RED HAT 认证学习资料：Chapter 3

Chapter 3第三章Installation安装Certification Objectives具体目标3.01 Disk Partitioning Strategies for Server and Workstation Installations 3.01 服务器和工作站的硬盘分区策略3.02 Choosing an Installation Class: Workstation, Server, Laptop, or Custom 3.02 安装选项:工作站,服务器,笔记本计算机和定制3.03 The Installation Process3.03 安装过程3.04 The LILO Boot Process and Intel Hardware/BIOS Issues3.04 LILO的启动过程和英特尔硬件/BIOS内容3.05 Using loadlin3.05 loadlin的使用3.06 Additional Installation Details3.06 附加的安装详细资料3.07 Creating Partitions: Details3.07 创建分区:详细资料3.08 Viewing Boot Time Information3.08 观察启动时的信息3.09 The Bootup Messages in dmesg3.09 启动环境信息3.10 Understanding the Standard Boot Process3.10 理解标准启动的过程3.11 Validating the Installation3.11 确认安装3.12 Logging In as Root3.12 作为root登录3.13 How Do You Know When Your Hardware Is Not Supported?3.13 你如何知道当你的硬件不被支持?3.14 Sample Installation Exercises3.14 实际示范安装(*注:章节论述要点如下)Installation Options.安装选项Workstation and Laptop Installation Details.工作站和笔记本电脑安装的详细资料Server Installation Details.服务器安装的详细资料The Custom Installation Option.定制安装的选项Disk Space Required for Installation Options.安装选项时的硬盘空间需求Preinstallation Preparation.安装前的准备工作PreInstalling Hardware Information.收集硬件信息Boot the First CD-ROM.首先从光驱启动Installation Diskette(s) May Be Needed.安装或许需要软盘Almost Ready to Install准备开始安装CD-ROM or Boot Diskette Starts Installation.从光驱或软盘开始安装Quick Overview of Installation.快速浏览安装Boot Control of Your System..引导调试你的系统/etc/lilo.confWhat to Do When You See LILO..当你看见LILO的时候做什么?LILO Parameters.LILO的参数LILO Errors.LILO的错误What to Do If /etc/lilo.conf Changes.如果/etc/lilo.conf改变了该怎么办?Partition Concepts.分区的概念Preparation Details Before fdisk or Disk Druid.在执行fdisk或Disk Druid之前准备好详细资料Why Separate File Systems?.为什么分隔文件系统?Linux File Systems: /tmp /boot /usr/local /var /home.linux的文件系统:/tmp /boot /usr/local /var /homePossible Target File Systems for Separate File System Placement 为了单独的文件系统准备目标文件系统Swap Space Partition Sizing and Placement交换分区的大小和位置Hardware Installation Scenarios.硬件安装脚本Hard Disk Installation.硬盘安装Source Files on the CD-ROM..光驱上的来源文件Source Files from Network Installations.网络安装上的来源文件Source Files from FTP and HTTP.FTP和HTTP上的来源文件Source Files from NFS.NFS上的来源文件Source Files from Samba.Samba上的来源文件The Installation Log File.安装什时的日志文件The Console Installation Output Screens.控制台安装的屏幕输出Installation Complete.安装完成Introduction to Installation Exercises.实例安装入门There is a perception that a workstation and server are two distinct systems. In the Linux environment, this categorization is more an optimization for usage than a type of platform. Both Workstation and Server installations use the exact same installation disk, the difference being the particular software sets, also called packages, loaded by each option.工作站和服务器是两种不同的系统.在linux的世界里.这比一种单一的平台明显的具有更多的优势.工作站和服务器都是相同的硬盘设置,区别是不同的软件设置,也称软件包管理,每个都有不同的设置.The Workstation installation is designed mainly for inbound traffic to the host, where the workstation uses network services from the network servers. The workstation usage concept itself is one where the user sits at the machine and performs day-to-day activities.工作站安装是特意为主人(*注:理解为具有root权限的使用者,也可以是计算机的主人)方便本地交流而设计的,其中,工作站从网络服务器使用网络服务.工作站的设计概念本身就是用户在计算机旁边处理日常事务. The Server installation includes all the common network services like Web, FTP, NFS, Samba, and many more. You can add any combination of these network services to any machine. At any time, you can upgrade a workstation to server status by installing these services. A server designation conceptually is a machine centrally located and managed, that offers network services to many other hosts, usually workstations.服务器安装包括所有的网络服务如Web, FTP, NFS, Samba,还有更多.你可以添加任何网络服务组合到任何机器上.任何时候你都可以通过安装这些服务把工作站升级到服务器状态.服务器指派概念上是集中定位和管理机器,服务于许多其他的主人(*注:此处理解同上述),通常是工作站.All installations now include the choice of configuring a firewall, and since the Workstation and Server designations are oriented more for perceived use, there are no actual limitations as in some operating systems.所有的安装包括选择配置一个防火墙,从工作站到服务器的指派都是为了感知的使用更加定向,如同一些操作系统中没有实际的限制一样.The next section is an overview of the installation program, pointing out various aspects of the installation you need to be aware of. Overall, the chapter is designed to provide a biggerpicture of the more difficult concepts.接下来的章节是一个安装程序的综述,指出你需要知道的安装程序的各个方方面面.本章特意提供了许多关于这些不同概念的图片.The first preinstallation topic is the disk partitions, their layout, and what is needed for various installation options. Since unlimited possibilities abound when installing an operating system, you are introduced to various scenarios, such as what to do when the target system is new, and what's the best course of action when it has an operating system you may or may not want to keep.在安装前的第一个主题是硬盘的分区,它们的布局,为了安装选项的各各方方面面.当安装操作系统时毫无限制,你应该提出一个脚本,这样知道在目标新系统中如何去做,当你想或者不想保持的时候最好的行动方针步骤.There are many details related to concepts and design information that are useful to know, but if you wanted to get started immediately, you simply need to some unallocated and unformatted free disk space. You can get this by simply adding a new disk drive to your system. The mechanics of adding a drive and changing your CMOS settings (so your CD-ROM is a bootable device) are beyond the scope of this book, but neither operation is complicated. Once the new drive is installed and your system is configured to boot from the CD-ROM drive, just stick the first CD-ROM from the Official Red Hat set into the CD drive and reboot! Take the defaults for a Workstation installation and see what happens, it will probably just install, dual boot automatically, and voilà! You are ready to play!有许多需要知道的关于概念和设计上的有用的详细信息,但是如果你想要立刻开始,你仅仅需要一些没有分配和无格式的磁盘空间.要做到这些你可以简单的给你的系统加个新的硬盘.加硬盘的技巧和你的CMOS设置(如果你的光驱是可引导的)超出了本书的论述范围(*注:不要紧,在本章的末尾我们会有一些有关的讨论.^-^),尽管这两者的调试是复杂的.一旦新的硬盘安装了并且系统设置为从光驱启动,就把正式版redhat放入到第一个光驱中并从新启动机器.使用默认值安装工作站观察发生了什么,可能只是安装,自动双重启动.你开始准备玩吧!Note: Some commercially available unofficial copies of Red Hat Linux may not be bootable. In such cases, you will need to create a floppy disk using the BOOT.IMG file on the first CD-ROM in the IMAGES directory to start your installation. Details on creating this diskette will appear later in this section.注意:一些redhatlinux的供应商使用非官方的拷贝可能不是可引导的.在这种情况下,你将需要用在第一张光盘中IMAGES文件夹中的BOOT.IMG创建一张启动软盘来开始你的安装.关于创建这个软盘的详细信息将在本章中晚些时候论述.CERTIFICATION OBJECTIVE 3.01Disk Partitioning Strategies for Server and Workstation Installations服务器和工作站安装的分区策略By the very nature of the usage, the Workstation installation is typically much simpler than the Server installation. Usually, Workstation installs are optimized for local user applications that are centered around the X-Window system and utilize services from the network.由于很相似的用法性质,相对服务器安装工作站安装典型的简单的多.通常,工作站是围绕视窗(X-windows)系统和从网络利用服务对本地用户最佳化.The server system needs to be designed for optimal management and flexibility of use. This normally means the server has many more distinct partitions that make up the file system, allowing for more selective management of these individual partitions. For example, it is very common to have a separate partition for the user home directories. By separating the user home directories to one partition, disk quotas can be maintained on just that file system, and backups and restores are more specific. With the smaller file systems, failures are easier to rebuild, and expansion of any one-file system is made easier.服务器系统是为了最理想的管理和灵活的使用性需要而设计.正规的服务器意味着有许多不同的划分构成文件系统,允许更多的选择性管理这些单独的划分.例如,可以为用户主目录划分一个单独的分区.通过给用户主目录单独划分分区,可以实现磁盘配额,备份和恢复数据等许多特殊功能.这么一个小小的文件系统,错误可以被容易的修复,任何一个文件系统的扩展也更容易了.The Red Hat installation program has preconfigured options that build both a generic workstation and server, as well as a laptop workstation. Although these are not perfect, they are excellent starting points for new systems. The Custom option allows you to create any combination of partitions and software services for either a workstation or server usage. The Custom option can be used to create any installation design, including a server or workstation type of installation.redhat安装程序已经预先构造了一个普通工作站和服务器,还有便携式工作站.尽管这不是完美的,但对一个新的系统来说是一个极好的起点.定制选项允许你对每个系统,工作站和服务器的不同使用目的进行分区和软件服务的自由组合.定制选项可以用来创建任何安装设计,包括服务器和工作站类型的安装.CERTIFICATION OBJECTIVE 3.02Choosing an Installation Class: Workstation, Laptop, Server, or Custom选择安装类型:工作站,膝上型,服务器,或者定制This section will introduce you to the various installation options you will encounter during installation and try to demystify the reasons behind why there are many partitions, explain differences between the installation choices, and why you should choos e one over the other. 这节将向你介绍在安装过程中遇到的各个安装选项并在随后努力解释明白为什么有许多分区,解释安装中不同选项的差别,为什么你选择这个而不是别的.Installation Options安装选项Figure 3-1 details the different installation types found in Red Hat 7.1.Figure 3-1:插图3-1详细列出了不同的安装类型,red hat 7.1(*注:7.x的都差不多了,尽管不是完全一样的,相信你能看出来,8.0版多了个desktop,即桌面版的选项,在最顶端)Laptop-Class Installation膝上型安装(*注:就是笔记本电脑或者移动型工作站)A laptop-class installation provides a workstation-class installation that has some packages removed to save space and some packages added specifically for the laptop type of hardware. The Laptop installation allows you to select either GNOME or KDE desktop environm ents, or both, plus Games, and is basically a Workstation installation.笔记本电脑安装提供的是一个移除了一些软件包的工作站安装以节约硬盘空间,增加了一些支持笔记本电脑硬件的软件.笔记本安装允许你选择任一GNOME或KDE环境或者都选,附加的游戏等,从根本上来说就是一个工作站安装.For general installation details, follow the Workstation installation. The Laptop installation specifics are not covered in this section.对于普通的安装细节,参考工作站安装.在这部分章节中就不在重复了.Upgrade Installation升级安装For any version of Red Hat Linux starting w ith 3.0.3 or later, you can quickly update to the latest packages and kernel version by using this upgrade option.对于redhatlinux3.0.3或更高的版本,你可以通过这个选项来快速的更新软件包和内核版本.Creating a Server or Workstation Using the Custom Installation Option使用定制选项建立服务器或工作站There is a Custom option that allows selection of any combination of software, and there are three other installation options-server, workstation, or laptop-each with preconfigured software package sets. All four options are presented during an interactive installation, as illustrated in Figure 3-1.定制选项允许你任意的组合软件,还有另外的三种安装选项-服务器,工作站,或笔记本,都是已经构成好的软件包组合.所有的这四个选项都在安装中交互提出,如图3-1.1(注:这是8.0版的,对比7.X的少了笔记本选项)The Custom option can actually be used to create either a Server or Workstation installation, but offers the added benefit that you can make changes to the default package sets.事实上定制选项可以创建一个服务器或者工作站,好处是它可以让你修改默认的软件包设置.The Custom installation requires that you be aware of how to configure disk drives and their partitions, what is the swap partition, how to create a swap partition, how to create separate file systems for important directory structures, and why you need to plan this all beforehand. 定制安装要求你知道如何配置硬盘和设置分区,什么是交换分区,如何创建一个交换分区,如何为重要的目录创建单独的文件系统,为什么你需要事先规划这些.If you wanted to change the default partition layout or preserve an already installed operating system of any type, you would need to use the Custom Installation option. To use the Custom Installation for either a server or workstation installation would require that you know exactly what packages represent the workstation or server installation options.如果你想改变缺省的硬盘规划或者保持已经安装了的任何类型的操作系统,需要用定制安装.使用定制安装对服务器或工作站来说要求你确切的知道工作站和服务器安装的软件包的用途.Base Packages Installed基本的软件包安装On the Red Hat CD-ROM in the /Red Hat/base/ directory, there is a text file that lists all the packages associated with each group, as well as the specific sets of packages installed for the Workstation and Server installations. This package configuration file is called comps. This file can be viewed with any text-oriented editor, like Notepad on Windows or gNotepad on Linux. Figure 3-2 shows the GUI installation representation of the first few groups of packages.在redhat光盘内的/Red Hat/base/目录里,有一个文本文件列出了所有的与每个组有关联的软件包,还有为工作站和服务器安装设置的软件包.这个软件包配置文件名是comps.这个文件可用任何文本编辑器来查看,如windows下的记事本或者linux下了gNotepad,图3-2显示了图形安装时最初的组的少数软件包.Figure 3-2: GUI installation of the first few package groups图片3-2:图形安装时最初的少数软件包群A package is just one set of files related to a given application. For example, there is a Perl (programming language) package named perl-5.00503-2.i386.rpm. This Perl package, at about 4.3MB, is in the /Red Hat/RPMS directory on the CD-ROM and contains all the required executables, libraries, help files, and installation requirements. You can install this package, or any other, on any Red Hat Linux host whenever necessary using the rpm (Red Hat Package Manager) utility, which will be discussed later.一个封包(注:从一开始我们就管package称为软件包,其翻译的原意是封包,这是redhat公司的一种软件封装形式,我习惯称为软件包,好像中文对这还没有一个统一的称谓.)仅仅是约定的应用程序的文件设置.例如,有一个Perl(编程语言)软件包名为perl-5.00503-2.i386.rpm.这个Prel软件包大约4.3MB,在光盘的目录/Red Hat/RPMS下并且包含所有可执行的,帮助文件和安装需求.你可以安装这个软件包,或者别的,在任何redhat host需要使用rpm(red hat 软件包管理)工具,这将在稍后讨论.A group of packages, such as the DOS/Windows Connectivity group includes a pre-configured set of these packages, as detailed in the following comps text file:一组软件包,如DOS/Windows相关联组包括一个配置设置这些软件包,详细资料在如下的文本文件排列中: 0 DOS/Windows Connectivity {dosfstoolsdos2unixunix2dosmtoolsziptcshsamba-commonsamba-clientperlunzip}You could customize the groups associated with any installation group, or create new ones, and add them to the comps file, then either provide the revised Red Hat directory via a network share, or create a custom CD-ROM, in order to have customized workstation and server installations that anyone can use (such as remote offices wanting to stick to a standard installation for all corporate-wide machines).你可以自定义这些关联的组群和任何安装的组,或者创建新的,把它们加入到文件列表中,或者通过网络服务共享得到修订的red hat目录,或者创建一张定制光盘,以得到任何人可使用的(如远程办公室想为所有的机器安装同样的标准安装)定制工作站和服务器安装.Workstation and Laptop Installation Details工作站和笔记本安装的详细资料The following lists the minimum recommended disk space requirements for a basic workstation installation.下面的列表是一个基本工作站安装需要的推荐的最小硬盘空间.*Workstation with GNOME: 1.2GB*Workstation with KDE: 1.2GB*Workstation with both GNOME and KDE, and Games group: 1.5GB(*注:GNOME和KDE是X-windows也就是图形界面)This is just the minimum disk space, you will require more for actual data files such as docum ents, downloads, source files and e-mail to name a few. The more disk space, the better. If you are testing Linux for the first time, you should have at least a few hundred more megabytes of space to play with.这仅仅是最小的硬盘空间,你可能需要更多的空间在实际使用数据文件如文档,下载,源码文件和e-mail.空间越多越好.如果你首次测试linux,你需要多出100MB的空间来运行.Behind the Scenes-The Partition Layout for Workstation工作站硬盘划分的后台工作The Workstation installation option first deletes all ext2 (Linux) partitions. Then the Workstation installation uses all the remaining free space, whether it was ext2 type before or not, and creates three partitions as follows:工作站安装首先删除所有ext2(linux)分区.接着工作站安装将使用所有剩下的空闲分区,不管它以前是否是ext2,接着创建如下分区:* 64MB swap partition64MB交换分区* 16MB /boot partition for all Intel platforms (a 2MB partition mounted as /dos and used for the Milo boot loader for an Alpha platform)16MB /boot分区对于所有的intel平台(Alpha平台是一个2MB分区如/dos用来放启动管理器)* A variable-sized partition for the root, denoted as "/", that consumes all available remaining free space对root一个可变大小分区,标志如/,这使用了所有可用的空间.Dual-Boot with Previous OS多重启动以前的OSAny previous operating system that existed on the machine is left intact. This can be good or bad. It is good if this is a test or developm ent system and you want to be able to boot into any one of the operating systems on the machine. It is bad if this machine will only be running Linux. The other operating systems will take up space that may never be available to the Linux operating system for use. You must decide whether you want to keep the previous operating system, before doing your installation.机器上以前的操作系统是完好的.这可以是好的或坏的.好的是如果这是个测试或发展的系统并且你想能导入到任何机器里.不好的是如果这个机器将只能运行linux.别的操作系统将占据它们可能永远都不会用而LINUX系统需要的空间.你必需决定是否保留以前的系统在安装前.The Apache Web Server package is NOT installed with a Workstation installation. You can add this package at any time using the rpm utility.在工作站安装中Apache Web Server软件包没有被安装.你可在任何时候用rpm工具添加.The Laptop installation allows you to select either the GNOME or KDE desktop environments, or both, plus Games and is basically a Workstation installation.笔记本安装允许你选择任一GNOME或者KDE桌面环境,或者两者都,还有些附加的游戏.The Simplest Partition Strategy for a Workstation or Server工作站和服务器的最简单的分区策略The simplest partition setup for a basic workstation would be to create a single swap partition and then a single root partition. This is not a very well designed system for security ormaintenance purposes, but it will work. This is NOT recommended for anything but a development system. A production server should maintain certain portions of the file system tree as separate partitions. More details are provided later on this topic.基本的工作站的最简单的分区策略是创建一个单独的交换分区和单独的root分区.对安全和维护来说这不是个好的设计,但是它可以工作.这是不推荐的除非是为了系统开发研究.一个成品的服务器应该作为文件系统树的一部分如同单独的分区.稍后我们还将讨论.If you do choose to install with only a single root partition, you can add additional partitions later, provided you have additional available disk space. Thus, your system can easily expand to meet the needs of its users.如果你选择安装只有一个跟分区,你能以后增加分区,如果你有多余能用的空间.从而,你的系统可很容易的\扩展来满足用户的需要.Workstation Option Packages Installed工作站安装时的软件包选项The list of file packages installed by a default Workstation installation is listed on the CD-ROM in /Red Hat/base/comps. This list contains references, either directly or indirectly through the use of group names, to the hundreds of packages installed. Each package contains at least one file, and usually several of them. Hundreds of files are installed during an installation, and this is only the beginning.缺省的工作站安装的软件包列表在光盘的/Red Hat/base/comps中.对于上千个软件包,这个列表中包含参考,或者直接通过使用组来命名.每个软件包包含至少一个文件,通常是几个不等.在安装是数百的软件被安装,而这仅仅是个开始0 --hide Workstation Common {@ Printer Support 打印支持@ X Window System X-窗口支持@ Mail/WWW/News Tools Mail/WWW/News工具@ DOS/Windows Connectivity DOS/Windows连通@ Utilities 实用软件@ Graphics Manipulation 图形处理@ Multimedia Support 多媒体支持@ Networked Workstation 网络工作站@ Dialup Workstation Dialup工作站@ Authoring/Publishing 作者与出版@ Emacs Emacs@ Development 发展Notice that the workstation contains ten groups (referenced by the @ symbol preceding the group name) of software packages. The comps syntax allows for packages or groups to be tested as selected, and to optionally load more package groups if the selected package or group has been chosen, as in this next example:注意,工作站安装包含10个组(引用符号@在组的名字前面)的软件包.comps构造允许测试如选择,选择更多的软件包或组,如下面的例证0 Emacs {? X-Window System {emacs-X11}? Authoring/Publishing {psgml}emacsemacs-nox}The "? X Window System" indicates test if the X-Window System group has been selected already. If true (i.e., the X-Window System group has been selected), this test will include everything between the curly brackets (in this example { emacs-X11 })."? X Window System"表明检测如果已经选择了X-窗口系统组.如果这是真的(i.e., X窗口系统组已经被选择),这个检测将指明每个软件包(如这个例证中的{ emacs-X11 }).In both of the previous code listings, the group names, Workstation Common and Emacs, are preceded by a zero (0), indicating they are not part of the default selection group should the user select the Custom Installation option. Additionally, the "--hide" option provides a mechanism to hide this option during the Custom installation screen display of groups available.在这所有之前的代码列表中,组的名字,普通的工作站和略小的工作站,被命为零(0),指明了它们不是缺省选择的组的部分,而是用户选择定制安装.另外,"--hide"(隐藏)选项提供在定制安装时屏幕显示若干组可供使用选项.Server Installation Details服务器安装的详细资料If you are intending to run this machine as a server of common network services and do not wish to hunt through the selection of packages during the installation, then the Server Installation option is your best choice.如果你希望这台机器运行如一个公共网络服务而不希望在安装时选择软件包,那么服务器安装是你最佳选择.caution: This installation will remove all partitions on all disks.警告:安装将删除硬盘上的所有分区和数据.If you already have an operating system on this machine, it will be overwritten, with no opportunity given to back up anything during the installation. This installation assumes you are creating a full-time server, and that any other operating system would just waste disk space.如果你已经有操作系统在这台机器上,它将被覆写掉,在安装期间没有机会挽回任何事情.这个安装假定你在创建一个专业的服务器,任何其他的操作系统都是浪费硬盘空间.Server Partitions服务器分区You need at least 2400MB, or 2.4GB, of total disk space. There are six partitions created, four with a fixed size and two that share the remainder of the disk or disks. The four fixed-size partitions created are a 256MB swap partition, a root partition of 256MB, a /boot partition of 16MB, and a /var partition of 256MB. The two variable-sized partitions created are a /usr partition of at least 512MB and a /home partition of at least 512MB.你需要至少2400MB或者2.4G的硬盘空间.这将创建六个分区,其中四个是固定大小的,两个是共享盘.这四个固定大小的分区是:一个256MB的交换分区,一个256MB的root分区,一个16MB的/boot分区,一个256MB的/var分区.两个动态分区是一个至少512MB的/usr和一个至少215MB的/home分区. The following list provides an overview of the partitions created automatically by a Server installation:下面的列表是一个自动安装服务器的所有分区的浏览:*256MB swap partition*16MB /boot partition for all Intel platforms (a 2MB partition mounted as /dos and used for the Milo boot loader for an Alpha platform)*A root (/) partition of 256MB*A /var partition of 256MB*A /home partition of at least 512MB*A /usr partition of at least 512MBThe variable-sized partitions, /home and /usr, split the remainder of space and hence consume the rest of up to two additional disks if needed. If more than three disks are present, som e of the disks will not be used.动态分区/home和/usr,如果需要的话可以分割硬盘的剩余空间附加到这两个盘上.如果有三个硬盘,那么有些硬盘将不被使用.Server Option Network Packages Installed网络服务软件包的安装选项Table 3-1 is a sublist of the application packages loaded by the Server installation that are network related: (The order matches the sequence in the /Red Hat/base/comps installation file.)表3-1是相关的网络服务应用软件.(排列对应于/Red Hat/base/comps)autofs bind-utils finger ftp whois indexhtml iptables nfs-utilsncftp ipchains iputils wget m4 nscd nss_ldap openldap-clientsopenssl openssh openssh-clients krbafs pam_krb5 pidentd portmapgmp python rdate rhn_register up2date rpm-python python-xmlrpcgnupg rmt rsh rusers rwho sendmail-cf stunnel maketalk tcp_wrappers telnet traceroute yp-tools ypbind openssh-serversysstat xinetd talk-server telnet-server rusers-serverrwall-server finger-server rsh-server make ypservTable 1: Network-related Packages Specific to Server Installation表1:服务器安装中网络服务相关的软件包The Custom Installation Option定制安装选项This Custom Installation option provides the most flexibility for an experienced Linux or UNIX administrator. During this installation option, you can select more or fewer groups and even individual packages within each group, configuring the partitions to suit your needs more explicitly.定制安装为富有经验的linux和unix管理员提供了极大的灵活性.在这种安装你可以在每一组内选择多个或者少数或者单独的软件包,按照你的需要来划分分区.Selecting Packaged Sets选择设置软件包Of the many package sets available, each has a list of ass ociated modules. In many cases,these module nam es are required for more than one group and hence appear duplicated in many of the package options. This ensures all required dependencies are installed if only one or two optional packages are picked.许多软件包设置的是通用的,每一个有相关模块列表.在许多情况下,这些模块名称对超过一个组是需要的因此出现在许多软件包安装安装选项中.对仅仅随意安装一两个软件包来说这可以保证所需要的从属关系. After all package group options have been selected, the system checks for duplicate name requests, then installs all required packages just once. For full details on these package sets, see the /RedHat/base/comps text file.在完成所有软件包群的选择后,系统检察所要复制文件的从属关系,然后一次安装完所有这些软件包.详细的相关设置细节请看/RedHat/base/comps文件.Figures 3-3, 3-4, 3-5, and 3-6 show the various package set nam es available during a Custom installation. Some packages will already be selected for you and will have an asterisk (*) in the selection box. These four figures contain all the package sets. During installation, only the first few names on the list can be seen, but there are actually more packages than can fit on one screen. To view them during installation, use the arrow keys to scroll up and down, and press the SPACEBAR to toggle the selection on or off. An asterisk means "selected." The base Linux system is included automatically in all cases.图3-3,3-4,3-5,3-6是定制安装中显示可供安装的各种各样的软件包组,一些包将已经选择,因为在前面有记号标示出*,这四个图包含了所有的软件包组,安装中仅仅列表的最初几个名称可以看见,实际中还有更多的软件包.你可以用旁边的键盘的方向健来上下察看用空格健来选择.linux基本系统在所有情况中自动的被包括.Figure 3-3:图3-3Package set names, first screen软件包名称,第一个屏幕*printer support (打印支持)*x window system (x窗口系统)*gnome (gnome窗口管理器)kde*mail/www/news tools (电子邮件/www/新闻组工具)dos/windows connectivity (dos/windows连通)Figure 3-4:Package set names, screen two*graphics manipulation (图形处理)*games (游戏)*multimedia support (多媒体支持)laptop support (笔记本电脑支持)*networked workstation (网络工作站)*dialup workstation (dialup工作站)Figure 3-5:Package set names, screen threenews server (新闻服务)*nfs server (网络文件系统服务)*smb(samba) server (smb服务)。