Chapter_17
Chapter17_PPT
Chapter 17 – Files and Streams
Outlineபைடு நூலகம்
17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 17.7 17.8 17.9 17.10 17.11 Introduction Data Hierarchy Files and Streams Classes File and Directory Creating a Sequential-Access File Reading Data from a Sequential-Access File Random-Access Files Creating a Random-Access File Writing Data Randomly to a Random-Access File Reading Data Sequentially from a Random-Access File Case Study: A Transaction-Processing Program
File .
Fig. 17.3 Some methods of class File.
2002 Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.
12
17.4
Shared Me thod
CreateDirectory
Classes File and Directory
De sc rip tio n
byte (ASCII for J)
Fig. 17.1 Data hierarchy.
2002 Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.
6
17.3
Files and Streams
Chapter_17
Figure 17.5 Relation between stress amplitude and fatigue life in high-cycle fatigue.
Michael F Ashby & David RH Jones Engineering Materials 1, Fourth edition Copyright © 2012 MF Ashby & DRH Jones. Published by Elsevier Ltd
Figure 17.2 Coupling of cyclic stress and cyclic strain for a linear elastic specimen.
Michael F Ashby & David RH Jones Engineering Materials 1, Fourth edition Copyright © 2012 MF Ashby & DRH Jones. Published by Elsevier Ltd
Figure 17.12 Fatigue crack in the deck of a ship.
Figure 17.3 Coupling of cyclic stress and cyclic strain for a linear elastic/yielding specimen.
Michael F Ashby & David RH Jones Engineering Materials 1, Fourth edition Copyright © 2012 MF Ashby & DRH Jones. Published by Elsevier Ltd
Figure 17.11 Fatigue crack surface in a steel plate. The arrows show the direction of crack growth.
Chapter 17
Chapter 17Equipment and supplies EQUIPMENT, SUPPLIES, DRUGS AND REAGENTSMost embryo transfer practitioners in North America use entirely disposable supplies and purchase sterile saline and complete media. Various suppliers ship these materials with just a telephone call (credit is prearranged). This greatly simplifies operations. There is nothing to wash and sterilize; no medium need be prepared except to add macromolecular and antibiotic solutions with a sterile syringe; there is no need to purify water; there is no danger of spreading disease from farm to farm because everything is disposed of at each farm. Some practitioners do not even have a refrigerator, but depend on each farmer's household refrigerator.This approach is inappropriate for embryo transfer in many countries because of unreliable access to suppliers, but it should be considered seriously in some situations. We have organized this chapter by listing equipment and supplies needed for basic embryo transfer, and add additional supplies for various functions, such as media preparation and cryopreservation.Equipment∙stereomicroscope(s)∙compound microscope (optional)∙hair clippers (scissors can substitute)∙cabinet or incubator for embryos (an insulated box can substitute) ∙cervical expanderSupplies∙syringes and needles∙betadine (tamed iodine scrub)∙ethanol∙plastic palpation sleeves∙sterile plastic gloves∙lubricant (K - Y jelly)∙insemination or embryo transfer guns∙sterile sheaths for guns∙0.25-cc plastic straws∙transfusion bag to hold medium (2-litre flask can substitute)∙Foley catheter plus stylet∙tubing for flushing∙straight, tapered and Y-connectors∙clamps (haemostats can substitute)∙graduated cylinder or embryo filter∙0.22-μ bacteriological filters∙pipettes for embryos and rubber connectors∙microscope bulbs∙searching dishes and small Petri dishes∙KaMaR oestrus-detection aids (optional)∙labelling tape and indelible marking pens∙paper towels∙blood collection tubesDrugs and reagents∙appropriate vaccines for health programme∙prostaglandin F2 alpha (or analogue)∙follicle-stimulating hormone or pregnant mare's serum gonadotrophin∙Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline∙Na penicillin G∙streptomycin sulphate∙bovine serum albumin (Fraction V) or heat-inactivated bovine serum ∙procaine (2 %)∙siliconizing agent (optional)Additional needs if washing and sterilizing capabilities are required for reuse of equipment:Equipment∙gas sterilizer (a ventilation hood is a useful option)∙drying oven∙autoclave (optional)Supplies∙detergent∙sterilization packaging and heat and gas indicator tape∙aluminium foilDrugs and reagents∙ethylene oxideAdditional needs if media are to be prepared at the embryo transfer laboratory:Equipment∙balance∙pH meter∙osmometer (optional)∙centrifuge (if serum prepared)∙water bath (if serum prepared)∙refrigerator with freezer∙still or deionizer (unless water is purchased)∙Bunsen burner or alcohol lamp∙large bacteriological filter unitSupplies∙flasks∙sealable bottles∙weighing paperDrugs and reagents∙CaCl2.2H2O∙MgSO4.7H2O∙NaCl∙KCl∙Na2HPO4∙KH2PO4∙glucose∙Na pyruvate∙distilled or deionized water (unless made in the laboratory)Additional needs if embryos are to be cryopreserved:Equipment∙liquid nitrogen tank (can use farmer's)∙freezing machine or apparatus∙heat sealer or haemostat (unless PVC polymer powder is used) ∙small insulated container for liquid nitrogen (e.g. DeWar flask)Supplies∙forceps (for seeding)Drugs and reagents∙glycerol∙non-toxic paraffin oil (optional)∙sucrose∙liquid nitrogen∙polyvinyl chloride powder (unless a heat sealer is used)Additional needs for micromanipulation:(Note: Simple bisection of embryos does not require this equipment.) Equipment∙fixed-stage microscope∙micromanipulators (usually left and right)∙pipette puller∙microforgeSupplies∙breakable razor blades∙glass capillary tubingOther optional equipment:∙ultrasonography apparatus∙laparoscopeSuppliersThe following list of suppliers includes companies which have exhibited at the annual conference of the International Embryo Transfer Society recently or which are listed in Procedures for recovery, bisection, freezing and transfer of bovine embryos (Elsden and Seidel, 1985). We have listed only our local suppliers; it is logistically impossible to list all suppliers worldwide. These suppliers, however, can give information on distributorships for their products in other localities. Inclusion in this list does not signify endorsement nor does exclusion signify lack of endorsement.American Embryo Systems, 2619 Skyway Drive, Grand Prairie, TX 75051 USA. 214-641-5420. Culture media, serum, antibiotics.H.W. Andersen Products, P.O. Box 1050, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA. Anpro gas sterilizer and sterilization products.CEVA Laboratories, Inc., 10560 Barkley, Overland Park, KS 66212 USA. Transfusion bags, Syncromate B.Colorado State University, Embryo Transfer Laboratory, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA. 303-491-5287. Cervical expander.Curtin Matheson Scientific, 12950 E. 38th Avenue, Denver, CO 80239 USA. 303-371-5713. Siliconizing agent, culture dishes, biological filters, pipettes, tubing, and many laboratory supplies including plastic ware.Edwards Agri Supply, P.O. Box 65, Baraboo, WI 53913 USA.608-356-6641. Artificial insemination equipment; oestrus-detection aids. Emery Medical Supply. 5601 Gray Street, Arvada, CO 80002 USA. Sterilization packaging and supplies.EM-TEX Supply Co., Inc., 2741 S. Great Southwest Parkway, Grand Prairie, TX 75051 USA. 214-660-1771; Fax: 214-660-2303. Antibiotics, antiseptics, artificial insemination equipment, catheters, dishes, flushing and freezing media, disposable flush kits, embryo filters, embryo transfer guns and straws, gloves, bovine serum albumin, sera, programmable cryopreservation unit, cervical expanders, drugs for superovulation and oestrus synchronization, connectors, sterilization packaging.Fisher Scientific Company, 14 Inverness Drive E., Building A, Suite 144, Englewood, CO 80112 USA or Fisher Scientific International, 50 Fadem Road, Springfield, NJ 07081 USA. 201-467-6400; Cable: Fishersci, Springfield, NJ; Telex: 475 4246 or 138287; Fax: 201 379 7415. Paraffin oil, culture dishes, biological filters, pipettes, tubing, microscopes, and many laboratory supplies including plastic ware.GIBCO, 3175 Staley Road, Grand Island, NY 14072 USA. Culture media. Mobay Corp., P.O. Box 390, Shawnee, KS 66201 USA. 913-631-4800. Estrumate (cloprostenol).IMV, 10, rue Georges Clemenceau, B.P. 76, F-61300 L'Aigle, France.333-324-0233 or 6870 Shingle Creek Parkway, Suite 100, Minneapolis, MN 55430 USA. 612-560-4986. Artificial insemination equipment, transfer guns, sheaths, straws and polyvinyl chloride powder.Intermed, Inc., Newfoundland, NH 07435 USA. 201-697-3818. Foley catheters.Kamar, Inc., P.O. Box 26, Steamboat Springs, CO 80477 USA.303-879-2591. KaMaR oestrus-detection aids.M & M Company, 1120 Industrial Ave., Escondido, CA 92025 USA.619-746-0800; Telex: 607 950. Micromanipulator.PETS, Professional Embryo Transfer Supply, Inc., 27221/2 Garden Valley Road, Tyler, TX 75702 USA. 216-595-2047; Telex: 205997-PETSUR; Fax: 214-592-1525. Antibiotics, artificial insemination equipment, catheters, dishes, flushing and freezing media, disposable flush kits, embryo filters, embryo transfer guns and straws, gloves, bovine serum albumin, sera, polyvinyl chloride powder, sterile water, microscopes, cervical expanders, drugs for superovulation and oestrus synchronization, connectors and sterilization packing.Reproduction Resources, Inc., P.O. Box 135, Hebron, IL 60034 USA. 815-648-2431. Sani-Shield Protector.Research Instruments, Ltd., Kernick Road, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9DQ, UK. Micromanipulator.Rocky Mountain Microscope, 440 Link Lane, Fort Collins, CO 80524 USA. 303-484-0307. Microscopes.Sigma Chemical Co., P.O. Box 14508, St. Louis, MO 63178 USA.314-771-5750. Reagents for culture and freezing media.The Upjohn Company, P.O. Box 108, Kansas City, MO 60901 USA.616-323-4000. Lutalyse (prostaglandin F2 alpha).VWR Scientific, P.O. Box 39396, Denver, CO 80239 USA. 303-371-0970. Latex tubing, culture dishes, biological filters, pipettes, and many laboratory supplies including plastic ware.Veterinary Concepts, 100 McKay Avenue, Spring Valley, WI 54767 USA. Antibiotics, antiseptics, artificial insemination equipment, catheters, dishes, flushing and freezing media, disposable flush kits, embryo filters, embryo transfer guns and straws, gloves, bovine serum albumin, sera, programmable cryopreservation unit, cervical expanders, drugs for superovulation and oestrus synchronization, connectors and sterilization packaging.United States Biochemical Corporation, P.O. Box 22400, Cleveland, OH 44122 USA. 216-765-5000. Bovine serum albumin.MICROSCOPESIt is essential to have a stereomicroscope of good quality to search for embryos, and most programmes should have at least two. Most people use a magnification of 8X to 15X to locate embryos. Higher magnifications are unsuitable for this purpose because the field of view is too small, which greatly increases the time required for searching as well as the likelihood that embryos will be overlooked. However, a 30X to 50X magnification is essential for evaluation of embryos once they are located. Thus, one needs a stereomicroscope with at least two magnification settings. In practice, there is usually some zoom or step arrangement to vary magnification from lowest to highest settings.Stereomicroscopes of good quality are priced in the range of US$1 200–1 500. Sometimes good used instruments can be purchased for much less. Unless required for some other purpose, such as splitting embryos,stereo-microscopes costing US$3 000 and higher are a luxury; they are not any better for routine embryo transfer work than the less expensive ones. Conversely, the microscopes marketed for US$200–300 (price when new) simply are not good enough.Appropriate stereomicroscopes that we have used include the Olympus Zoom model SZ-111-100 with transmitted light-base illuminator; American Optics (now Reichert-Jung) Stereostar 561B or 561C with Starlite illuminator; and Bausch and Lomb (now Cambridge Instruments) BVB-73 with Nicholas illuminator. Eyepieces of 10–20X magnification are available for most of these. Similar models from other companies are usually satisfactory. Always be sure to obtain a base/stand designed fortransillumination of transparent specimens and a good light source (with spare bulbs).Advice on purchasing a compound microscope for embryo evaluation purposes is similar to that for a stereomicroscope: a sturdy, easy-to-use bright-field microscope without complex accessories is best, generally in the range of US$1 500–2 000. It should be borne in mind that a compound microscope is not absolutely essential, but that a small percentage of embryos cannot be evaluated properly without one, and evaluation of progressive motility of semen requires a microscope with 100–200X magnification. Also the process of learning to evaluate embryos is easier with the improved resolution of a compound microscope.Many laboratories have compound microscopes for other purposes such as semen evaluation or microbiology studies. Any of these can be used for embryos as well. If a new microscope is to be purchased just for embryos, an inverted type should be considered. This is easier to use for embryos because the objective is below the stage, which reduces the risk of contaminating or spilling embryos. Inverted microscopes, however, are more expensive and generally have slightly poorer resolution. In purchasing a compound microscope, one also should take into account needs such as micromanipulation, for which a fixed stage is required, whether the microscope is inverted or not. Obviously, in some cases it is best to have more than one compound microscope, for example, one with differential interference phase-contrast (Nomarski) optics or phase-contrast optics and one that is less expensive with simple bright-field optics. Note well, however, that embryos can be evaluated perfectly well with a 10X bright-field objective, and for this purpose more sophisticated systems are of little additional value. A 2X or 4X objective is useful for locating embryos prior to examination with the 10X objective.FREEZING MACHINESMore than 20 models of freezing machines are currently being manufactured by approximately 12 companies in eight countries. Nearly all of these machines work satisfactorily. All machines require repairs from time to time, so arrangements for service are important, particularly in remote areas. A particularly good approach is a system of shipping a replacement machine on loan while the malfunctioning machine is being repaired. An obvious generalization is that more can go wrong with complex machines than with simple ones; however, this does not always apply because some of the more complex machines are particularly well made. The reason for purchasing more complex freezing machines is that they are easier to use; most have automatic functions so that little or nothing need be done except to add the straws or ampoules to the freezing chamber at the beginning of the process and remove them prior to plunging into liquidnitrogen. A somewhat incongruous situation is that companies and organizations in developing countries tend to purchase complex and expensive freezing machines. Success rates are not usually improved with more complex machines; they just save (and replace) labour. This is especially ironic since capital is short and labour is in excess in many countries.There are two important criteria for evaluating performance of freezing machines. The first is whether the machine cools embryos at the assigned rate. The smoothness of the cooling curve is frequently overemphasized. Fluctuations in temperature of 0.5-1°C from a perfect, straight-line cooling curve are not of much consequence as long as the average cooling rate is correct. The latter capability is essential, however. The second important criterion is whether the temperature being recorded in the freezing chamber is, in fact, correct. Temperatures at the time of seeding and plunging are critical, and drifts in thermometer readings of 2-3°C can lead to catastrophic results. In fact, it is a good idea independently to check temperatures in freezing chambers on a regular basis, perhaps every few months, as a quality control measure.TABLE 14Information on some commercially available freezing machinesBrand name Address of company Source of coolant Description of chamberBio-Cool FTS Systems, Inc.P.O. Box 158Stone Ridge, NY 12484USA; 914-687-7664MechanicalrefrigeratorAlcohol bathCryoembryo-PSP HoxanHoxan Bldg.2 Nishi 1-chomeKito 3-joChuo-ku Sapporo 060JapanVessel of liquidnitrogenSlots for strawsonlyCryo Genetic Cryo-GeneticTechnology400 Hoover Rd.Soquel, CA 95073 USALiquid nitrogenvesselStraws loweredinto vapourCryo-Med Cryo-MedN49659 Leona Dr.Mt. Clemens, MI 48045USA; 323-371-5713Liquid nitrogentankLarge chamberCTE LabortechnikPostfach 1107Liquid nitrogentankOpen vesselD-3406 Bovenden—Göttingen Fed. Rep. Germany; (0551) 82835Freeze Control Freeze Control USA3377 Solano Ave.Suite 303Napa, CA 94558USAVessel of liquidnitrogenSlots for strawsonlyGlacier Technology Glacier Technology404 Europe St.Baton Rouge, LA 70802USAPeltiereffect/electricitySmall chamberMini Cool CFPOB.P. 15F-38360 SassenageFranceLiquid nitrogentankLarge chamberMcDonald Veterinary Concepts303 South McKay Ave.Spring Valley, WI54767 USANeck of liquidnitrogen tankSmall chamberPlaner Planer Products, Ltd.Windmill RoadSunbury-on-ThamesMiddlesex TW16 7HDUKLiquid nitrogentank15 cm diameter ×20 cm high cylinderRPE Peter Elsden & Assoc.P.O. Box 9677Fort Collins, CO 80525USA; 303-223-6665Neck of liquidnitrogen tankSlots for strawsonlyOne other criterion for selecting a freezing machine is ease of use. Things to consider are weight, if it must be moved from place to place, ease of access to the cooling chamber, simplicity of programming, systems for holding straws, vials or ampoules, depending on which is to be used, and ease of diagnosing problems and fixing them. Cost, reliability of service, reputation of the manufacturer and dealer, and similar factors also need consideration. A brief description of freezing machines is given in Table 14. We have no way of knowing about all possible models of freezing machines available and have provided information on those companies that have contacted us in recent years.One final point is that embryos can be cooled perfectly adequately with dry ice and alcohol in DeWar flasks (see Maurer, 1978, for examples). This ismore labour intensive and requires conscientious personnel, but if done correctly results will be as good as with freezing machines.。
chap17-management
– process of influencing a group toward the achievement of goals
– a heavily researched topic
17-4
Early Leadership Theories
Trait Theories
– leader traits - characteristics that might be used to differentiate leaders from nonleaders • might be used as a basis for selecting the “right” people to assume formal leadership positions
17-2
Learning Objectives (cont.)
You should learn to: – Contrast transactional and transformational leaders – Describe the main characteristics of charismatic, visionary, and team leaders – Explain the various sources of power a leader might possess – Describe how leaders can create a culture of trust – Explain gender and cultural differences in leadership
17-9
Early Leadership Theories (cont.)
Behavioral Theories (cont.)
Chap17
17-7
Human Engineering Guidelines
The user should always be aware of what to do next
Tell user what the system expects right now. Tell user that data has been entered correctly. Tell user that data has not been entered correctly. Explain reason for a delay in processing. Tell user a task was completed or not completed.
17-9
Guidelines for dialogue Tone and Terminology
Dialogue – the overall flow of screens and messages for an application Tone:
Use simple, grammatically correct sentences. Don't be funny or cute! Don't be condescending.
17-13
Sample Dialogue Chart
17-14
Pull-Down and Cascading Menus
menu bar Cascading menu Ellipses indicates dialogue box Pull-down menu
17-15
Dialogue Box
Online Help
17-24
Growing use of HTML for help systems Help authoring packages Tool tips Help wizards Agents – reusable software object that can operate across different applications and networks.
chap17sdfsdsd
If profit rate > 0,
then increasing K is profitable
If profit rate < 0, then the firm increases profits by
reducing its capital stock.
(Firm reduces K by not replacing it as it depreciates.)
CHAPTER 17
Investment
slide 16
Corporate Income Tax: A tax on profits
Impact on investment depends on definition of “profit” In our definition (rental price minus cost of capital), depreciation cost is measured using current price of capital, and the CIT would not affect investment But, the legal definition uses the historical price of capital. If PK rises over time, then the legal definition understates the true cost and overstates profit, so firms could be taxed even if their true economic profit is zero. Thus, corporate income tax discourages investment.
第 17章 情景分析和压力测试
17.1 产生分析情景
❖ 这种回归可以预测周边变量的变化程度与被测试的关键变 量变化程度的关系，最后将这些预测（以预测点或概率分 布的形式）用于压力测试
❖ 这种压力测试方式被称为条件压力测试（conditional stress testing），最初由Kuipiec提出
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17.1 产生分析情景
❖ 但是他们并没有认识到泡沫破裂的的严重后果，也没有充 分认识到许多金融机构会同时蒙受损失，从而造成市场的 择优而栖现象并导致流动性问题，进一步触发信用溢差的 巨幅增大
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17.1 产生分析情景
❖ 另外一个关于冲击效应的例子是1998年长期资本管理公司 （Long-Term Capital Management）的失败
❖ 压力测试的关键是如何选择情景，我们接下来考虑不同的 选择方法
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17.1 产生分析情景
❖ 一种方法是采用假定某一变量有很大变化而其他变量保持 不变的情景，对于这种情形，有时会考虑下面的例子
－收益率曲线平行移动（上或下）100个基点 －假定某资产的隐含波动率由当前水平上下波动20% －股指上下变动10% －一个主要货币的汇率上下变动6% －一个非主要货币的汇率上下变动20%
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引言
❖ 风险价值度具有一定应用价值，但这种模型不可避免地采 用历史回望的方式来分析，而风险管理应当更关心今后将 会发生什么
❖ 为了产生可信的极端情景，并将这些情景作为压力测试的 基础，我们需要进行一定的人为判断
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引言
❖ 在本章中我们将讨论产生压力测试情景的不同方法，并说 明为什么2007年和2008年的金融危机会促使银行管理人 员花更多的精力到压力测试
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Management (管理学) Chapter17
Manager = 80% every working day in direct
communication with others – 48 min/hour
Manager = 20% every work day in communication
in the form of reading and writing -12 min/hour
Copyright © 2005 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
9
Listening
One of the most important tools of manager communication – both to employees and to customers Listening = skill of receiving messages to accurately grasp facts and feelings to interpret the genuine meaning 75% of effective communication is listening – most people spend only 30-40% listening
How manager’s job require communication Communication process model Interpersonal aspects of communication Organization as a whole
Keeping channels open
5
Chapter17__酚___醌
HO
CH 2-OH 2
-H2O
HO -H+
CH 2 HO
+
OH HO
CH 2
H
+
OH
CH2
OH
苯酚和甲醛在碱性条件的缩合
OH + -OH
-
O- + H2O
O H CH 2-OO-
O
+ CH2=O
-
O
CH 2-OH H CH 2
-OH -
O
CH 2
O
O-
HO
CH 2 H 2O
O R-C
OAlCl 2 H2O
O R-C
OH
碱催化（碱有利于酚氧负离子形成）
O O- + O O
O
OO O
O O OCCH 2CH2CO
H2O
O O OCCH 2CH2COH
质子酸催化：（质子酸有利于增强羰基活性）
OH OH + O O
OH O OCCH 2CH2COH
+
+
H O +
OH O O
O
OH OH
+
H+~
O
O O OCCH 2CH2COH
-H+
苯酚的一个特殊反应是：在浓 硫酸或无水氯化锌的作用下， 与邻苯二甲酸酐不发生傅氏反 应，而发生缩合反应生成酚酞。
HO
OH
C O O
生成酚酞的反应机理
HO
O + OH O O
（浓）H2SO4 亲核加成
OH O O
H+ -H2O
OH
芳香亲电取代
*2,4,6-三硝基苯酚的制备
中级会计学 intermediate accounting 赖红宁 chapter 17课后答案
E17-18
Consignor. Preparation of journal entries.
10-15
P17-1
Revenue Recognition Alternatives. Indication of when revenue should be recognized under various situations.
The company advances and defers expenses for which there is a direct "association of cause and effect" so that they are matched against the revenue. It usually recognizes other expenses in the normal manner.
20-30
P17-3
(AICPA adapted).Percentage-of-Completion. Total contract income and amount of cash in first year determined from balance sheet and income statement accounts.
45-60
P17-6
Long-Term Construction Contracts. Percentage-of-completion, completed contract. Journal entries to record transactions.
45-60
P17-7
Proportional Performance. Preparation of income statements. Theoretical question.
软件工程Chapter 17 Component-based software engineering
Chapter 17 Software reuse
2
Component-based development Component-based software engineering (CBSE) is an approach to software development that relies on the reuse of entities called ‘software components’. It emerged from the failure of object-oriented development to support effective reuse. Single object classes are too detailed and specific. Components are more abstract than object classes and can be considered to be stand-alone service providers. They can exist as stand-alone entities.
Independent
A component should be independent—it should be possible to compose and deploy it without having to use other specific components. In situations where the component needs externally provided services, these should be explicitly set out in a ‘requires’ interface specification.
哈利波特1第17章中英文对照
哈利波特1第17章中英文对照第17章是《哈利波特与石头》（Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone）中的一个章节，也被称为 "The Man with Two Faces"。
以下是该章节的中英文对照：英文版：Chapter 17: The Man with Two Faces.The last Quidditch match of the year was coming up, Gryffindor versus Slytherin. If Gryffindor won, they would win the Quidditch Cup for the first time in seven years. Harry was feeling nervous, but he was also excited.On the day of the match, Harry woke up to find an anonymous note in his dormitory. The note warned him not to play in the match, but Harry ignored it. He was determined to play and help Gryffindor win.During the match, Harry's broomstick suddenly went outof control. Hermione noticed Snape, the Potions master, muttering a spell and realized he was jinxing Harry's broom. She set Snape's robes on fire to distract him, and Harry regained control of his broom.After the match, Harry, Ron, and Hermione went toHagrid's hut to tell him about Snape. Hagrid revealed that Snape had been trying to steal the Philosopher's Stone, a powerful magical object hidden in the school. They realized that Snape was the one who had been trying to kill Harry throughout the year.Harry, Ron, and Hermione decided to go after Snape and protect the Stone. They sneaked into the Forbidden Forest and encountered a three-headed dog guarding a trapdoor.They managed to get past it and descended into the dark, underground chambers.In the final chamber, they found Professor Quirrell,the Defense Against the Dark Arts teacher, who had been working with Voldemort, the dark wizard. Quirrell revealed that Voldemort was living on the back of his head, and hewanted to use the Stone to restore Voldemort to full power.Harry bravely confronted Quirrell, who tried to touch him, but Harry's touch burned Quirrell's skin. WhenQuirrell tried to grab the Stone, Harry's touch caused him to disintegrate. Voldemort, unable to survive without a host, fled from Quirrell's body.Harry woke up in the hospital wing, where Dumbledore explained everything to him. Dumbledore praised Harry's bravery and revealed that the Stone had been destroyed. Harry's friends visited him, and they celebratedGryffindor's victory and the end of their first year at Hogwarts.中文版：第17章，双面人。
Chapter_17
2. Multiplexing
For interface: multiple T-users employ same transport protocol and identified by port number For network service: upward multiplexing or downward multiplexing (in sense of connections at two layers)
Chapter 17
5
Four ways of flow control by T-entity Do nothing
• Segments that overflow are discarded • Sending T-entity will fail to get ACK and will retransmit when timeout
Chapter 17
16
1. Ordered Delivery TCP numbers each data octet implicitly Segments are numbered by the first octet number in the segment 2. Retransmission Strategy Segment lost in transit or FCS error at receiver Receiver only discarding damaged segment Receiver acknowledges for successful receipt Sender waiting for ACK; Timeout triggers retransmission Timer value ?
Chap_17垄断竞争(经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语)
Free Entry or Exit
u Firms can enter or exit the market without restriction.
u The number of firms in the market adjusts until economic profits are zero.
Type of Products?
Differentiated products
Identical products
Monopoly （Chap15）
Oligopoly (Chap16)
Monopolistic Competition
(Chap17)
Perfect Competition
（Chap14）
• 小麦 • 牛奶
Types of Imperfectly Competitive Markets
u Monopolistic Competition
u Many firms selling products that are similar but not identical.
u Oligopoly
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自由进入或退出
u 企业可以没有限制地进入或退出一 个市场。
u 市场上企业的数量要一直调整到经 济利润为零时为止。
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
• Tap water • Cable TV
• Tennis balls • Crude oil
小王子英文版精读笔记 第17章
小王子英文版精读笔记第17章Chapter 17: The Little Prince - A Detailed AnalysisIn Chapter 17 of "The Little Prince" by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, the story takes us through a significant encounter between the Little Prince and a geographer. This chapter provides valuable insights into the nature of exploration, the pursuit of knowledge, and the meaning of true understanding. Let us delve into the key points revealed in this chapter and explore their implications.The Little Prince arrived on a planet where he encountered the geographer, who claimed to be a man of great intelligence. Eager to broaden his understanding of the universe, the Little Prince asked the geographer to describe his planet. However, to the young prince's surprise, the geographer hadn't charted his own planet. Instead, he offered to mark the places and lands of other planets that he had never seen before. This revelation sparked a series of observations on the nature of exploration and the limits of knowledge.The encounter with the geographer highlights the issue of knowledge accumulation versus true understanding. The geographer, confined to his office, lacks firsthand experience and relies solely on reports from explorers to map the universe. This reliance on second-hand knowledge reflects the limitations of detached observation and the inherent bias that can arise. The geographer's focus on cataloging rather than experiencing the world illustrates the danger of intellectual complacency and the superficiality of knowledge without genuine interaction.The Little Prince challenges the geographer's approach and questions the relevance of geography devoid of personal experience. He asserts that true understanding can only be achieved through direct engagement and connection with the world. In this way, Saint-Exupéry emphasizes the importance of experiential learning and the need to actively participate in life rather than merely observing it from a distance.Furthermore, the geographer's response to the Little Prince's questioning reveals a universal human tendency - the attachment to possessions and the desire for control. The geographer considers the planets he marks on paper as his own, claiming ownership over what he has never seen. This notion highlights the power of possessiveness and the dangers of prioritizing material possessions over genuine human connection and experience.The chapter concludes with a poignant message about the longing for home and the importance of finding one's place in the world. The Little Prince, disillusioned by the geographer's detached perspective, yearns for his own planet, his rose, and the fox he left behind. Through this longing, Saint-Exupéry reminds us of the significance of emotional connection and the search for a true sense of belonging.In conclusion, Chapter 17 of "The Little Prince" offers a powerful critique of detached observation, superficial knowledge, and the quest for control. It urges us to seek genuine understanding through direct engagement and personal experiences. Saint-Exupéry reminds us of the importance of valuing emotional connections, finding our place in the world, and understanding that true wisdom comes not from possessing knowledge about others but from connecting with them on a deeper level. Through theencounter with the geographer, the Little Prince inspires us to embrace curiosity, explore the unknown, and seek meaningful connections with the world around us. Let us heed the Little Prince's lesson and embark on our own journeys of exploration and understanding.。
鲁滨逊漂流记第十七节星期五读后感
鲁滨逊漂流记第十七节星期五读后感英文版**Reflections on "Friday" from Robinson Crusoe, Chapter 17 As I turned the final page of Chapter 17 of Robinson Crusoe, my mind was filled with thoughts about the encounter between Robinson and Friday. This chapter, titled "Friday," marks a significant turning point in the narrative, introducing a new character and a new dynamic to the story of Robinson's survival on a deserted island.Friday, a native of the island, appears as a mystery to Robinson at first. His initial reactions are ones of caution and suspicion, as he fears the unknown and the potential danger this new character might pose. However, over time and with repeated interactions, Robinson starts to see Friday as not just a being from a different culture but also as a potential ally and friend.The development of their relationship is fascinating. Robinson teaches Friday the basics of English and civilization, while Friday introduces Robinson to the ways of the island and its native inhabitants. This exchange of knowledge and understanding leads to a deeper bond between the two, as they learn to trust and rely on each other.The chapter also highlights the theme of survival and resilience. Robinson's ability to adapt and overcome the challenges thrown at him by the island is remarkable. His encounter with Friday, despite initial doubts and fears, ends up being a positive experience that adds to his survival skills and mental strength.Friday, in turn, benefits from Robinson's presence. He gains access to new knowledge and skills that help him in his daily life. The symbiotic relationship between the two is a testament to the power of human connection and cooperation.In conclusion, Chapter 17 of Robinson Crusoe, "Friday," is a profound exploration of human nature, survival, and the powerof relationships. It reminds us that even in the most isolating and unforgiving environments, the human spirit can prevail if armed with resilience, adaptability, and the willingness to connect and learn from others.中文版《鲁滨逊漂流记》第十七章“星期五”读后感当我翻完《鲁滨逊漂流记》第十七章的最后一页时，我的脑海中充满了对鲁滨逊与星期五相遇的思考。
翻译机制起始Chapter_17_lecture
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้The Mechanism of Translation I: Initiation
Translation
• Translation is the process by which ribosomes read the genetic message in mRNA and produce a protein product according to the message
17-10
N-Formyl-Methionine
17-11
Binding mRNA to the 30S Ribosomal Subunit
• The 30S initiation complex is formed from a free 30S ribosomal subunit plus mRNA and fMet-tRNA
• The cell assembles the initiation complex on the small ribosomal subunit
• The two subunits must separate to make assembly possible
17-3
tRNA Charging
– mRNA – Aminoacyl-tRNA – Initiation factors
• IF3 binds by itself to 30S subunit • IF1 and IF2 stabilize this binding • IF2 can bind alone, but is stabilized with help of
17-2
17.1 Initiation of Translation in Bacteria
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17- 15
Leverage and Returns
D E BA BD BE D A DE
Proposed Structure: Equal Debt and Equity 2.00 10 20
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17- 10
Leverage and Returns
Expected outcome
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17- 6
M&M (Debt Policy Doesn’t Matter)
Example cont. 50% debt
Macbeth continued
5000 .15 .10 rE .15 5000 .20 or 20%
McGraw Hill/Irwin
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Expected Return .20=rE
Equity All assets Debt
.15=rA
.10=rD
Risk BD
McGraw Hill/Irwin
BA
BE
Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
McGraw Hill/Irwin
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17- 12
M&M Proposition II
D rE rA rA rD V
rE rA expect edoperat ing income market val ue of all securit ies 1500 .15 10,000
17- 9
Proposition I and Macbeth
Macbeth continued
CuttentStructure: Expectedearningsper share ($) Priceper share ($) Expectedreturn per share (%) All Equity 1.50 10 15
expected operating income market val ue of all securities
Expected return on assets ra
D E rA rD rE D A DE
McGraw Hill/Irwin
D B E B A B A B D V
McGraw Hill/Irwin
Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Comerved
17- 16
WACC
WACC is the traditional view of capital structure, risk and return.
D E WACC rA rD rE V V
McGraw Hill/Irwin
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17- 17
WACC
17- 14
Leverage and Risk
Macbeth continued
Leverage increases the risk of Macbeth shares
Operating Income All equity Earningsper share ($) Return on shares 50 % debt : Earningsper share ($) Return on shares $500 $1,500 .50 1.50 5 0 0 15 2 20
Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
17- 11
M&M Proposition II
Macbeth continued
D rE rA rA rD V
expect edoperat ing income rE rA market val ue of all securit ies 1500 .15 10,000
17- 13
M&M Proposition II
r rE
rA rD
Risk free debt Risky debt
D E
McGraw Hill/Irwin
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Dat a Number of shares P riceper share Market val ue of debt Out comes A Operat ingIncome Interest Equity earnings Earningsper share Return on shares (% ) B C 500 D 500 $500 1,000 1,500 2,000 $500 500 $0 $0 0% 500 1 10 1,000 1,500 2 3 20 30 500 $10 $ 5,000
17- 8
No Magic in Financial Leverage
MM'S PROPOSITION I If capital markets are doing their job, firms cannot increase value by tinkering with capital structure. V is independent of the debt ratio.
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17- 4
M&M (Debt Policy Doesn’t Matter)
Assumptions By issuing 1 security rather than 2, company diminishes investor choice. This does not reduce value if: Investors do not need choice, OR There are sufficient alternative securities Capital structure does not affect cash flows e.g... No taxes No bankruptcy costs No effect on management incentives
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17- 5
M&M (Debt Policy Doesn’t Matter)
Example - Macbeth Spot Removers - All Equity Financed
McGraw Hill/Irwin
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17- 3
M&M (Debt Policy Doesn’t Matter)
Modigliani & Miller
When there are no taxes and capital markets function well, it makes no difference whether the firm borrows or individual shareholders borrow. Therefore, the market value of a company does not depend on its capital structure.
Data Number of shares 1,000 P riceper share $10 MarketValue of Shares $ 10,000 Outcomes OperatingIncome Earningsper share Return on shares(%) A B C D $500 1,000 1,500 2,000 $.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 5 % 10 15 20
17- 18
WACC
Example - A firm has $2 mil of debt and 100,000 of outstanding shares at $30 each. If they can borrow at 8% and the stockholders require 15% return what is the firm’s WACC?