocking error to assume that producers enjoying monopoly should favor abundant expenditures on research. Large-scale enterprises tend to operate more smoothly in stable circumstances, and their managerial bureaucracies tend to promote the status and resist the threat implied in change.17. As a branch of cognitive science, linguistics, which has direct bearing on verbal communication, has undergone systematic exploration and explicit elaboration. The combination of linguistics and psychology has shed light on how an infant acquires the mother tongue and contributed to the greatvariety of teaching approaches to a foreign language. However, a keen insight into the process of language acquisition can’t be gained until the function of each part of the brain is disclosed. The myth that the earlier an infant learns a foreign language the better the result arises from the confusion of language acquisition with language learning. Scientists have yet to reach consensus on the best age to start learning a foreign language.18. Efforts have been continually made to maintain the currency of this dictionary though annual updating.These efforts were for a time successful, at least in incorporating the newest additions to the language into the written record of that language. Eventually, however, it turned out that the flood of new terms, subtle changes in pronunciation and changes in attitudes toward numerous expressions had made a total revision of the dictionary necessary. The past two decades have witnessed an information explosion of unprecedented proportions. Rapid advances in science are bringing with them countless new terms and new applications of established terms.19. There is no question that China and India are better off for having at least part of their population in the flattening world. When societies begin to prosper, you get a virtuous cycle going: They begin to produce enough food for the people to leave the land, the excess labor gets trained and education, it begins working in services and industry; that leads to innovation and better education and institutions of higher learning, free markets, economic growth and development, better infrastructure, fewer diseases and slower population growth.20. Countries whose workers and industries are woven into a major global supply chain know that they cannot take an hour, a week, or a month off for war without disrupting industries and economies around the world and thereby risking the loss of their place in that supply chain for a long time, which could be extremely costly. For a country with no natural resources, being part of a global supply chain is like striking oil – oil that never runs out. And therefore, to get dropped from such a chain because you start a war is to have your oil wells go dry or have someone pour cement on them.21. Each year natural disasters, some of which are of unimaginable magnitude, cause heavy casualties. It’s estimated that devastating floods alone cause losses of approximately 5 billion dollars. In flood-affected regions, reconstruction usually entails expenses that reach astronomical figures. Given the gravity of the situation, many countries as well as international agencies are intensifying their efforts to make more accurate predictions and take precautions. One solution is to construct solid architectures that can survive extreme conditions in disaster-prone areas. Where misfortune never strikes once, people need to be alert to potential risks all the time.22. History has been a fascinating sphere of research since ancient times. Unlike other disciplines of science, history can never reach accuracy. The most historians can do is approximate accuracy by recording past events realistically and interpreting these events objectively. The infinite number of historical figures and incidents makes impossible the documentation of everything that has happened, so historians have to make selections from the data available and accessible before deciding on the data that are deemed necessary and relevant. The fact that explanations on a particular event and its cause vary from historian to historian makes history all the more exciting.23. Creativity is by no means something one is just born with, nor is it necessarily a characteristic of high intelligence. Creativity is the ability to use the resources available to produce original ideas that are good for something.There are numerous things parents can do to facilitate the development of creativity of infants. They can involve children in decision-making if the problem is appropriate by seeking their suggestions. It isof great importance to have children understand the consequence of various decisions. As children grow older, they are expected to decide more serious things. It does not matter if a child makes a wrong decision, for one of the most distinct features of creative people is a very strong motivation to make order out of confusion.24. Fundamental science has provided us with an increasingly detailed and accurate understanding of nature. Advances in science are based on the pre-conditions that:a)Everything, including existing knowledge, is open to critical and unprejudiced inquiry. Science isoften built on the destruction of existing patterns and is a continuously evolving process.b) Our minds, reason and our powers of observation are the tools for advancing knowledge. There are nomysteries that will resist scientific investigation.c)Science is the property of mankind and is our most precious human asset.d)All hypotheses and predictions are subject to the proof of scientific experiments. Knowledge ispower and science is the power of powers.25. Biological diversity, or biodiversity, means the variety of life on earth and includes the entire web of living organisms ranging from soil microbes, frogs, and trees to bears and blue whales. From the perspective of sustainable use, wildlife is a renewable resource that provides many benefits and socioeconomic advantages. Sustainable use is defined as "the use of components of biodiversity in a way and at a rate that does not lead to long term decline" but maintains the "potential to meet the needs and aspirations of present and future generations." Sustainable use will ensure that the numerous tangible and intangible benefits of wildlife that we enjoy today can be enjoyed by future generations26. Healthcare reform in China is a matter of life and death for the underprivileged. The advent of this reform will have significant implication for infants who are susceptible to fatal diseases, the incurably ill patients and for those who have been left untreated because the medical cost is beyond their budget. The improved availability and accessibility of effective drugs for cancer can lessen the agony of victims. More powerful vaccines and ingenious approaches to disease can send the rate of mortality plunging to a point where there is no panic any more. For the well-being of rural residents, hospitals at the grass-roots’ level should be enhanced in terms of medical facilities and personnel.27. Since the start of the Industrial Revolution, the influence of the factory on the physical and mental state of the workers has received no attention at all. Modern industry is based on the conception of maximum productivity at the minimum cost. It has expanded without any idea of the true nature of the human beings who run the machines, and without any consideration to the impacts produced on the individuals or on their children by the artificial mode of existence reinforced by the factory. Lack of space entails the construction of enormous apartment buildings where too large masses of residents are crowded together. While civilized men enjoy such a way of living, they do not realize that they have had some of their necessities of life taken away, including peace, ease and health.28. The world is a systemFor thousands of years, there have been various kinds of understandings about the world where we live. The world may be best presented, however, as a system including cosmology, geography, society, human beings, thinking mode and so on. Newton’s law of Universal Gravitation and Einstein’s Relativity has merely laid a foundation for us to grasp the essence of the system.Everything exists in a complex system consisting of macro-cosmos and micro-cosmos, and there are everlasting interactions among different systems at various levels. The best realization comes of a systematic approach.The intrinsic quality of substance is ever unvarying; it has neither increased nor reduced. What has actually been altered is merely its forms: this is the so-called the “law of conservation of matter.” Matteris bound to be manifested in diversified ways.29. Prior to the Newtonian revolution, people explained the world around them primarily in terms of a God that made specific decisions. A child would fall and break his arm, and it was an act of God. Crops failed; it was an act of God. People thought of an omnipotent God who made each and every specific event happen. Then in the 1600s people said, “No, that’s not it! What God did was to put in place a universe with certain principles, and what we need to do is figure out how those principles work. God doesn’t make all the decisions. He set in place processes and principles that would carry on.” From that point on, people began to look for basic underlying dynamics and principles of the entire system. That’s what the Newtonian revolution was all about.Similarly, the Darwinian revolution gave us a dramatic shift in thinking about biological species and natural history --- a shift in thinking that provides fruitful analogies to what we’ve seen in the visionary companies. Prior to the Darwinian revolution, people primarily presumed that God created each and every species intact and for a specific role in the natural world: Polar bears are white because God created them that way; cats purr because God created them that way; robins have red breasts because God created them that way. We humans have a great need to explain the world around us by presuming that someone or something must have had it all figured out --- something must have said, “We need robins with red breasts to fit here in the ecosystem.” But if the biologists are right, it doesn’t work that way. Instead of jumping directly to robins with red breasts (time telling), we have instead an underlying process of evolution (the genetic code, DNA, genetic variation and mutation, natural selection) which eventually produces robins with red breasts that appear to fit perfectly in the ecosystem. The beauty and functionality of the natural world springs from the success of its underlying processes and intricate mechanisms in a marvelous “ticking clock.”Likewise, we’re asking you to see the success of visionary companies --- at least in part --- as coming from underlying processes and fundamental dynamics embedded in the organization and not primarily the result of a single great idea or some great, all-knowing, godlike visionary who made great decisions, had great charisma, and led with great authority. If you’re involved in building and managing a company, we’re asking you to think less in terms of being a brilliant product visionary or seeking the personality characteristics of charismatic leadership, and to think more in terms of being an organizational visionary and building the characteristics of a visionary company.Indeed, we’re asking you to consider a shift in thinking analogous to the shift required to found the US in the 1700s. Prior to the dramatic revolutions in political thought of the 17th and 18th centuries, the prosperity of a European kingdom or country depended in large part on the quality of the king (or, in the case of England, perhaps the queen). If you had a good king, then you had a good kingdom. If the king was a great and wise leader, then the kingdom might prosper as a result.Now compare the good-king frame of reference with the approach taken at the founding of the US. The critical question at the Constitutional Convention in 1787 was not “Who should be president? Who should lead us? Who is the wisest among us? Who would be th e best king?” No, the founders of the country concentrated on such questions as “Who processes can we create that will give us good presidents long after we’re dead and gone? What type of enduring country do we want to build? On what principles? How should it operate? What guidelines and mechanisms should we construct that will give us the kind of country we envision?”Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and John Adams were not charismatic visionary leadersin the “it all depends on me” mode. No, they were org anizational visionaries. They created a constitutional to which they and all future leaders would be subservient. They focused on building a country. They rejected the good-king model. They took an architectural approach. They were clock builders!But noti ce: In the case of the US, it’s not a cold, mechanistic Newtonian or Darwinian clock. It’s a clock based on human ideals and values. It’s a clock built on human needs and aspiration. It’s a clock with a spirit.And that brings us to the second pillar of o ur findings: It’s not just building any random clock; it’s building a particular type of clock. Although the shapes, sizes, mechanisms, styles, ages, and other attributes of the ticking clocks vary across visionary companies, we found that they share an underlying set of fundamental characteristics.30. 2006：Prose of its very nature is longer than verse, and the virtues peculiar to it manifest themselves gradually. If the cardinal virtue of poetry is love, the cardinal virtue is justice; and, whereas love makes you act and speak on the spur of the moment, justice needs inquiry, patience, and a control even of the noblest passions. By justice here I do mean justice only to particular people or idea, but a habit of justice in all the processes of thought, a style tranquilized and a form moulded by that habit. The master of prose is not cold, but he will not le t any word or image inflame him with a heat irrelevant to his purpose. Unhasting, unresting, he pursues it, subduing all the riches of his mind to it, rejecting all beauties that are not germane to it; making his own beauty out of the very accomplishment of it, out of the whole work and its proportions, so that you must read to the end before you know that it is beautiful. But he has his reward, for he is trusted and convinces, as those who are at the mercy of their own eloquence do not; and he gives a pleasure all the greater for being hardly noticed. In the best prose, whether narrative or argument, we are so led on as we read, that we do not stop to applaud the writer, nor do we stop to question him.31. 2005：During the dread reign of the Cholera in New York, I had accepted the invitation of a relative to spend a fortnight with him in the retirement of his cottage on the banks of the Hudson. He had here around us all the ordinary means of summer amusement; and what with rambling in the woods, sketching, boating, fishing, bathing, music, and books, we should have passed the time pleasantly enough, but for the fearful intelligence which reached us every morning from the populous city. Not a day elapsed which did not bring us news of the decease of some acquaintance. Then, as the fatality increased, we learned to expect daily the loss of some friend. At length we trembled at the approach of every messenger. The very air from the South seemed to us redolent with death. That pulsating thought, indeed, took entire possession of my soul. I could neither speak, think, nor dream of anything else. My host, was of a less excitable temperament, and although greatly depressed in spirits, exerted himself to sustain my own. His richly philosophical intellect was not at any time affected by unrealities. To the substances of terror he was sufficiently alive, but of its shadows he had no apprehension.32. 2004:Alive, Miss Emily had been a tradition, a duty, and a care; a sort of hereditary obligation upon the town, dating from that day in 1894 when Colonel Sartoris, the mayor --- he who fathered the edict that no Negro woman should appear on the street without an apron --- remitted her taxes,the dispensation dating from the death of her father on into perpetuity. Not that Miss Emily would have accepted charity. Colonel Sartoris invented an involved tale to the effect that Miss Emily’s father had loaned money to the town, which the town, as a matter of business, preferred this way of repaying. Only a man of Colonel Sartoris’ generation and thought could have invented it, and only a woman could have believed it.When the next generation, with its more modern ideas, became mayors and aldermen, this arrangement created some little dissatisfaction. On the first of the year they mailed her a tax notice. February came, and there was no reply. They wrote her a formal litter, asking her to call at the sheriff’s office at her convenience. A week later the mayor wrote her himself, offering to call or to send his car for her, and received in reply a note on paper of an archaic shape, in a thin, flowing calligraphy in faded ink, to the effect that she no longer went out at all. The tax notice was also enclosed, without comment.33. 2003Look ahead twenty or thirty years. Does anyone expect the next twenty years to be less tumultuous than the last twenty years? Given the changes expected in technology, biology, medicine, social values, demography, the environment, and international relations, what kind of world might humanity face? No one can say for sure, but one thing is reasonably certain: Continuing challenges will tax our collective abilities to deal with them. Failure to rethink our enterprises will leave us little relief from our current predicaments: rising turbulence causing rising stress; increasing disconnection and internal competitiveness; people working harder, rather than learning how to work smarter; and increasingly intractable problems beyond the reach of any individual or organization. If you are an organizational leader, someone at any level concerned deeply about these challenges, then you face a daunting task. In effect, you are engaged in a great venture of exploration, risk, discovery, and change, without any comprehensive maps for guidance.Actually, for most of human history, intrepid explorers have set out on their journeys of discovery without comprehensive maps. The “rutters”（海图）of the European Renaissance, for example, were hand-drawn charts describing specific routes along byway and coastlines, often derived from the hasty notes of previous travelers. No one expected them to provide more than rough guidance. Sea and land alike were turbulent, ever-changing environment. Currents and wind patterns shifted. Vegetation evident in August might be gone the following March. Storms altered the contours of the sandbars and shoals. （浅滩）。

外文文献翻译抢答器中文英文

一课题国内外现状抢答器是一种广泛应用于企事业单位和商业部门,为各种知识竟赛、文娱活动提供公正客观快速裁决的一种常用电子设备,也是一种逐渐成型的电子产品。

目前市场上已有各种各样的智力竞赛抢答器,但绝大多数是早期设计的,以模拟电路、数字电路或者模拟电路与数字电路相结合的产品。

这部分抢答器已相当成熟,但功能越多的电路相对来说就越复杂,且成本偏高,故障高,显示方式简单(有的甚至没有显示电路) ,无法判断提前抢按按钮的行为,不便于电路升级换代。

因此，提高抢答器的性能,使其具有更强的功能，使用可靠方便已为抢答器发展的一个方向。

随着集成技术和计算机技术的发展,单片机作为其一个分支亦于20世纪80年代以来获得了飞速发展,各种新品不断涌现,使单片机的应用更加深入,灵活性也大大增强。

介绍一种以MCS—51单片机为核心的八路抢答器系统,它充分利用了单片机系统的优点,具有结构简单、功能强大、可靠性好、实用性强的特点。

二研究主要成果抢答器由单片机以及外围电路组成，由于采用单片机，使得外围电路非常简单，但是功能并不比一般的抢答器少。

功能描述如下：1、涵盖抢答题、抢答限时、选手答题计时及犯规组号抢答器具有抢答自锁，灯光指示、暂停复位、电子音乐报声、自动定时等功能2、工作模式：自动/手控任意切换。

3、时间设定范围：①答题时间0-95秒或0-995秒可调，二种型号任选。

②抢答规定时限0-30秒可调。

③具备计时临时暂停，再启动功能。

4、面板上设有组号与计时窗口，显示清晰，同步显示，互不干扰。

外接输出口可配套大屏幕抢答组号与计时显示屏！打开电源开关，电源指示灯亮，组别显示器应显0，否则请按一下复位键。

5、集抢答器、记分器、数显倒计时器于一机6、积木式结构，1—8组任意连接。

7、计算机式小键盘完成所有功能设定及各种操作。

8、基本分、每组次加减分及数显倒计时时间可任意设定。

9、可设定抢答、答题两种倒计时时间。

10、准确分辨偷答功能。

11、具抢答、偷答两种声音提示。

Self-determinationtheory（SDT）：自我决定理论（SDT）

Self-determination theory (SDT)= grand theory of human motivation and optimal functioning.= assumption that humans are inherently active organisms.= vision of general positive movement (focus on strength and development of individuals)This article: the ‘why’ and ‘what’ of behavior and the concept of ‘basic psychological need satisfaction’1.Meta – theoretical assumptionsSDT – starting point: organismic dialectic meta-theory (< basic psychological need satisfaction)Bright Side- individuals are growth-oriented organisms who actively interact with their environment- individuals strive towards an authentic sense of self (self – actualization)- individuals strive towards an interconnection with other people(integration in the larger social environment)Dark SideGrowth – oriented nature of individuals requires fundamental nutrients to overcomepassiveness and counter – productivity>> provided or not provided by social context.Practical implicationIndividuals can best be motivated by supporting their developing potential>> Optimal performance = when inherent tendency is cherished and encouraged) Comparison with McGregor (builds on Maslow’s lower needs)Theory X: people are passive entities which need coercion and top – down control for optimal performanceTheory Y: under the right conditions (=provision of self – direction), people want to develop their skills, seek responsibility and take initiative2.The Why Of Behavior= “Intrinsic motivation and the different types of extrinsic motivation all concern particular reasons for engaging in activities or behavioral regulations.”= “reasons for acting”The Interplay between intrinsic and extrinsic motivationIntrinsic motivation: engagement in an activity for its own sake, that is, for the satisfaction and enjoyment ‘experienced during the course of the activity itself.Extrinsic motivation: the engagement in an activity to obtain an outcome that is separable from the activity.Additive view:total motivation = intrinsic motivation + extrinsic motivationi.e. providing monetary rewards for doing an inherently interesting task would increase individuals’ total amount of motivation. If the reward would be removed, the person’s motivation is expected to decrease tot the pre – rewarded baseline.Deci (1971):External contingencies such as monetary rewards, threats and deadlines undermine intrinsic motivation, whereas verbal rewards (i.e. positive feedback) enhanced one’s intrinsic motivation.Moderators:- interpersonal context: way of administering these external contingencies determines effect on motivation (i.e. was the feedback given in a supportive or controlling way)- intrinsic motivation is only undermined if the tangible1 rewards are expected and made contingent upon task engagement, task completion or performance.Moderator differences are explained by the meaning attributed to external contingenciesLABORATORY STUDIESExternal contingencies:- informational function >> enhances internal motivation- Verbal Rewards- Unexpected tangible rewards- feedback- controlling function >> enhances external motivation- Expected tangible rewardsOCCUPATIONAL HEALTH CONTEXTNegative effects of incentives on intrinsic motivation are shown to hold for qualitative, butnotfor quantitative aspects of performance andfor complex interesting tasks which involve intrinsic motivation butnot for simple, boring tasks which excite little inherent enjoyment.1 TastbaarQualitative different types of extrinsic motivationMost motivational theories: quantitative point of view(amount of motivation is a crucial predictor for optimal functioning)Self – determination Theory: quantitative and qualitative point of view(extrinsic motivation can also vary in the degree to which individuals haveinternalized and integrated the reason for behavioral engagement)4 types of extrinsic motivation (ranging from low to full personal endorsement2)-External Regulation (external perceived locus of causality >controlled): the reason for conducting behavior is situated external to the individual.Pressuring aspects are material (i.e.bonus) as well as social (i.e. recognition supervisor).-Introjection Regulation (external perceived locus of causality >controlled): behavior is guided by internally pressuring reasons.By internally administering rewards and punishments, individuals try to attain pride and to avoid guilt or shame.-Identified Regulation (internal perceived locus of causality>autonomous): individuals perceive behavior as their own because they identify with the reason for the activity. Thegoal of the behavior is personally endorsed and considered important.-Integrated Regulation (internal perceived locus of causality>autonomous): completion of internalization. Individuals engage in an activity because this activity fits one’s broader set of values and beliefs.According to SDT, adopting an autonomous versus controlled regulation style yields positive effectsin terms of higher well-being and better performance. Autonomous versus controlled regulation might also be seen as a personal resource that helps one to shape the environment.The differentiation between these qualitative types of motivation is considered useful to understand why employees could be qualitatively motivated for both intrinsically and extrinsically motivation tasks.Practical implication: individuals can best be extrinsically motivated by stimulating their autonomous instead of their controlled motivation. This can be achieved through emphasizing the personal importance and significance of tasks, such that employees will begin to identify with these tasks and might integrate them3.The What Of Behavior= “the content of goal striving”Goal Setting Theory: individuals will best be motivated if they pursue specific rather than general goals, goals of optimal difficulty, and self-set rather than other – imposed goals.2 BekrachtigingSDT: individuals will best be motivated if they strive towards optimally challenging goals and when they are autonomously instead of controlled motivated to obtain a particular goal.-Pursuit of Intrinsic Goals (inward orientation) such as contributing to the community, affiliation, and self –development…>> likely to yield3 more adaptive outcomes>> long – lasting sense of psychological well being-Pursuit of Extrinsic Goals (outward orientation) such as accumulating wealth, acquiring fame and pursuing attractive physical looks>> detract individuals from their inherent growth orientation>> short – lived satisfaction, hedonic feelings of happiness and contentment quicklydisappear, such that again extrinsic goals need to be setThe pursuit of extrinsic goals at the expense of intrinsic goals is therefore hypothesized to be detrimental for employees’ well-being and performance.Thus, goal content has implications for employees’ well-being and job experiences as well as for unemployed individuals.MODERATORS-Differences in attainability4 and attainment5 of types of goals-Person – environment fit: the degree to which one’s personal goals match with the values that are promoted in the context is also be assumed to moderate the impact of extrinsicversus intrinsic goals pursuit.In sum, from a SDT –perspective, the content of employees’ goals matters and the pursuit of intrinsic goals had been shown to be more strongly associated with optimal functioning than the pursuit of extrinsic goals4.Basic Psychological NeedsNeeds:-Maslow (inborn needs for self-actualization and social recognition)-Murray (needs for achievement, power and affiliation)-Cognitive psychology (internal mental processes such as expectations, self-efficacy or attributions rather than needs or desires as the key variables to understand individuals’motivation)-3 Opbrengen, opleveren4 Bereikbaarheid5 Het bereiken van-SDT (both individual’s regulatory style and goal directed behavior cannot be understood completely without addressing the process that energizes and directs behavior // thisprocess = satisfaction of the basic psychological needs)Basic Needs in SDT:-‘Those nutrients that must be procured by a living entity to maintain its growth, integrity and health’ // Crucial for one’s optimal functioning-ABC – Needso Need for Autonomy: inherent desire to act witch a sense of choice and volition6, that is, to be the author of one’s actions and to feel psychological freeo Need for Belongingness: inherent propensity to feel connected to others, that is, to be a member of a group, to love and care and be loved and cared for (i.e. socialsupport, relatedness, attachment theory)o Need for Competence: desire to feel capable to master the environment and to bring about desired outcomes (i.e. self – efficacy (Bandura)), that is, to explore andactively seek out challenges in which one can extend one’s psychical andpsychological skills.-Construct of needs:o McClelland: focus on need strength>>there are interpersonal differences in the value attached to different needs (thisdue to personal socializing processes during personal development)o SDT: focus on need satisfaction>> needs are postulated to be primary, innate propensities // not the degree towhich individuals express a particular need, but the degree to which one is able tosatisfy each of one’s basic psychological needs is considered important // In contrastwith Maslow, SDT does not assume any hierarchical relationship between the 3composed basic needs.-Positive versus negative consequences of the satisfaction versus frustration of the basic psychological needs.o Within occupational health context: research results are in line with the claim that satisfaction of these needs yield universal positive associationso Positive relationship between need satisfaction and employees’ optimal functioning-Need for competence and need for autonomy as explanation for the differential effects of external contingencies(such as monetary and verbal rewards)on intrinsic motivation o Informational function of rewards: relates to individuals’ competenceo Controlling function of rewards: relates to individuals’ need for autonomy6 Wil-Satisfaction of the need for belongingness may facilitate internalization of social norms and values to the degree of introjection. The transition from external regulation to introjection,however, also requires some understanding of the meaning of the behavior and feelings ofcompetence to engage in the activity. Satisfaction of the need for competence thus alsorepresents a necessary condition for introjection to occur.True internalization in terms ofidentification and integration requires support for the need for autonomy.-Satisfaction of the needs for competence and relatedness rela tes positively to employees’ autonomous versus controlled work regulation, which in turn predicts well-being, willingness to follow job training and reduced turnover.-Intrinsic goals comprise the pursuit of affiliation and personal development, which are likely to go along with the satisfaction of the needs for belongingness and competence respectively.As intrinsic goals align with the inherent tendency for personal development and affiliation,they are furthermore likely to be executed volitionally and hence satisfy the need forautonomy-Extrinsic goals for status, wealth and power, in contrast, are more likely to be associated with interpersonal comparison and competition, which are likely to forestall the needs forautonomy, belongingness and competenceanizational Factors Stimulating MotivationSupportive work contexts are beneficial for employees’ optimal functioningJob design and leadership style from a SDT – perspective:Job (re)design (structural aspect)Also: ERI (Siegrist), JD-C (Karasek), JC-R >> little attention to the processes (SDT) underlying the relationship between job characteristics and employees’ well – being-Autonomous (versus controlled) job regulation: positive relation with task significance, feedback and skill variety to employees’ work satisfaction and negative relation withemotional exhaustion-Basic need satisfaction: meaningfulness, autonomy, impact and competence played an explanatory role in the association between stimulating job characteristics such as tasksignificance and feedback, and intrinsic motivation.Leadership Styles (social/inter-personal aspect)Supervisors can stimulate employees by adopting an autonomy-supportive supervisory style which comprises a. the acknowledgement of subordinates’ feelings b. the offer of choices and c. the provision of rationales for requestsAutonomous leadership style>> increase in subordinates’ satisfaction with supervisors, job design, pay, benefits and enhances their trust in the organization><controlling leadership style>>direct employees’ behavior and intrude upon the ir thoughts and feeling. Manipulation of psychological functioning. This style decreases subordinates’ motivation.explained by need satisfaction: stimulate autonomy and competence satisfaction vs. thwarting subordinates’ needs6.ConclusionSDT and its applicability to the context of occupational health psychology.SDT considers need satisfaction as the underlying process of optimal functioningSDT is a coherent grand theory of motivation and serves a general framework for the study and practice of employees’ optimal functioning.SDT: assumption that individuals are endowed with a natural tendency to grow and develop (INTRINSICALLY MOTIVATED). This behavioral inclination manifests itself in individuals’ behavioral regulation (WHY) and the type of goals they pursue (WHAT). This tendency is thwarted by the provision of external contingencies (EXCEPT IDENTIFIED AND INTEGRATED EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION). Thereby, SDT pledges to move from more controlled to more autonomous types of behavioral regulation. Internalization of reasons for performing fosters optimal functioning and well - being. Individuals’ natural growth orientation must, however, be nurtured for individual to flourish and to actualize their potential.o The social context must satisfy the inherent basic psychological needs for autonomy, belongingness and competence.o This can be achieved through autonomy supportive leadership and stimulating job design。

工作满意度和工作保障哪个重要英语作文

impact an employee's professional life are job satisfaction and job security. These concepts, although intertwined, often present a trade-off in the minds of workers and employers alike. This essay aims to delve into the depths of these factors, examining their relative importance and how they contribute to overall well-being and productivity in the workplace.Job satisfaction is a subjective feeling of contentment derived from one’s job. It encompasses various aspects such as fulfilling work tasks, congenial work environment, recognition for achievements, growth opportunities, fair compensation, and a sense of purpose. Research has consistently shown that high job satisfaction leads to increased motivation, better mental health, higher retention rates, and improved organizational performance. For instance, when employees feel valued and engaged in meaningful work, they tend to be more productive and committed, thus enhancing the overall efficiency and success of the organization.On the other hand, job security refers to the level of certainty or predictability an employee feels about the continuity of their employment. In times of economic volatility, job security becomes a paramount concern as it provides stability and peace of mind. Financial security, ability to plan for the future, maintaining social status, and psychological well-being are some benefits associated with job security. Moreover, the fear of losing a job can lead to stress and anxiety which, if prolonged, can have detrimental effects on health and productivity. Thus, having a secure job can enhance loyalty and commitment to the employer, contributing to a stable workforce and business continuity.However, the interplay between job satisfaction and job security isn't always harmonious. In certain scenarios, a highly secure but monotonous or unfulfilling job may breed complacency and disengagement. Conversely, a job that offers immense satisfaction yet lacks stability might induce stress due to the uncertainty it brings.job security allows for financial planning and reduces stress levels, job satisfaction plays a pivotal role in personal growth and emotional well-being.A balance between these two is optimal – where individuals have a stable career path that also stimulates their passion and creativity.Employers, too, need to strike this balance. While providing job security helps maintain a loyal and skilled workforce, fostering job satisfaction through initiatives like career development programs, competitive remuneration, and positive work culture can lead to increased innovation, reduced absenteeism, and enhanced reputation as an employer of choice.In conclusion, both job satisfaction and job security are vital components of a healthy and productive work environment. They are not mutually exclusive but rather complementary aspects that should be simultaneously nurtured by employers for sustainable organizational growth. An employee who feels secure in their position while being deeply satisfied with their work will likely be more dedicated, efficient, and loyal. Therefore, instead of pitting job satisfaction against job security, the focus should shift towards integrating them seamlessly to create a working environment where everyone thrives.In the broader scheme of things, each individual's priorities may differ based on their life stage, personal circumstances, and career goals. However, organizations that can offer a blend of both job satisfaction and job security stand to gain the most in terms of employee engagement, retention, and overall organizational success.This multi-faceted analysis underscores that neither job satisfaction nor job security should be considered superior; rather, they are equally significant pillars supporting the edifice of a successful and fulfilling professional life.(Word Count: 530 words)---Note: The above response exceeds the character limit and would likely exceed 1272 words when fully expanded upon each point. However, this condensed versionessay. Each paragraph can be elaborated further with examples, research findings, and practical implications to meet your required word count.。

弹簧圈数的英文

弹簧圈数的英文The Coils of a SpringThe intricate design and function of a spring have long captivated the minds of engineers and scientists alike. At the heart of this remarkable mechanical component lies the delicate interplay of coils, each one meticulously crafted to work in harmony with the others. As we delve into the world of springs, we shall explore the significance of the number of coils and how it shapes the performance and versatility of these ubiquitous devices.The number of coils in a spring is a crucial factor that determines its overall behavior and characteristics. This parameter, often referred to as the "coil count," is a testament to the engineering prowess that goes into the creation of these remarkable components. Each coil serves a specific purpose, contributing to the spring's ability to store and release energy, withstand loads, and respond to various external forces.One of the primary functions of a spring is to store and release energy. The number of coils directly influences the spring's capacity to store energy. As the number of coils increases, the spring's abilityto store energy also grows, allowing it to accommodate larger loads and deliver more powerful responses. This relationship is particularly evident in compression springs, where the coils compress and expand to absorb and release energy, respectively.In addition to energy storage, the coil count also affects the spring's stiffness, or its resistance to deformation. A spring with a higher number of coils tends to have a lower stiffness, as the coils can move more freely in relation to one another. Conversely, a spring with fewer coils will exhibit a higher stiffness, as the coils are more tightly packed and resistant to displacement. This principle is crucial in applications where precise control over the spring's stiffness is required, such as in suspension systems or precision mechanisms.The number of coils also plays a role in the spring's fatigue life, or its ability to withstand repeated cycles of loading and unloading. A spring with a higher coil count typically has a longer fatigue life, as the individual coils can share the load more evenly, reducing the stress on any one coil. This is particularly important in applications where the spring is subjected to frequent or high-intensity use, such as in automotive or industrial equipment.Furthermore, the coil count can influence the spring's overall size and weight. A spring with fewer coils will generally be more compact and lighter in weight, making it suitable for applications where spaceand weight constraints are critical, such as in electronics or aerospace engineering. Conversely, a spring with a higher coil count may be larger and heavier, but it can offer greater load-bearing capacity and energy storage capabilities.The versatility of springs is further enhanced by the ability to tailor the coil count to specific applications. By adjusting the number of coils, engineers can fine-tune the spring's performance to meet the unique demands of a particular system or device. This customization allows for optimized solutions that maximize efficiency, reliability, and overall system performance.In conclusion, the number of coils in a spring is a critical design parameter that significantly influences the spring's behavior and capabilities. From energy storage and stiffness control to fatigue life and size considerations, the coil count is a testament to the engineering ingenuity that goes into the creation of these ubiquitous mechanical components. As we continue to push the boundaries of technology, the understanding and optimization of spring coil count will undoubtedly play a pivotal role in shaping the future of engineering and design.。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-中央美术学院考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号：65

2022年考研考博-考博英语-中央美术学院考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题There has been a collision （）a number of cars on the main road to town.问题1选项posingB.consistingC.involvingD.engaging【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。

compose“组成，构成”；consist“由…组成”；involve“包含，涉及”；engage“雇佣，参加”。

句意：在通往小镇的主路上发生了一起碰撞，涉及到许多小轿车。

C项符合题意。

2.单选题If you put too many potatoes in that paper bag it will（）.问题1选项A.explodeB.crackC.overcrowdD.burst 【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。

A选项explod e“爆炸”；B选项crack“破裂”；C选项overcrowd“过度拥挤”；D选项burst“涨破，撑破”。

根据句意“如果你在纸袋里放太多土豆，它会胀破的。

”选项D符合句意。

3.单选题The newspaper did not mention the（） of the damage caused by the fire.问题1选项A.rangeB.levelC.extentD.quantity【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。

range“范围”；level“水平，标准，常强调变化的差异性和职权等的范围”；extent“程度，范围，长度”；quantity“数量”。

句意：这家报纸没有提到由于火灾所造成的损害程度。

C项符合题意。

4.单选题Electrical resistance is a common property of all materials,（） .问题1选项A.differs only in degreeB.only in degree it differsC.it only differs in degreeD.differing only in degree【答案】D【解析】考查分词结构。

山东大学高起专英语3(三套全)

英语三I。

Vocabulary and StructureThere are 30 incomplete sentences in this part。

For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A，B, C，and D. Choose the One answer that best completes the sentence。

1. Do you want to come for a B on my motorbike？A。

run B。

ride C。

drive D. walk2。

The repairs to my car C me a lot of money。

A。

worth B。

prize C. cost D. spend3. ____A_____ there is no opposition，I will act as representative of our class。

A. provided (that）B. supposed (that）C. opposed （that)D. proved (that）4. She _____D____ （up ) her forehead in disgust。

A. looked B。

pushed C. pulled D. wrinkled5。

Something has to be done D the recent rise in unemployment.A. to counter B。

to count C. to account D。

to encounter6. The party leader is an extreme left—winger，but his deputy is more B in his views。

A。

modest B。

moderate C。

monitor D。

modern7。

mpc5674f 单片机参考手册说明书

MPC5674F MicrocontrollerReference ManualDevices Supported:MPC5674FMPC5673FMPC5674FRMRev. 7Feb 2015This page is intentionally left blank.MPC5674F Microcontroller Reference Manual, Rev. 7ii Freescale SemiconductorTable of ContentsChapter1Device Overview1.1Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-11.1.1MPC5500 and MPC5600 Family Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1 1.2Block Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-41.2.1Critical Performance Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-41.2.2Low-Power Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-51.2.3Packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-51.2.4Chip-Level Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-51.2.5Memory Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-61.2.6Module Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-91.2.6.1 High-Performance e200z7 Core Processor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-91.2.6.2 Crossbar Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-101.2.6.3 Enhanced Direct Memory Access Controller (eDMA2) . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-101.2.6.4 Interrupt Controller (INTC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-111.2.6.5 Frequency-Modulated PLL (FMPLL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-121.2.6.6 External Bus Interface (EBI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-121.2.6.7 System Integration Unit (SIU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-131.2.6.8 Error Correction Status Module (ECSM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-141.2.6.9 On-Chip Flash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-141.2.6.10 General-Purpose Static RAM (SRAM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-151.2.6.11 Boot Assist Module (BAM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-151.2.6.12 Enhanced Modular Input Output System (eMIOS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-151.2.6.13 Enhanced Timing Processor Unit (eTPU2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-161.2.6.14 Enhanced Queued Analog to Digital Converter (eQADC) . . . . . . . . 1-171.2.6.15 Deserial Serial Peripheral Interface Module (DSPI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-181.2.6.16 Enhanced Serial Communication Interface Module (eSCI) . . . . . . . 1-191.2.6.17 FlexCAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-201.2.6.18 Dual-Channel FlexRay Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-211.2.6.19 Nexus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-221.2.6.20 System Timer Module (STM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-231.2.6.21 Software Watchdog Timer (SWT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-231.2.6.22 Periodic Interrupt Timer (PIT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-241.2.6.23 JTAG Controller (JTAGC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-241.2.6.24 Power Management Controller (PMC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-25 1.3Developer Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-25Chapter2Signal Descriptions2.1Pin Function Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1MPC5674F Microcontroller Reference Manual Rev. 7Freescale Semiconductor Table of Contents-i2.1.1Pad Configuration Register (PCR) PA Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12.1.2LVDS Signal Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1 2.2External Signal Descriptions, Pin Multiplexing, and Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3 2.3Detailed Signal Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-552.3.1eTPU Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-552.3.2IRQ and GPIO Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-562.3.3eMIOS Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-572.3.4eQADC Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-582.3.5FlexRay Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-592.3.6FlexCAN Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-592.3.7eSCI Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-602.3.8DSPI Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-602.3.9EBI Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-622.3.10Reset and Clock Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-642.3.11JTAG and Nexus Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-642.3.12PMC and Power/Voltage Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-66Chapter3Resets3.1Reset Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1 3.2Reset Vector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2 3.3Reset Pins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-23.3.1RESET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-23.3.2RSTOUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3 3.4FMPLL Lock Gating Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3 3.5Reset Source Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-33.5.1Power-on Reset (POR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-63.5.2External Reset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-63.5.3Loss of Lock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-63.5.4Loss of Clock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-73.5.5Core Watchdog Timer/Debug Reset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-73.5.6JTAG Reset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-73.5.7Software System Reset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-83.5.8Software External Reset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8 3.6Reset Registers in the SIU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8 3.7Reset Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-93.7.1Reset Configuration Half Word (RCHW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-93.7.1.1 RCHW Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-93.7.1.2 RCHW Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-93.7.2Reset Configuration Timing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-113.7.3Reset Weak Pull Up/Down Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-11MPC5674F Microcontroller Reference Manual Rev. 7Table of Contents-ii Freescale SemiconductorChapter4Power Management Controller (PMC)4.1Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-14.1.1Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-14.1.1.1 Features of the Analog Portion of PMC_SMPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-24.1.1.2 Features of the Digital Portion of PMC_SMPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-24.1.2Block Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-34.1.3PMC Operation Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3 4.2External Signals Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-44.2.1Signals Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4 4.3Signals Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-44.3.1VDDREG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-44.3.2VDD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-54.3.3VDDSYN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-54.3.4VSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-54.3.5REGCTL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-54.3.6REGSEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-54.3.7VDD33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5 4.4Memory Map/Register Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-64.4.1Configuration Register (PMC_MCR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-64.4.2Trimming Register (PMC_TRIMR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-84.4.3Status Register (PMC_SR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12 4.5Functional Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-144.5.1PMC Internal 1.2V Voltage Regulator Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-154.5.2PMC Bandgap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-164.5.3VDDREG LVD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-164.5.4 3.3V Internal Voltage Regulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-164.5.5 3.3V VDDSYN LVD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-174.5.6 1.2V Voltage Regulator Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-184.5.7 1.2V VDD LVD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-194.5.8Trimming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-204.5.9Interrupts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-204.5.10PMC Power-on Reset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-204.5.11ADC Test Mux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-22 4.6Initialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-23 4.7Application Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-234.7.1Regulator Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-234.7.2Hardware Design Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-24Chapter5Frequency Modulated Phase-Locked Loop (FMPLL)5.1Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-15.1.1Block Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-25.1.2Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2MPC5674F Microcontroller Reference Manual Rev. 7Freescale Semiconductor Table of Contents-iii5.1.3Modes of Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3 5.2External Signal Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3 5.3Memory Map and Registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-35.3.1Module Memory Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-35.3.2Register Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-45.3.2.1 FMPLL Synthesizer Status Register (SYNSR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-45.3.2.2 FMPLL Enhanced Synthesizer Control Register 1 (ESYNCR1) . . . . . . 5-65.3.2.3 FMPLL Enhanced Synthesizer Control Register 2 (ESYNCR2) . . . . . . 5-85.3.2.4 FMPLL Synthesizer FM Control Register(SYNFMCR) . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-11 5.4Functional Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-135.4.1General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-135.4.2PLL Off Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-135.4.3Normal Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-135.4.3.1 PLL Lock Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-145.4.3.2 Loss-of-Clock Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-155.4.3.3 PLL Normal Mode Without FM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-165.4.3.4 PLL Normal Mode With Frequency Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-18 5.5Resets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-215.5.1Clock Mode Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-215.5.1.1 Power-On Reset (POR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-215.5.1.2 External Reset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-215.5.2PLL Loss-of-Lock Reset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-225.5.3PLL Loss-of-Clock Reset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-22 5.6Interrupts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-225.6.1Loss-of-Lock Interrupt Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-225.6.2Loss-of-Clock Interrupt Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-22Chapter6System Integration Unit (SIU)6.1Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-16.1.1Block Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-26.1.2Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-36.1.3Modes of Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3 6.2External Signal Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-46.2.1Detailed Signal Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-46.2.1.1 Reset Input (RESET) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-46.2.1.2 Reset Output (RSTOUT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-56.2.1.3 General-Purpose I/O (GPIO n) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-56.2.1.4 Boot Configuration (BOOTCFG[0:1]) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-56.2.1.5 I/O Weak Pullup Reset Configuration (WKPCFG) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-66.2.1.6 External Interrupt Request Input (IRQ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6 6.3Memory Map and Register Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-76.3.1Register Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-106.3.1.1 MCU ID Register (SIU_MIDR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-106.3.1.2 Reset Status Register (SIU_RSR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-11MPC5674F Microcontroller Reference Manual Rev. 7Table of Contents-iv Freescale Semiconductor6.3.1.3 System Reset Control Register (SIU_SRCR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-156.3.1.4 External Interrupt Status Register (SIU_EISR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-156.3.1.5 DMA/Interrupt Request Enable Register (SIU_DIRER) . . . . . . . . . . . 6-166.3.1.6 DMA/Interrupt Request Select Register (SIU_DIRSR) . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-176.3.1.7 Overrun Status Register (SIU_OSR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-186.3.1.8 Overrun Request Enable Register (SIU_ORER) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-196.3.1.9 IRQ Rising-Edge Event Enable Register (SIU_IREER) . . . . . . . . . . . 6-206.3.1.10 IRQ Falling-Edge Event Enable Register (SIU_IFEER) . . . . . . . . . . 6-216.3.1.11 IRQ Digital Filter Register (SIU_IDFR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-226.3.1.12 IRQ Filtered Input Register (SIU_IFIR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-226.3.1.13 Pad Configuration Registers (SIU_PCR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-246.3.1.14 GPIO Pin Data Output Registers 0–512 (SIU_GPDO n) . . . . . . . . . . 6-406.3.1.15 GPIO Pin Data Input Registers 0–255 (SIU_GPDI n) . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-406.3.1.16 External IRQ Input Select Register (SIU_EIISR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-416.3.1.17 DSPI Input Select Register (SIU_DISR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-436.3.1.18 eQADC Command FIFO Trigger Source Select - IMUX Select Registers(SIU_ISEL[4-7]) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-466.3.1.19 eTPU Input Select Register (SIU_ISEL 8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-606.3.1.20 eQADC Advance Trigger Selection (SIU_ISEL9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-616.3.1.21 Decimation Filter Register 1 (SIU_DECFIL1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-626.3.1.22 Decimation Filter Register 2 (SIU_DECFIL2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-646.3.1.23 Chip Configuration Register (SIU_CCR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-656.3.1.24 External Clock Control Register (SIU_ECCR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-666.3.1.25 Compare B Register High (SIU_CBRH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-686.3.1.26 Compare B Register Low (SIU_CBRL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-686.3.1.27 System Clock Register (SIU_SYSDIV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-696.3.1.28 Halt Register (SIU_HLT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-696.3.1.29 Halt Acknowledge Register (SIU_HLTACK) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-716.3.1.30 Parallel GPIO Pin Data Output Register (SIU_PGPDO0 - SIU_PGPDO15)6-736.3.1.31 Parallel GPIO Pin Data Input Register (SIU_PGPDI0 - SIU_PGPDI15) 6-746.3.1.32 Masked Parallel GPIO Pin Data Output Register (SIU_MPGPDO0 -SIU_MPGPDO31) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-746.3.1.33 SIU DSPI Serialization Registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-756.3.1.34 Serialized Output Signal Selection Registers for DSPI_D . . . . . . . . 6-836.3.1.35 GPIO Pin Data Input Registers (SIU_GPDI0_3 - SIU_GPDI508_511) -Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-85 6.4Functional Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-866.4.1Pad Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-866.4.2Reset Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-876.4.2.1 Reset Boot Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-876.4.2.2 RESET Pin Glitch Detect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-876.4.3External Interrupts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-876.4.4GPIO Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-90MPC5674F Microcontroller Reference Manual Rev. 7Freescale Semiconductor Table of Contents-v6.4.5.1 eQADC External Trigger Input Multiplexing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-916.4.5.2 SIU External Interrupt Input Multiplexing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-926.4.5.3 Multiplexed Inputs for DSPI Multiple Transfer Operation . . . . . . . . . . 6-92Chapter7System Information Module7.1SIM Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-17.1.1SIM Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1Chapter8Boot Assist Module (BAM)8.1Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1 8.2Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1 8.3Modes of Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-18.3.1Normal Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-18.3.2Debug Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-28.3.3Internal Boot Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-28.3.4Serial Boot Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-28.3.5Development Bus Boot Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2 8.4Memory Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2 8.5Functional Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-38.5.1BAM Program Flow Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-38.5.2BAM Program Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-48.5.3Reset Configuration Half Word (RCHW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-68.5.3.1 Application Start Address Register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-88.5.4Internal Boot Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-88.5.5Serial Boot Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-88.5.5.1 CAN Controller Configuration in the Fixed Baud Rate Mode . . . . . . . 8-108.5.5.2 SCI Controller Configuration in Fixed Baud Rate Mode . . . . . . . . . . . 8-118.5.5.3 Serial Boot Mode Download Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-118.5.5.4 Download Protocol Execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-128.5.5.5 Baud Rate Detection Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-148.5.5.6 CAN Baud Rate Detection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-148.5.6Booting from the Development Bus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-168.5.6.1 EBI Configuration for Separate Address and Data Development Bus BootMode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-168.5.6.2 EBI Configuration for multiplexed Address and Data Development BusBoot Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-178.5.7Enabling Debug of a Censored Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17Chapter9Interrupts and Interrupt Controller (INTC)9.1Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1MPC5674F Microcontroller Reference Manual Rev. 7Table of Contents-vi Freescale Semiconductor9.1.2Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-29.1.3Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-49.1.4Modes of Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-59.1.4.1 Software Vector Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-59.1.4.2 Hardware Vector Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-6 9.2External Signal Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-7 9.3Memory Map and Register Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-79.3.1Register Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-99.3.1.1 INTC Module Configuration Register (INTC_MCR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-99.3.1.2 INTC Current Priority Register (INTC_CPR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-109.3.1.3 INTC Interrupt Acknowledge Register (INTC_IACKR) . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-109.3.1.4 INTC End-of-Interrupt Register (INTC_EOIR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-119.3.1.5 INTC Software Set/Clear Interrupt Registers (INTC_SSCIR0–7) . . . . 9-129.3.1.6 INTC Priority Select Registers (INTC_PSR0–479) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-13 9.4Functional Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-139.4.1Interrupt Request Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-139.4.1.1 Peripheral Interrupt Requests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-319.4.1.2 Software configurable Interrupt Requests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-319.4.1.3 Unique Vector for Each Interrupt Request Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-319.4.2Priority Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-319.4.2.1 Current Priority and Preemption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-329.4.2.2 LIFO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-339.4.3Details on Handshaking with Processor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-339.4.3.1 Software Vector Mode Handshaking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-339.4.3.2 Hardware Vector Mode Handshaking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-34 9.5Initialization and Application Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-359.5.1Initialization Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-359.5.2Interrupt Exception Handler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-369.5.2.1 Software Vector Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-369.5.2.2 Hardware Vector Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-379.5.3ISR, RTOS, and Task Hierarchy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-379.5.4Order of Execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-389.5.5Priority Ceiling Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-399.5.5.1 Elevating Priority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-399.5.5.2 Ensuring Coherency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-399.5.6Selecting Priorities According to Request Ratesand Deadlines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-429.5.7Software configurable Interrupt Requests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-429.5.7.1 Scheduling a Lower Priority Portion of an ISR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-429.5.7.2 Scheduling an ISR on Another Processor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-439.5.8Lowering Priority Within an ISR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-439.5.9Negating an Interrupt Request Outside of its ISR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-439.5.9.1 Negating an Interrupt Request as a Side Effect of an ISR . . . . . . . . . 9-439.5.9.2 Negating Multiple Interrupt Requests in One ISR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-44MPC5674F Microcontroller Reference Manual Rev. 7Freescale Semiconductor Table of Contents-vii。

增强型体外反搏联合心脏康复对老年冠心病患者血管内皮功能及炎症因子的调节

国际老年医学杂志　２０２３年５月　第４４卷第３期ＩｎｔＪＧｅｒｉａｔｒ，Ｍａｙ２０２３，Ｖｏｌ．４４Ｎｏ．３２０２３国际老年医学杂志编辑部２０２３ｂｙｔｈｅＥｄｉｔｏｒｉａｌＯｆｆｉｃｅｏｆＩｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＧｅｒｉａｔｒｉｃｓ河北省２０２１年度医学科学研究课题计划项目（２０２１１６０７）通讯作者：石秀彩，电子邮箱ｓ１５５３３３３９１６７＠１６３ｎｅｔ增强型体外反搏联合心脏康复对老年冠心病患者血管内皮功能及炎症因子的调节马妹花　张海娟　张　岑　段海娟　邵丽莉　石秀彩邯郸市第一医院，邯郸　０５６００１［摘　要］　目的　探讨增强型体外反搏（ＥＥＣＰ）联合心脏康复对老年冠心病患者血管内皮功能及炎症因子的影响。

方法　选取２０２１年１月～２０２２年６月邯郸市第一医院收治的老年冠心病患者１８０例作为研究对象，按照随机数字表法分成两组，各９０例。

两组均给予基础药物治疗，在此基础上，对照组给予心脏康复治疗，研究组给予ＥＥＣＰ联合心脏康复治疗。

治疗后，比较两组疗效、心功能指标［左室射血分数（ＬＶＥＦ）、左心室舒张末期内径（ＬＶＥＤＤ）、左心室收缩末期内径（ＬＶＥＳＤ）］、血管内皮功能指标［一氧化氮（ＮＯ）、内皮素－１（ＥＴ－１）］、炎症因子［超敏Ｃ反应蛋白（ｈｓ－ＣＲＰ）、肿瘤坏死因子α（ＴＮＦ－α）］、运动能力［心肺运动测试中的测量峰值摄氧量（ＶＯ２ｐｅａｋ）、无氧阈（ＡＴ）及６ｍｉｎ步行距离（６ＭＷＤ）］及主要心血管不良事件（ＭＡＣＥ）的发生情况。

结果　研究组治疗总有效率高于对照组（Ｐ＜００５）；治疗后研究组ＬＶＥＦ高于对照组，ＬＶＥＤＤ、ＬＶＥＳＤ低于对照组（Ｐ＜００５）；治疗后研究组血浆ＮＯ水平高于对照组，ＥＴ－１、ｈｓ－ＣＲＰ、ＴＮＦ－α水平低于对照组（Ｐ＜００５）；治疗后研究组ＶＯ２ｐｅａｋ、ＡＴ高于对照组，６ＭＷＤ长于对照组（Ｐ＜００５）；两组ＭＡＣＥ总发生率比较差异无统计学意义（Ｐ＞００５）。

大学英语四级阅读理解训练分析解析

大学英语四级阅读理解训练（一）Classified advertising is that advertising which is grouped in certain secti ons of the paper and is thus distinguished from display advertising. Such groupings as “Help Wanted”,“Real Estate”,“Lost and Found” are made, t he rate charged being less than for display advertising. Classified advertis ements are a convenience to the reader and a saving to the advertiser. The reader who is interested in a particular kind of advertisement finds al ladvertisements of that type grouped for him. The advertisers may, on thi s account, use a very small advertisement if it were placed among larger advertisements in the paper. It is evident that the reader approaches the classified advertisement in a different frame of mind from that in which he approaches the other advertisements in the paper. He turns to a page of classified advertisements to search for the particular advertisement that will meet his needs. As his attention is voluntary, the advertiser does not need to rely too much extent on display type to get t he reader’s attention. Formerly all classified advertisements were of the same size and did not have display type. With the increase in the numbe r of such advertisements, however, each advertiser within a certain grou p is competing with others in the same group for the reader’s attention. I n many cases, the result has been an increase in the size of the space use d and the addition of headlines and pictures. In that way, the classified advertisement has in reality advertisement. This is particularly true of real estate advertising1. All of the following facts are advantages of classified advertisement for advertisers EXCEPT that ____.A) classified advertisement charges less moneyB) it is easier to attract the attention of the target consumers C) it provid es more information for the readers D) it does not have to rely too much on display type>2. One of the examples given of types of classified advertisement is ____A) houses for saleB) people who are asking for help C) people who are lost D) job vacancies3. What sort of attitude do people have when they look at classified adve rtisement, according to the writerA) They are in the frame of mind to buy anything. B) They are looking for something they need.C) They feel lost because there are so many advertisements. D) They feel the same as when they look at display advertisements. 4．According to the passage, in which way have the classified advertise ments changed nowadaysA) They depend more on display type. B) More money is charged for the m. C) They are divided into more groups. D) They are less formal.5．Why have classified advertisements changed in appearance A) Becau se people no longer want headlines and pictures. B) Because real estate advertising is particularly truthful now.—C) Because the increase in the number of such advertisements means th ey have to be small now.D) Because there are more advertisements now and more competition a mong advertisers.答案与解析： 1. C分类广告的优越性不包括为读者提供更多的信息。

英语消防服作文

英语消防服作文Here is an English essay on the topic of English fire brigade uniforms, with a word count exceeding 1000 words.Fire brigades around the world play a crucial role in protecting lives and property from the devastating effects of fires. At the heart of their operations are the dedicated firefighters who bravely confront these dangerous situations on a daily basis. Their ability to respond effectively is heavily dependent on the specialized equipment they wear, and the fire brigade uniform is a critical component of this gear.The English fire brigade uniform has evolved significantly over the years, reflecting the changing demands and technological advancements in the field of firefighting. In the early days, firefighters often wore simple, rudimentary clothing that provided minimal protection. As the understanding of fire behavior and the need for enhanced safety measures grew, the uniform underwent a transformation, becoming more sophisticated and tailored to the unique challenges faced by firefighters.One of the most distinctive features of the English fire brigadeuniform is the iconic helmet, which has become a symbol of the profession. The traditional British firefighter's helmet, known as the "custodian" helmet, is a distinctive design that has remained largely unchanged for decades. Crafted from high-quality materials, such as reinforced thermoplastic or fiberglass, the helmet is designed to protect the firefighter's head from falling debris, radiant heat, and the impact of falling objects.The helmet's unique shape, with its distinctive front and rear peaks, not only serves a functional purpose but also carries historical significance. The front peak, for instance, was originally designed to shield the firefighter's face from the intense heat and smoke, while the rear peak provided protection for the neck and shoulders. Over time, the helmet's design has been refined to incorporate advanced features, such as built-in communication systems and integrated lighting, further enhancing the firefighter's ability to navigate and communicate effectively during emergency situations.Alongside the helmet, the fire brigade uniform includes a range of other specialized garments and accessories, each serving a specific purpose in the firefighter's arsenal. The jacket, for example, is typically made from a durable, flame-resistant material, such as Nomex or Kevlar, which provides a high level of thermal protection. The jacket may also feature reflective trim or panels, enhancing the firefighter's visibility in low-light conditions or during nighttimeoperations.The trousers, too, are designed to withstand the extreme conditions encountered during firefighting operations. They are often reinforced with additional layers of protective material at the knees and other high-wear areas, ensuring that the firefighter's legs are shielded from the intense heat and flames. The boots, meanwhile, are constructed with sturdy, slip-resistant soles and reinforced toe caps, providing the necessary traction and protection for the firefighter's feet.In addition to the core components of the uniform, English fire brigades may also equip their personnel with a range of specialized equipment and accessories. These can include items such as self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA), which allows firefighters to operate in environments with limited oxygen, or thermal imaging cameras, which enable them to detect hidden fires and locate victims more effectively.The importance of the English fire brigade uniform cannot be overstated. It serves as a crucial line of defense, protecting firefighters from the myriad of hazards they face on the job. The uniform's design is the result of extensive research, testing, and collaboration between firefighters, manufacturers, and safety experts, ensuring that it meets the highest standards of performance andreliability.Beyond its practical functions, the fire brigade uniform also carries a deep symbolic significance. It represents the bravery, dedication, and selflessness of the men and women who choose to serve their communities as firefighters. The sight of a firefighter in full gear, rushing to the scene of an emergency, is a powerful and inspiring image that evokes a sense of admiration and respect from the public.As the challenges faced by firefighters continue to evolve, the English fire brigade uniform will undoubtedly continue to adapt and improve. Advances in materials, technology, and design will undoubtedly lead to even more sophisticated and effective protective gear, ensuring that firefighters are equipped to handle the increasingly complex and dangerous situations they encounter.In conclusion, the English fire brigade uniform is a testament to the ingenuity, dedication, and commitment of those who work tirelessly to safeguard lives and property. It is a symbol of the heroic efforts of firefighters, who risk their own safety to protect others, and a reminder of the critical role they play in our communities. As we look to the future, it is clear that the fire brigade uniform will remain a vital component of the firefighter's arsenal, continuing to evolve and adapt to meet the ever-changing demands of this essential profession.。

脑科学的黑科技英语

脑科学的黑科技英语Brain Science: The Dark TechnologyThe field of brain science has been rapidly evolving, unlocking secrets and unveiling remarkable advancements that were once thought to be the realm of science fiction. From the ability to read and manipulate human thoughts to the development of brain-computer interfaces, the breakthroughs in this domain have been both awe-inspiring and unsettling. As we delve deeper into the mysteries of the human mind, we find ourselves confronted with a double-edged sword – the immense potential for good, and the equally daunting potential for abuse.One of the most captivating developments in brain science is the ability to read and interpret human thoughts. Through the use of advanced neuroimaging techniques and machine learning algorithms, researchers have demonstrated the feasibility of decoding the neural patterns associated with specific thoughts and mental states. This technology has profound implications for fields such as mental health, cognitive enhancement, and even lie detection. Imagine a world where the inner workings of the mind are no longer hidden, where our thoughts and emotions can be accessedand analyzed with unprecedented precision.While this level of insight into the human mind holds immense potential for improving our understanding of the brain and developing more effective therapies, it also raises significant ethical concerns. The prospect of having our most private thoughts and memories accessible to others, without our consent, is a chilling thought. The implications of such technology in the hands of governments, corporations, or malicious actors are far-reaching and potentially devastating. Imagine the implications of a totalitarian regime that can monitor and manipulate the thoughts of its citizens, or a corporation that can exploit the neural patterns of its employees to maximize productivity and profit.Another remarkable development in brain science is the advancement of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). These technologies aim to create a direct communication pathway between the human brain and external devices, allowing for the control of various electronic systems through the power of thought alone. From prosthetic limbs that can be controlled by the mind to gaming experiences that are entirely driven by neural activity, the potential applications of BCIs are truly staggering.However, the development of these technologies has also raised concerns about the ethical implications of merging the human mindwith machines. Questions of personal autonomy, privacy, and the blurring of the line between human and machine become increasingly complex. Imagine a world where our thoughts and actions are no longer solely our own, but are influenced or even controlled by external devices or software. The potential for manipulation, addiction, and the erosion of individual agency becomes a pressing concern.Moreover, the advancement of brain science has also led to the exploration of neural enhancement technologies. From the development of drugs and devices that can improve cognitive function to the prospect of direct brain-to-brain communication, the ability to augment and expand the capabilities of the human mind is a tantalizing prospect. Yet, this too comes with its own set of ethical quandaries.The prospect of creating a class of "enhanced" individuals raises concerns about fairness, equity, and the potential for societal stratification. If access to these technologies is limited or unevenly distributed, it could lead to the creation of a divide between those who can afford the enhancements and those who cannot. This could exacerbate existing social and economic inequalities, further marginalizing already disadvantaged groups.Furthermore, the long-term effects of neural enhancementtechnologies on the human brain and psyche are largely unknown. The potential for unintended consequences, such as cognitive impairments, personality changes, or the disruption of natural cognitive development, must be carefully considered before widespread adoption.As we continue to delve deeper into the realm of brain science, it is crucial that we approach these advancements with a keen sense of ethical responsibility. The power to read, manipulate, and enhance the human mind is a double-edged sword, and we must ensure that the pursuit of scientific progress is balanced with a deep consideration of the moral and societal implications.Policymakers, researchers, and the public must engage in robust and ongoing dialogues to establish robust ethical frameworks and regulatory mechanisms that can guide the development and deployment of these technologies. Only through a collaborative and thoughtful approach can we harness the immense potential of brain science while mitigating the risks and preserving the fundamental rights and dignity of the human individual.The future of brain science is both exciting and daunting. As we unravel the mysteries of the mind, we must remain vigilant and committed to ensuring that these advancements serve the greatergood of humanity, rather than becoming the tools of oppression, exploitation, or the erosion of our shared humanity.。