3-Modern internationaltrade theory

资本（K） K3 A3 Q3=3Q1 E
K2 A2 Q2=2Q1
Q1 K1 A1 E3（3L1，3K1） E2（2L1，2K1） E1（L1，K1） O B1 L1 B2 L2 B3 L3 劳动（L）
规模报酬不变

The straight line OE starting from the origin and through the point E1, pointE2 and point E3 points is the expansion of the channel, and it is the trajectory of the optimal combination of production factors with increasing cost. Each point on the expansion of the channel represents the producer equilibrium, and they have the same slope or marginal rate of technical substitution. 从原点出发经过E1点、E2点和E3点的直线OE是扩张通道，是成本不断 增加时最优生产要素组合和产量的变化轨迹。扩张通道上的每点都代表 生产者均衡，具有相同的斜率或边际技术替代率。
Chapter3 Modern International Trade Theory
第三章 现代国际贸易理论
Chapter Summary 本章内容概要
The standard international trade theory 标准的国际贸易理论 Factor endowment theory and Heckscher Ohlin model 要素禀赋论和赫克谢尔-俄林模型 The conditions of Heckscher - Ohlin theory 赫克谢尔-俄林理论条件 Factor endowment theory test 要素禀赋论的检验
假设某行业典型厂商使用两种生产要素—资本和劳动生产一种 商品，且等产量线具有同位相似性，即从原点出发的任一射线 与等产量线族的交点的切线斜率相等。
资本（K）
K3 A3
K2 A2 D2 KE2 E2 F3 F2 O C2 LE2 Q3 B3 L3 Q1 Q2 劳动（L） D3 C3
B2 L2
生产者均衡

Edgeworth box diagram 埃奇沃思盒式图
The length and width of Edgeworth box diagram respectively represent the number of labor and capital can take advantage of country. The isoquanta curve group of X and Y industries started from OX and OY. Movement from the OX (OY) to the right (left) and up (down) represent inputs increase of labor and capital in X (Y) industry. 埃奇沃思盒式图的矩形长、宽度分别表示A国可以利用的劳动和资本的数量。 X行业和Y行业的等产量线族的原点分别为OX和OY，从OX （OY）向右（左） 和向上（下）移动表示X（Y）行业劳动和资本的投入量增加。 The further isoquanta curve is from OX (or OY), the greater production in the X (or Y) industry. Economy is in full employment status, and all capital and labor are fully allocated in the X and Y industry sectors, and the resources are fully use. 离OX（或OY）越远的等产量线表示X（或Y）产量越大，经济体处在充分就业 状态，所有资本和劳动被完全分配在X行业和Y行业中，资源被充分利用。
消费者均衡
Producer equilibrium and Consumer Equilibrium
生产与消费同时均衡
Producer Equilibrium 生产者均衡
Assuming that a typical industry vendors will use two factors of production - capital and labor to produce a commodity, and the isoquanta curve has the similar position, that the tangent slope of intersection that the any ray departure from the origin comes across the isoquants curve.

Producer equilibrium can be expressed as the minimum production cost based on the n established production. The amount of capital and labor inputs correspond to producer equilibrium are the best combination of production factors under the given conditions, they will meet the following conditions: 生产者均衡也可以表达为既定产量下达到最低成本。生产者均衡对应的资本和 劳动投入量是既定条件下最优生产要素组合，满足下列条件：

The two production of A country
A国两种商品的生产
资本（K） K3 EY Y3=3Y1 资本和劳动的价格w和r不变 K2 Y2=2Y1 Y1 K1 X3=3X1 O L1 X1 X2=2X1 L3 L2 Ea larger amount of labor than capital, and the country use all of the capital and labor to produce two goods X and Y, and the two sectors are constant returns to scale. The slope of expansion channel OEX of X industry in A country is smaller than the channel OEY of Y industry, X industry (K / L) X is less than the Y industry (K / L) Y, It is said X in country A is labor-intensive industry, and Y industry is capitalintensive industry. A国劳动拥有量大于资本，使用所有的资本和劳动生产两种商品X和Y， 两个行业都是规模报酬不变。A国X行业的扩张通道OEX的斜率比Y行 业的扩张通道OEY小，X行业（K/L）X小于Y行业（K/L）Y，称在A 国X行业是劳动密集型行业，Y行业是资本密集型行业。


Making a study on manufacturer behavior is to introduce the characteristics of the social economy, and have a better understanding of inter-state trade. So we make the following assumptions for the economic social operation: 研究厂商行为是为了推出社会经济运行的特征，更好地理解国与国间的贸易，对经济社会运行作如下假 设： First, the economy society makes two production factors (capital and labor) to produce two goods X and Y; 第一，经济社会使用两种生产要素（资本和劳动）生产两种商品X和Y； Second, the production factors have the free movement of in the country, but could not flow freely in the international community; 第二，生产要素在国内自由流动，在国际间不能自由流动； Third, different countries have different skill levels. Given the country's technological level, and assuming constant returns to scale; 第三，不同国家拥有不同的技术水平，给定各国的技术水平，且假定规模报酬不变； Fourth, the economy in a state is full employment, and the amount of resources is fixed. Goods and labor markets are perfectly competitive market, while the economy does not exist externality. 第四，经济体处在充分就业状态下，资源数量固定不变，商品和劳动市场是完全竞争市场，经济 体不存在外部性（externality）。

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