英美文学史复习资料
英美文学史复习
英美文学史复习资料英国文学史资料I. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages<Beowulf>贝奥武夫Artistic features:ing alliteration头韵ing metaphor暗喻 and understatement含蓄陈述Geoffery Chaucer杰弗里乔叟The founder of English poetry.三个阶段：1<The Romaunt of the Rose>玫瑰传奇2<Troilus and Criseyde>特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德longest complete poe m3<The Canterbury Tales>坎特伯雷故事集：Significance :first time to use ‘heroic couplet’(英雄双韵体) b y middle EnglishIIThe Renaissance PeriodA period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the realmainstream of the English Renaissance.Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14 th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the trans ition from the medieval to the modern world. Humanism is the ke y-note of the Renaissance.1. 1.Edmund Spenser埃德蒙斯宾塞1552~1599（后人称之为“诗人(de)诗人”.）The poets’ poet. The first to be buried in the Poet’s corner of Westerminster Abbey.① <The Faerie Queene>仙后(for Queen Elizabeth)The theme is not “Arms and the man”, but something more roman tic “Fierce wars and faithfull loves”.②<The Shepherds Calendar>牧人日历The theme is to lament over the loss of RosalinismMore2. Thomas托马斯莫尔1478~1535One of the greatest English humanists①<Utopia>乌托邦Two books: the social conditions of Englishan ideal communist societyBacon3. Francis弗兰西斯培根1561~1626The first English of english eassy.1<TheAdvancement of Learning>学术(de)推进2.<New Instrument>3<Essays>随笔58 essays4. Marlowe柯里斯托弗马洛①<The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus>浮士德博士(de)悲剧（根据德国民间故事书写成）②<Tamburlaine>帖木耳大帝③<The Jew of Malta>马耳他岛(de)犹太人5. William Shakespeare威廉莎士比亚1564~1616共37plays①Historical plays:Henry VI ; Henry IV : Richard III ; Henry V；Richard II；Henry VIII②四大喜剧:第二阶段<As You Like It>皆大欢喜; <Twelfth Night>第十二夜; <A Midsummer Night’S Dream>仲夏夜之梦; <Merchant Of Ven ice>威尼斯商人③四大悲剧:<Hamlet>哈姆莱特; <Othello>奥赛罗; <King Lear>李尔王; <Macbeth>麦克白④Shakespeare Sonnet :154 <The Sonnets>III The 17th Century1. John Milton约翰弥尔顿1608~1674（失明后写失乐园、复乐园、力士参孙.）①Epics:<Paradise Lost>失乐园（亚当Adam夏娃Eve受魔鬼撒旦Satan 诱惑偷尝禁果,被God逐出伊甸园Eden）< RegainedParadise>复乐园②Dramatic poem:<Samson Agonistes>力士参孙.2. John Bunyan约翰班扬1628~1688（代表作天路历程,宗教寓言,被誉为“具有永恒意义(de)百科全书”,是英国文学史上里程碑式着作.与但丁(de)神曲、奥古斯丁(de)忏悔录并列为世界三大宗教题材文学杰作.）Puritan poet(清教徒派诗人)①Religionary Allegory:<The Pilgrim’s Progress>天路历程3. John Donnethe Metaphysical poet(玄学派诗人).Metaphysical Poetry(玄学诗)：（用语）the diction is simple, the imagery is from the actual, (形式)the form is frequently an argument with the poet’s beloved, with god, or with himself.（主题：love, religious, thought）4. John Dryden:革命时期(de)保皇派代表royalistIVThe 18th Century1Enlightment 3位代表Addison,Steele,PopeJohnson2. Samuel塞缪尔约翰逊1709~1784①Dictionary =<A Dictionary of English Language>英语大词典3. Jonathan Swift乔纳森斯威夫特1667~1745①<Gulliver’s Travels>格列佛游记(fictional work)Four parts:Lilliput 小人国 Brobdingnag 大人国Flying Island 飞岛 Houyhnhnm 马岛<A Modest Proposal>一个小小(de)建议②<The Battle of Books>书战③<A Tale of a Tub>木桶(de)故事④ <The Drapper’s Letters>一个麻布商(de)书信4. Daniel Defoe丹尼尔笛福1660~1731< CrusoeRobinson>鲁宾逊漂流记5. Oliver Goldsmith奥利弗格尔德斯密斯1730~1774①poems:<The Deserted Village>荒村②novel:<The Vicar of Wakefield>威克菲尔德牧师传6.感伤主义sentimentalism and pre-romanticism:Blake& Burns7 William Blake威廉布莱克1757~1827①<Songs of Innocence>天真之歌.②<Songs of Experience>经验之歌③ <The Marriage of Heaven and Hell>天堂与地狱(de)婚姻8 Robert Burns罗伯特彭斯1759~1796The greatest Scottish poet in the late 18th century.Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect主要用苏格兰方言写(de)诗① <John Anderson, My Jo>约翰安德生,我(de)爱人② <A Red, Red Rose>一朵红红(de)玫瑰③ < SyneAuld Long>友谊地久天长④ <A Man’s a Man for A’That>不管那一套⑤ <HighlandsMy Heart’s in the>我(de)心在那高原上VThe Romantic PeriodThe romantic period began in 1798 the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s <Lyrical Ballads>, and end in 1832 with Sir Walt er Scott’s death.“The Lake Poets”湖畔诗人,who lived in the lake district.William Wordsworth; Samuel Taylor Coleridge; Robert Southey1. William Wordsworth威廉华兹华斯1770~1850（与柯尔律治、骚塞同被称为“”诗人. The Lake Poets）① <Lyrical Ballads>抒情歌谣集(with Samuel Taylor Coleridge)②<I Wondered Lonely As A Cloud>③Lines Composed A Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey④The Solitary Reaper孤独(de)割麦女② <The Prelude>序曲2. Samuel Taylor Coleridge塞缪尔泰勒科尔律治1772~1834The Lake Poets① <The Rime of the Ancient Mariner>古舟子颂② <Christabel>柯里斯塔贝尔③ <Kubla Khan>忽必烈汗④ <Frost at Night>半夜冰霜⑤ <Dejection, an Ode>忧郁颂⑥ <Lyrical Ballads>抒情歌谣集(with William Wordsworth)3. George Gordon Byron乔治戈登拜伦1788~1824①<Don Juan>唐璜<Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage>恰尔德哈罗德尔游记<Cain>该隐②<When We Two Parted>当初我们俩分别<She Walks In Beauty>4. Persy Bysshe Shelley波西比希雪莱1792~1822①Poetic Drama：<Prometheus Unbound>解放了(de)普罗米修斯②<Queen Mab>麦布女王<Revolt of Islam>伊斯兰(de)反叛<The Cenci>钦契一家<A Defence of Poetry>诗辩<The Necessity of Atheism>无神论(de)必要性③Lyrics:Ode to the West Wind西风颂<To a Skylark>致云雀A Defense of Poetry ---critical worksSong to Men of England---greatest political lyricKeats5. John约翰济慈1795~1821(“美即是真,真即是美”是他(de)着名诗句.)①Four great odes: <Ode on a Grecian Urn>希腊古瓮颂<Ode to a Nightingale>夜莺颂<To Autumn>秋颂<Ode On Melancholy>忧郁颂②Five long poems:Endymion, Isabella, The eve of ,Lamia, Hyper ionScott6 Walter沃尔特斯科特1771~1832(历史小说之父”)Father of history novels①<Rob Roy>罗伯罗伊②<Ivanhoe>艾凡赫VIThe Victorian PeriodCommon sense and moral propreity, again became the predominant preoccupation. Critical realists were all concerned about the f ate of the common people and everyday events.1. Charles Dickens查尔斯狄更斯1812~1870（批判现实主义小说家）critical realist writer第一阶段： by Boz特写集2<The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club>匹克威克外传3<Oliver Twist>奥利弗特维斯特（雾都孤儿）4Nicholas Nickleby5.<The Old Curiosity Shop>老古玩店Rudge第二阶段：1Amercian Notes美国札记2,Martin Chuzzlewit宗教色彩,圣诞小说： .3<A Christmas Carol>圣诞颂歌 4 The Chimes 圣诞颂歌 5The Cricket on the Earth 灶上蟋蟀6<Dombey and Son>董贝父子7<David Copperfield>大卫科波菲尔自传体第三阶段1 <Bleak House>荒凉山庄2.<Hard Times>艰难时世dorrit4<A Tale of Two Cities>双城记(London & Paris)5 <Great Expectations>远大前程6 <Our Mutual Friend>我们共同(de)朋友7未完成：Edwin Drood2. William Makepeace Thackeray威廉麦克匹斯萨克雷1811~1863①<Vanity Fair>or a Novel without a Hero名利场(the name is an e xcerpt from <The Pilgrim’s Progress>by John Bunyan)②<The Book Of Snobs>3 Jane Austen简奥斯丁1775~1817浪漫主义时期(de)批判现实主义.①<Sense and Sensibility>理智与感情<Pride and Prejudic>傲慢与偏见(chapter I)<Emma>爱玛<Mansfield Park>曼斯菲尔德庄园<Northanger Abbey>诺桑觉寺<Persuasion>劝导3. Charlotte Bronte夏洛蒂勃朗特1816~1855① <Jane Eyre>简爱② <Shirley>雪莉③ <Professor>教师4. Emily Bronte艾米莉勃朗特1818~1854① < HeightsWuthering>呼啸山庄② <Old Stoic>Bronte安妮.勃朗特①Agnes Grey②The Tenant of the Wildfell Hall6.Robert Louis Stevenson①<Treasure Island>金银岛7. Oscar Wilde奥斯卡王尔德1856~1900①4 Comedies:<The Importance Of Being Earnest>认真(de)重要<Lady Windermere’s Fan>温德米尔夫人(de)扇子<A Woman Of No Importance>一个无足轻重(de)女人<An Ideal Husband>理想(de)丈夫②Novel:<The Picture Of Dorian Gray>多利安格雷(de)画像③Fairy Stories:<The Happy Prince And Other Tales>快乐王子故事集Hardy1 Thomas托马斯哈代1840~1928（小说多以农村生活为背景；自然主义小说家.Wessex novels; novels of character and environment）⑴Novels① <Tess Of The D’Urbervilles>德伯家(de)苔丝人物：Angel Clare,A lec② <Jude The Obscure>无名(de)裘德人物：Fawley, Arabella Donnm,(a ll body) Sue Bridehead(all mind)③ <Under The Greenwood Tree>绿荫下④< The Madding CrowdFar From>远离尘嚣⑤ <The Mayor Of Casterbridge>卡斯特桥市长⑥<The Return of the Native>还乡⑵PoemsWessex Poems And Other VersesPoems Of The Past And PresentThe Dynasts 列国2.George Bernard Shaw乔治伯纳萧1856~1950(英国杰出(de)批判现实主义剧作家）critical realistic dramatist ⑴Plays①Plays Unpleasant<Mrs Warren’S Profession>华伦夫人(de)职业<Widowers’ Houses>鳏夫(de)房产②Plays Pleasant<Arms And Man>武器与人<The Man Of Destiny>左右命运(de)人③Plays<Man And Superman>人与超人<Pygmalion>匹格玛利翁<The Apple Cart>苹果车< JoanSaint>圣女贞德1. David Herbert Lawrence劳伦斯男女关系①<Sons And Lovers>儿子与情人(autobiographical)②<The Rainbow>虹③<Women In Love>恋爱中(de)女人④<Lady Chatterley’s Lover>查特莱夫人(de)情人Joyce2. James詹姆斯乔伊斯1882~1941（爱尔兰小说家,意识流小说(de)代表人物）stream-of-consciousness <Ulysses>尤利西斯(S_O_C)<A Portrait Of The Artist As A Young Man>一个青年艺术家(de)肖像<Finnegans Wake>芬尼根(de)苏醒<Dubliners>都柏林人3. Virginia Woolf弗吉尼娅沃尔芙1882~1941（意识流小说(de)代表人物）stream-of-consciousness①Novels< DallowayMrs>达洛维夫人<To The Lighthouse>到灯塔去<The Waves>浪<The Lighthouse><Jacob’s Room>雅各布(de)房间<Orlando>奥兰朵<Between The Acts>幕间Yeats 1. 叶芝1865~1939（爱尔兰诗人,剧作家； The Irish nationalist movement 爱尔兰独立运动； The Irish Literary Revival 爱尔兰文艺复兴； The Irish Lit erary Theater, or the Abbey Theater 爱尔兰民族剧团）⑴collections①<The Wind Among The Reeds>苇风<Responsibilities>责任②<The Tower>塔<The Winding Stair>旋转(de)楼梯⑵Poems<Easter 1916>复活节,1916<The Second Coming>第二次来临/再世<Sailing To Byzantium>到拜占庭航行2. Thomas Sterns Eliot（诗人,剧作家,批评家）⑴Poems①<The Waste Land>②<Four Quartets>四个四重奏③<The Love Song Of J. Alfred Prufrock>⑵Plays①<Murder In The Cathedral>大教堂谋杀案美国文学史复习1、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林1）"Poor Richard's Almanac" 穷人查理德(de)年鉴 2）“The Way to W ealth”致富之道“The Autobiography”自传 18世纪美国唯一流传至今(de)自传2、Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文the first great belletrist 第一个纯文学作家,the first greatprose stylist of American romanticism. 美国第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家“Sketch Book”见闻札记, thefirst modern short storiesand the fi rst great American juvenile literature.现代文学史上第一部短篇小说和美国第一部伟大(de)青少年文学读物.“Legends of the Conquest of Spain”西班牙征服记A History of New York纽约(de)历史-----美国人写(de)第一部诙谐文学杰作；The Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷(de)传说-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉(de)作家；Bracebridge Hall布雷斯布里奇田庄；Talks of Travellers旅客谈；The Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉Fenimore Cooper詹姆斯.芬尼莫.库珀“Leatherstocking Tales”皮袜子故事集,包括“The Deerslayer”杀鹿者、“The Last of the Mohicans”最后(de)莫希干人、“The Pathfind er”探路人、“The Pioneers”拓荒者、“The Prairie”大草原, regar d as “the nearest approach yet to an American epic.” 被认为是迄今为止美国最接近史诗(de)作品.The Spy间谍The Pilot领航者The Littlepage Manuscripts利特佩奇(de)手稿4、Ralph Waldo Emersion 拉尔夫.沃尔多.爱默生be responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England,是把超验主义引入新英格兰(de)先驱.Emerson believed above all in individualism个人主义, independence of mind思想独立, and self-r eliance自强.作品：“Nature”论自然、“Essays”随笔录“The American Scholar”美国学者, our intellectual Declaration of Independence.我们知识分子(de)独立宣言.④his most important works are “Representative Men”代表and “E nglish Traits”英国人、“Poems”诗集.5、Henry David Thoreau 亨利.戴维.梭罗“In Walden”沃尔登成名作“Civil Disobedience”平民反抗essay 随笔.非暴力不合作6、Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳萨尼尔.霍桑“Mosses from an Old Manse”古厦青苔、“The Marble Faun”玉石神像“The Scarlet Letter”红字人物：Hester Prynne, Roger Chillingwor th, Arthur Dimmesdale, Pearl7、Herman Melville 赫尔曼.麦尔维尔“Moby Dick”白鲸人物：Captain Ahab.船长阿哈比；Queequeg,捕鲸人奎因奎格Ishmael讲故事(de)人,Starkbuck 星巴克8、Walt Whitman 沃尔特.惠特曼①★free verse (自由诗体) 无固定节奏,无有规律(de)韵脚②“Leaves of Grass”草叶集 1870 the first genuine epic poem. 美国历史上第一部真正(de)史诗Poem’s 特点：most of the poems in “LeavesofGrass”are about man and nature.9、Emily Dickinson 爱米丽.狄金森“I died for Beauty” 我为美而死（诗歌）Beauty / Truth / Goodness are ultimate(终极) the same“Because I could not stop for Death”我不能等候死神Theme：死亡是实现永恒Immortality(de)途径“my life closed twice before its close”“mine—by the right of the white election”Allan Poe埃德加.阿伦.坡“The Fall of the House of Usher”鄂谢府崩溃记、“The Raven”乌鸦the title poem of a collection“Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque”述异集first collection of short stories. 第一部短篇小说集.“A modern instance一个现代(de)例证“The rise of Silas Lapham”塞拉斯.拉帕姆(de)发迹“The Amercian”美国人“Daisy Miller”黛西,米勒“The portrait of a lady”贵妇人画像“The ambassador”奉使记“The Wings of the Dove”鸽翼“the golden bowl”金碗Twain马克.吐温①美国现实主义文学(de)代表作“Adventures ofHuckleberry Finn”哈克贝里.费恩历险记(马克最有名(de)作品)②特点：local colorist地方特色:a unique variation of American literary realism, it refers to the particular concern about the local character of a region.代表作：“The Gilded Age”70-90年代,镀金时代,贫富分化,财富积累.“The Adventures of Tom Sawyer”用词简单、幽默、使用当地语言编写“Life on the Mississippi”14、Theodore Dreiser 西奥多.德莱塞①代表作：“Sister Carrie”嘉莉妹妹 the first novel, which traces the material rise of Carrie Meeber and the tragic decline of G. W. Hurstwood.“The Financier”、“The Titan”、“The Stoic”Trilogy of Desire 欲望三部曲②“An American Tragedy”美国悲剧,The identification of potency with money is at the heart of Dreiser’s grea test and most successful novel,德莱塞最恢宏、最成功(de)小说,表达了金钱万能(de)主题.15、Thomas Stearns Eliot托马斯.斯特恩斯.爱略特现代主义代言人“The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock”poems,holds its place in the development of Eliot’s poetry as a whole.“Tradition and the Individual Talent”essay,随笔传统和个人天才, the earliest statement of his aesthetics第一次阐释了自己(de)审美观点.“The Waste Land”荒原现代主义(de)标志“Four Quartets”四个四重奏poem“Murder in the Cathedral”,poetic tragedy, 诗歌悲诗, a drama (戏剧) of impressive spiritual power.极富感染力(de)戏剧Frost罗伯特.弗洛斯特自然主义诗人 poet“The Road Not Taken”、“Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”向往大自然,想逃避社会；死亡、迷惑17、Ernest Hemingway 厄恩斯特.海明威 novelist 小说家诺贝尔代表作：“The Sun Also Rises” Hemingway became the spokesman fo r “a lost generation”“A Farewell to Arms”、“For Whom the Bell Tolls”、“The Old Man and the Sea”18、William Faulkner 威廉.福克纳诺贝尔①作品(de)主题：the universal theme of “the problems of the hum an heart in conflict with itself”人类心灵与自己冲突是宇宙永恒(de)主题.②作品：“The Sound and the Fury”喧嚣与骚动成名作、“Absalom, Absalom”、“Go Down, Moses”Steinbeck约翰.斯坦贝克诺贝尔“Of Mice and Men”人鼠之间 portrayed the tragic friendship betw een two migrant workers“The Grapes of Wrath”愤怒(de)葡萄regarded as masterpiece 视为杰作.20. Eugene O’Neill诺贝尔“The Emperor Jones”琼斯国王、“Anna Christie”安娜.克里斯蒂、“The Hairy Ape”毛猿“Long days’Journey”自传21.Saul Bellow犹太人诺贝尔从1941年到1987年(de)4O余年间,贝娄共出版了9部.早期创作有结构优美(de)挂起来(de)人“Danglin Man”（1944）、受害者“The victim”（1947）,颇为评论界注目.（1953）(de)出版,一举成名,奠定了他(de)文学地位.由于把“丰富多彩(de)流浪汉小说与当代文化(de)精妙分析结合在一起”,这部小说成为当代美国文学中描写自意识和个人自由(de)典型之作.陆续出版了雨王汉德逊“Hederson the Rain King”（1959）、“H erzog”获得4项奖（1964）、赛姆勒先生(de)行星Mr Sammlers Plann et”（1970）、洪堡(de)礼物（1975）、系主任(de)十二月（1981）、而今更见伤心死（1987）、偷窃（1989）等.这些作品袒露了中产阶级知识分子(de)苦闷,从反映了美国当代“丰裕社会”(de)精神危机.成为美国轰动一时(de)畅销书.此外,贝娄还出版过中短篇小说集且惜今朝（195 6）和莫斯比(de)回忆（1968）,剧本最后(de)分析（1965）以及游记去来（1976）、散文集集腋成裘（1994）等.犹太人Jewish“The Catcher of the Rye”麦田里(de)守望者名词解释romanticism:Owing to difference in social and political attitudes,the roman ticists split into two romantic writers expressed the aspirati ons of the classes created by capitalism and held out an ideal, though a vague one,of a feature society free from oppression an d were the younger generation of romanticists represented by B yron,Shelley and Keats.Ronmanticism:Owing to difference in social and political attitudes,the roman ticists split into two romantic writers reflected the thinking of classes ruined by the bourgoisie,and by the way of protesti ng against capitalist development turned to the feudal were th e elder generation of romanticists,sometimes called escapist ro manticists,including Wordsworth,Coleridge and Southey.Critical Realism:English critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the early fifties. The critical realists decribe d with much vividness and great artistic skill the chief traits of the English society and criticized the capitalist system fr om a democratic critical realists included Charles Dickens,Tha ckeray,the Bronte Sisters and so on..4、Lost Generation：Writers of the first postwar era self-consci ously acknowledged that they were a “Lost Generation,” devoid of faith and alienated from a civilization. It describes the Am ericans who remained in Paris as a colony of “expatriates” or exiles. It describes the writers like Hemingway who lived in se mipoverty. It describes the Americans who returned to their nat ive land with an intense awareness of living in an unfamiliar c hanging famous writers were Hemingway,Fitzgwrald.:Imagism was an Anglo-Amercian poetic movement flourishing in t he 1910s. Its program was formulated about 1912 by the Amercian poet,Ezra Pound and the movement soon broke up in about 1917. The imagist poetry was a kind of free verse shaking off the con ventional metres and emphasizing on the use of common speech,new rhythms and clear images. The two most important English poet s of the first half of 20th century were Yeats and Eliot.： It refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century. It means revival , revival of interest in ancient Greek and Ro man culture. Renaissance, in essence , was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attem pts to get rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introduc e new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoi sie , to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman church is the key-note of the Renaissance.The greatest humanist was Thomas More.colourism：Local Colourism is a type of writing that was popula r in the late 19th century, particularly among authors in the Sou th of the U.S.. This style relied heanvily on using words, phra ses, and slang that were native to the particular region in whi ch the story take place. The term has come to mean any device w hich implies a special focus. Whether it be geographical or tem poral. A well-known loca colourism author was Mark Twain with h is books Tom Sawyer and The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn.。
英美文学选读复习资料
英美文学选读复习资料英美文学选读复习资料一、英国文学1、文艺复兴时期：莎士比亚的戏剧《哈姆雷特》、《李尔王》、《麦克白》等，以及弥尔顿的《失乐园》。
2、17世纪：约翰·多恩的玄学派诗歌，以及约翰·班扬的《天路历程》。
3、18世纪：启蒙时期，亨利·菲尔丁和理查逊的小说，以及亚历山大·蒲柏的讽刺诗歌。
4、19世纪：浪漫主义时期，包括拜伦、雪莱、济慈等人的诗歌，以及简·奥斯汀、爱米莉·勃朗特等的小说。
5、维多利亚时期：查尔斯·狄更斯、乔治·艾略特、托马斯·哈代等作家的小说，以及马修·阿诺德、约翰·罗斯金等人的诗歌。
二、美国文学1、浪漫主义时期：包括华盛顿·欧文的《睡谷传说》、爱伦·坡的短篇小说、以及纳撒尼尔·霍桑的《红字》。
2、现实主义时期：包括马克·吐温的《汤姆·索亚历险记》、亨利·詹姆斯的小说、以及艾米莉·狄金森的诗歌。
3、20世纪：包括F.斯科特·菲茨杰拉德的《了不起的盖茨比》、欧内斯特·海明威的《老人与海》、杰克·凯鲁亚克的《在路上》等文学作品。
三、文学术语和概念1、象征主义：通过象征性的符号或形象来表达某种思想或情感。
2、叙事视角：从特定的角度来描述故事，常见的有第一人称、第二人称、第三人称等。
3、意象主义：通过形象和比喻来表达情感和思想。
4、文艺复兴：欧洲历史上的一次文化运动，强调人文主义和古希腊罗马文化。
5、玄学派：17世纪英国的一种文学流派，强调诗歌中的哲学思考和神秘主义。
6、悲剧：一种戏剧类型，通常表现英雄人物的悲惨命运。
7、喜剧：一种戏剧类型，通常表现幽默、讽刺等轻松愉快的主题。
8、自然主义：一种文学流派，强调对自然和社会现实的客观描写。
9、超验主义：一种哲学思想，强调个人经验和直觉，反对传统权威。
英美文学选读复习资料
英美文学选读复习资料英美文学选读复习资料英美文学是指英国和美国的文学作品，包括小说、诗歌、戏剧等。
这些作品代表了英美文化的精髓，对于理解这两个国家的历史、社会和文化有着重要的意义。
在学习英美文学时，我们需要掌握一些重要的作品和作家，以及他们的主要思想和风格。
首先，我们来看看英美文学的起源。
英国文学可以追溯到中世纪，最早的英国文学作品是史诗《贝奥武夫》。
这部作品讲述了一个英雄的故事，强调了勇气、荣誉和忠诚的重要性。
这种史诗的传统在英国文学中一直延续到今天，影响了许多作家，如莎士比亚和狄更斯。
莎士比亚是英国文学的巅峰之作。
他的戏剧作品包括悲剧、喜剧和历史剧，涵盖了各种主题和情感。
莎士比亚的作品具有深刻的人物描写和复杂的情节，他的语言也非常美丽和富有表现力。
莎士比亚的作品对于理解人性和社会问题有着重要的启示，被广泛地研究和演出。
在美国文学方面，最早的作品可以追溯到殖民地时期。
这些作品主要是宗教文学，反映了殖民地居民的信仰和价值观。
其中最著名的作品是《普利茅斯植民者的历史》，它记录了普利茅斯植民者在美洲建立殖民地的经历。
这些作品对于理解美国的宗教和政治历史有着重要的意义。
美国文学的巅峰时期是19世纪，这个时期出现了许多重要的作家和作品。
其中最著名的是马克·吐温的《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》。
这部小说以一个少年的视角描写了美国南方的奴隶制度和种族歧视，对于美国社会的问题提出了尖锐的批评。
这部小说被认为是美国文学的经典之作，对于后来的作家产生了重要的影响。
除了莎士比亚和吐温，还有许多其他重要的英美作家和作品。
例如，英国的狄更斯和奥斯汀，美国的海明威和福克纳。
这些作家的作品涉及了各种不同的主题和风格，从社会问题到个人成长，从浪漫主义到现实主义。
他们的作品代表了英美文学的多样性和丰富性。
在学习英美文学时，我们不仅需要了解这些作家和作品，还需要理解它们的背景和文化内涵。
英美文学反映了英国和美国的历史、社会和价值观，它们是这两个国家文化遗产的重要组成部分。
(精品)英美文学复习资料(全)
文学体裁：诗歌poem，小说novel，戏剧dramaOrigin起源：Christianity 基督教→ bible 圣经Myth 神话The Romance of king Arthur and his knights 亚瑟王和他的骑士（笔记）一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1、这个时期的文学作品分类：pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒)2、代表作：The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》( national epic 民族史诗) 采用了隐喻手法3、Alliteration 押头韵（写作手法）例子：of man was the mildest and most beloved,To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350)Canto 诗章1、romance 传奇文学2、代表作：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士和绿衣骑士) 是一首押头韵的长诗三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟时期1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事(英国文学史的开端)大致内容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups.朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character.这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事，无形中表明了各自的观点，展示了各自的性格。
英美文学期末复习资料+所有作家作品流派总结442
一、文学术语*41.Epic叙事诗，史诗A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society fromwhich it originated.Many epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down.Twoof the most famous epics of Western civilization are Homer's Iliad and Odyssey.The great epic of the Middle Ages is The DivineComedy（神曲）by the Italian poet Dante.The two most famous English epics are the Anglo-Saxon Beowulf and John Milton'sParadise Lost,which employ some of the conventions of the classical epic.2.Naturalism自然主义（文学、艺术以反映现实为宗旨）Naturalism is a term of literary history,primarily a French movement in prose fiction and the dramaduring the final thirdof the19th century,although it is also applied to similar movements or groups of writers in other countries in the later decades ofthe19th and early years of the20th cents.In France Emile Zola(1840-1902)was the dominant practitioner(习艺者，专业人员)of Naturalism in prose fiction and the chief exponent（鼓吹者，倡导者，拥护者；能手，大师）of its doctrines.The emergence of Naturalism does not mark a radical（彻底的）break with Realism,rather the new style is a logicalextension of it.Broadly speaking,Naturalism is characterized by a refusal to idealize experience and by the persuasion thathuman life is strictly subjected to natural laws.The Naturalists shared with the earlier Realists the conviction that the everydaylife of the middle and lower classes of their own day provided subjects worthy of serious literary treatment. Emphasis was laid onthe influence of the material and economic environment on behavior,and on the determining effects of physical and hereditaryfactors in forming the individual temperament.Famous American Naturalistic writers would include Jack London,Stephen Craneand Frank Norris,who were deeply influenced by Charles Darwin's evolution theory which believe that one's heredity and socialsituation limit one's character.3.Modernism现代派（盛行于20世纪的文学风格）Modernism was a complex and diverse international movement in all the creative arts,originating about the end of the19thcentury and prosperity in the20th century.The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted, alienated and illrelationships between man and nature,man and society,man and man,and man and himself.The modernist writers concentratemore on the private than on the public,more on the subjective than on the objective.They are mainly concerned with the innerbeing of an individual.In their writings,the past,the present and the future are mingled（混合）together and exist at the sametime in the consciousness of an individual.4.Transcendentalism超验主义It was a reaction to the18th century Newtonian concept of the universe.The major features of New EnglandTranscendentalism can be summarized as follows:1.The Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit,or the Oversoul,as themost important thing in the universe.2.The Transcendentalists stressed the importance of the individual.To them the individualwas the most important element of society.3.The Transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spiritor God.Nature was,to them,not purely matter.It was alive,filled with God's overwhelming presence.I.Major Literary Terms in The Anglo-Norman Period1.Romance:Any imaginative literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with heroic adventures and battles betweengood characters and villains or monsters.Originally,the term referred to a medieval tale dealing with the loves and adventures ofkings and queens,knights and ladies,and including unlikely or supernatural happenings.Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is thebest of the medieval romances.John Keats's The Eve of St.Agnes is one of the greatest metrical（格律）romances ever written.2.Ballad（民谣，叙事歌谣）:A story told in verse and usually meant to be sung.In many centuries,the folk ballad was one of theearliest forms of literature.Folk ballads have no known authors.They were transmitted orally from generation to generation andwere not set down in writing until centuries after they were first sung.The subject matter of folk ballads stems from the everydaylife of the common people.The most popular subjects,often tragic,are disappointed love,jealousy,revenge, sudden disaster anddeeds of adventure and daring.Devices commonly used in ballads are the the refrain（叠词）,incremental repetition（叠句）and code language（特定语言）.A later form of ballad is the literary ballad which imitates the style of the folk ballad.The mostfamous English literary ballad is Samuel Taylor Coleridge's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner（老水手之歌）.二、选择&填空The Anglo-Norman PeriodThe literature which Normans brought to England is remarkable for its____tales of___and___,in marked contrast of____and____of Anglo-Saxon poetry.romantic,love,adventure,strength,somberness（昏暗；冷静）Geoffrey Chaucer1.The Canterbury Tales contains in fact a General Prologue and only_____tales,of which two are left unfinished.242.The____provides a framework for the tales in The Canterbury Tales and it comprises a group of vivid pictures of variousmedieval figures.Prologue序言3.The Canterbury Tales is Chaucer's greatest work and the greater part of it was written in____Couplets.Heroic（英雄双韵体）4.The pilgrims in The Canterbury Tales are on their way to the shrine of St.Thomas a Becket at the place named____.Canterbury5.In The Canterbury Tales,from the character of_____,we may see a very vivid sketch of a woman of the middle class,and acolorful picture of the domestic life of that class in Chaucer's own day.the Wife of Bath（巴斯夫人：齐叟笔下一个结过5次婚等待第六位丈夫的女人）Renaissance1.Hamlet,Othello,King Lear,and____are generally regarded as Shakespeare's four great tragedies.Macbeth2.Absolute monarchy in England reached its summit during the reign of_____.Queen Elizabeth3._____wrote his_____in which he gave a profound and truthful picture of people's sufferings and put forward his ideal of afuture happy society.Thomas More，UtopiaThe literature of the17th century1.After____'s death,monarchy was again restored in1660.It was called the period of_____.Oliver Cromwell;Restoration2.The Glorious Revolution took place in the year of_____1688.3.Paradise Lost tells how____rebelled against God and how___and___were driven out of Eden.Satan;Adam,Eve.4.Bunyan's most important work is____,written in the form old-fashioned medieval form of_____and dream.The Pilgrim's Progress;allegory寓言the18th century literature1.The image of an enterprising Englishman of the18th century was created by Daniel Defoe in his famous novel______.Robinson Crusoe2.The18th century in English literature is an age of___.prose3.Jonathan Swift's masterpiece is___..Gulliver's Travels4.William Blake's work___(1794)are in marked contrast with the Songs of Innocence天真之歌.The Songs of Experience经验之歌5.The greatest of___poets in the18th century is Robert Burns.Scottishthe19th century literature1.With the publication of William Wordworth's______with S.T.Coleridge,______began to bloom and founda firm place inthe history of English literature.Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集,Romanticism2.The Romantic Age came to an end in1832when the last Romantic writer_____died.Walter Scott3.The greatest historical novelist_____was produced in the Romantic Age.Walter Scott4.The glory of the Romantic age is in the poetry of___,___,___,___,___,and___.Scott,Wordsworth,Coleridge科尔里奇,Byron,Shelley,Keats,Moore,Southey索西.5.The English Romantic Period produced two major novelists.They are______.Scott and Austen6.In his poems Wordsworth aimed at the_____and_____of the language.simplicity,purity7.Byron is chiefly known for his two long poems,one is Childe Harold's Pilgrimage,and the other is_____.Don Juan8.“Ode to a Nightingale”was written by_____.John Keats9.Jane Austen's literary concern is about human beings in their_____relationships.personal.Victorian Age1.In the19th century English literature,a new literary trend_____appeared after the romantic poetry,and flourished in the time of______.Critical realism,1840s and1850s.2.Critical realism reveals the corrupting influence of the rule of cash upon human nature.Here lies in the essentially_____and_____character of critical realism.Democratic,humanitarian3.In A tale of Two Cities,the two cities are_____and_____in the time of revolution.London,Paris4.In1847,Thackeray published his masterpiece_____,which marks the peak of his literary career.Vanity Fair5.It is Robert Browning who developed the literary form_____..Dramatic monologue戏剧独白20th century British Literature1.____had its outstanding advocate in Kipling,who with drum and trumpet,called upon England to“take up the Whiteman'sburden”by dominating all“lesser breeds without the law.”lmperialism2.Those“novels of character and environment”by Thomas Hardy are the lost representative of him as botha and acritical realist writer.Naturalistic3.It took Galsworthy twenty-two years to accomplish the monumental work,his masterpiece____The Forsyte Saga福尔赛世家wrence finished____,the autobiographical novel at which he had been working off and on for years, which was positivelytaken as a typical example and lively manifestation of the“Oedipus Complex”in fiction.Sons and Lovers5.___and___are the most outstanding stream of consciousness novelist.James Joyce，Virginia Woolf.6.____is generally regarded as Virginia Woolf's most remarkable work.To the LighthouseExercises on American Literature1.In the17th century,the English settlements in____and____began the main stream of what we recognize as the Americannational history.Virginia,Massachusetts2.Washington Irving's____became the first work by an American writer to win financial success on both sides of the Atlantic.Sketch Book3.Cooper's enduring fame rests on his frontier stories,especially the five novels that comprise the____.Leatherstocking Tales4.____was responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New land.Ralph Waldo Emerson5.A superb book entitled____came out of Henry David Thoreau's two-year experiment at Walden Pond.Walden6.The book____is a tremendous chronicle of a whaling voyage in pursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale.Moby DickBook two chapter one1.In his cluster of poems called Leaves of Grass,__gave America its first genuine epic poem.Walt Whitman2.As the founder of American Critical Realism,____enjoys the fame as“Lincoln of American literature”.Mark Twain3.____was considered the founder of psychological realism in America.Henry James4.The identification of potency（影响）with money is at the heart of Dreiser's greatest and most successful novel,____.An American TragedyThe20th century1.Pound was the leader of a new movement in poetry which he called the“_____Movement”.Imagist2.The most significant American poem of the20th century was_____.The Waste Land3.____of the1920s characterized by frivolity and carelessness is brought vividly to life in The Great Gatsby.The Jazz Age4.Hemingway's novel___painted the image of a whole generation,the Lost Generation.The Sun Also Rises5.____wrote about the disintegration（瓦解）of the old social system in the American southern states,and the lives of modempeople,both black and white.William Faulkner三、True or False1.In1066,Alexander the Great led the Norman army to invade England.It was called the Norman Conquest.F(William the Conqueror）2.The Story of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is the culmination（顶点）of the romances about Charles the Great.F(King Arthur and his knights)3.Robinson named Saturday to the saved victim.F(Friday)4.“A Modest Proposal”is made to Irish government to relieve the poverty of English people.F(Irish)5.It was Henry Fielding and Tobias Gorge Smollet who became the real founders of the genre of the bourgeois realistic novel inEngland and Europe.T6.Of all the romantic poets of the18th century,Blake is the most in-dependent and the most original.T7.George Eliot produced the remarkable novels including Adam Bede,The Mill on the Floss and Silas Marner. (true)8.The Bronte sisters are Charlotte Bronte,Emily Bronte and Anne Bronte.(true)9.The Victorian Age was largely an age of prose,especially of the novel.(true)10.David Copperfield is Thackeray's masterpiece.F(Dickens)11.The title of the novel Vanity Fair is taken from Bunyan's Pilgrim's progress.(true)12.In1907,John Galsworthy received the Nobel Prize for“idealism”in literature.Kim is his long novel.F(Kipling)13.George Bernard Shaw was strongly against the credo of“art for art's sake”.T14.The Importance of Being Earnest is written by Oscar Wilde.T15.Hester Prynne is the heroine in Nathaniel Hawthorne's novel The Scarlet Letter.T16.In1828,Noah Webster published his An American Dictionary of the English Language.T17.Stirred by the teachings of transcendentalism,writers of Boston and nearby towns produced a New England literaryrenaissance.T18.The Fall of the House of Usher is one of Edgar Allan Poe's poems.F(novels)19.Most of the poems in Leaves of Grass are about man and nature.T20.Emily Dickinson is a democratic poet.F(modernist)21.“The Cop and the Anthem”was written by Jack London.F(O Henry)22.While embracing the socialism of Marx,Jack London also believed in the triumph of the strongest individuals.Thiscontradiction is most vividly projected in the patently autobiographical novel The Call of the Wild F (Martin Eden)23.Between the mid-19th and the first decade of the20th century,there had been a big flush of new theories and new ideas inboth social id natural sciences,as well in the field of art in Europe,which played an indispensable role in bringing aboutmodernism and the modernistic writings in the United States.T24.The decade of the1910s,American literature achieved a new diversity and reached its greatest heights.F(1920s)25.John Steinbeck is a representative of the1930s,when“novels of social protest”became dominant on the American literaryscene.T26.John Updike is considered to be a spokesman for the alienated youth in the post-war era and his The Catcher in the Rye isregarded as students'classic.F（Jerome David Salinger）(J.D.Salinger）四、连线题作家流派/文体作品Literature Stylechiefly under theinfluenceRomance of the Roses of French poetryof theMiddle AgesChaucer heroic couplet英雄双韵体The House of Fame--《名誉堂》Troylus and Criseyde《特罗伊勒斯和克莱西德》The Legend of Good women--《良妇传说》The Parliament of Fowls--《百鸟堂》u nder the spell of thegreatliterary geniuses ofearlyRenaissance Italy:Danteand Petrarch andBoccaccioProduced hisworks ofThe Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》maturity free fromanyforeign influence.William Langland Piers the Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》Alliteration(头韵)Thomas More托马斯.莫尔Utopia乌托邦Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯.培根T he Advancement of Learning《学术的推进》Of Studies《论读书》;Of wisdom《论智慧》EssayJohn Lyly Eupheus w ritten in a peculiar styleknown as EuphuismThomas Wyatt first introduced the sonnet托马斯.怀亚特into English literatureEarl of Surrey萨利伯爵Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙.斯宾塞Humanism人文主义created blankverseThe Fairy Queen《仙后》Lyrical poetryBen Jonson琼生Christopher E very Man in His Humour;Volpone,or the Fox; TheAlchemist;Bartholomew Fair.Marlowe克里Doctor Faustus;The Jew of Malta;Tamburlaine Play 斯托弗.马洛Robert Greene George Green;the Pinner of WakefieldWilliam Shakespeare威廉姆.莎士比亚Hamlet(哈姆雷特)，Othello(奥赛罗)，King Lear(李尔王)，The Tragedy of Macbeth(麦克白)37plays;blankverse1.Extraordinaryfrankness,John Donne 约翰.多恩“metaphysical”poets(玄学派诗人)《Death be not proud》《死神莫骄妄》Songs and Sonnets《歌谣与十四行诗》The RelicA Valediction:Forbidding Mourning《离别辞：莫忧伤》p enetrating realism,cynicism.2.Novelty of subjectmatter and point ofview.3.Novelty of form.John Milton 约翰.弥尔顿三个John都是the Puritans清教徒派《Defense for the English People》为英国人辩护《Paradise Lost》失乐园Samson Agoniste《s力士参孙》《Paradise Regained》复乐园Sonnet-On His Blindness1.The use of blankverse.2.Grand style.3.Inheritance fromtraditional works suchas《失明述怀》Sonnet-On His Deceased Wife《梦之妻》Bible.1.Written in theJohn Bunyan 约翰.拜扬Pilgrim’s ProgressThe Holy War《圣战》The Life and Death of Mr.BadmanGrace Abounding《丰盛恩惠》o ld-fashioned,medievalform of allegory anddream.2.His language ischieflyplain,colloquial,andquitemodern.Daniel Defoe realistic novel《Robinson Crusoe》鲁宾逊漂流记《Jonathan Wild》丹尼尔.笛福现实主义小说乔纳森.威尔德《Moll Flanders》摩尔.弗兰德斯《Joseph Andrews》约瑟夫.安德鲁斯Henry Fielding 亨利.菲尔丁Father of modernfiction《The History of Tom Jones,a foundling》弃婴汤姆.琼斯的故事The History of Jonathan Wild the Great《伟大的乔纳森·王尔德》Humor&satirist 《Gulliver’s Travels》格列佛游记Jonathan Swift 乔纳森.斯威夫特satirist反讽prose poetry《A Modest Proposal》一个温和的建议A Tale of a Tub1697《一只桶的故事》The Battle of the Books1698《书籍之战》The Drapier’s Letters1724《布商来信》Joseph Addison＆RichardSteele；their life-longJoseph Addlson The Tatler闲谈者The Spectator旁观者friendship and thepartnership inliterarycareer.the Pastorals(1709)（田园诗歌）the Essay on CriticismAlexander pope (1711)（论批评）The Rape of the Lock(1714)（卷发遇劫记）“Elegy to the Memory of an Unfortunate Lady”;“Eloise to Abelard,Samuel 缪尔.理查森epistolarynovel(书信体小说），Englishdomestic novel(英国家庭小说）《Pamela》帕美勒Clarissa Harlowe克拉丽莎Sir Charles Grandison查尔斯•格兰迪森的历史Richardson塞psychological analysisRichard B.Sheridan理查德.B.谢尔丹comedy《School for Scandal》造谣学校the Rivals(情敌)t he only importantEnglishdramatist of the18thcentury《The Vicar of Wakefield》威克菲尔德的牧师，小说novelOliverGoldsmith’s奥利佛.哥尔德斯密斯《She Stoops to Conquer》委曲求全，欢乐喜剧rollicking comedy《The Deserted Village》荒村，诗歌The Traveller旅行者poems,诗歌The Citizen of the World世界公民essay以上6位都是18世纪Classicism(古典主义)、revival of romantic poetry(新兴的浪漫主义诗歌)、beginnings of the modern novel(刚启萌的现代派小说)的代表人物Thomas Gray 托马斯.格雷S entimentalism感伤主义no belief《Elegy,Written in aCountryChurchyard》墓园挽歌William Blake 威廉.布莱克Pre-romanticismS ongs of Innocence天真之歌SongsofExperience经验之歌PoeticalSketches素描诗集The Tiger老虎My Heart’s in the Highlands我的心呀Robert Burns 罗伯特.彭斯在高原John Anderson,My Jo约翰·安徒生，我爱A Red,Red Rose一朵红红的玫瑰To a Mouse致小鼠Auld Lang Syne友谊地久天长William Wordsworth 威廉.华兹华斯Lake Poets（湖畔派）Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣《The Prelude》序曲1.Leading figure of Englishromanticpoetry2.See this world freshly andnaturally.3.Changed the course of EnglishpoetryLord Byron拜伦Romanticism《Childe Harold Pilgrimage》查尔德哈罗德游记Don Juan（唐璜）《Hours of Idleness》闲散时刻1.Renowned as the“gloomyegoist”2.“Byronic Hero”（拜伦式英雄）3.Devote himself into therevolutionPercy Bysshe Idealism Shelley雪莱（理想主义）《Prometheus Unbound》解放的普罗米修斯《Ode to the West Wind》西风颂The Cloud云1.Intense and original2.Reflect radical ideas andrevolutionaryoptimism3.Rebel against English politicsandconservative values《The Eve of St.Agnes》 1.Epitaph:Here lies one whose name was圣阿格良斯之夜written in water（此地长眠者，声名水John Keats济Romanticism《On a Greeian Urn》希腊古瓮颂上书）慈（浪漫主义）《To a Nightingale》致夜莺 2.Early death fromtuberculosis at theOde on Melancholy（忧郁颂）age of25Isabella（伊莎贝拉） 3.He is characterized bysensual imageryWalter Scott沃Famous Historical特.斯科特Novelist Ivanhoe（艾凡赫）The lady of the Lake（湖中夫人）Waverley（威佛利）1.Historical novelist as well asplaywrightand poet.2.He was an advocate,judge andlegaladministrator by professionJane Austen简.Female Novelist奥斯丁《Pride and Prejudice》傲慢与偏见《Sense and Sensibility》理智与情感《Emma》爱玛1.Modern character through thetreatmentof everyday life2.Virginia Woolf called Austen"themostperfect artist among women."Charles Lamb Essayist 查尔斯.兰伯（随笔作家）Tales from Shakespeare（莎士比亚故事集）Essays of Elia（伊利亚随笔）The Last Essays of Elia（伊利亚续笔）1.Indulged in his own contemplationandimagination2.To him,literature was a means toexpress his own subjective world andtoescape from the sordidness（肮脏、卑鄙）1.expose and criticize the poverty,Charles Dickens 狄更斯Critical Realism批判现实主义《Hard Times》艰难时刻《PickwickPapers》匹克威克外传《OliverTwist》雾都孤儿《A Tale of Two Cities》双城injustice,hypocrisy andcorruptness2.show a highly consciousemodernartist记 3.humor and wit seeminexhaustibleCharlotte Bronte 夏洛特.勃郎特Victorian Period维多利亚时期《Shirley》雪利《Jane Eyre》简.爱4.Picaresque novel(流浪汉小说）1.great work of genius inEnglishfictionEmily Bronte艾米丽.勃郎特Mrs.Gaskell humanism人文主义《Wuthering Heights》呼啸山庄《Mary Barton,North and South》玛丽.巴顿，北方和南方2.focus on the femaletopic3.lyric writing style4.simple realism1.rich knowledge of social life andWilliam Makepeace Thackeray 《Vanity Fair》名利场—this titlewasborrowed from The Pilgrim’s Progressby Bunyan.没有大人物的小说heart,the picture in the novelsareaccurate and true life2.Thackeray’s satire is causticand hishumor subtle3.Pay attention to morility1.show superb conceptionandexecution and include muchfavoral《Adam Bede》亚当贝德feminist criticismGeorge Eliot 乔治.艾略特T he Mill on the Floss《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》Silas Marner《织工马南传》2.describe various inner worldanddepict people’s live withcinematicprecisionMiddlemarch《米德尔马契》 3.moral teaching andpsychologicalrealism.精神说教和心理现实主义。
英美文学复习资料
英美文学复习资料，欢迎转载和补充，没有版权。
Term definition1.A ballad(歌谣) is a story told in song, usually in 4-linestanzas（诗的一节）, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.When it was chanted（吟唱） by ballad-singers, the audience joined a refrain（重复） which usually followed each stanza.2.Pentameter（五步格诗）isa common pattern of beats in Englishpoetry in which each line consists of 5feet.3.Epic（史诗） is a longand exalted（高尚的）narrativepoem,usually on a serious subject centered on a heroic figure.4.Romance is aliterary genre（流派）in verse or in prose popular inthemiddle ages. It deals with legendary , supernatural oranonymous（无个性特征的）subjects and characters. Theromance of the middle ages was a form of chivalric（骑士的）and romantic literature.5.Chivalry（骑士精神）is the code of manners and moralsof aknight.6.Blank verse is a succession of unrhymed iambic（短长格的）pentameters primarily an English form and has been used in the loftiest（崇高的） epic and dramatic versefromShakespeare and Milton to the present.7.Sonnet is a poem of 14 lines,usually in iambic pentameter,restricted to a definite rhyme scheme. There aretwoprominent types: the Elizabethan, or Shakespearean sonnet.8.Stanza is a groupof lines whose pattern is repeated throughoutthe poem.9.Meter isthe result of stresses recurring（循环的）at fixed intends.10.Alliteration（押头韵）is a poetical form, in which certainaccented（带口音的） words in a line begin with the same consonant（和谐的） sounds.11.Heroic couplets are two rhyme iambic pentameter lines whichwas made popular by pop in the18c. This form is oftenused in epics and heroic dramas. Alexander emptied these heroic dramas withgreat effort.12.Spenserian Stanza is a special verse form that consists of eightiambic pentameter linesfollowed by a ninth line of six iambic feet, with the rhyme scheme ababbcbcc.13.Renaissance（文艺复兴）refers to the period between the14th and mid-17th centuries. It, in essence, is a historical period inwhich the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid ofthose feudalist ideas in medieval （中世纪的）Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressedtheinterests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to recover the purity of the earlychurch from the corruption of the Roman Catholicchurch.14.The metaphysical（玄学派诗歌的） poetry is a school of poetrythatappeared at about the beginning of 17th century, represented by JohnDonne. The works of the metaphysical poetry arecharacterized, generallyspeaking, by mysticism（神秘主义）in content and fantasticality in form.15.EnlightenmentMovement isa progressive intellectualmovement, a furtherance（促进） of theRenaissance, with its purpose to enlighten the whole world with the light ofmodern philosophical and artistic ideas. The enlightenerscelebrated reason,equality, and science, with AlexanderPope, Joseph Addison, Jonathan Swift,Daniel Defoe, and Henry Fielding as the famous representatives.16.Classicism isa literary tendency of a revival of interestin the old classical works.According to the classicists, all forms of literature were to be modeled afterthe classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers (Homer,Virgil,Horace, Ovid, etc.). They believed that the artistic ideas should be order,logic, restrained emotion, andaccuracy, and that literature should be judgedin terms of its service to humanity.17.Sentimentalism is one of the important trends in Englishliterature of themiddle and later decades of the 18th century, represented by Thomas Gray. Itjustly criticized the cruelty of the capitalist relations and the gross（恶劣的）social injustices brought about by the bourgeois revolutions. Itembracesa pessimistic（悲观主义的）outlook and blames reason and the Industrial Revolution, marked by asincere sympathy forthe poverty-stricken, expropriated（被征地的）peasants.Short Answer Questions1.features of Beowulf： The most striking feature in itspoeticalform is the use of alliteration. Other feature of Beowulf are the use ofmetaphors(隐喻) and of understatements （保守的陈述）.P52.artisticfeatures of Piers the Plowman：Itis written in theform of a dream vision, and the author tells his story underthe guise of having dreamed. The poem is also anallegory(预言)which uses symbolism to relate truth but isa realistic picture of medieval(中世纪的)England. P153.Christopher Marlowe’sliterary achievement s: He reformedthe English drama and perfected the verse ofdramatic works.Marlowe’s dramatic achievements lies chiefly in hisepical(叙述诗), and attimes lyrical（抒情诗），verse. His work paved the way for the play of the greatestEnglish dramatist—Shakespeare. P554.the popularforms of drama before the reign ofElizabeth :Miracle plays, morality plays,interludes(幕间节目)andclassical plays—such were forms of dramaprevailing until the reign ofElizabeth. P475.the fourperiods of Shakespeare’s dramatic career : Thefirst period is the period ofhis apprenticeship(学徒)in play-writing, as a newcomer to London, madeexperiments ina number of dramatic forms. The second period is hismatureperiod, mainly a period of “great comedies” and mature historical plays. Thethird period is mainly the period of “great tragedies” and “dark comedies”. P60-66 6.the a greatcomedies and 4 great tragedies of Shakespeare :AMidsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, As You Like It andTwelfth Night have been called Shakespeare’s “great co medies”. Four greattragedies of Shakespeare areOthello,King Lear, Macbeth, and Hamlet. P67 P807.features of Shakespeare’sdrama : Shakespeare’s dramas arereflect the realistic world. Shakespeare’s dramaticcreation often used themethod adaptation. Shake speare’s long experience with the stage and hisintimate knowledge of dramatic art thus acquired make him a master handforplaywriting. P91-938.the image ofSatan: Satan is a real hero in ParadiseLost whowas obeyed and admired by those who follow him down to hell, he isthe spirit questioning the authority of God. P1089.a summery ofJohn Milton: Milton was political in both hislife and his art, he wrote thegreatest epic in English literature. Milton is a master of the blank verse(无韵诗),he is agreat stylist(文体学家)and has always been admired for his sublimity(崇高) of thought andmajesty(威严)ofexpression. P11110.Henry Fielding’s views on realistic novel: Theexactobservation and study of real life was the basis of Fielding’s work, the centreof Fielding’s workingphilosophy was Man, the profound knowledge of humannature displayed in his novels. P16911.the character of Robinson Crusoe : Robinson Crusoe, a dogand two cats, somecannibals(食人族), a young Negro Friday, the captain of anEnglish ship. 151-15212.rules of classical creation : Rimed couplet(对句) insteadof blank verse, the three unities oftime, palce, and action, regularity in construction, and the presentation oftypes rather than individuals—these weresome of standards the classicists required of drama. Poetry, following theancient divisions, should be lyric, epic, didactic, satiric, ordramatic, andeach class should be guided by some peculiar principles. Prose should beprecise, direct and flexible.P47 Work Analysis1.Please mak e an analysis of “Hamlet” andthe character ofHamlet: Hamlet is considered the summit of Shakespeare’sart.The story comes from an old Danish legend. Before Shakespeare, Thomas Kydhad written a play on the same subject. It was a tragedy of “blood andthunder.” But under Shakespeare’s pen, the medieval story assumed a newmeaning. Hamlet is neither a frail and weak-minded youth nor athought-sickbook-worm. In the play nobody thinks of him that way. Though he is deprived ofhis right to the throne, he is still loved and respected by everyone. Hamlet isa humanist,a man who is free from medieval prejudices andsuperstitions.Starting from his humanist love of man, he turns to those around him with thesame eagerness. Hisintellectual genius is outstanding. P84-872.the theme and characters of Shakespeare’s A Merchant of Venice : This is a great irony and comedy. The script is the subject of praise love, friendship and love, at the same time also reflects the business of early capitalism and thebourgeoisie sharks conflict between the performance of the authors of bourgeois society, money. Legal and religious issues such as the humanistic ideas. It plays an important literary achievement, this Shylock is the shape of the mercenary, ruthless typical image of sharks. Bassanio is a man loved Portia deeply, he could do anything for her. Portia is beautiful, cultured, courteous and capable of rising to an emergency. Antonio cherished his friendship and bear death for Bassanio , take everything from shylock without a single complain. Shylock is an avaricious money-lender, he is a Jew of pride and deep religious instincts.P683.the story,theme, and characters of John Milton’s ParadiseLost: Story The fallen angels led by freedom-loving Satanwho rose against God himself were finally defeated, Satan goes to Eden to persuade Eve to breakGod’s command, and Eve and Adam were both deprived of immortality and exiledformParadise and doomed to anearthly life full of hardship and sufferings. The main idea of the poem is arevolt against God’s authority. In Paradise lost God is no better than a selfish despot, his long speeches arenever pleasing, his Archangel is a bore,his angels are silly. Satan is by far the most striking character in the poem, Satanis a real heroin Paradise Lost whowas obeyed and admired by those who follow him down to hell, he is the spiritquestioning the authority of God. Adam and Eve craving for knowledge, adds aparticular significant characters. This longing forknowledge opens beforemankind a wide road to an intelligent and active life.P107-1084.structure andan analysis of Gulliver’s Travels: Inthe firstpart Gulliver describes hisshipwreck in Lilliput where the tallest people were six inches high, the secondpart is the voyage to Brobdingnag is described, the third part is a satire onphilosophers and projectors, the last partGulliver’s satire is of thebitterest. Swift hated all kinds of oppression—political, economical and religious,hecherished a great love for the peoplethat he wrote in the second part of Gulliv er’stravels.Swift’s Gulliver’s travels gives an unparalleled(前所未有的)satiricaldepiction(描写) of the vices of hisage. In many of his other famous works he addresses himself to thecommonpeople. And this is strikingly shown in hispamphlets(小册子) on Ireland.P141-1425.thecharacterization of Tom Jones : TomJones, the foundling , is a handsome young man. He is frank and open, kind,disinterested,and ,tough quick-tempered, devoid of malice. Blifil issober,discreet(谨慎的) and pious（虔诚的）beyond his age, extremely “careful ofhis money”, and skilled in bringing himself into favor with his patron by arespectful appearance and ready flattery. Sophia Western, the heroine of the book,is the “Somersetshire(索美塞夏特)angel.” Sheis her father’s “little darling,” and she returns al l his affection withangelic tenderness. Squire Western, Sophia’s father, is a boorish old huntingsquire. All his thoughts and interests are concentrated “ether in the field,the stable, or the dog-kennel. ” Partridge is Tom’s companion in his adventureson t he road, and an English Sancho Panza. He is a Jack-of-all-trades—schoolmaster, clerk, barber, surgeon and tailor.P165-168。
英美文学复习资料
英美文学复习资料英美文学I. 本期讲过的所有名家名作II．名词术语:Ode——in ancient literature, is an elaborate lyrical poem composed for a chorus to chant and to dance to; in modern use, it is a rhymed lyric expressing noble feelings, often addressed to a person or celebrating an event.Alliteration——It is a form of initial rhyme, or head rhyme.It is the repetition of the same sound or sounds at the beginning of two or more words that are next to or close to each other.e.g. He came on under the clouds, clearly saw at lastRage-inflamed, wreckage-bent, be ripped openKenning——a figurative language in order to add beauty to ordinary objects. It is a metaphor usually composed of two words, which becomes the formula for a special object.e.g. Helmet bearer—— warriorSwan road——the seaThe world candle—— the sunRepetition &Variatione.g. Grendel / The spoiler / warlike creature /the foe / horrible monsterA host of young soldiers / a company ofKinsmen / a whole warrior-bandCaesura——every line consists of two clearly separated half lines between which is a pause, called caesura.e.g. Grendel stalking; God’s brand was on him.the gold-hall of men, the mead-drinking placenailed with gold plates. That was not the first visitBallad——is a form of verse, often a narrative set to music. Ballads were particularly characteristic of the popular poetry and song of the British Isles from the later medieval period until the 19th century and used extensively across Europe and later the Americas, Australia and North Africa. Many ballads were written and sold as single sheet broadsides. The form was often used by poets and composers from the 18th century onwards to produce lyrical ballads. In the later 19th century it took on the meaning of a slow form of popular love song and the term is now often used as synonymous with any love song, particularly the pop or rock power ballad.Epic——is a lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significant to a culture or nation. The first epics are known as primary, or original, epics. One such epic is the Old English story Beowulf. Epics that attempt to imitate these like Milton’s Paradise Lost are known as literary, or secondary, epics.The six main characteristics:1. The hero is outstanding. He might be important, and historically or legendarily significant.2. The setting is large. It covers many nations, or the known world.3. The action is made of deeds of great valor or requiringsuperhuman courage.4. Supernatural forces—gods, angels, demons—insert themselves in the action.5. It is written in a very special style.6. The poet tries to remain objective.Sonnet (Italian Sonnet, Shakespearean Sonnet, Spenserian Sonnet, Miltonic Sonnet)①Italian sonnetcreated by Giacomo da Lentini, head of the Sicilian School.Petrarch (1304-1374) most famous early sonneteerIt falls into two main parts:an octave rhyming “abbaabba” (set up a problem ) + volta followed by a sestet rhyming “cdecde” or some variant, such as “cdccdc” (answer)②English / Shakespearean sonnetThe greatest practitioner: William Shakespearethree quatrains followed by a coupletoften presents a repetition-with-variation of a statement in each of the three quatrains ?The final couplet in the English sonnet usually imposes an epigrammatic turn at the end.——a fourteen-line poem of iambic pentameters. This form is made up of 3 quatrains and a couplet, rhyming：ababcdcdefefgg③Spenserian sonnetA variant on the English form is the Spenserian sonnet, named after Edmund Spenserthree quatrains connected by the interlocking rhyme scheme and followed by a couplet ?the rhyme scheme is abab, bcbc, cdcd, ee——has the rhyme scheme ababbcbccdcdee and no breakbetween the octave (an eight line stanza) and the sestet( a six line stanza). It is named after the Elizabethan poet Edmund Spenser.④Miltonic SonnetConceit——in literature, a conceit is an extended metaphor with a complex logic that governs a poetic passage or entire poem. By juxtaposing, usurping and manipulating images and ideas in surprising ways, a conceit invites the reader into a more sophisticated understanding of an object of comparison. Extended conceits in English are part of the poetic idiom of Mannerism, during the later sixteenth and early seventeenth century. Simile—is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements ha ving at least one quality or characteristic in common.Simile is almost always introduced bythe following words:like,as,as…as,as it were,as if,as though,be something of,similar to, etc.Metaphor—is a figure of speech where comparison is implied.It is also a comparison between two unlike elements with a similar quality.But unlike a simile,this comparison is implied,n ot expressed with the word"as"or"like".Symbol——In literary usage, a symbol is a specially evocative kind of image: that is, a word or phrase referring to a concrete object, scene, or action which also has some further significance associated with it.Types of SymbolsI. Universal or cultural symbols/traditional symbolsare those whose associations are the common property of asociety or culture and are so widely recognized and accepted that they can be said to be almost universal.e.g. water—lifeSerpent—the DevilLamb—Jesus ChristII. Contextual, Authorial, or Private symbolsare those whose associations are neither immediate nor traditional; instead, they derive their meaning, largely if not exclusively, from the context of the work in which they are used.e.g. the albatross in Coleridge’s “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”Synecdoche——a figure of speech in which a part is substituted for a whole or a whole for a part e.g.My baby woke for a bottle.[提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般.]Oxymoron——is a figure of speech that juxtaposes elements that appear to be contradictory.Oxymora appear in a variety of contexts, including inadvertent errors (such as "ground pilot") and literary oxymorons crafted to reveal a paradox. The most common form of oxymoron involves an adjective–noun combination of two words. For example, the following line from Tennyson's Idylls of the King contains two oxymora: And faith unfaithful kept him falsely true.e.g. painful pleasure a thunderous silencePun——The pun, also called paronomasia, is a form of word play that suggests two or more meanings, by exploiting multiple meanings of words, or of similar-sounding words, for an intendedhumorous or rhetorical effect. Puns are used to create humor and sometimes require a large vocabulary to understand. Puns have long been used by comedy writers, such as William Shakespeare, Oscar Wilde, and George Carlin.Puns can be classified in various ways:①The homophonic pun, a common type, uses word pairs which sound alike (homophones) but are not synonymous.②A homographic pun exploits words which are spelled the same (homographs) but possess different meanings and sounds.③Homonymic puns, another common type, arise from the exploitation of words which are both homographs and homophones.④A compound pun is a statement that contains two or more puns.⑤A recursive pun is one in which the second aspect of a pun relies on the understanding of an element in the first.⑥Visual puns are used in many logos, emblems, insignia, and other graphic symbols, in which one or more of the pun aspects are replaced by a picture.Personification——a figure of speech which represents abstractions or inanimate objects with human qualities, including physical, emotional, and spiritual; the application of human attributes or abilities to nonhuman entities.ExaggerationDramatic monologue—— a kind of poem in which the speaker is imagined to be addressing a silent audienceIrony——in its broadest sense, is a rhetorical device,literarytechnique, or event characterized by an incongruity, or contrast, between what the expectations of a situation are and what is really the case.——A subtly humorous perception of inconsistency, in which an apparently straightforward statement or event is undermined by its context so as to give it a very different significance.Allusion——is a figure of speech, in which one refers covertly or indirectly to an object or circumstance from an external context. It is left to the reader or hearer to make the connection; where the connection is detailed in depth by the author, it is preferable to call it "a reference". Literary allusion is closely related to parody and pastiche, which are also "text-linking" literary devices. A type of literature has grown round explorations of the allusions in such works as Alexander Pope's The Rape of the Lock or T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. James JoyceRomanticism——Romanticism was an artistic, literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Europe. In part, it was a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature.It was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature.Modernism——Modernism is a rather vague term which is used to apply to the works of a group of poets, novelists, painters, and musicians between 1910 and the early years after the World War II. The term includes various trends or schools, such as imagism, expressionism, dadaism, stream of consciousness, and existentialism. It means a departure from theconventional criteria or established values of the Victorian age.The basic themes of modernism:1. Alienation and loneliness are the basic themes of modernism. In the eyes of modernist writers, the modern world is a chaotic one and is incomprehensible.2. Although modern society is materially rich, it is spiritually barren. It is a land of spiritual and emotional sterility.3. Human beings are helpless before an incomprehensible world and no longer able to do things their forefathers once did.The characteristics of modernism：1. Complexity and obscurity: (juxtaposition, no limitation of space)2. The use of symbols: (symbol: a means to express their inexpressible selves)3. Allusion: (Allusion is an indirect reference to another work of literature, art, history, or religion.)4. Irony: (an expression of one’s meaning by using words that mean the direct opposite of what one really intends to convey.)Rhyme scheme——the pattern in which the rhymed line-endings are arranged in a poem or stanza. Head rhyme: As busy as a bee End rhymeCrossed rhymeWill ye bridle the deep sea with reins, will ye chasten the high sea with rods?Will ye take her to chain her with chains, who is older than all ye Gods?Internal rhyme:“Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary" Iambic meter/ trochaicmeter/anapestic meterIamb is a metrical unit (foot) of verseabout [?'ba?t] =?+'ba?t[?'ba?t]an unstressed syllable(?) +a stressed syllable(?)=one iambic foot/meterAbout about about about about=iambic pentameter抑扬格(iambic):如果一个音步中有两个音节，前者为轻，后者为重，则这种音步叫抑扬格音步，其专业术语是（iamb, iambic.）。
英美文学复习材料
清教主义名词解释清教运动发生在十六世纪末被改革影响很深的运动，他的主要观点是净化英国教会的罗马天主教皇仪式、礼拜和组织。
最重要的根本的清教徒找到原始的基督教精神的复归。
最重要要记的事情是它是英国教会的一个运动。
在十七世纪很多清教徒移民区一个新世界，在那里他们找到一个神圣的联邦在新英格兰。
清教徒们占统治地位的文化力量留在那个地方在十九世纪。
清教徒在很大程度上扩大了英国革命的范围，主要特点表现在四个方面（1）个人的拯救完全依靠上帝（2）圣经提供了不可缺少的人生指引。
（3）教会应该反映出圣经教义的表达（4）社会是一个完整的统一体。
清教徒相信人类完全依靠于上帝的拯救。
根据他们在英国的前辈卢瑟和科尔文，他们相信和解是上帝带来的礼物，是真理的标准。
他们是Augustinians，认为人类是罪人，不愿意也不能够去达到要求，或者享受友谊，这个争议的上帝和开始那个仁慈的上帝相去甚远。
美国清教主义是被美国人认为美国文学史上最持久和最成型的影响之一。
它已经成为，或者在某种程度上说，是一种心理情形，而超过了一套教义，所以是美国人呼吸着的国际文化氛围的一部分没有理解清教主义，就没有真正理解美国的文化和文学。
浪漫主义定义：浪漫主义上升时期在十八世纪和十九世纪。
和古典主义相比，它与个人的想象力创造力联系得更加紧密。
浪漫主义作家着重于描绘有特点的角色. 他们创造新生命在他们的作品中根据他们的理想和想象力甚至是奇异的幻想去限制客观事物的描写叙述，对高雅的激情, 和不规则的美使之完美的部分。
浪漫主义作家：华盛顿欧文, 拉尔夫沃尔多爱默生, 沃尔特惠特曼,济慈,谢莉,拜伦华盛顿欧文: 小品集中最有名的是李伯大梦和沉睡谷传奇拉尔夫沃尔多爱默生: *自然，在现代散文中第一次提倡把乡野世界看作一种无所不包的积极力量他提出了一个观念：出门散步是一种看待世界的2方式。
自然中最有名的是美国学者和诗人沃尔特惠特曼:* 草叶集,* 船长啊，我的船长. 惠特曼诗歌的主题：―民主自由”democracy and freedom、“自我”self/ego等主题的论述，表达诗人对理想人类社会的渴望与追求及对人民的歌颂和热爱詹姆斯Fennimore Cooper库伯: *皮袜子故事,先驱者Walter Scott斯科特: 湖之小姐Henry David Thoreau亨利大卫梭罗: *瓦尔登湖, a Week on the Concord and Merrimack RiversNathaniel Hawthorne纳塞尼尔霍桑: *红字, 有七个尖角阁的房子, 大理石牧神. 红字A的含义：*第一层Adultery，即通奸; 第二层Able，即能力; 第三层,Angel，即天使Edger Allen Poe爱伦坡:** The Raven乌鸦中句子―once upon a 沉闷的午夜…and the Raven, 从不振翅‖, Annabel Lee中―月亮从不发光除了带给我梦‖,best poems* ―Israfel伊斯拉斐尔‖中―yes, heaven is thine; but this…where Israfel…from my lyre七弦琴within the sky‖, most famous *―to Helen致海伦‖中―to the glory 光荣that was Greece希腊/and the grandeur 壮丽that was Rome‖Herman Melville赫尔曼麦尔维尔:* Moby Dick白鲸记Emily Dickinson艾米丽狄金森:诗歌名字即为诗歌的第一句My life closed twice before its close, *Wild Nights-Wild Nights, Death is a Dialogue 对话between, T ell all the Truth but tell it slant倾斜, T o fight aloud老师讲的(Summer for Thee, grant I may be)Samuel Coleridge柯勒律治: Aids to Reflection艾滋病反思, the Friend William Wordsworth威廉华兹华斯: I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud我独自漫步, Composed upon Westminster Bridge威斯敏斯特大桥, the Solitary Reaper孤独的收割者Thomas Carlyle托马斯卡莱尔: Sartor Resartus裁衣匠的改制Byron拜伦:Keats济慈:Shelley雪莱:Robert Burns伯罗特伯恩斯:Henry Longfellow亨利费朗罗: Hiawatha海华沙之歌Channing钱宁: Remarks摘要on National Literature国家文学现实主义William dean 威廉迪恩Howells: Criticism and Fiction批评和小说, *the Rise of Silas Lapham 地位: 是19世纪末美国最负盛名的作家之一，享有―现实主义文学奠基人‖之美誉，也是美国提倡现实主义文学的先躯亨利詹姆斯: novels-the American, Daisy Miller, the Portrait 肖像of a Lady,* the Ambassadors大使,* the Wings of the Dove鸽子之翼,* the Golden Bowl金黄色的碗, the Ivory T ower象牙塔, the Sense of the Past往事之感.Local 当地Colorism ？Mark twain马克吐温: the Adventure of T om Sawyer汤姆索亚历险记, *the Adventure of Huckleberry Finn费恩历险记, the Mysterious Stranger奇怪的陌生人, Autobiography自传American Naturalism 美国自然主义Stephen 斯蒂芬Crane:* Maggie: a Girl of the Streets玛吉：一个街边女郎, *the Red Badge of Courage (civil war)红色英勇勋章3Frank Norris弗兰克诺里斯: Mcteague, best work最好的著作*―the Octopus章鱼‖Theodore Dreiser西奥多德莱赛: Sister Carrie嘉莉妹妹Edwin 爱德温Arlington阿林顿Robinson罗宾逊: *Richard Cory理查德科里, Man against the Sky男人天空之战Jack London杰克伦敦: the Call of the Wild野性的呼唤, White Fang白犬, the Sea Wolf海狼, masterwork 杰作*―Martin Eden马丁伊登‖O. Henry欧亨利: The Gift of the Magi, the Necklace麦琪的礼物项链Upton厄普顿Sinclair: the Jangle争吵1920s Imagism意象派Ezra 以斯拉Pound: *Hugh Selwyn Mauberley休塞尔温, *Rock Drill Cantos凿岩诗章, 老师讲的In the station of the Metro麦德龙, A Pact一个契约, Alba晨曲T.S. Elliot艾略特: *The Waste Land荒原, the Sacred Wood圣木, the Love Song of J. Alfred 阿尔弗雷德爱情诗Prufrock普鲁弗洛克Spenser斯宾塞: Faerie Queene仙后Wallace Stevens华莱士史蒂文斯: *Anecdote of Jar坛子轶事, Ideas of Order 秩序观念, the Man with Blue Guitar有蓝吉他的人, Parts of a World世界部件, the Emperor of Ice-Cream冰激凌皇帝William Carol Williams威廉姆斯颂歌:* Paterson帕特森（美国的一座城市）, In the American Grain在美国的粮食Robert Frost罗伯特弗罗斯特: North of Boston波士顿以北, *the Road Not T aken未选择的路, Stopping by Woods雪夜林边小驻4次Pulitzer普利策Carl Sandburg卡尔桑德堡: Lost, *Fog 迷失雾E. E. Cummings卡明斯: the Enormous Room大风暴，Love is More Thicker than Forget/ I carry your heart with me/l(aHart Carne: White Buildings 白建筑物(23 poems)-for the marriage of Faustus 浮士德and Helen海伦, the Tragical History悲剧of Doctor Faustus浮士德博士, *the Bridge-to Brooklyn Bridge布鲁克林大桥, the Tunnel隧道, Voyages Marianne Moore玛丽安摩尔: the Fish, Silence, the StudentF. Scott Fitzgerald斯科特菲茨杰拉德: *the Great Gatsby, T ender is the Night, *Flappers and Philosophers, T ales of the Jazz Age爵士时代故事Ernest Hemingway欧内斯特海明威:* the Sun Also Rise太阳照常升起, a Farewell to Arms永别了武器,* the Old Man and the Sea老人与海William Faulkner威廉福克纳:* the Sound and the Fury喧嚣与骚动,/*a Rose for Emily艾米丽的玫瑰/ Light in August八月之光/ Absalom, Absalom!押沙龙押沙龙/Go Down, Moses平静下来摩西托妮莫里森: *Song of Solomon所罗门之歌, Beloved被爱约瑟夫Heller: Catch-22, Something Happened,一些事情会发生Fog (CARL SANDBURG)The fog comes 雾来了On little cat feet 小猫的脚步It sits looking 它坐着看Over harbor and city 掠过城市和港口On silent haunches轻轻的脚步And then moves on然后又向前去主题一: 城市的神秘和孤寂–在20世纪随着工业革命的进步，人们感到孤单和沮丧在这个唯物主义的世界里。
英美文学复习总结资料.docx
姜（8夂禽1、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明•富兰克林1706-1790 A Modest Inquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Money;Poor Richard's Almanack 穷查理历书；The Way to Wealth 致富之道；The Autobiography 自传2、Thomas Paine托马斯•潘恩1737-1809Common Sense 常识；American Crisis美国危机；Rights of Man 人的权利：The Age of Reason 理性时代4> Washington Irving华盛顿•欧文1783-1859 A History of New York纽约的历史.... 美国人与的龙部诙谐文学杰作；The Sketch Book 见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow 睡谷的传说---- 使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家5、James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯•费尼莫尔•库珀1789-1851 The Spy 间谍;The Piloi•领航者;Leatherstocking Tales 皮裹腿故事集:The Pioneer 拓荒者；The Last of Mohicans 最后的莫希干A;The Prairie 大草原;The Pathfinder 探路者;The Deerslayer 杀鹿者7、Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加•爱伦•坡1809-1849 （以诗为诗;永为世人共赏的伟大抒情诗人——叶芝）Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque 怪诞奇异故事集;Tales 故事集;The Fall of the House of Usher厄舍古屋的倒塌；Annabel Lee安娜贝尔•李 .. 歌特风格；首开近代侦探小说先河，又是法国象征主义运动的源头The Raven and Other Poems 乌鸦及其他诗:The Raven 乌鸦；To Hellen 致海伦8、Ralf Waldo Emerson 拉尔夫•沃尔多•爱默生1803-1882 Essays散文集:Nature论自然一-一新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书;The American Scholar 论美国学者;Divinity;The Oversoul 论超灵;Self-reliance 论自立;The Transcendentalist 超验主义者Representative Men 代表人物;English Traits英国人的特征;School Address神学院演说Concord Hymn 康考德颂;The Rhodo 杜鹃花;The Humble Bee 野蜂;Days 日子■首开自由诗之先河9・ Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳撒尼尔•霍桑1804-1864 Twice-told Tales 尽人皆知的故事:Mosses from an Old Manse 古屋青苔:Young Goodman Brown 年轻的古徳曼•布朗;The Scarlet Letter 红字;TheHouse of the Seven Gables有七个尖角阁的房子 ---------- 心理若们罗曼10、Henry David Threau 亨利•大卫•梭罗1817-1862 Wadden.or Life in the Woods 华腾湖或林中生活Resistance to Civil Government/Civil Disobedience 抵制公民政府;A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers11、Walt Whitman沃尔特•惠特曼1819-1892 Leaves of Grass 草叶集:Song of the Broad-Axe 阔斧之歌;T hear America Singing 我听见美洲在歌唱;When Lilacs Lost in the Dooryard Bloom'd 小院丁香花开时;Democratic Vistas 民主的前景;The Tramp and Strike Question 流浪汉和罢工问题;Song of Myself自我之歌12、Herman Melville 赫尔曼•梅尔维尔1819-1891 Moby Dick/The White Whale 莫比•辿克/白鲸；Typee 泰比;Omoo 奥穆;Mardi 玛地;Redburn 得本;White Jacket 白外衣:Pierre 皮尔埃；Piazza 广场故事；Billy Budd比利•巴徳13 、Henry Wadsworth Longfellow亨利•沃兹沃思•朗费罗1807-1882 The Song of Hiawatha海华沙之歌——美国人写的第一部印第安人史诗;Voices of the Night 夜吟;Ballads and Other Poens 民谣及其他诗;Belfry of Bruges and Other Poems 布鲁茨的钟楼及其他诗:Tales of a Ways ide Inn路边客栈的故事…诗集：An April Day四月的一天/A Psalm of Life人生礼物/Paul Reveres Ride保罗•里维尔的夜奔;Evangeline伊凡吉琳;The Courtship of Miles Standish边尔斯•斯坦迪什的求婚——叙事长诗；Poems on Slavery奴役篇…反蓄奴组诗14、John Greenleaf Whittier 约翰•格林里夫•惠蒂埃1807-1892 Poems Written During the Progress of the Abol计ion Question 废奴问题;Voice of Freedom 自由之声;In War Time and Other Poems 内战时期所作;Snow-Bound 大雪封门;The Tent on the Beach and Other Poems 海滩的帐篷Ichabod艾卡博德;A Winter Idyl冬口 E园诗17、Emily Dickinson 埃米莉•迪金森1830-1886 The Poems of Emily Dichenson 埃米莉•迪金森诗集--- ''Tell all the truth and tell it slant0迂回曲折的，玄学的18、Mark Twain 马克•吐温(Samuel Longhorne Clemens) ■一美国文学的一大里程碑The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County 加拉维拉县有名的跳蛙;The Innocenfs Abroad 傻瓜出国记;The Gilded Age镀金时代;The Adventures of Tom Sawyer 汤姆•索耳B历险记;The Prince and the Pauper 王子与贫儿;The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn哈克贝利•费恩历险记;A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthurs Court 亚瑟王宫中的美国佬;The Tragedy of Puddnhead Wilson 傻瓜威尔逊;Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc冉哒克;The Man That Corr叩ted Hadleyburg败坏哈德莱堡的人How to Tell a Story怎样讲故事一-对美国早期幽默文学的总结19、Francis Bret Harte 哈特1836-1902The Luck of Roaring Camp咆哮营的幸运儿 ---- 乡土文学作家23、Henry James享利澹姆斯1843-1916 小说：Daisy Miller 苔瑟•米乐；The Portrait of a Lady 贵妇人画像；The Bostonians 波士顿人;The Real Thing and Other Tales 真货色及其他故事; The Wings of the Dove 鸽翼；The Ambassadors 大使；The Golden Bowl 金碗评论集：French Poets and Novelists法国诗人和小说家;Hawthorne霍桑;Partial Portraits 不完全的画像;Notes and Reviews 札记与评论;Art of Fiction and Other Essays 小说艺术29、O Henry 欧•享利（WilliamSidney Porter） 1862-1910The Man Higher Up 黄雀在后;Sixes and Sevens 七上八下38、Theodore Dreiser 西奥多•德莱塞1871-1945 Sister Carrie 嘉莉姐妹;Jennie Gerhardt 珍妮姑娘;Trilogy of Desire 欲望三部曲（Financer 金融苑The Titan 巨人,The Stoic）;An American Tragedy 美国的悲剧（被称为美国最伟大的小说）；Nigger Jeff黑人杰弗40Jack London 杰克•伦敦1876-1916 The Son of the Wolf 狼之子“The Call of the Wild 野性的呼唤;The Sea-wolf 海狼;White Fang 白礫牙;The People of the Abyss 深渊中的人们;The Iron Heel 铁蹄;Marti Eden 马丁•伊登;How I become a Socialist 我怎样成为社会党人;The War of the Classes阶级之间的战争;What Life Means to Me生命对我意味着什么;Revolution革命:Love of LJfe热爱生UP；The Mexican墨西哥人;Under the Deck Awings在甲板的天蓬下45^ Robert Frest罗伯特•弗罗斯特1874-1963 A Boy's Wish 少年心愿；North of Boston 波士顿之北（Mending Wall 修墙,After Apple-picking摘苹果之后）;Mountain Interval 山间（成熟阶段）（The Road Not taken没有选择的道路）；West-running Brook 西流的溪涧;A Further Range 又一片牧场;A Witness Tree 一株作证的树46、Sherwood Anderson 舍伍德•安德森1876-1941 Windy McPhersons Son饶舌的麦克斐逊的儿子;Marching Men前进屮的人1fJ;Mid-American Chants 美国中部之歌;Winesburg,Ohio/The Book of the Grotesque俄亥俄州的温斯堡/畸人志;Poor White穷苦的白人;Many Marriages多种婚姻;bark Laughter阴沉的笑声The Triumph of the Egg and Other Stories 鸡蛋的胜利和其他故事;Death in the Woods and Other Stories 林屮之死及其他故事;]Want to Know Why 我想知道为什么50、William Carlos Williams 威廉•卡罗斯•威廉斯1883-1963 收入Des Imagistes意像派（意像派的第一部诗选）诗集:Sour Grapes;Spring and All 春;The Desert Music;The Journey of Love 爱的历程;Collected Poems;Complete Poems;Collected Later Poems;Pictures from Brueghel 布留盖尔的肖像;Paterson 佩特森（5 卷长诗）;AsphodaLThat Green Flower 常青花日光乂（长诗）名诗：Red Wheelbarrow 红色手推车;The Widow's Lament in Spring 寡妇的春怨；The Dead Baby;The Sparrow z to My Father 麻雀一致父亲proletarian Portrait 无产阶级画像（from An Early Martyr 先驱）；The Great American Novels 伟大的美国小说;In the American Grain 美国性格;Autobiography 自传56、Katherine Anne Porter 凯瑟琳•安•波特1890-1980 Flowering Judas 开花的紫荆花（Maria Conception;The Jitting of Granny Weatherall ） ;Pale Horse.Pale Rider;Leaning Tower and Other Stories ------------- TheCollected Stories of K A PorterShip of Fools 愚人船（唯一的一部长篇小说）;The Never Ending Wrong 千古奇冤（回忆录）59、E Cumings 肯明斯1894-1962 Tulips anddd Chimneys 郁金香与烟囱;The Enormous Room 人房间;XL】Poems 诗41 首;Viva 万岁;No, Thanks 不，谢谢;Collected Poems 诗集;Eimi 爱米（访苏游记）63、William Faulkner 威廉•福克纳1897-1962 The Marble Faun云石林神（诗集）jSoldiers* Pay兵饷（小说）短篇小说：Dry September干燥的九月;The Sound and the Fury愤怒与喧嚣:As I lay dying当我垂死的时候;Light in August八月之光;Absalom,Absolam押沙龙，押沙龙（家世小说）65、Ernest Hemingway 欧内斯特•海明威1899-1961 （”迷惘的一代“的代表人物）In Our Time 在我们的年代里;The Torrents of Spring 春潮;The Sun Also Rises 太阳照样升起;Farewell to Arms 永别了,武器;For Whom the Bell Tolls丧钟为谁而鸣短篇小说：Men Without Women没有女人的男人;The Winners Take Notheing 月生者无所获;The Fifth Column and First FortStories 第五纵队与首次发表的四十九个短篇政论：To Have and Have Not 贫与富回忆录：A Moveable Feast 到处逍遥68、Langston Hughes 詹姆斯•兰斯顿•休斯1902-1969 Mulatto 混血儿（剧本）;The Weary Blues 疲倦的歌声:bear Lovely Death 亲爱的死神;Shakespear in Harlem哈莱姆的莎士比亚;I Wonder as I Wander 我漂泊我思考;The Best of Simple辛普尔精选87.Saul Bellow 索尔•贝娄1915・长篇小说：Dangling Man晃来晃去/挂起来的人;The Victim受害者;TheAdventure of Augie March 奥基•马奇历险记;Henderson the Rain King 雨王汉德逊;Herzog赫索格;Mr Summlars Planet塞姆勒先生的行星jHumboldfsGift洪堡的礼物中篇小说:Seize the bay且乐今朝88、Arthur Miller 阿瑟•米勒1915- Situation Normal 情况正常;The Man Who Had All the Luck 吉星高照的人;All My Sons 都是我的儿子;The Death of a Salesman 推销员;The Crucible 严峻的考验/萨姆勒的女巫;A View from the Bridge桥头眺望;A Memory of Two Mondays 两个星期一的冋忆:After the Fall 堕落之后incident at Vichy 维希事件;The Price 代价;The Creation of the World and Other Business 创世及其他;The Archbishop's Ceiling 大主教的天花板;The American Clock 美国时钟89、Robert Lowell 罗伯特•洛厄尔1917-1977 诗：Lord Wearys Castle威尔利老爷的城堡;Life Studies人生探索名篇：For Sale;Walking in the Blue;For the Union Dead 献给联邦死难士f 自白诗运动90、J D Salinger 杰罗姆•大卫•塞林格1919- 短篇小说：The Young Folks年轻人短篇小说集：Nine Stories故事九篇屮篇小说：Franny 弗兰尼;Zooey 卓埃;Raise High the Roof Beam,Carpenters 木匠们，把屋梁升高:Seymour：An Introduction 两摩其人长篇小说：The Cather in the Rye麦田守望者102^ Allen Ginsburg 艾伦•金斯堡1926- 诗集：Howl and Other Poems 嚎叫及其他（America）（The Beat Generation 垮掉的一代的宣言书和代表作）；Kaddish and Other Poems卡第绪及其他;Plannet News行星消息;The Fall of America美国的衰弱105> Martin Luther King Jr 马丁•路德・金1929-1968 I Have a Dream；Stride Toward Freedom 迈向自由;Strength to Love 爱的力量;Why We Cant Wait?;Where Do We Go from Here,Chaos or Community?今后我们何去何从，纷争还是团结？111、Sam Shepard萨姆•谢泼德1943・剧本：Cowboys牛仔;The Rock Garden岩石花园;Cowboys #2牛仔第二号［Chicago 芝加哥Operation Sidewinder 响尾蛇行动;Meloddrama 情节剧112. Sylvia Plath西尔维亚•普拉斯1932・1963（confessional school自白派）诗集：The Colossus巨人集:Ariel阿里尔集（Daddy;Lady Lazarus拉扎勒斯夫人）;The Uncollected Poems 杂诗集［Crossing the Water 涉水;Winter Trees 小说：The Bell Jar钟形玻璃罩（自传体小说）名诗：Death & Co死亡公司114、Le Roi Jones勒罗依•琼斯1934・诗集:The Dead Lecturer已故的讲师;Black Magic黑色魔术（Incident事件）剧本：Dutchman;The Slave;The Motion of History 历史的运动117> Alice Walker 沃克1944-长篇小说：TheThird Life of Grange Copeland格兰治科普兰的第三次生活;Meridian 梅丽迪安;The Color Purple 紫色名文：The Civil RightsMovement： What Good Was It?短篇小说集:In Love and Trouble 相爱与苦恼;You Cant Keep a Good WomanDown 好女人永不屈服散文集：In Search of Our Mothers*Gardens诗集：Once有一次Revolutionary Petunias革命的牵牛花传记：。
基础英语考研(英美文学简史)考研复习考点归纳
基础英语考研（英美文学简史）考研复习考点归纳一、《英国文学简史》考点笔记1.1 复习笔记早期英国文学Early English LiteratureⅠ.Background Knowledge—The Making of England（背景知识——英国的形成）1．The Roman Conquest (55B.C.-410A.D.) 罗马征服（公元前55年—公元410年）A. Brief Introduction（简介）Before the Roman Conquest, the early inhabitants in the island we call England were Britons, a tribe of Celts.In 55 B.C., Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar, the Roman conqueror. Britain was not completely subjugated to the Roman Empire until 78 A.D. But at the beginning of the fifth century, the Roman Empire was in the process of declining. In 410 A.D., all the Roman troops went back to the continent and never returned.罗马征服之前，在英格兰岛上居住的早期居民被称为不列颠人（Britons），不列颠人是凯尔特（Celt）部落的一支。
公元前55年，该岛被罗马的朱利尤斯·凯撒（Julius Caesar）侵略。
直到公元78年，不列颠才完全臣服于罗马帝国，但是在5世纪初，罗马帝国开始没落。
公元410年，所有的罗马军队撤离该岛。
B. Influence（影响）①The Roman mode of life was brought into Britain while the native Britons were treated as slaves.②The Romans brought Christianity to the island and this religion was spread widely. (This is a profound religious effect up to today).③Roman road was built for military purposes.④Along the Roman roads, many towns grew up, London was one of them, and it became an important trading center.①罗马人的生活方式被带到了英国，而当地的不列颠人却沦为奴隶。
英美文学复习资料
英美文学复习资料American Literature Introduction1.Basic Qualities of American WritersIndependent, Individualistic, Critical, Innovative, Humorous2.How to define American Literature?American literature mainly refers to literature produced in American English by the people living in the United States.3.American Literature History1). Colonial period: (1607-the end of 18th century) 殖民时代的美国文学a.1607-War of IndependencePuritanism：hard work, thrift,piety and sobriety(n.节制，清醒).Forms: histories & poetry (religion)Representative writers: William Bradsteet , John Winthropb.War of IndependenceEnlightenment: discontented with the rule of British government--war(1775-1783)intellectual growth and political upheavalRepresentative writers: Benjamin Franklin , an everlasting myth of "American Dream"c.Cultural IndependenceRepresentative writers: Washington Irving--the father of American Literature,Sketch Book《见闻札记》James Fenimore Cooper, Leatherstocking Tales , Rip V an Winkle& The Legend of Sleepy Hollow2). Romanticism: the first half of 19th century 浪漫主义文学时期的美国文学a.The early Romanticism“New England Transcendentalism”paved the way for the romantic literary movement Representative writers:①.Ralph Waldo Emerson declared the cultural independence of the new nation from European literary tradition.The American Scholar Nature & Self-Reliance②. Henry David Thoreau Walden 《瓦尔登湖》b.“American Renaissance (1836 - 1855)”High Romanticism(=mature Romanticism) Representative writers:①.Walt Whitman：Leaves of GrassEmily Dickinson:woman poet②.Edgar Allan Poe: father of American short stories and the detective story.③.Nathaniel Hawthorne: The Scarlet LetterHerman Melville: Moby Dick3). The realistic period(1865 - 1914) 现实主义文学a.Midwestern Realism①.William.Dean. Howells : founding father of American Realism ,The Rise of Silas Lapham②.Cosmopolitan Novelist: Henry James--- Psychological realism③.Local Colorism地方特色主义:MarkTwain--the Lincoln of our lit.-----The Adventure of Huckleberry Finnb.Naturalism: (from the last decade of 19th century to the early 20th century)Major Writers: Stephen Crane-----The Red Badge of CourageTheodore Dreiser ----- Sister Carrie Jack London-----The Call of the Wild4). The period of modernism (1914 - 1945) 美国现代主义文学a.The 1920sMajor Writers: F. Scott FitzgeraldHemingway (the principal spokesman for Lost Generation)Imagism------Major Writer: Ezra Poundother poets:T.S Eliot, William Carlos Williams,Robert Frostb.The 1930sMajor Writer: John Steinbeck: spokesman for the poverty-stricken people The Grapes of Wrath (1939)American Drama: Eugene O’NeillSouthern Writer: William Faulkner: The Sound and the Fury5). Modern and Contemporary American Lit. 二战后的美国文学The Post-war Poetry: Confessional Poetry自白诗Black Mountain Poets黑山派The Beat Generation垮掉的一代The New York Poets纽约派The Post-war novelMajor Writers: Flannery O' Connor(f.) ---A Good Man is Hard to FindSaul Bellow -----Nobel LaureateJ.D. Salinger ---The Catcher in the RyeJoseph Heller ---Catch-22Thomas Pynchon ----Gravity's RainbowWomen Writers: Amy Tan ---The Joy Luck Club汤亭亭Maxine Hong Kingston ---The Woman WorriorPearl Buck ---The Good EarthBenjamin Franklin (1706-1790)1.美国开国之父华盛顿曾说过一句话：“我一生崇拜的人，只有三个，第一个人是富兰克林，第二个也是富兰克林，第三个人还是富兰克林！He appears on the American 100 dollar bill.2.LifeBorn in a poor candle maker’s family in Boston; No regular educationBecame an apprentice 学徒of a printer when he was 12An editor of a newspaper and published lots of essays when he was 16Went to Philadelphia 费城when he was 17 to make his own fortuneSet up himself as an independent printer and publisher; Became financially independentat 42 retired to do what he liked(read, make scientific experiments and do good to his fellow men) 3.Inventions 发明: Franklin stove, effective street lighting, bifocal / baɪˈfəukl/ glasses双焦点眼镜, even a strange musical instrument called an “armonica”玻璃琴, lightning-rod避雷针, The theories of electricity; first applied the terms “positive”and “negative”to electrical charges.4.His contributions to Society社会贡献: a. Pennsylvania Hospital; b. America’s first circulating library in Philadephia; c. University of Pennsylvania; d. American Philosophical Society; e. the postal system.5.Success as a statesman政治家Aid Jefferson in writing The Declaration of Independence; Seeking help from France in American Independent War.6.Success as a writer作家His newspaper and magazinePennsylvania Gazette /gə'zet/《宾夕法尼亚公报》(later the Saturday Evening Post 《周六晚报》) Philadelphia Gazette《费城公报》General Magazine《大众杂志》---- the first colonial magazineHis works (masterpieces)The Autobiography《自传》Poor Richard’s Almanac [ˈɔ:lmənæk] 《格言历书》7.AutobiographyFranklin wrote this book when he was 65 years old.It’s a record of his rising to wealth and fame from a state of poverty and obscurity.Content: four parts written at four different times1st part: 1771; a letter to his son; about 80 pages; his life before the age of 252nd part: 1784; (13virtues) 3rd part: 1788; 4th part: 1790;Franklin’s 13 virtues in The Autobiography:Around 1730, while in his 20s, Benjamin Franklin listed thirteen virtues that he felt were an important guide for living.a.Temperance/ ˈtempərəns/ . Eat not to dullness; drink not to elevation.节制。
英美文学复习资料
英美文学复习资料英美文学复习资料英美文学是世界文学史上的重要组成部分，包含了许多经典的文学作品和作家。
通过复习英美文学，我们可以更好地了解西方文化和思想，同时也能够提升自己的语言表达能力和文学素养。
本文将为大家提供一些英美文学复习资料，希望对大家的学习有所帮助。
一、英国文学1. 莎士比亚的四大悲剧：《哈姆雷特》、《奥赛罗》、《李尔王》和《麦克白》。
这些作品被誉为世界文学的瑰宝，展现了莎士比亚独特的戏剧才华和对人性的深刻洞察。
2. 简·奥斯汀的小说：《傲慢与偏见》、《理智与情感》等。
奥斯汀以细腻的笔触和幽默的描写，刻画了当时英国社会的风貌和女性的处境，成为英国文学的代表作家之一。
3. 查尔斯·狄更斯的小说：《雾都孤儿》、《双城记》等。
狄更斯以其对社会问题的关注和对人性的揭示而闻名，他的作品揭示了当时英国社会的黑暗面，对社会改革产生了深远影响。
4. 弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫的小说：《达洛维夫人》、《到灯塔去》等。
伍尔夫以其独特的意识流写作风格和对女性问题的关注，开创了现代主义小说的新篇章。
二、美国文学1. 马克·吐温的小说：《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》、《汤姆·索亚历险记》等。
吐温以其幽默风趣和对美国社会的讽刺洞察而受到广泛赞誉，他的作品展现了美国南方的风土人情和对奴隶制度的批判。
2. 埃米莉·迪金森的诗歌：迪金森的诗歌充满了哲思和深度，她以其独特的写作风格和对生死、爱情等主题的探索而成为美国文学的重要代表。
3. 威廉·福克纳的小说：《喧哗与骚动》、《押沙龙，押沙龙！》等。
福克纳以其复杂的叙事结构和对南方社会的描绘而被誉为美国文学的巨匠，他的作品展现了南方社会的衰落和黑暗。
4. 托尼·莫里森的小说：《亲爱的》、《宠儿》等。
莫里森以其对种族、性别和身份问题的关注而成为美国文学的重要代表，她的作品揭示了美国社会的不公和歧视。
三、阅读技巧和复习建议1. 阅读经典作品时，要注重对文本细节的理解和分析。
英美文学史复习资料-全
Unit One The Anglo-Saxon Period⏹I. Historical Background⏹II. Anglo-Saxon Poetry⏹III. Anglo-Saxon ProseI. Historical BackgroundThe English people are a complicated race.The first inhabitants of the island were commonly known as the Celts (or Kelts).⏹55 BC saw the invasion of the island headed by Julius Caesar.During the invasion these aborigines（土著人）Celts withdrew to the Welsh and Scottish mountains and left a great part of England to the Romans.⏹Not until the 5th century did the Romans withdrew. England had been made a Roman Provincesince 80 AD.As the Roman legions withdrew, the Celts came back.⏹Originally the name Anglo-Saxon denotes two of the three Germanic（日尔曼）tribes --- Angles,Saxons and Jutes -- who in the middle of the 5th century left their homes on the shores of the North Sea and the Baltic（波罗的海）to conquer and colonize distant Britain.They lived in the northern top of Germany and the southern part of Denmark at that time.⏹The historical date that is worth memorizing is 449 AD.⏹These three invading tribes came to settle down: Angles in the north of Thames, Jutes mainly in thesouthwest called Kent（英国东南部郡）, and Saxons in the other places.English literature originated in the Angles and Saxons who formed a literary tradition of their own.⏹Important historical events:1. Heptarchy（七王国）:⏹The informal confederation（联邦）of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms from the fifth to the ninth century,consisting of Kent, Sussex, Wessex, Essex, Northumbria, East Anglia, and Mercia.2. the Vikings invasion:⏹Vikings, collective designation of Nordic（北欧人）people—Danes, Swedes, Norwegians—whoexplored abroad during a period of dynamic Scandinavian expansion from about AD 800 to 1100.⏹Land shortage, improved iron production, and the need for new markets probably all played a partin Viking expansion.3. King Alfred the Great:⏹In 871, Ethelred of Wessex is defeated by Danish forces January 4 at Reading, gains a brilliant victory4 days later at Ashdown, is defeated January 22 at Basing, triumphs again March 2 at Marton inWiltshire, but dies in April.⏹His brother, 22, pays tribute（贡物）to the Danes but will reign until 899 and be called Alfred theGreat.4. Canute (994?-1035):⏹King of England(1016-1035), Denmark (1018-1035), and Norway (1028-1035) whose reign, at firstbrutal, was later marked by wisdom and temperance.⏹He is the subject of many legends.5. The Norman Conquest in 1066⏹The year 1066 was a turning point in English history. William I, the Conqueror, and his sons gaveEngland vigorous new leadership. Norman feudalism (封建制度) became the basis for redistributing the land among the conquerors, giving England a new French aristocracy and a new social and political structure. England turned away from Scandinavia toward France, an orientation (倾向性) that was to last for 400 years.6. St. Augustine:⏹Italian-born missionary and prelate (高级教士) who introduced Christianity to southern Britain 597and was ordained as the first archbishop (大主教) of Canterbury 598. Died c 604.II. Anglo-Saxon Poetry1. Beowulf --- the national epic⏹Beowulf, an Anglo-Saxon epic poem, the most important work of Old English literature.The poem consists of 3183 lines, each line with four accents marked by alliteration and divided into two parts by a caesura (节律的停顿).⏹The structure of the typical Beowulf line comes through in modern translation, for example: Thencame from the moor under misted cliffs Grendel marching God's anger he bore . . .⏹The somber (昏暗的,忧郁的) story is told in vigorous, picturesque (独特的) language, with heavyuse of metaphor; a famous example is the term “whale-road”for sea.⏹The poem tells of a hero, a Scandinavian prince named Beowulf, who rids the Danes of the monsterGrendel, half man and half fiend (魔鬼) and Grendel's mother, who comes that evening to avenge Grendel's death.⏹Fifty years later Beowulf, now king of his native land, fights a dragon who has devastated his people.Both Beowulf and the dragon are mortally wounded in the fight.⏹The poem ends with Beowulf's funeral as his mourners chant his epitaph.⏹Beowulf is a long verse narrative on the theme of “arms and man”and as such belongs to thetradition of a national epic in European literature that can be traced back to Homer’s Iliad (荷马史市诗,描写特洛伊战争)and Virgil’s (古罗马诗人) Aeneid (埃涅伊德叙事诗).⏹The earliest poets, whose names have long since been forgotten performed as storytellers andminstrels before gatherings of listeners.Often a lyre (七弦琴) or some other simple stringed instrument was used to accompany the poet's tale or song.2. Secular (非宗教的) Poems(1) Narrative Poems(2) Lyrical Poems(3) Riddles⏹ 3. Religious poems:⏹(1) Caedmon (7th century): Died c. 680. The earliest English poet.⏹According to Bede, Caedmon was an elderly herdsman who received the power of song in a vision.⏹Caedmon was an illiterate herdsmen who had a vision one night and heard a voice commandinghim to sing of “the beginning of created things.”⏹Later Caedmon supposedly wrote the poem about the creation known as Caedmon's Hymn, whichBede recorded in prose.Cynewulf⏹(2) Cynewulf (8th century)⏹Cynewulf (flourished AD 750), Anglo-Saxon poet, possibly a Northumbrian minstrel.⏹In his poetry, he is revealed as a man of learning familiar with the religious literature of his day.⏹Cynewulf’s (基涅武甫,古诗诗稿公元十世纪被发现) poems are religious works in Old Englishentitled Ascension (耶稣升天), The Fates of the Apostles(使徒的命运), Juliana, and Elene; the latter two are legends about saints.III. Anglo-Saxon Prose⏹ 1. Anglo-Latin Prose⏹The Venerable Bede (673? –735): English Benedictine (天主教本笃会修士或修女) monk andscholar, Father of English history, chiefly known for his Ecclesiastical (教会)History of the English People, a history of England from the Roman occupation to 731, the year it was completed.⏹The Ecclesiastical History of the English People (55 BC -- 731):This work is the only source of information about the most momentous (重大的) period in English history -- the period of change from barbarism to civilization.⏹ 2. Anglo-Saxon Prose (Old English Prose)⏹(1) King Alfred (849 -- 901)a. Numerous translations from Latinb. The development of a natural style in Englishc. The launching of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (1 AD -- 1154 AD)⏹(2) Aelfric (c. 965 -- 1020)Anglo-Saxon abbot (修道士) who is considered the greatest Old English prose writer.His works include Catholic Homilies, Lives of the Saints, and a Latin grammar.Aelfric brought English prose to high cultivation before the Norman Conquest -- a clear, flexible and popular English prose.Unit Two The Late Middle AgesI. The Anglo-Norman PeriodII. The Age of ChaucerIII. Geoffrey ChaucerThe Middle Ages:In European history, the Middle Ages was the period between the end ofthe West Roman Empire in 476 AD and the beginning of Renaissance about 1500 AD, especiallythe later part of this period.I. The Anglo-Norman Period (1066-1350)History:(1) the Norman Conquest of 1066feudalism -- a strong centralized government(2) the Magna Carta (the great charter) of 1215: charter granted by KingJohn of England to the English barons (男爵,英国最低贵族爵位) in 1215, and considered the basis of English constitutional liberties.This is a document of concession made by King John to the feudal lordsThe charter covered a wide field of law and feudal rights, but the two mostimportant matters were :A. no tax should be made without the approval of the council,B. no freeman should be arrested or imprisoned except by the law of theland.(3) the Hundred Years’ WarHundred Years' War, series of armed conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453between England and France.The origin of the dispute lay in the fact that successive kings of Englandcontrolled large areas of France and thus posed a threat to the French monarchy.During the 12th and 13th centuries, the kings of France attempted tore-impose their authority over those territories.(4) the Black Death of 1348 -- 49outbreak of the plague, so called from the symptoms of internalhaemorrhage （内出血）which blackens the skin of the suffererThe Black Death struck England in 1349, reducing the population by asmuch as a third.A labour shortage resulted, and when attempts to freeze wages were made,unrest developed among serfs and workers, leading to the demise (瓦解) of serfdom in the next century.(5) the Statute of Pleading (辩护法令)Passed in 1362, according to which it was required that court proceedingsbe conducted in English2. Literature(1) Anglo-Latin literatureGeoffrey of Monmouth (c. 1100 -- c. 1155): English historian and ecclesiastic(牧师).He was the author of Historia Regum Britanniae (History of the Kings of Britain), a work purportingto delineate (描绘) the lives of British kings from Brutus the Trojan, the mythical progenitor(祖先)of the British people, to Caedwalla, king of North Wales (reigned about 625-34).Roger Bacon (1214?-1294), English Scholastic philosopher and scientist, one of the most influentialteachers of the 13th century.In the late 1260s Bacon wrote his Opus Majus, an encyclopedia of all science.He has been called Father of experimental science.(2) Anglo-Norman literatureromance (Chanson de Roland)--- fabliau (讽刺性寓言诗)(3) Folk literature in Middle AgesA few themes:Social satiresThe popular lyric, with nature and love as the theme(4) Religious work:The Pearl : a didactic poemThe Pearl is an allegorical (寓言的) poem of 101 stanzas of 12 lines each, with both alliteration andrhyme, and relates the vision of one who has lost a pearl of a daughter.(5) Romances in Middle EnglishThree themes:the matter of France;the matter of Britain;the matter of Rome.The most outstanding single romance on the Arthurian legend was the anonymous Sir Gawain andthe Green Knight......Two motifs (主题):(the tests of faith, courage and purity; the human weakness of self-preservation自卫本能).King Arthur and the Knights of the Round TableThe semi-legendary King Arthur is probably the most well-known king in all of English literature.Tales of Arthur and his knights span several centuries and many different languages. The so-called Round Table, the meeting place of Arthur and the knights, was round so that no one memberseemed favored over the others.In Arthurian legend, the Round Table at Camelot served as a gathering place for King Arthur’sknights.The table’s shape ensured that all who sat around it were equals.This replica of the Round Table can be seen at Winchester Castle in England.King Arthur’s Round TableArtistic merits:(1) careful interweaving of episodes;(2) the elements of suspense and surprise;(3) psychological analysis;(4) elaborate descriptions;(5) simple, straightforward languageII. The Age of Chaucer (1350 -- 1400)1. History:(1) the Peasants’ Uprising in 1381:led by Wat Tyler, Jack Straw and John Ball“When Adam delve and Eve span,Who was then the gentleman?”Wat Tyler, died in 1381English revolutionary who led the Peasants' Revolt against Richard II's poll tax in June 1381.The uprising ended when he was killed.(2) The Lollards: church reformers, John Wycliff and his followersLollards, members of a religious sect in 14th- and 15th-century England. They were led by theEnglish theologian (神学者) and religious reformer John Wycliffe and followed the doctrines he preached. Lollards held the Bible to be the only authentic rule of faith; exhorted the clergy to return to the simple life of the early church; and opposed war, the doctrine of transubstantiation（圣餐的变体）, confession, and the use of images in worship.(3) the decline of feudalism in England2. Three important writers:(1) John Wycliff (1324 -- 84)Church reformer;Father of English Prose: earliest translation of the entire Bible(2) John Gower (1330 -- 1408)three chief works in three different languages(3) William Langland (1332?-1400?), English poet, who was supposedly the author of the religiousallegory The Vision of William Concerning Piers the Plowman (written 1360?-1400?), better known as Piers Plowman.Piers the Plowman holds up a mirror to Langland’s England, showing on the one hand thecorruption prevalent among the ruling classes, both secular and clerical, and on the other hand the uprightness and worthiness of the labouring folk and the miseries of the poor and needy.In the form of allegory and vision, it is a “gospel of the poor”.III. Geoffrey ChaucerFather of English Literature, and Father of English Poetry. A great master of the English language1. Three periods:(1) The first period (1360 -- 1372): French influenceThe Book of Duchess（公爵夫人之书）(2) The second period (1372 -- 1385): Italian influenceThe House of Fame（声誉之堂）;Troylus and Criseyde（特罗勒斯与克丽西斯）;The Legend of Good Women（善良女子徇情记）(3) The third period (1386 -- 1400): English period or mature periodThe Canterbury Tales（坎特伯雷故事集)The Canterbury Tales, generally considered to be Chaucer’s masterpiece, was written chiefly in theyears 1386-1400.It begins with a general prologue that explains the occasion for the narration of the tales and gives adescription of the pilgrims who narrate the tales. 120 tales are intended, but only 24 are completed.The Canterbury TalesSignificancea comprehensive picture of the social reality of the poet’s daya framed storyanthology of medieval literaturehumour, satire, ironyChaucer, a master of the English languageUnit Three The Transitional Period (The 15th CenturyI. Popular BalladsII. Early English DramaIII. Chaucerian PoetsIV. Le Morte d’ArthurHistorical Background1. The 15th century was a period of transition for Britain from the medieval to the Renaissanceworld.2. The War of the Roses (1455 -- 85): The rival houses of Lancaster and York, which were bothdescended from Edward III, started a fight for power.The flag for Lancaster showed a red rose, and the flag for York showed a white rose, so the struggle between them became known as the War of the Roses.3. Printing press was introduced into England by William Caxton in 1476.William Caxton (1422?-1491), first English printer, born probably in Tenterden, Kent. His translation and print of The Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye (1474?) was the first book printed in English.The more notable books from his press include The Canterbury Tales and Troilus and Criseyde byEnglish poet Geoffrey Chaucer and Confessio Amantis by English poet John Gower.Fewer than 40 of Caxton's publications still exist.Caxton printed nearly 100 publications, about 20 of which he also translated from French and Dutch.4. The literature of the 15th century was also in a transitional stage between the Age of Chaucerand the Renaissance.Themes:(1) Border ballads: popular ballads narrating incidents on theEnglish-Scottish border.(2) Robin Hood ballads(3) Arthurian legend and Biblical material(4) Domestic life: e.g. Get Up and Bar the Door(5) Love(6) Political treachery: e.g. Sir Patrick Spens(7) Intelligence of the common labouring peopleBallad Metres are four-line stanzas with the alteration of 4 and 3 feet verse to the odd and evennumbered lines, and rhyming usually on the 2nd and 4th lines.“The king sits in Dumferling touneDrinking the blude-reid wineO whar will I get guid sailor,To sail this schip of mine?”from Sir Patrick SpensRobin Hood balladsRobin Hood ballads are popular ballads dealing with the famous outlaw Robin Hood and his men and their activities.Robin Hood, hero of a group of English ballads of the late 14th or early 15th century.Robin Hood was portrayed as an outlaw who lived and poached in royal forests such as Sherwood Forest, in Nottinghamshire.Robin Hood robbed and killed those who represented government or church power, and he defended the needy and oppressed.His comrades included Little John, Will Scarlet, and Friar Tuck.Get Up and Bar the DoorIt fell about the Martinmas timeAnd a gay time it was then,When our goodwife got puddings to make,And she’s boild them in the pan.The wind sae cauld blew south and north,And blew into the floor;Quoth our goodman to our good wife,‘Gae out and bar te door.’II. Early English Drama1. Folk drama: sword dance, morris dance, murmurs’ plays2. Religious drama:(1) The mystery play: drama based directly on stories from the Bible.The best-known mystery play in England is the so-called Second Shepherds’ Play -- the second of the plays on the shepherds, in the Towneley Cycle. Its theme is to greet the newborn Christ.The Birth of Jesus(2) The miracle play: drama dealing with the legends of the Christian saints.(3) The morality play: drama presenting allegorically some objects, lesson, or warning by means ofabstract characters or generalized types of man’s spiritual good.The best known of the morality play is Everyman, produced in the last quarter of the 15th century,dealing with what is supposed to happen to Everyone at the close of his life.III. Chaucerian Poets1. English Chaucerian:John Lydgate (1370 -- 1450): English poet, born in Suffolk and educated at the monastery （修道院）of Bury Saint Edmunds, where he was ordained a priest in 1397.Lydgate may have been a friend and disciple (信徒,弟子) of the poet Geoffrey Chaucer, and the two were equally popular in their time.Some of Lydgate's work shows Chaucer's influence.Although Lydgate was a prolific and influential poet of his day, much of his work is now considered verbose (冗长的) and overly moralistic.His major poems include Troy Book (1412-1420), The Siege (围攻) of Thebes (1420-1422), and Fall ofPrinces (1430-1438).2. Scottish Chaucerians:(1) James I of Scotland(2) Robert Henryson(3) William Dunbar(4) Gavin DouglassIV. Le Morte d’ArthurIt is a kind of final summing-up of the Arthurian legend built up from the 12th century to the 15thcentury (21 books).The Passing of ArthurAccording to legend, King Arthur was seriously wounded in battle by his illegitimate son, Mordred.Arthur’s half sister Morgan le Fay and a group of women then took him away to the island of Avalon to heal.Le Morte d’Arthur may well be called the swan-song (最后的作品) of feudal knighthood and chivalrywhich were much idealized in the heyday (全盛时期) of feudalism.It is written in a lucid and simple style.Both the Arthurian legendary material and the simple style had their wide and lasting influenceupon the English literature of later centuries.Unit Four The Early Tudor Age and the Elizabethan AgeI. RenaissanceII. The Early Tudor AgeIII. The Elizabethan AgeI. RenaissanceRenaissance is a political and cultural epoch.The word “Renaissance”, meaning “rebirth”, is commonly applied to the movement or period whichmarks the transition from the medieval to the modern world in Western Europe.It is also called the revival of learning.1. Characteristics:(1) centralization of power(2) church reformation(3) geographical discoveries(4) bankruptcy of peasantry(5) emergence of bourgeoisie and proletariat(6) growth of a new cultureThe characteristics of the Renaissance1.Politically the feudal nobility lost their power and with the establishment of the great monarchies therewas the centralization of power necessary for the development of the bourgeoisie.2.The Catholic Church was either substituted by Protestantism（新教）as a result of the so-calledReformation (as in Germany and England) or weakened in its dictatorship（专制）over men’s minds (asin Italy and France and Spain).3.Geographical discoveries opened up colonial expansion and trade routes to distant parts of the worldand brought back gold and silver and other wealth and also broadened men’s mental horizons.4.In the countryside the peasants were terribly exploited and they either rose in uprisings or ran awayand flocked to the cities and added to the proletariat there.5.In the cities the merchants and the master artisans（工匠）grew in wealth and in power and becamethe bourgeoisie while handicraft turned gradually into manufacture and the modern proletariat sprang up among the employed workers in the factories.6.Culturally, as the interest in God and in the life after death was transformed into the exaltation of manand an absorption in earthly life and as materialistic philosophy and scientific thought gradually replaced the church dogmas and religious mysticism of the Middle Ages, a totally new culture rose out of the revival of the old culture of ancient Greece and Rome and out of the emergence of a new philosophy and science and art and literature through the exploration of the infinite capabilities of man.2. Three stages of development:(1) Early Tudor Age (1500 -- 1557)(2) Elizabethan Age (1558 -- 1603)(3) Jacobean Age (1603 -- 1625)3. Two trends:(1) Court literature(2) Bourgeois literatureII. The Early Tudor Age (1500-1557)1. The Oxford Reformers:William Grocyn (1446 -- 1519), Thomas Linacre (1460 -- 1524) and John Colet (1467 -- 1519) ---- allthree of them were students at Oxford University, travelled and studied in Italy and introduced the study of ancient Greek as well as the new science and philosophy of the time in opposition to the rigid church dogmas of medieval scholasticism (经院哲学).The Oxford Reformers helped to lay the foundations of the rise of a new literature in England in the later decades of the century.2. Thomas More (1478 -- 1535)Sir Thomas More was known for his intelligence and devotion to the Catholic church.That devotion put him at odds with his one-time friend, King Henry VIII, who had More beheaded for refusing to sanction (同意), as lord chancellor, Henry’s divorce from Ca therine of Aragu.Thomas More has chiefly been remembered for his Utopia (written in 1515).This book contains (1) a realistic picture of early 16th-century England: social evils are exposed and attacked; (2) the first sketch of the ideal commonwealth by an English writer. It affords (提供) a valuable document of Utopian socialism.UtopiaThomas More’s UtopiaThis woodcut, taken from the first edition of Sir Thomas More’s famous work Utopia, depicts theisland that symbolized More's concept of an ideal community. More, who was a statesman as well as a writer, used the fictional Utopia to satirize conditions in England.Limitations of the book Utopia:(1) His dream world did not have its sound political, economic and social bases;(2) His indifferent attitude toward slavery and his actual contempt for physical labour;(1) John Skelton (1460 -- 1529) (3) Contradictions in his world outlook.Limitations of Utopia1.Writing at the dawn of capitalism, More could not but build his dream of a communist society on thesocial foundations of handicrafts manufacture, and this limitation of his age when there were yet no big industries nor a ripened proletariat, necessarily made his conception of an oppressionless, exploitationless society a rather vague, dreamy world which did not have its sound political, economic and social base.2.More’s limitations as a member of the ruling and exploiting class himself manifest (证明) themselves inhis indifferent attitude toward salves and mercenary soldiers and in his actual contempt for physical labour—in spite of his insistence on the need of most utopians to participate in physical labour.3.When we compare More’s views in Utopia with his life as a courtier (朝臣) and especially as a fervent(狂热的) Catholic who chose rather to die than to give up his belief in the absolute authority of the Pope in Rome, we find curious but unmistakable contradictions in his world outlook.3. Court poets:a great satirist with a most effective verse metre,repeated attacks on the vices of the court and clergy(2) Sir Thomas Wyatt (1503 -- 42)He introduced into English poetry the sonnet form from the Italian. (The sonnet: a lyric poem of 14 lines.)Thomas Wyatt also introduced into English poetry other stanzaic form: terza rima (3-line stanzasrhyming aba bcb cdc ded ee; later employed by Shelley in Ode to the West Wind) and strambotti (also called ottava rima; octaves rhyming abababcc; later employed by Byron in Don Juan).Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey (1517 -- 47), English soldier and poet.Although not primarily a man of letters, Howard greatly enriched English literature by his introduction of new verse forms.His love poems, like those of his contemporary Sir Thomas Wyatt, show the influence of Italianmodels.Howard introduced into English poetry the English form of sonnet (abab cdcd efef gg).4. Religious drama:A Pleasant Satire of the Three Estates, a morality by David Lyndsay.An Interlude is a play brief enough to be presented in the interval of a dramatic performance.The chief representative playwright was John Heywood (1497?-1580?), known for his didactic andcomic interludes, such as The Four P's (c. 1520), and numerous epigrams (警句) and proverbs.III. The Elizabethan AgeElizabeth I (1533-1603), queen of England and Ireland (1558-1603), daughter of King Henry VIII andhis second wife, Anne Boleyn.England prospered under her, developing into a great maritime power.Elizabeth was the last of the Tudor rulers of England.The economy was stabilized, and foreign trade was encouraged.Elizabeth never married, but she was besieged (包围) by royal suitors, each of whom she favoredwhen it was in her political interest to do so.1. Court poetry(1) Sir Philip Sydney (1554 -- 1586) :Sydney earned his place of importance in English literature of his time as the earliest writer of a sonnet sequence (Astrophel and Stella), a prose pastoral romance (Arcadia) and a critical essay (The Defence of Poesie).(2) Edmund Spenser (1552 -- 1590), English poet, who is most famous for his long allegoricalromance, The Faerie Queene. Spenser was born in London.In 1579 he met English poet Sir Philip Sidney, to whom he dedicated his first major poem, The Shepheardes Calendar(1579). This work demonstrates the great poetic flexibility of the English language.Spenser’s Works:The Shepherd’s Calendar: a pastoral poem consisting of 12 eclogues（牧歌）.Amoretti(爱情小唱) is a sonnet sequence of 88 love poems, written to celebrate his love andmarriage to his wife Elizabeth Boyle.The Faerie QueeneThe Faerie Queene has been regarded as Spenser’s masterpiece.It is one of the great poems in the English language.The poem is a literary epic, and according to the original plan was to consist 12 books but only sixbooks and two cantos of the 7th were completed.The Faerie Queene is written in Spenserian stanza: a 9-line stanzaic form with the rhyme scheme ofabab bcbcc and with the first 8 lines in iambic pentameter and the last or the 9th line an alexandrine(iambic hexameter).(Byron used this form in his Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage; Keats used this form in his Eve of St. Agnes;and Shelley used this form in his Revolt of Islam and Adonais).Spenser's lush and expansive imagination and vigorous approach to structure made him a powerfulinfluence on John Milton and the romantic poets, including John Keats and Percy Bysshe Shelley. 2. Euphuistic style (绮丽体) in prose:The term euphuism takes its name from John Lyly’s two-part work: Euphues, the Anatomy of Wit and Euphues and His England.Eupheues is marked by(1) the use of balanced sentence construction and other artificial elaborations in language, including antithesis (对偶) and alliteration;(2) the employment of images and similes taken from ancient mythology and history, and also the use of quotations from and references to classical authors.绮丽体,也叫尤弗伊斯体euphuism，指一种矫揉造作，过分文雅的文体，由文艺复兴时期,英国大学才子派剧。
英国文学史复习资料
英国文学史复习资料一、早期文学1、凯尔特文学：凯尔特人是英国最早的民族，他们有自己的语言和神话传说。
他们的文学作品包括《德鲁伊特教义》和《芬尼亚传奇》。
2、盎格鲁-撒克逊文学：随着罗马帝国的衰落，日耳曼部落开始在英国定居。
盎格鲁-撒克逊时期最著名的文学作品是《贝奥武夫》，讲述了一位英勇的武士贝奥武夫的故事。
二、中世纪文学1、英雄史诗：中世纪时期，英国出现了许多描写骑士和英雄事迹的史诗，如《罗兰之歌》、《希尔德布兰德之歌》等。
2、骑士文学：随着封建制度的发展，骑士成为英国社会的一个重要阶层。
骑士文学主要描写骑士的冒险经历和爱情故事，如《亚瑟王传奇》等。
3、宗教文学：中世纪时期，英国的宗教文学也很发达。
最有名的作品是《神曲》和《圣经》的英译本。
三、文艺复兴时期文学1、伊丽莎白时代文学：伊丽莎白一世时期，英国进入了文艺复兴时期。
这个时期的文学作品包括莎士比亚的戏剧、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等。
2、斯图亚特王朝复辟时期文学：斯图亚特王朝复辟后，英国文学开始向古典主义转变。
这个时期的文学作品包括弥尔顿的《失乐园》和约翰·德莱顿的诗歌等。
四、启蒙时期文学1、启蒙运动：启蒙运动是18世纪欧洲的一个思想解放运动，旨在推翻封建制度，建立资产阶级民主制度。
英国的启蒙运动以洛克和休谟为代表。
2、现实主义小说：随着工业革命的兴起，英国的现实主义小说开始兴起。
这个时期的代表作家包括狄更斯、萨克雷、勃朗特姐妹等。
他们的作品主要描写社会底层人民的生活和资产阶级的虚伪与贪婪。
3、浪漫主义诗歌：19世纪初，英国的浪漫主义诗歌开始兴起。
这个时期的代表诗人包括华兹华斯、柯勒律治和拜伦等。
他们的作品主要表达个人情感和对自然的向往。
五、维多利亚时期文学1、维多利亚时代的社会背景：维多利亚时代是英国的一个繁荣时期，也是英国殖民主义的高峰期。
这个时期的英国成为“日不落帝国”。
2、小说：维多利亚时期的代表作家包括狄更斯、勃朗特姐妹、哈代等。
英美文学史练习题和复习资料3
3. The Romantic periodDefinition of literary terms1. Romanticism.Romanticism is a term applied to literary and artistic movements of the late 18th and early 19th century. It can be seen as a rejection of the precepts of order, calm, harmony, balance, idealization, and rationality that typified classicism in general and late 18th-century neoclassicism in particular. It was also to some extent a reaction against the Enlightenment and against 18th-century rationalism and physical materialism in general. Inspired in part by the libertarian ideals of the French Revolution, the romantics believed in a return to nature and in the innate goodness of humans, as expressed by Jean Jacques Rousseau. They emphasized the individual, the subjective, the irrational, the imaginative, the personal, the spontaneous, the emotional, the visionary, and the transcendental. They also showed interest in the medieval, exotic, primitive, and nationalistic. Critics date English literary romanticism from the publication of William Wordsworth and S.T. Coleridge’s Lyrical Ballads in 1798 to the death of Sir Walter Scott and the passage of the first reform bill in the Parliament in 1832.2. Byronic hero. “Byronic hero”is a stereotyped character created by Byron. This kind of hero is usually a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. With immense superiority in his passions and powers, he would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society. He would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in region, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies. The conflict is usually one of rebellious individuals against outworn social systems and conventions.ExercisesA. Multiple-choice questions1. The Romantic Movement expressed a more or less ____ attitude toward the existing social and political conditions.A. positiveB. negativeC. neutralD. indifferent2. It is _____ who established the cult of the individual and championed the freedom of the human spirit.A. Jean Jacques RousseauB. Johann Wolfgang von GoetheC. Edmund BurkeD. Thomas Paine3. In Marriage of Heaven and Hell (1790), the word “marriage”, to Blake, means the ____.A. subordination of the one to the otherB. co-existence of the conflicting partsC. reconciliation of the contrariesD. fighting of the conflicting parts4. Blake began writing poetry at the age of 12, and his first printed work is ____ , which is a collection of youthful verse.A. Songs of ExperienceB. Songs of InnocenceC. Marriage of Heaven and HellD. Poetic Sketches5. In his poem, “The Chimney Sweeper” (from Songs of Experience), Blake depicted the miseries of the child sweepers in order to reveal the ____ of Christianity.A. great idealsB. false idealsC. magic powerD. true faith6. For William Blake, the father (and any other in whom he saw the image of the father such as God, priest, and king) was usually a figure of ______.A. benevolenceB. admirationC. loveD. oppression7. Adonais is an elegy for ___ whose early death from tuberculosis Shelley believed had been hastened by hostile reviews.A. ByronB. KeatsC. TennysonD. Blake8. “Y ou and the girls may go, or you may send them by themselves, which perhaps will be still better, for as you are as handsome as any of them, Mr. Bingley might like you the best of the party.” What figure of speech is used in the underlined part?A. paradoxB. simileC. ironyD. antithesis9. According to the subjects, Wordsworth’s short poems can be classified into twogroups: poems about _____ and poems about _____.A. society, universeB. nature, societyC. nature, human lifeD. human life, universe10. In the poem, “She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways”, Wordsworth writes: “A violet by a mossy stone/ Half hidden from the eye!”The figure of speech used in the two lines is _____.A. metaphorB. personificationC. simileD. metonymy11. The ____ are generally regarded as Keat s’s most important and mature works.A. odesB. lyricsC. epicsD. elegy12. Generally speaking, ____ was a writer of the 18th century, though she lived mainly in the 19th century.A. Mary ShelleyB. George EliotC. Jane AustenD. Ann Radcliffe13. Shelley’s ____ and The Cenci, Byron’s ____, and Coleridge’s Remorse are generally regarded as the best verse plays in the Romantic period.A. Prometheus Unbound, CainB. Cain, ManfredC. Prometheus Unbound, ManfredD. Waverley, Cain14. Among Coleridge’s ____ group of poems, Frost at Midnight is the most important.A. conversationalB. RomanticC. demonicD. lyrical15. After reading the first chapter of Pride and Prejudice, we come to know that Mrs. Bennet is a woman of _____.A. simple character and mean understandingB. simple character and good breedingC. intricate character and great talentD. intricate character and great talent16. In the conversation with Mrs. Bennet in Chapter One of Pride and Prejudice, Mr. Bennet uses a __ tone and sarcastic humor.A. solemnB. harshC. IntimateD. Teasing17. Jane Austen presents most of the problems of the novel, Pride and Prejudice, from the ____ viewpoint.A. masculineB. objectiveC. feminineD. neutral18. After reading the first chapter of Pride and Prejudice. We can find ___ in the author’s tone, while presenting a seemingly matter-of-fact description of the conversation between Mr. and Mrs. Bennet.A. bitter satireB. mild satireC. strong approvalD. strong disapproval19. In his poem, “Ode to the West Wind”, Shelley intends to present his wind as a central ___ around which the poem weaves various cycles of death and rebirth --- seasonal, vegetational, human and divine.A. conceptB. metaphorC. symbolD. metonymy20. “Those ungrateful drones who would/ Drain your sweat--- nay, drink your blood? ”The word “drones”in the above two lines written by Shelley is used as a(n) ____.A. ironyB. synecdocheC. metonymyD. metaphor21. William Wordsworth, a romantic poet, advocated all the following except _____.A. the using of everyday language spoken by the common people.B. the expression of the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.C. the humble and rustic life as subject matter.D. elegant wordings and inflated figures of speech.22. In the poem “She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways”, the ending lines go like this: “But she is in her grave, and, oh,/ The difference to me!”The word “me”in the quoted lines may probably refer to ____.A. the poetB. the readerC. her loverD. her father23. In S.T. Coleridge’s poem “Kubla Khan”, “A sunny pleasure dome with caves of ice” ___.A. refers to the place where Kubla Khan’s father once lived.B. vividly describes a building of poor quality.C. is the gift given to a beautiful girl called Abyssinian.D. symbolizes the reconciliation of the conscious and the unconscious.24. “Wherefore, Bees of England, forfeMany a weapon, chain, and scourge,That these stingless drones may spoilThe forced produce of your toil?”In the above stanza quoted from Shelley’s “A Song: Men of England”, Shelley employs a(n) ______.A. simileB. metaphorC. oxymoronD. synecdoche25. Which of the following is NOT a quality of the west wind described by Shelly in his poem “Ode to the West Wind”?A. WildB. TamedC. SwiftD. ProudBlank-filling1. The romantic poets demonstrated a strong _reaction__ against the dominant modes of thinking of the 18th-century writers and philosophers.2. In a sense, we can say that Romanticism designates a literary and philosophical theory that tends to see the _individual___ as the very center of all life and all experience.3. William Wordsworth defines poetry as “the _spontaneous____ overflow of powerful feelings, which originates in emotion recollected in tranquility”.4. William Blake can be regarded as the first important romantic poet, showing a contempt for the rule of reason, opposing the _classical___ tradition of the 18th century, and treasuring the individual’s imagination.5. Byron has __enriched__ European poetry with an abundance of ideas, images, artistic forms and innovations.6. By contrasting the freedom of ancient Greece and the enslavement of the present Greece in “The Isles of Greece”, Byron appealed to the Greek people to fight for _liberty____.7. Shelley’s poem, “Ode to the West Wind”, is written in the form of _terza rima__.8. “Ode to a Nightingale” expresses the contrast between the happiness of the naturalworld and the agony of the _human____ world.9. “Ode on a Grecian Urn” shows the contrast between the _permanence___ of art and the transience of human passion.10. In the first part of the novel Pride and Prejudice, Mr. Darcy has __low__ opinion of the Bennet family.Work-author pairing-up1. Sense and Sensibility A. J. Keats2. The Rime of the Ancient Mariner B. G.G. Byron3. Marriage of Heaven and Hell C. W. Wordsworth4. Prometheus Unbound D. S. T. Coleridge5. Biographia Literaria E. J. Austen6. Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage F. P. B. Shelley7. Defense of Poetry G. W. Blake8. “Tintern Abbey”H. W. Scott9. Waverley10. “Ode to a Nightingale”Reading comprehension(For each of the quotations listed below please give the name of the author and the title of the literary work from which it is taken and then briefly interpret it.)1. “It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife.However little known the feelings or review of such a man may be on his first entering a neighborhood, this truth is so well fixed in the minds of the surrounding families, that he is considered as the rightful property of some one or other of their daughters.”Reference: The two sentences are taken from Jane Austen’s novel, Pride and Prejudice. They are the opening sentences of the novel, in which Jane Austen is making an ironic suggestion that the families in the society she wrote about were always looking forrich husbands to whom they could marry their daughters. The sentence sets the tone for both structurally and verbally. The sentence begins as though the novel were going to be a great philosophical discourse. “It is a truth universally acknowledged” implies that the novel will deal with truths, but the second half of the sentence reveals that the great universal truth is no more than a consideration of a common social situation. Thus there is an ironic difference between the formal manner of the statement and the ultimate meaning of the sentence. The “truth” spoken of is that a man in possession of a fortune must need a wife, whereas in reality the sentence means that a woman without a fortune needs a man with fortune for a husband. We should also realize that the viewpoint of the first sentence is that of a woman. Only a female would make this statement, and Jane Austen is going to present most of the problems of the novel from the feminine viewpoint.2. “For oft, when on my couch I lieIn vacant or in pensive mood,They flash upon that inward eyeWhich is the bliss of solitude;And then my heart with pleasure fills,And dances with the daffodils.”Reference: These lines are taken from Wordsworth’s poem “I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud”. This is the 4th stanza of the poem. Nature and man come together explicitly in stanza 4 when the speaker says that his heart dances with the daffodils. A different kind of repetition appears in the movement from the “loneliness”of line one to the “solitude”of line 22. Both words denote an aloneness, but they suggest a radical difference in the solitary person’s attitude to his state of being alone. The poem moves from the sadly alienated separation felt by the speaker in the beginning to his joy in recollecting the natural scene, a movement framed by the words “lone” and “solitude”. An analogous movement is suggested within the final stanza by words “vacant” and “fills”. The emptiness of speaker’s spirit is transformed into a fullness of feeling as he remembers the daffodils.3. “A violet by a mossy stoneHalf hidden from the eye!--- Fair as a star, when only oneIs shining in the sky.”Reference: These lines are taken from Wordsworth’s “She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways”. By using a metaphor and a simile, the poet compares Lucy with a violet, a wild flower growing by a mossy stone, and a fair star, shining in the sky. The two comparisons are meant to enhance Lucy’s charm by associating her with such attractive objects as flowers and stars. Lucy’s natural charm, like that of the violet, was derived from her modesty. She, too, was “half-hidden from the eye”, obscure and unnoticed. Though Lucy was, to the world, as completely obscure as the modest flower in the shadow of the mossy stone, to the eye of her lover she was the only star in his heaven, shining like the planet of love itself.4. “Place me on Sunium’s marbled steep,Where nothing , save the waves and I,May hear our mutual murmurs sweep;There, swan-like, let me sing and die:A land of slaves shall ne’er be mien---Dash down you cup of Samian wine!”Reference: These lines are taken from George Gordon Byron’s Don Juan, Part III “The Isles of Greece”. In these lines, by contrasting the freedom enjoyed by the ancient Greeks with the enslavement of the early 19th-century Greeks under Tukish rule, Byron uses such word to call on the Greeks to struggle for their national liberation.Questions1.What is the theme of Don Juan?2.What are the main features of Blake’s poetry?pare “The Chimney Sweeper”from Songs of Innocence with “The ChimneySweeper” from Songs of Experience.4.How is Shelley’s Prometheus Unbound different from the traditional Greekinterpretation?。
英语专业英美文学史复习要点
英语专业英美文学史复习要点I. Some Historical Facts ★★★The earliest inhabitants: Britons (a tribe of Celts)Britain: ―the land of Britons‖Now, the Three Famous Conquests:A. The Roman Conquest (55BC-410AD)1. Britain was invaded by the Romans under the leadership of Julius Caesar in 55 BC, and was completely subjugated to the Roman Empire in 78 A.D.2. Roman mode of life came across to Britain:Conqueror s→theaters; bathsnative Briton s→slaves3. Roman Empire began to decline at the beginning of the 5th C.In 410 A. D. all the Roman troops withdrew and never returned.B. The Anglo-Saxon Conquest (449-1066)In 449 A.D., Britain was invaded by three Germanic tribes from the Northeast of Europe:Angles（盎格鲁人）Saxons（撒克逊人）Jutes（朱特人）C. The Norman Conquest (1066-1485)French-speaking Normans, under the leadership of Duke William (William the Conqueror) came in 1066.After defeating the English at Hastings, William was crowned as the King of England. In the Anglo-Norman period, the prominent kind of literature, Romances, were at first all in French.At the end of the 14th century, English became dominant once more.II. Anglo-Saxon LiteratureAnglo-Saxon Poetry★★1. Pagan Poetry（世俗诗）Also called secular poetry, it does not contain any specific Christian doctrine. It was represented by Beowulf (贝奥武甫).2. Religious Poetry（宗教诗）Also called Christian poetry, it is mainly on biblical stories and sa ints’ lives. Butsometimes there is a mixture of Christian and pagan（异教徒）ideas. It is represented by Caedmon （凯德蒙）and Cynewulf (基涅武甫）.National epic（民族史诗）★★National epic: epic written in vernacular（本国的）languages, namely, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages.It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Poetic Features of ―Beowulf‖ (贝奥武甫)★★★i. The use of alliteration (头韵) is one of its most striking features.In alliterative verse, certain stressed or accented words in a line begin with the same consonant. There are 4 stresses in a line generally, of which three or two show alliteration.ii. The use of kennings:Kenning (代喻）: compound words that serve as metaphor, used in place of a name or noun, especially in Old English and Old Norse poetry.For example: ―storm of swords‖ is a kenning for ―battle‖.iii. The use of understatements(抑言陈述) or euphemism (委婉语) , e.g.:―not troublesome‖ > very welcome―need not praise‖ > a right to condemniv. The basically pagan poem has an evident Christian overlay.e.g.:(1) ―God‖ or ―Lord‖ is frequently mentioned as the omnipotent supreme being, along wit h such Christian concepts as the belief in ―future life‖.(2) Grendel is said to be descendant of the errant biblical figure, Cain.The Religious Poetry ★★The religious poetry is also called Christian poetry. It is mainly on biblical stories and saints’ lives. But sometimes there is a mixture of Christian and pagan ideas in these poems. It is represented by Caedmon and Cynewulf.Anglo-Saxon Prose（散文）★★Prose literature did not show its appearance until the 8th century.There were two famous prose writers:V enerable Bede （比德）Alfred the Great （阿尔弗烈德大王）Anglo-Norman Literature★★1066, the year of the Norman conquest, marks the beginning of Anglo-Norman period (1066-1485).Ca. 1200: the beginning of the Middle English Literature.A. Romance ★★★Romance (骑士文学), mostly in French, is the dominant kind of literature in the Anglo-Norman period.It is a long composition in verse or prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero. It generally concerns knights and involves a large amount of fighting a s well as a number of miscellaneous adventures.E ssential features of the Romance★★★1. It lacks general resemblance（相似）to truth or reality.2. It exaggerates the vices（罪恶）of human nature and idealizes the virtues.3. It contains perilous（危险的）adventures more or less remote from ordinary life.4. It lays emphasis on supreme devotion to lady.5. The central character of the romance is the knight, a man of noble birth, skilled in the use of weapons. He is commonly described as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournaments, or fighting for his lord in battle. He is devoted to the church and the king.The Matters of Britain★★★This Cycle mainly deals with the exploits（功绩）of King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table.Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is the culmination（高潮）of the Arthurian romances.Sir Gawain and the Green Knight★★Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》), a verse romance of 2530 lines, derived from Celtic legend. It was considered as the best of Arthurian romance.English Ballads （民歌）★★1. It is oral literature of the English people (esp. peasants).2. It is a story told in song, usu. in 4-line stanzas, with the 2nd and the 4th lines rhymed.3. Its subject matters: young lovers’ struggle against patriarchy（父权制）; conflict between love and wealth; cruelty of jealousy; criticism of the civil war (1337~1453) between England and France.; matters of class struggle.Robin Hood Ballads: most noted.Translation of the Bible★★1. John Wycliffe (1320-1384), the first attempt to translate the Latin version of the Bible into Middle English.King James’ version (the Authorized V ersion) (1611)Geoffrey Chaucer (1343-1400)杰弗里·乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer）★★★Father of English poetryThe first great poet writing in Middle EnglishFounder of English realismMain WorksThe Romance of the Rose《玫瑰传奇》The House of Fame 《声誉殿堂》Troilus and Criseide 《特罗伊拉斯和克莱西德》The Canterbury Tales 《坎特伯雷故事集》Chaucer’s Contributions★★★i. Chaucer made the London dialect the standard for modern English language, and was the first to write in English. In doing so, established English as the literary language of the country.ii. He introduced ( from France and Italy) the rhymed stanza （诗节）of various types, esp. heroic couplet（英雄偶句诗）, to take the place of the old alliterative verse. iii. His works give a comprehensive picture of Chau cer’s time; For his true-to-life （写实的）depictions, Chaucer is generally regarded as the forerunner of English realism.iv. Chaucer’s gentle satire（讽刺）and mild irony made him a pioneering English humorist writer.The Canterbury Tales（坎特伯雷故事集）(1387-1400)★★★1.The outline of the storyThe story opens with a general prologue telling that on a spring evening, at the Tabard Inn (泰巴旅店), at the South end of London Bridge, Chaucer meets 29 pilgrims ready for Canterburyand he joins them.Suggested by the host of the inn, each is to tell 2 stories going and 2 returning. The best teller will be treated with a fine supper, by the host.Clearly, the structure of The Canterbury Tales is indebted to Boccaccio's Decameron （《十日谈》).As a gigantic plan, 120 stories should be told but only 24 were written.But these tales cover practically all the major types of medieval literature: a. romance;b. folk tale;c. beast fable (神话);d. adventures;e. saint’s life;f. allegorical tale（寓言）;g. sermon（训诫）;h. alchemical account（炼丹术）, etc.2. The General Prologue（总序言）The Canterbury Tales consists of three parts:The General Prologue,24 tales, four of which left unfinished,Separate prologues to each tale.The General Prologue was considered the best part of the whole work, which supplies a picture of people from all walks of life in the medieval England. It in essence serves as a guide.3.The charactersAll kinds of people except the highest and the lowest are represented by these thirty pilgrims（朝圣者）:The gentle class （绅士阶层）is represented by the knight, the squire （骑士扈从）, the monk, the prioress（女修道院院长）,the Oxford scholar, and the Franklin（地主）; The burgher class （市民阶层）is represented by the wealthy trademan, the haberdasher（服装店主）, the carpenter, the landed proprietor（土地业主）, the weaver, the tapestry-maker（挂毯商）, and the Wife of Bath（巴斯夫人）;The professionals are represented by the lawyer and the physician.Rhyme★★Alliteration（头韵）:stressed words in a line begin with the same consonant, e.g.: great, grew Assonance（谐韵）:stressed words in a line share the same vowel （谐元韵）, e.g.: great, failRhyme（尾韵）:Identity or sameness of terminal sounds in poetic lines or in words, e.g.: great, bait Feet（音步）feet: small groups of syllables（音节）, i.e. the combination of a strong stress and one or two weak stresses.simply put（简言之）:Combination of one stressed syllable（重读音节）& one or two unstressed syllables （非重读音节）e.g. hazel; to swell;The clock struck one.Four standard feet★★(1) iambic (抑扬格, n. iamb)an unstressed syllable is followed by a stressed syllable:defeat return(2) anapestic (抑抑扬格, n. anapest)two unstressed syllables → a stressed:understand with a leap(3) trochaic (扬抑格, n. trochee)a stressed → an unstressed:listen double(4) dactylic (扬抑抑格, n. dactyl)a stressed → two unstressed syllables:Here we go merrilyNumber of feet in a line★★★(1) monometer 单音步（one foot）(2) dimeter 二音步（two feet）(3) trimeter 三音步（three feet ）(4) tetrameter 四音步（four feet ）(5) pentameter 五音步（five feet ）(6) hexameter 六音步（six feet）(7) heptameter 七音步（seven feet）(8) octameter 八音步（eight feet）Meter（韵律）The meter of a line（诗行的韵律）not only includes the predominant foot of the line, but also the number of feet that it contains.rhymed stanza （押<尾>韵诗节）Rhymed: correspondence of terminal sounds of words, or of lines of verse. Stanza: a group of lines in a repeated pattern that form a unit within a larger poem. List of stanza names according to number of lines:2 lines = Couplet（对联）3 lines = Tercet（三行诗）4 lines = Quatrain（四行诗）5 lines = Cinquain（五行诗）6 lines = Sestet（六行诗）7 lines = Septet（七行诗）8 lines = Octave（八行诗）heroic couplet (英雄诗体，英雄双韵句)It is a rhymed couplet （押韵对句):a pair of rhyming lines in iambic pentameter.rhyming scheme（韵法）英语诗歌的行与行之间的押韵格式称韵法。
英美文学 知识点总结
英美文学知识点总结英美文学是指在英国和美国国家领土内产生的文学作品，包括英国文学与美国文学。
英美文学史是人类文明史的一个重要组成部分，包括从古典到现代的文学作品，涵盖了从莎士比亚到奥斯卡·王尔德等众多作家的作品。
英美文学的知识点众多，具有深刻的历史、文化和社会背景，下面将总结英美文学知识点，帮助读者更好地了解和学习英美文学。
1. 英国文学的起源和发展英国文学的起源可追溯至中世纪，早期的英国文学作品包括《贝奥歌》、《坎特伯雷故事集》等。
而随着文艺复兴的到来，英国文学迎来了新的发展时期，莎士比亚、斯宾塞等众多作家的作品为英国文学的繁荣与发展奠定了基础。
18世纪的启蒙运动影响了英国文学的发展方向，霍华德、斯威夫特等作家的作品在英国文学史上留下了重要的痕迹。
2. 美国文学的诞生与发展美国文学的起源较晚，17世纪移民新英格兰书信文学是美国文学的开端。
18世纪，美国文学开始迈入现代化阶段，风格多样的文学作品层出不穷。
19世纪的浪漫主义运动、现实主义运动以及自然主义运动，都为美国文学的繁荣与发展贡献了力量。
3. 英美文学的经典作品在英美文学史上，有许多经典作品，这些作品对后世文学产生了深远的影响。
如莎士比亚的《哈姆雷特》、奥斯卡·王尔德的《风华绝代》、简·奥斯汀的《傲慢与偏见》、查尔斯·狄更斯的《雾都孤儿》等。
4. 英美文学的主题和风格英美文学作品的主题和风格多种多样，既有对家国情怀的歌颂，也有对人性命运的探索。
从文艺复兴时期的骑士文学到现代主义文学，英美文学作品的风格也是千姿百态。
5. 英美文学的流派英美文学的作品涉及的流派众多，包括戏剧、小说、诗歌、散文等。
在戏剧方面，莎士比亚的作品是最具代表性的；在小说方面，狄更斯的作品是最为典型的；在诗歌方面，弗罗斯特的作品是最为著名的。
6. 英美文学的影响英美文学对全球文学产生了深远影响，从语言、风格、主题等方面都对其他国家的文学产生了影响。
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英美文学史复习资料英国文学史资料I. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages<Beowulf>贝奥武夫Artistic features:ing alliteration头韵ing metaphor暗喻and understatement含蓄陈述Geoffery Chaucer 杰弗里•乔叟The founder of English poetry.三个阶段：1 <The Romaunt of the Rose>玫瑰传奇2<Troilus and Criseyde>特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德longest complete poem3 <The Canterbury Tales>坎特伯雷故事集：Significance :first time to use ‘heroic couplet’(英雄双韵体) by middle EnglishII The Renaissance PeriodA period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of theEnglish Renaissance.Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and le arning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world. Humanism is the ke y-note of the Renaissance.1. 1. Edmund Spenser埃德蒙•斯宾塞1552~1599（后人称之为“诗人的诗人”。
）The poets’ poet. The first to be buried in the Poet’s c orner of Westerminster Abbey.①<The Faerie Queene>仙后(for Queen Elizabeth)The theme is not “Arms and the man”, but something more romantic “Fierce wars and faithfull loves”.② <The Shepherds Calendar>牧人日历The theme is to lament over the loss of RosalinismMoreλ2. Thomas托马斯•莫尔1478~1535One of the greatest English humanists①<Utopia>乌托邦νTwo books:1.on the social conditions of English2.on an ideal communist societyBaconλ3. Francis弗兰西斯•培根1561~1626ν The first English essayist.father of english eassy.1<The Advancement of Learning>学术的推进2.<New Instrument>3<Essays>随笔58 essaysν4. Marlowe柯里斯托弗•马洛①<The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus>浮士德博士的悲剧（根据德国民间故事书写成）②<Tamburlaine>帖木耳大帝ν③<The Jew of Malta>马耳他岛的犹太人5. William Shakespeare威廉•莎士比亚λ1564~1616共37plays①Historical plays: Henry VI ; Henry IV : Richard III ; Henry V ；Richard II；Hen ry VIII②四大喜剧:第二阶段 <As You Like It>皆大欢喜; <Twelfth Night>第十二夜; <A Mid summer Night’S Dream>仲夏夜之梦; <Merchant Of Venice>威尼斯商人③四大悲剧: <Hamlet>哈姆莱特; <Othello>奥赛罗; <King Lear>李尔王; <Macbeth>麦克白④Shakespeare Sonnet :154 <The Sonnets>III The 17th Century1. John Milton约翰•弥尔顿1608~1674（失明后写《失乐园》、《复乐园》、《力士参孙》。
）①Epics: <Paradise Lost>失乐园（亚当Adam夏娃Eve受魔鬼撒旦Satan诱惑偷尝禁果，被God逐出伊甸园Eden）ν< RegainedνParadise>复乐园②Dramatic poem: < Samson Agonistes>力士参孙.2. John Bunyan约翰•班扬1628~1688（代表作《天路历程》，宗教寓言，被誉为“具有永恒意义的百科全书”，是英国文学史上里程碑式著作。
与但丁的《神曲》、奥古斯丁的《忏悔录》并列为世界三大宗教题材文学杰作。
）Puritan poet(清教徒派诗人)①Religionary Allegory:<The Pilgrim’s Progress>天路历程ν3. John Donnethe Metaphysical poet(玄学派诗人).Metaphysical Poetry(玄学诗)：（用语）the diction is simple, the imagery is from the actual, (形式)the form is frequently an argument with the poet’s beloved, with god, or with himself.（主题：love, religious, thought）4. John Dryden:革命时期的保皇派代表royalistIV The 18th Century1Enlightment 3位代表Addison,Steele,PopeJohnsonλ2. Samuel塞缪尔•约翰逊1709~1784①Dictionary =<A Dictionary of English Language>英语大词典ν3. Jonathan Swift乔纳森•斯威夫特1667~1745① <Gulliver’s Travels>格列佛游记(fictional work)Four parts:Lilliput 小人国Brobdingnag 大人国Flying Island 飞岛Houyhnhnm 马岛<A Modest Proposal>一个小小的建议ν② <The Battle of Books>书战③ <A Tale of a Tub>木桶的故事ν④<The Drapper’s Letters>一个麻布商的书信4. Daniel Defoe丹尼尔•笛福λ1660~1731<CrusoeνRobinson>鲁宾逊漂流记5. Oliver Goldsmith奥利弗•格尔德斯密斯1730~1774① poems:<The Deserted Village>荒村② novel:<The Vicar of Wakefield>威克菲尔德牧师传ν6.感伤主义sentimentalism and pre-romanticism: Blake& Burns7 William Blake威廉•布莱克1757~1827①<Songs of Innocence>天真之歌.② <Songs of Experience>经验之歌③<The Marriage of Heaven and Hell>天堂与地狱的婚姻ν8 Robert Burns罗伯特•彭斯1759~1796The greatest Scottish poet in the late 18th century.Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect主要用苏格兰方言写的诗①<John Anderson, My Jo>约翰•安德生，我的爱人②<A Red, Red Rose>一朵红红的玫瑰ν③<SyneνAuld Long>友谊地久天长④<A Man’s a Man for A’That>不管那一套ν⑤<HighlandsνMy Heart’s in the>我的心在那高原上V The Romantic PeriodThe romantic period began in 1798 the publication of Wordsworth and Cole ridge’s <Lyrical Ballads>, and end in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott’s death.“The Lake Poets”湖畔诗人，who lived in the lake district.William Wordsworth; Samuel Taylor Coleridge; Robert Southey1. William Wordsworth威廉•华兹华斯1770~1850（与柯尔律治、骚塞同被称为“湖畔派”诗人。
The Lake Poets）①<Lyrical Ballads>抒情歌谣集(with Samuel Taylor Coleridge)②<I Wondered Lonely As A Cloud>③Lines Composed A Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey④The Solitary Reaper孤独的割麦女②<The Prelude>序曲2. Samuel Taylor Coleridge塞缪尔•泰勒•科尔律治1772~1834The Lake Poets①<The Rime of the Ancient Mariner>古舟子颂②<Christabel>柯里斯塔贝尔③<Kubla Khan>忽必烈汗④<Frost at Night>半夜冰霜⑤<Dejection, an Ode>忧郁颂⑥<Lyrical Ballads>抒情歌谣集(with William Wordsworth)3. George Gordon Byron乔治•戈登•拜伦1788~1824① <Don Juan>唐•璜<Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage>恰尔德•哈罗德尔游记<Cain>该隐② <When We Two Parted>当初我们俩分别<She Walks In Beauty>4. Persy Bysshe Shelley波西•比希•雪莱1792~1822①Poetic Drama：<Prometheus Unbound>解放了的普罗米修斯② <Queen Mab>麦布女王<Revolt of Islam>伊斯兰的反叛<The Cenci>钦契一家<A Defence of Poetry>诗辩<The Necessity of Atheism>无神论的必要性③Lyrics:Ode to the West Wind 西风颂<To a Skylark>致云雀A Defense of Poetry ---critical worksSong to Men of England---greatest political lyricKeatsλ5. John约翰•济慈1795~1821(“美即是真，真即是美”是他的著名诗句。