ICE Overview
英语泛读教程3：Unit 5 It’s tough at the Top
Unit 5 It’s tough at the Top
The information you can get from the title
The topic of the passage: human being’s explorations and adventures The focus of the writing: some examples about explorers who risked and lost their lives in the course of expedition to illustrate it’s tough at the top
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.
permafrost n.永久冻土 confide v.吐露 repel v.击退，打败 mesmerize v.使着迷 anthropologist n.人类学家 autopsy n./ v.验尸，解剖 hypothermia n.体温过低 live on 依旧存在，尚待解决
Home Reading Visions on Ice
Vocabulary
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. endurance n.耐力 precisely adv.确切地 aptly adv.恰巧地 brutalize v.残酷的对待 agony n.痛苦 crevasse n.崩溃处 logistics n.后勤 guru n.领袖
Fast Reading
Vocabulary
One
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Candela__ICE_Overview (to SI)中文
ICEcap 捕获的损伤参数以一个可编辑的XML 文件在ICE中回放。
Packet dump特点捕获数据包流,在 LANforge FIRE 流量发生器中回放。 LANforge ICE 运行在 LANforge 内核或者标准的Linux 内核中。 WISER (Wireless IP Scalable EmulatoR) 子系统仿真军方无线网络，具有 terrain, propagation和radio损伤，可加入到IP 流中。是与合作伙伴Telcordia一起开发出 来的。
军方 & 航空航天公司: Lockheed Martin, Navy, SAIC, Raytheon, General Dynamics.
其他组织机构: International banking, state & federal, foreign military, telecoms, etc.
Router A LANforge ICE Router B
eth0
eth1
Network After
Network Test and Emulation
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LANforge ICE 应用
802.1q 中继
允许不同的网络/VLANs 来体验不同的损伤。 LANforge ICE 能够共享资源，仅使用两个物理接口。
Network Test and Emulation
17
LANforge ICE 蓝图
即将发布:
应用层 ICEcap:
支持除ICMP之外的协议为了更真实的参数。
高级损伤:
如何下载ICEpdf系统库和获得ICEpdf相关的官方的系统资源
1.1如何下载ICEpdf系统库和获得ICEpdf相关的官方的系统资源1.1.1与ICEpdf相关的官方的系统资源1、ICEpdf的主要功能（1）ICEPDF是一种开源、轻量级的PDF引擎它主要用于展示/查看PDF文档，转换和抽取PDF文档的内容。
它也是一个轻量级的开源Java 语言的PDF 类库，开发人员通过ICEPDF的系统类库可以实现浏览、内容提取和转换PDF文档。
如下为ICEPDF系统库的主要功能：1)从PDF文件中提取所有的文字或信息，比如给PDF文档做摘要2)把PDF转换成图片，开发人员可以应用此功能实现给PDF文件做缩略图或者直接做一个纯JavaScript的PDF阅读器。
3)PDF文档的分页打印和信息搜索。
4)PDF中添加、修改或删除批注信息。
（2）ICEPDF的API采用100%纯Java编写，并且快速高效和使用简单由于ICEPDF是纯Java编写的，所以它可以轻易地与任何Java的应用无缝对接。
如下的官方网页/java/projects/ICEpdf/features-benefits.jsf为ICEPDF系统库的功能特性列表页面：2、ICEpdf系统的官网页面/java/home.jsf3、介绍ICEpdf系统功能的官方网页/java/projects/ICEpdf/overview.jsf4、ICEpdf系统的技术说明在线文档读者可以在官方网页/java/projects/ICEpdf/documentation.jsf在线浏览ICEpdf系统的技术说明在线文档资料。
如下示图为ICEpdf系统的API在线文档的局部截图：如下示图为ICEpdf系统的开发者技术支持的在线文档的局部截图：5、ICEpdf系统的官方示例读者可以在官方网页/java/demos/icepdf-demos.jsf在线浏览ICEpdf系统的官方示例。
其中的一个示例的执行结果示图：6、下载ICEpdf的系统文件读者可以在ICEpdf的官网/java/downloads/icepdf-downloads.jsf下载ICEpdf的系统文件。
汽车专业英语(发动机部分)
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03 02
Fault symptoms and causes
• Engine runs rough or surges
Fault symptoms and causes
Engine leaks oil
Engine consumes oil excessively
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02
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定期检查机油、冷却液、 刹车液等是否充足。
定期更换空气滤清器、 机油滤清器和燃油滤清 器。
定期检查轮胎气压和磨 损情况，确保轮胎安全。
定期进行发动机和车身 的清洁，保持车辆整洁。
Engine oil and filter
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02
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正确选择机油的型号和粘度， 确保与发动机的要求相匹配。
used to connect to the OBD II port and retrieve diagnostic information.
Common troubleshooting
Check the battery and cables for corrosion or damage.
Check the air filter for blockage or damage.
电动汽车技术的应用
随着政府对环保政策的推动和消费者对环保的关注，电动汽车市场正在 不断增长。许多汽车品牌都在推出电动汽车或计划在未来推出相关车型， 如特斯拉、宝马和奥迪等。
Fuel cell technology
要点一
燃料电池技术
燃料电池是一种将燃料（通常是氢气 ）和氧化剂（通常是氧气）通过化学 反应转化为电能的装置。这种技术可 以提供清洁、高效的能源，并可用于 汽车和其他应用。
ICE 3.3.1 Quick Start Guide
ICE Quick Start GuideThis guide offers the quickest way to install and begin using the Infobright Community Edition (ICE) data warehouse. This guide assumes users have a basic knowledge of SQL and database technologies. However, for assistance on these subjects, some useful resources are suggested at the end of this document.This document includes some high-level information about using ICE, the Install Guide, and links to other useful resources, including:•Release Notes•Tips & Tricks•ICE Optimized Queries•Suggested ResourcesAbout ICEICE is a specialized Open Source load and read-only data warehouse, as opposed to a general-purpose database. ICE is designed to be easy to implement and maintain, eliminating most of the confguration, tuning and ongoing maintenance activities of other data warehouse products. ICE is optimized for use under the following conditions:•Up to 50TB of data•Data loading and storage, no DML support required•64-bit & 32-bit Linux environments and 32-bit WindowsFor more information on using ICE under the best conditions, and properly setting user expectations, please click on the following link to download the ICE Architecture white paper:/wiki/File:IB_Arch_ICE_white_paper_Final_4.pdf/Release NotesClick on the following link to get an overview of new features available with this release: /Resources/release_notes/Click on the following link to login or register to view the roadmap of upcoming features: /Forums/member/registerInstall GuideThe Install Guide describes how to invoke the automated Installer and describes the default parameter settings. One of the main features of ICE is its simplicity; it does not have many parameters that are necessary to be tuned.You can view the latest version of the Install Guide at:/wiki/Windows Installation Instructions1.Download the package infobright-3.3-win32.exe to the Windows XP machine on which you areinstalling Infobright, and double click on the infobright-3.3-win32.exe fle to launch the Install Wizard.Click Next to continue.2.Click I Agree to accept the GPL license agreement.3.By default ICE is installed in C:\Program Files\Infobright. To change the default location, either enterthe folder name in the feld or click Browse… to select desired install location on your computer. Click Install to accept the install location.4.Please wait while the Install Wizard completes the installation.5.Choose if you want Infobright to start on completion of the installation. Click Finish to complete theinstallation.6.The Install Wizard automatically creates ICE as a Windows Service, which allows the Infobright serverto be started and stopped automatically when you boot or shutdown Windows. If you do not want ICE to start on boot, open the Services window from the Control Panel and change the Startup Type for Infobright from “Automatic” to “Manual”.7.The Install Wizard automatically determines the optimum memory settings based on the physicalmemory of the system. You may change these settings by editing the fle brighthouse.ini within the data directory.Important:The memory settings assume that there are no other services on the machine consuming signifcant memory. If this is not the case, please lower the memory settings for Infobright.Windows Upgrade InstructionsTo upgrade ICE on Windows, please follow the Windows Installation Instructions. The Install Wizard automatically detects a previous version of ICE and upgrades your ICE installation while preserving your data and confguration settings.After installation, run the MySQL Upgrade utility from the Windows command line:cd "C:\Program Files\Infobright".\bin\mysql_upgrade.exe --defaults-file="c:\Program Files\my-ib.ini" -uroot--tmpdir=c:\tmpImportant:The MySQL Upgrade utility may display several errors regarding the use of locks with log tables and errors requiring table upgrades. The errors are all handled automatically byInfobright and/or the upgrade utility and can be ignored.Stop and start the Infobright server from the Start Menu items.Linux Installation InstructionsRPM and DPKG InstallTo install Infobright on Linux using the rpm or dpkg package:1.Download the installation package from/Download/ICE/2.Obtain root user access, and run:rpm -i infobright_version_name.rpm [--prefix=path]ordpkg -i infobright_version_name.debImportant:Do not install in the root or home directories due to possible MySQL permission checking issues during install, start up, and/or load.If you use the rpm --prefx option, you should manually create a softlink to the Infobrightinstall directory from /usr/local/infobright .3.To change the default install options, after installation run:/usr/local/infobright/postconfig.shYou can run this script at any time after installation to change the datadir, CacheFolder, socket, or port. The script must be run as root, and Infobright must not be running.I NFOBRIGHT I NSTALL O PTIONSParameter DescriptionDatadir Path to the directory where tables will be created and stored. Use a high-performance storage such as a RAID.Cachedir Path to the directory where temporary fles will be created and stored.Should be located on a fast drive, possibly not the same as the data. Allowat least 100 GB of free space (depending on database size).Port Listening port for the Infobright server instance.Socket Socket connection point for client connections. (The socket connectionpoint will be created during the Infobright installation.)4.The installation determines the optimum memory settings based on the physical memory of thesystem. You may change these settings by editing the fle brighthouse.ini within the datadirectory.Important:The memory settings assume that there are no other services on the machine consuming signifcant memory. If this is not the case, please lower the memory settings for Infobright.1.To start or stop ICE, run:/etc/init.d/mysqld-ib start/etc/init.d/mysqld-ib stop2.To connect to ICE, use the script mysql-ib:/usr/bin/mysql-ib [optional:db_name]Linux Upgrade InstructionsRPM or DPKG UpgradeTo upgrade using the rpm or deb package, simply run the installation command and the package will automatically identify that Infobright is already installed and switch to upgrade mode. Your confguration settings and data will not be changed during the upgrade.Important:If the previous installation was done using the tarball package, you must upgrade using the tarball package (see instructions below). Upgrading from a tar package to an RPM or DEBpackage will be supported in the upcoming 3.2 GA release..To upgrade Infobright on Linux using the rpm or deb package:1.Obtain root user access2.Run either:rpm -U infobright-version-platform.rpmdpkg -i infobright-version-platform.deb3.Start the Infobright server:/etc/init.d/mysqld-ib start4.Run mysql upgrade tool to upgrade data folder:cd /usr/local/inforbright./bin/mysql_upgrade --defaults-file=/etc/f --user=root –tmpdir=/tmp Important:The MySQL Upgrade utility may display several errors regarding the use of locks with log tables and errors requiring table upgrades. The errors are all handled automatically byInfobright and/or the upgrade utility and can be ignored.5.Re-start the Infobright server:/etc/init.d/mysqld-ib restartIB_3.3.0_r6457_6503 (64-bit or 32-bit):/usr/local/infobright/bin/mysqld --versionTAR UpgradeTo upgrade Infobright on Linux using the tarball package:1.Unpack the tarball into a temporary folder. Use the gunzip utility for unpacking:cd /path/to/temp/gunzip < /path/to/infobright-3.3-x86_64.tar.gz | tar xvf -2.Stop the Infobright server:/etc/init.d/mysqld-ib stop3.Run the install script with the "--upgrade” and “--confg” fags and pass in the confguration fles ofthe previously installed version:./install-infobright.sh --upgrade --config=/etc/my-ib,cnf4.Start the Infobright server and run the mysql_upgrade utility:/etc/init.d/mysqld-ib startcd /usr/local/infobright./bin/mysql_upgrade --defaults-file=/etc/f --user=root --tmpdir=/tmpImportant:The MySQL Upgrade utility may display several errors regarding the use of locks with log tables and errors requiring table upgrades. The errors are all handled automatically byInfobright and/or the upgrade utility and can be ignored.5.Re-start the Infobright server:/etc/init.d/mysqld-ib restart6.Confrm the build version as IB_3.3.0_r6457_6503:/usr/local/infobright/bin/mysqld –-versionCreating the Database from an existing schemaICE is a unique database system that automatically builds Knowledge Grid structures instead of requiring or using indices. Indices should be removed from your data model and data defnition fle (DDL). For more information on the ICE architecture and supported data types, see:/wiki/Creating_the_Database_from_an_Existing_Schema/ICE supports standard MySQL DDL, but if your schema was for Oracle or SQL Server, there are possibly syntax or data types which are not supported. For more information, see:/doc/refman/5.0/en/data-types.htmlICE does not implement any referential integrity checks nor does it support DEFAULT values. The Infobright optimizer will accept these clauses, however, these clauses on the table defnitions are ignored. Data loadingICE includes a dedicated high-performance loader, that differs from the standard MySQL Loader. The Infobright Loader is designed for speed, but supports less load syntax than the MySQL Loader, and only supports variable length text formatted load fles.Import your data into an Infobright table by using the following load syntax (all other MySQL Loader syntax is not supported):LOAD DATA INFILE '/full_path/file_name'INTO TABLE tbl_name[FIELDS[TERMINATED BY 'char'][ENCLOSED BY 'char'][ESCAPED BY 'char']];The data is committed when the load completes if AUTOCOMMIT is set to on. This is default setting, but you can make it explicit by setting:Set AUTOCOMMIT=1;If you want to check the data via select before committing, then set AUTOCOMMIT to off: Set AUTOCOMMIT=0;New data can be seen by the loading session even though its not committed. Complete the load using an explicit COMMIT:COMMIT;For more information on using the ICE Loader and details on the supported syntax, please click on the following link to download the Loading Data in ICE document:/wiki/Data_Loading/Tips & Tricks for Performance T uningWhile the standard parameter settings are documented in the Install Guide, performance can be tuned based on:♦Hardware resources (available RAM, number of cores, etc.)♦Operating system (Red Hat Enterprise Linux, Ubuntu, CentOS, etc.)Based on the user’s environment, the Tip & Tricks document discusses which parameters can be tweaked and provides guidelines for appropriate parameters values.Click on the following link to view the latest Tips & Tricks:/wiki/Tips_&_Tricks/ICE Optimized QueriesThis document is a more technical companion reference to the Positioning Infobright document. It is written for a technical audience and covers in detail what types of database queries are optimized for ICE. ICE is a data storage engine with proprietary compression, storage, and retrieval methods. It leverages many features of MySQL including a support for variety widely-used APIs (e.g. SQL, ODBC, JDBC). Best performance can be achieved when Infobright executes SQL statements by using its query optimizer. When a query cannot exploit Infobright’s proprietary retrieval methods, the query will invoke the MySQL database optimizer. In these cases, users should expect the query to perform as it would using the MySQL database engine itself.For more information see Optimizing Queries at:/wiki/Optimizing_Queries/Suggested ResourcesThe following resources at , related web sites, and publications are suggested for learning more about data warehousing, SQL query language, and related topics:♦TDWI (The Data Warehousing Institute) ♦B-Eye Business Intelligence Network ♦MySQL in Data Warehousing and Business Intelligence /why-mysql/application-scenarios/data-warehouse.html。
北极冰箱产品说明书
Table of ContentsApplications (3)Cautions/Warnings (3)Specification sheet (4)Chiller Component Overview (5)Installation (6)User Interface (7)Modifying Parameters (8)Setting Temperature Units (F︒ or C︒) (8)Modifying Set Point (St1) (8)Modifying Temperature Differentials (P1 ) (8)Modifying Operating Parameters (8)LIMITED WARRANTY POLICY (10)EXPRESS DISCLAIMER (10)WARRANTY EXCLUSIONS (10)RETURNS (10)REFUSAL OF WARRANTY CLAIM (10)ApplicationsThis owner’s manual is to be used for the following North Slope Chillers:Cautions/Warnings1.Power (ALWAYS check the Chiller Parameter tag and verify operational voltage before plugging in chiller)a.Only connect North Slope Chillers to a properly grounded circuitb.Never connect your North Slope Chiller to voltage that is outside the acceptable voltage range.Connecting your chiller to any voltage outside of these ranges will damage the compressor.i.110V model will operate on voltages between 100 ~ 130Vii.230V model will operate on voltages between 200 ~ 250Vc.Only use power sources that are 60Hz, running the chiller at 50Hz will void the warranty and willdamage the compressor2.Never run the pump dry, only turn on chiller after the fluid reservoir has been filled. Running the chiller withoutfluid will permanently damage the pump and void the warranty3.This chiller is air cooled and must have good ventilation. For proper function there must be a minimum of 1foot clearance on both sides and 2 foot clearance at the back of the chiller4.Flush chiller prior to use. North Slope Chillers tests every chiller on site prior to shipping. During testing NorthSlope Chillers uses a water/glycol mix to test their chillers. There will always be a small amount of water/glycol remaining in the system. Since not all glycols are compatible with each other and vary by manufacture eachchiller should be flushed with water for 10 minutes prior to use.Specification sheetwater/glycol mix to test their chillers. Since not all glycols are compatible with each other and vary by manufacture each chiller should be flushed with water for 10 minutes prior to use.Chiller Component Overview FRONTBACKInstallation1.Position chiller for use∙Place unit on a flat level surface in a well-ventilated area2.Connect inlet and outlet fluid hoses∙Confirm hoses are connected to proper inlet and outlet ports3.Fill the reservoir4.Connect to power∙Ensure you have the correct power supply before plugging in chiller5.Turn on chiller and adjust temperature controller∙See page 8 for instructions on how to adjust temperature controllerUser Interface*The above tables are from the ir33 Universale Carel Controller ManualModifying ParametersSetting Temperature Units (F︒ or C︒)1.Press and hold down the Prg and Set keys at the same time for 5 seconds. The display will then flash “0” askingfor password. Use the up and down arrow keys to select “77” for password. Press the set key to continue.2.Press the up and down arrow keys to move to parameter “c18”. Press the set key.e the arrow keys to select “0” for Celsius or “1” for Fahrenheit. Press the set key to continue.4.Press and hold down the Prg key for 5 seconds to save programming changes.Modifying Set Point (St1)1.Press and hold down the Prg and Set keys at the same time for 5 seconds. The display will then flash “0” askingfor password. Use the up and down arrow keys to select “77” for password. Press the set key to continue.2.Press the up and down arrow keys to move to the “St1” parameter. Press the set key.∙Warning: Adjusting “St2” will damage chiller.3.Press the up and down arrow keys to reach the desired temperature. Press the set key to continue.4. Press and hold down the Prg key for 5 seconds to save programming changes.Modifying Temperature Differentials (P1 )1.Press and hold down the Prg and Set keys at the same time for 5 seconds. The display will then flash “0” askingfor password. Use the up and down arrow keys to select “77” for password. Press the set key to continue.2.Press the up and do wn arrow keys to move to the “P1” parameter. Press the set key.∙Warning: Adjusting “P2” will damage chiller.3.Press the up and down arrow keys to reach the desired differential temperature. Press the set key.∙North Slope Chillers recommends a differential of 3︒ Fahrenheit. Anything less than that will void the warranty.4.Press and hold down the Prg key for 5 seconds to save programming changes.Modifying Operating Parameters1.Press and hold down the Prg and Set keys at the same time for 5 seconds. The displ ay will then flash “0” askingfor password. Use the up and down arrow keys to select “77” for password. Press the set key to continue.2.Press the up and down arrow keys to move to the desired parameter. Press set to continue.3.Press the up and down arrow keys to reach the desired value. Press set to continue.4.Press and hold down the Prg key for 5 seconds to save programming changes.∙Follow the above steps to change the following parameters for standard operationTrouble ShootingLIMITED WARRANTY POLICYManufacturer warrants Ready to Ship products sold as “new” to be free from defects in material a nd workmanship under normal and proper use and servicing for a period of the shorter of one (1) year from the date of purchase by a retail customer. MANUFACTURER MAKES NO OTHER WARRANTY OR REPRESENTATION OF ANY KIND, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, IN FACT OR IN LAW, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION ANY WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR USE OTHER THAN THE LIMITED WARRANTY SET FORTH ABOVE.EXPRESS DISCLAIMERManufacturer MAKES NO WARRANTIES OR REPRESENTATIONS AS TO THE Products, EXCEPT AS SET FORTH ABOVE. ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES AND CONDITIONS, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT, ARE HEREBY DISCLAIMED.WARRANTY EXCLUSIONSExclusions from warranty consideration include, but are not limited to: normal wear and tear; abuse, misuse, or non-standard application; act of nature; lack of proper maintenance; unauthorized repair; unauthorized product modification. The user of the Manufacturer’s Products is expected to follow all operating instructions and make periodic checks and inspections to ensure the physical condition and performance of the Product(s). Neither Manufacturer, nor its representatives, assumes any responsibility for results of the use of the Products beyond the operation and performance of the Products themselves. Only the Manufacturer is authorized to make any warranty or representation and the customer may not rely on any other warranty or representation. All implied warranties are hereby disclaimed.RETURNSa. When any of Manufacturer’s Products have been authorized to return for any inspection, or replacement, it must be returned as specified in the Return Merchandise Authorization Form.b. A Manufacturer-issued Returned Material Authorization (RMA) number authorizing a product return must be acquired prior to sending any return. In addition, documentation of model, product serial number, dealer invoice number, dated proof of resale, and description of failure shall accompany all returns.c. All returns must come freight prepaid and in its original container, or in a manner conducive to proper shipping and handling procedures. Product(s) replaced, or shipped in accordance with manufacturers’ warranty policy for doing so will be returned freight prepaid.d. Manufacturer reserves the right to postpone, delay, or refuse warranty claim consideration for either unauthorized returns or returns made by dealers or distributors whose open and active accounts are past due or delinquent. The dealer or distributor agrees that no warranties or other guarantees on any products shall be made in excess of those made by Manufacturer. This agreement excludes Manufacturer or its representatives from all liability not covered in this Warranty.REFUSAL OF WARRANTY CLAIMManufacturer reserves the right to postpone, delay, or refuse warranty claim consideration for either unauthorized returns or returns made by a Distributor whose open and active accounts are past due or delinquent with respect this Agreement.。
自然地理冰川融化笔记 Melting glaciers and ice sheets
Definition：Process：1.Both surface melting and under water melting2.Accumulation: the build-up of the glacier due to snow being added to the glacier, inwinter/colder period.3.Ablation: the melting of ice, in summer/warmer period.4.Moulins (Cryoconite): due to increasing surface deposition of airborne particles ofmineral cryoconite which mainly come from Central Asian desert, the ice is becoming darker, decreased the albedo or the reflectivity of the ice, which increases the abortion of heat and in turn increase the rate of the melting, and creates moulins, result in the ice sheets to melt from its base.5.Albedo-reflectivity of sun radiation (causes a positive feedback loop, melt ice, less ice,more dark ice, lower albedo)Key definition:1.Glacier: A body of ice formed on land and in motion, confined by terrain, mostcommonly in valleys.2.Ice sheets: Vast masses of ice not confined to valleys. Have large tracks of landbeneath them. Greenland and Antarctica are the two most significant.3.Mass balance: The difference in volume of ice between accumulation and ablation ina single year, can be positive or negative.4.Glacier retreating: wherever melting exceeds accumulation. Most alpine glaciers havebeen retreating since about 1850.Characteristics of place facing melting glaciers and ice sheets (human and natural)Natural1.Ice sheets typically form in high-latitude regions that are very cold and subject tolong harsh winters, short summers and very little intense solar radiation.2.Region with ice must be sufficiently cold all year round.3.Snow is generally deposited in cold/humid periods and does not melt entirely inwarm/dry periods.mon in high latitudes, which is above 60°N and 60°S of the equator, and highaltitude.5.Strong spatial association with two polesHumanIce sheets and glaciers are generally existing in area with almost no human activities.Global distribution (Unevenly distributed)Every continent on earth contains glaciers except Australia. 198000 glaciers covering approximately 726800 km2 of varies sizes in mountain regions of North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa and Antarctica.Two major ice sheets are found in polar region at the opposite of the earth. The Antarctica isthe largest, it covers most of the Antarctica of an area of 13 million km2, which is 9% on the earth’s surface. The Greenland is the second largest, it covers 85% of the island of an area of 2 million km2, which is 1% of the earth’s surface.Causes (human and natural)Natural:1.Variation in solar energy. The solar energy received by earth is not constant. This isdue to the elliptical orbit of the earth is subject to three independence cycles of change that alter the distance between the earth and the sun every 26000, 41000, 100000 years thereby producing our planet’s periodic natural climatic cycles of global glaciation and warming. This process is called Milankovitch cycle.2.Volcanic activity. Volcanic activity can cause significant amounts of the dust andgasses to be injected into the atmosphere. This leads to mainly cooling events for the climate, reduces average global temperature, slow down the rate of melting glaciers and ice sheets For example, in 1963, the volcanic eruption in Bali produced enormous quantities of air-borne ash thereby blocking out sufficient incoming solar radiation to reduce earth average temperature 0.5°C in the next two years.Human:1.Alteration of the composition of gases in the atmosphere. It is considered to be thegreatest cause of global warming. Industrialisation has meant the increased injection of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxides into the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide has increased form 288ppm before industrial revolution to 391ppm, and methane has increased from 848ppb to 1800 ppb nowadays.Increase in greenhouse gases causes earth traps more heat in the atmosphere, increase the average temperature, hence cause more ice to melt.2.Cryoconite, due to increasing surface deposition of airborne particles of mineralcryoconite which mainly come from Central Asian desert, the ice is becoming darker, decreased the albedo or the reflectivity of the ice, which increases the abortion of heat and in turn increase the rate of the melting, and creates moulins, result in the ice sheets to melt from its base. In 2019, glaciers and ice sheets are already being darkened by dust, the albedo would further reduced, accelerate ice melting.Global impact1.Melting glaciers and ice sheets have large impact on rising sea-levels, compare to thelast Glacial Maximum 18000-21000 years ago, sea level has risen 100 m, scientists estimate that melting ice sheets and glaciers contribute 52% of the total global sea-level rising. Nowadays, see level is increasing at a rate of 3mm/year, and by the end of this century, sea level could rise a further 1m. The rising sea level can cause great threat to the low-lying cities and countries, including many mega cities like Tokyo and Shanghai, and high density cities, like Male. Increase in sea level would bring higher flooding and stronger storm, and potentially result the world to lose millions of dollar, tens and thousands of people will become homeless. Maldivians government even formed a ‘sovereign wealth fund’, to make sure if the country isoverturned by flooding, residents can use money to migrate to India, or countries have similar culture to them.2.Antarctica’s melt is also increasing, it lost 252 billion tons of ice in 2019.Global response: Paris Agreement (ESTABLISHED IN 2015)Aim: To keep a global temperature rise this century well below 1.5°C-2°C above the pre-industrial levels, hence to slow down the speed of ice melting. It is a goal of UNFCCC.Overview: This agreement is established in 2015, it requires all countries to put forward their best efforts through nationally determined contributions (NDCs) and to strengthen these efforts in the year ahead. NDCs will be revised at least every 5 years to representing progress beyond the last NDCs.ImportanceAdvantage1.185 countries ratified, many of the countries use this opportunity to contribute theireffort for reduce temperature rising and set high NDCs. For example, China’s target is to peak emission by 2030 and to the carbon to lower the carbon intensity of gross domestic product (GDP) by 60%-65% below 2005 level by 2030. Europe Union (EU) pledged target of 40% below 1990 levels by 2030.2.Encourage countries to pay more attention to global warming, sea-level rising andmelting glaciers and ice sheets.3.Try to link all countries together to reduces sea-level rising, For example, theagreement suggests the developed countries should provide USD 100 billion/year to 2025 to developing countries to help them meet the goal they set, and ask developed countries must report their support provided twice a year.Limitation:1.There is no enforcement for counties to set NDCs nor how much money must commitfor this agreement. Means country can potentially contribute nothing and withdraw or only contribute very little and still will not be punished although it signed the agreement. For example, US left the agreement in 2017, although it has the highest CO2 emission/ capita.2.It is not a ‘safe belt’ for low-lying countries like Fiji, because the overall contributionby each country is still not enough, 2of the Himalayan glaciers is very likely to melt3by 2100. Huge quantity of water from Himalaya will cause stronger flooding and storm to threat low-lying countries.3.Even though the most ambitious goal of Paris Agreement of keep temperature rise1.5℃above the pre-industrial level, 1of the glaciers would lose.3Ways for evaluation: The agreement achieve its aim or not.Case Study: GreenlandCountry overview:Greenland is the world’s largest island located between the Arctic Ocean and Atlantic Ocean. Found between 60°and 83°latitude North of the equator, above 60°North means high latitudes and colder. Consider to be part of the North America continent. Greenland has just over 56000 residents making its population density the lowest in the world. Residents are Inuit, who rely on fishing, fish products and some sheep farming to make a living. There are few roads in Greenland and most travel between settlements by boat, helicopter or dogsled. 80% of the island covered by ice, and these ice reflects much of the sun’s energy back into the space, and moderates temperature, it is known as the “albedo effect”. Could link to environmental impact.Rate of melting glaciers and ice sheets:Over the last 30 years, there has been an escalating trend in the rate of ice melting at the margins of the ice sheet near the Greenland coast. Between 1993-1998, the ice was melting at a rate of 7.3 km³/year, at 2002, the ice was melting at a rate of 44km³/year, at 2006, the ice was melting at a rate of 249km³, at 2019, the ice was melting at a rate of 375km³, the fastest rate in the past 350 years.New Data:1.On August 1, 2019, 12.5 billion tons of ice, more than any day since researchersstarted recording ice loss in 1950.2.The scale of melting in Greenland this year was extraordinary. From July 30 toAugust 3, melting occurring across 90% of the continent’s surface, dumping 55 billion tons.Factors contribute for melting ice sheets and glaciers:Overall, melting ice sheets and glaciers in Greenland is mainly caused by global warming. For example, in 2016, increasing air pressure brought drier and wetter conditions along the western coast, raising its temperatures up to 2℃higher than average for the summer, caused the region increase in warmer period and shorter colder period, accelerating the ice sheet melting.Key statistics:1857-2010 human 25% natural 75%;1990-2010 human 69% natural 31%Last glacial maximum of ice coverage of Greenland 100%Recent ice coverage of Greenland: 81%Global temperature have increase 0.75℃since industrial revolutionHuman factor:Natural factor：Impacts (positive and negative)Positive:Social condition:1.Construction industry expected to get a boost due to mining and ice sheets melting,more roads and streets and increase in public transport could increase the accessibility for the residents live in the Greenland, they no longer need to heavily rely on helicopter or dogsled, they can travel faster and more convenient.2.Increase opportunity for farming, farmers nowadays can grow can grow tomatoesand cabbage in the island.3.Increase the employment rate, as mining and associate services require a lot of localworkers, for example Greenland Minerals and Energy promise to provide 400-600 local jobs when it starts mining. when people start working, many social problems like drinking beers, going around like zombies with noting to do can effectively being reduced.Economic activity:1.When more ice melted, rocky surfaces exposed to the surface, and Greenlandcontains 50% of the total world’s rare earth, meanwhile allowed people to access to48 billion barrels of oil reserves off the coast and 10.5 million tonnes of rare earthmetals, this resources worth several billion US dollars, sold these resources can help insignificantly in crease country’s GDP, and less rely on Danish government.2.The mining project would bring a lot of foreign rich skilled worker to Greenland, forexample London Mining brought invest $US 2.35 billion to bring thousands of Chinese workers to build the mine in the next 5 years. These workers can drive the economy by purchasing worth millions of goods and services.3.In 2019, through more ice melts, sand mining is possible, and the price of sand marketis increase. The sand delivered to Greenland’s coast each year has a value of more than half of Greenland gross domestic product, worth $2.22 billion, and this valued expected to double within the next 25 years if the global sand prices continue to increase.Environmental:1.Clear the land for mining???Negative:Social condition:1.Greenland iceEconomic activity:Environmental:National response: Oceans Melting Greenland (OMG)Aim: To clarify how Greenland itself contributes to sea level rising, but also apply the knowledge to the study of much larger region of Antarctica.Overview: Oceans Melting Greenland started it 5-year mission in 2016. The main reason is higher seas are already creating more dangerous storm surges, IPCC said costa erosion from US to China. Some low-lying island nations, such as Fiji, have moved coastal communities to higher ground. Meanwhile, melting ice is currently contributing 1mm each year to the global se a level rising, according to NASA, that’s enough to fill 115 million Olympic-sized swimming pools. Hence it is essential to investigate the relationship between melting ice sheets and rising sea-level.Ocean survey-summer, 250 AXCTD probs, measure the temperature and saltiness of water around Greenland.Ice survey-spring, GLINSTIN-A radar, deployed to NASA’s G-III plane, the plane flies 80 lines over Greenland’s more than 200 glaciers to measure the heights of the glaciers.Importance:Advantage1.The speed of melting in Greenland is more than any other region, OMG can help togather a lot of primary and unique data, and also to create high resolution maps of the coast and continental shelf.2.Provide stakeholders up-to-date data, as it is the only project that investigate theinterconnection between sea level rising and melting ice sheets in Greenland currently.These data can be useful for decision makers to manage climate change and sea level rising.Limitation:1.The final aim is to apply the knowledge of Greenland ice melting to investigateAntarctica. However, Greenland ice is mostly above sea level, whereas Antarctica’s ice sheets are mainly below the sea level. These different distributions of ice may result the data collect in OMG become useless for Antarctica.2.OMG is very expensive, as this project used a lot of disposable advanced technology,such as about 250 AXCTD probs in summer, for measuring sea temperature each year.3.The project is very dangerous, for collecting data, aircraft for measuring need to travellike at a speed of 460 miles/hour on a two-line highway.4.There was no similar project in the past, OMG involves a lot of uncertainty, the sciencebehind the project is also not too clear, which means there is a chance that these data eventually can become meaningless.Ways for evaluation: The project achieve its aim or notLocal response：Mining NarsaqAim:Overview:Importance:Positive impactsSocial condition:1.The employment rate would increase and the general well-being of the Narsaqresidents can be improved. In recent years, many local fishing industries closed, the population of Narsaq also decreased 10% between 2009-2014 (according to BBC) mainly due to lack of job opportunity in Narsaq. The people who left over and did not have a job were generally heavily drinking and gambling all the time, However, currently, Greenland Minerals and Energy promises to provide 400-600 local jobs, which is around 40% of the population in Narsaq (1500 people village),2.Improve general well-being. Nar saq’s economy has historically been dependent onfishing, but due to global prices for cod, the local processing factory shut down in 2010, eliminating 100 jobs and Narsaq already facing high rates of suicide and economic difficulty. Between 2009-2014, Narsaq’s population decreased 10%, people who left behind and did not have job were generally heavily drinking and gambling all the time. However, currently, Greenland Minerals and Energy promises to provide 400-600 local jobs, which is around 40% of the population in Narsaq (1500 people village), which would significantly raise the employment rate, and very likely to reduces many of the metal problems brought by poor economic and unemployment.3.Bring world’s focus back again to Narsaq, as it pos sibly contains 50% of the rare earthminerals, make the local people feel a sense of pride, and less rely on Danish government.Economic activity:1.Mining can bring a lot of foreign workers to the town, and hence boost the averagepurchasing power in Narsaq, promote the local economic growth. For example Greenland Minerals and Energy is an Australian company, it brought many wealthy Australian engineers to Narsaq, these people could potentially spent money in Narsaq.In the new future, more and more foreign investments will come into Narsaq, it is expected more money would spend in Narsaq.2.Narsaq contains significant amount of minerals, worth $1.59 billions of dollars in 2018,once these minerals being excavated, it could help Narsaq become one of the richest regions in Greenland.Environmental:1.The mining process is environmental friendly. Large company such as GreenlandMinerals and Energy have spent much time to assure local residents that mining is safe, it also promised that it can take best environmental standards like Canada and France where also have uranium mining.Negative impactsSocial condition:1.Mining would cause huge “mental pollution”, currently Narsaq residents are heavilyrely on traditional way of living, such as travel by dogsled, subsistence fishing, and hunting deer. When mining started, local average temperature would increase, the rate of ice melting will increase, deer will be dying out and fish will travel further towards the heart of the Greenland, then local people would lose their traditional way of life, and force to find alternative way of living.Economic activity:1.Resources in Narsaq is finite, with mining becoming increasingly common on Narsaqin the past 5 years, it is likely that the scale of the mining will increase significantly in the near future. This could deplete Narsaq of resources by the end of the century, and if by the time Narsaq can not find alternative more sustainable method to create wealth, the local economy will break up quickly.Environmental:1.Mining degrades the landscape. Pollutants from the mining industry are resulting ina decline of biodiversity, including fish which is significant because fishing accountsfor 40% of Greenland’s exports. Greenland is also home to the world’s largest national park (North East Greenland National Park) and their pollutants for mining in Narsaq can degrade the landscape of the national park,Ways for evaluation: Sustainability-not sustainableUse of spatial technologyGLISTIN-A radar and AXCTD probes are all spatial technologies using in Greenland to record spatial data by NASA. NASA uses these technologies to measure sea temperature, saltiness, and height of glaciers by deploys probs into the sea, and uses radar to scan glaciers. Hence help to produce high resolution maps of the coast and continental shelf and could use them to analysis how Greenland itself contributes to sea level rising. In the future, NASA may also use these data to investigate melting glaciers and ice sheets in Antarctica.。
overview用法 -回复
overview用法-回复Overview的基本用法是用来提供对某个主题或事物的概述、概况或总览。
一个好的overview应该包含对主要要点的简要介绍，以便读者可以快速了解文章的主题和内容。
接下来，我将按照要求的字数写一篇1500-2000字的文章，以一个假设的主题为例，逐步回答。
主题：介绍全球变暖问题的概述第一步：引入全球变暖问题（约200-250字）全球变暖是当今世界面临的最严重的环境问题之一。
随着工业化和人类活动的不断增加，温室气体排放，森林砍伐，以及大规模的城市化等问题导致了地球的气候变化。
本文将会对全球变暖的原因、影响以及应对措施进行概述。
第二步：解释全球变暖的原因（约400-500字）全球变暖的主要原因是温室气体的排放增加，特别是二氧化碳的排放。
燃烧化石燃料、森林砍伐和工业排放等活动产生的二氧化碳都会留在大气中引发温室效应，使得地球表面的温度上升。
此外，甲烷和氧化亚氮等温室气体也对全球变暖起到了推波助澜的作用。
人类社会的发展和经济活动的增长是导致温室气体排放增加的主要因素。
第三步：探讨全球变暖的影响（约600-700字）全球变暖对地球生态系统和人类社会产生了广泛而深远的影响。
首先，气候变化导致了极端天气事件的增加，如干旱、洪水和风暴。
这些天气事件不仅威胁到人们的生命和财产，还破坏了农田和生态系统的平衡，对粮食安全和生态多样性产生了负面影响。
其次，全球变暖导致冰川融化和海平面上升，给沿海地区和岛屿民众的生活造成了严重威胁。
还有，海洋酸化也是全球变暖的后果，对海洋生态系统的健康造成了不可逆转的损害。
此外，全球变暖还可能加剧现有的社会问题，例如饮水短缺、粮食危机和扩大贫富差距等。
第四步：提出应对全球变暖的措施（约250-300字）为了减缓和适应全球变暖带来的影响，国际社会采取了一系列的应对措施。
首先，减少温室气体的排放是最关键的一步。
各国应减少对化石燃料的依赖，推动清洁能源的发展，以及加强对能源效率的管理。
信息与通信工程专业英语
Engineering Professi
目录
• Overview of Information and Communication Engineering
• Vocabulary for Information and Communication Engineering
A measure of the uncertainty or randomness of a message source It quantifies the average amount of information in a message
A measure of the amount of information shared between two random variables It quantifies the dependency between two variables
Application fields of information and communication engineering
Transportation
ICE has applications in transportation systems, such as intelligent transportation systems (ITS) that utilize communication technology for traffic management, vehicle navigation, and consolidation avoidance
Engineering
Vocabulary for Information Theory
地质学专业英语I
inclined bed 倾斜层
inclined boring 倾斜钻进
inclined drilling 倾斜钻进
inclined fold 歪斜褶皱
inclined plane 倾斜面
inclined seam 斜矿层
inclined shaft 斜井
impervious bed 不透水层
impervious horizon 不透水层
impervious lens 不渗透透镜体
impervious stratum 不透水层
imperviousness 不渗透性
implement 执行
implicated structure 显微共生构造
infrared detector 红外探测器
infrared photography 红外摄影
infrared radiation 红外线辐射
infrared rays survey 红外线甸
infrared remote sensing 红外遥感
infrared spectroscopic analysis 红外光谱分析
industrial water 工业水
inelastic collision 非弹性碰撞
inert components 惰性组分
inert gas 惰性气
inert gas elements 惰性气体元素
inertinite 惰性煤素质
inesite 红硅钙锰矿
infancy 幼年
inclined slice 倾斜分层
inclinometer 井斜仪
inclusion 包体
OPPO Sonica Wi-Fi 智能音箱说明书
OPPO Sonica Wi-Fi Speaker The Detailed App Guidea)Wireless C onnectionb)Ethernet C onnection2.Speakersa)Overviewb)Adding A dditional S peakersc)Speaker G roupingd)Renaming S peakerse)Creating a S tereo P airf)Separating a S tereo P air3.Music a nd F avoritesa)Overviewb)Playing M usic F rom Y our M obile D evicec)Now P laying P aneld)Group V olume C ontrole)Creating P laylists4.Streaming F rom O ther A ppsa)AirPlayb)DLNA5.Settingsa)Overviewb)Bluetoothc)AUX I nd)Sound O ptimizatione)Sleep T imerf)Status L ED I ndicator S ettingsg)Resetting t he S peakersh)Upgrading t he S peakersi)Upgrading t he A ppWireless C onnection1. Once you’ve completed the steps in our Quick Start Guide, open theSonica a pp o n y our m obile d evice a nd t ap “Add S peakers”. 2. Choose “Wi-‐Fi C onnection” f rom t he l ist o f o ptions.3.Enter the password for the Wi-‐Fi network (if applicable), then tap “OK”on t he u pper r ight c orner.4.If you are connecting to a hidden network, tap the “here” link in orange.Select the security protocol for the Wi-‐Fi network then return to the previous p age a nd t ap “OK” t o c ontinue.5.The app will search the network for speakers and display them in a list.You can then tap on the circle to the left of the speaker name to add a single speaker or multiple speakers simultaneously. Then tap “Add” on the u pper r ight c orner t o a dd t he s peakers t o t he s ystem.6.The app will confirm that setup is complete. Congratulations, now youcan e njoy y our f avorite m usic w ith S onica! Note: T apping o n to t he r ight o f t he s peaker n ame w ill p lay a t one through t he s peaker t o h elp y ou d istinguish d ifferent S onica s peakersfrom e ach o ther.•Ethernet C onnection1.If a Wi-‐Fi connection is not available, a wired Ethernet connection is aviable a lternative. O pen t he S onica a pp a nd t ap “Add S peakers”.2.Connect y our S onica s peaker t o a r outer w ith a n E thernet c able, a nd t henchoose “Ethernet C onnection” f rom t he l ist o f o ptions.3.The app will search the network for speakers and display them in a list.You can then tap on the circle to the left of the speaker name to add a single speaker or multiple speakers simultaneously. Then tap “Add” on the u pper r ight c orner t o a dd t he s peakers t o t he s ystem.4.The app will confirm that setup is complete. Congratulations, now youcan e njoy y our f avorite m usic w ith S onica! Note: T apping o n to t he r ight o f t he s peaker n ame w ill p lay a t one through t he s peaker t o h elp y ou d istinguish d ifferent S onica s peakersfrom e ach o ther.Speakers OverviewThe “Speakers” page will display a list of Sonica speakers that have been successfully configured, and will show whether they are currently operating as i ndividual s peakers o r a s g roup o f s peakers.1.Tap the “+” to add additionalspeakers to the system, createa stereo pair, or stop allspeakers f rom p laying.2.The name of each Sonicaspeaker and stereo pair willappear as individual speakersin list, while speaker groupswill be listed by group name.To see what speakers make upa particular group, tap thearrow icon located belowgroup n ame.3.Tapping on the name of aspeaker o r g roup w ill a llow y outo enter the Speaker Groupingmenu or rename the speakeror g roup.23 Adding A dditional S peakers1.Tap t he “+” o n t he u pper l eft a nd s elect “Add S peakers”.2.Follow t he s teps i n t he i nitial S etting U p s ection. I n t his c ase, y ou w ill n otneed t o r e-‐enter t he n etwork p assword. Speaker G rouping1.Tap on the bar that shows the speaker name and select SpeakerGrouping.2.Select the speakers you want to group together by tapping the circle tothe left of each speaker, and then tap OK to confirm your selection. The speaker you initially tapped on to select Speaker Grouping will be designated a s t he d efault “Group L eader”.3.To disband the group, enter the Speaker Grouping page and deselecteach b ox u ntil o nly o ne s peaker h as a c heck m ark, a nd t hen t ap O K. Renaming S peakers 1. Tap on the bar that shows a speaker name and select “Rename the Speaker”.2. Select a name from the list of presets, or enter a unique name for yourspeaker. T ap O K t o c onfirm. Creating a S tereo P air1.Tap t he “+” o n t he u pper l eft, t hen s elect S tereo S ettings a nd t ap “CreateStereo P air”.2.Tap on the left speaker entry field to display a list of speakers that areavailable to be configured in a stereo pair, and then choose a speaker from t he l ist. C omplete t he s ame s teps f or t he r ight s peaker t o d esignate the stereo pair. If necessary, you can quickly swap the left and right speakers by tapping the “Switch” icon to the right of the speaker selection.3.Tap OK to configure. Once the stereo pair has been created, the app willdisplay t he n ew s peaker n ame f or t he s tereo p air. Separating a S tereo P air1.Tap t he “+” o n t he u pper l eft, a nd t hen s elect S tereo S ettings.2.In S tereo P air S ettings p age, t ap t he n ame o f y our s tereo p air w ith (Left +Right) a ppended t o t he t itle.3.On t he n ext p age, t ap “Separate S tereo P air” a nd t hen t ap O K t o c onfirm.Music a nd F avorites OverviewYou will see the Music page after configuring your speakers. The app allows you to browse and play music from included streaming services, music files saved on your mobile device, media servers on your home network, or USB drives p lugged i nto a ny o f y our S onica s peakers.1.TIDAL – Streaming service thatprovides H i-‐Fi q uality m usic.2.On This Mobile Device – Anymusic files stored directly onyour d evice.work Sharing – Music storedin the media servers on yourhome n etwork.B – Music files found on harddrives p lugged i nto a ny s peakersin t he c onfiguration.5.Aux In – Music playback devicesconnected to Sonica via Aux Incable.6.Bluetooth – Devices connectedto S onica w ith B luetooth.7.Minibar – Displays the musiccurrently p laying.1235647 Play M usic F rom Y our M obile D eviceunch t he S onica a pp a nd t ap “Speakers”. S elect y our d esired s peaker o rgroup b y t apping t he d ot t o t he l eft o f t he s peaker n ame.2.Tap “Music” and select “On This Mobile Device”. All songs are sortedeither b y A rtist o r A lbums, o r y ou c an b rowse e ach i ndividual s ong u nder Songs. T ap o n a s ong t o b egin p layback.3.An a lternate w ay t o p lay a s ong f rom y our m obile d evice i s t o t ap “Music”and s elect “On T his M obile D evice”. O n t he r ight s ide o f e ach s ong, t here is a “…” button that will display more options. Tap “Select a Speaker to Play” from the menu that appears, and select a speaker or group of speakers t o p lay y our d esired s ong. Now P laying P anelThe Now Playing Panel displays song information and provides playback controls. E nter t he N ow P laying P anel b y t apping t he m inibar o n t he b ottom.1.Display Information -‐ Showsinformation on the current songplaying, such as the name of thesong, a rtist, a lbum, a nd c over a rt.The time bar indicates theduration and elapsed time of thecurrent p laying s ong.2.More Options -‐ Change whichspeaker or group of speakers willplay the current song by tappingthe s peaker n ame a nd s electing anew speaker or group; add thesong to your favorite by tappingthe star; tap “...” to add the songto a p laylist; o r s hare w hat y ou’replaying t o s ocial m edia.3.Playback Control -‐ Operationslike play, pause, skip forward /backward, s witch p laying p attern,volume, and view playing queue.Skip backward brings you to theprevious song if tapped withinthe first 3 seconds of the song;otherwise, it restarts thecurrently p laying s ong.123 Group V olume C ontrolIn t he S onica a pp, y ou c an a djust t he v olume b y p ressing t he v olume b uttons on your device or adjusting the volume bar in the Now Playing Panel. When there i s a g roup o f s peakers i n t he s ystem, a n a rrow a ppears o n t he r ight s ide of the volume bar. Tapping the arrow will take you to a page that allows you to control the volume of each speaker in the group individually, or synchronize them all to the same volume level by tapping the Volume Synchronization s witch. Creating P laylistsCreating a playlist in Favorites will help you save and classify music that you have a lready e njoyed. T o a dd s ongs t o p laylists, y ou c an s imply t ap t he ”…” i n the Now Playing Panel, tap “Add to Favorites” and select an existing playlist to a dd t he s ong t o t hat p laylist.Streaming F rom O ther A pps AirPlay1.Ensure that your AirPlay compatible device is on the same network asyour S onica s peaker.2.Start playing a song from your local music library or a music streamingapp on your AirPlay compatible device, then tap the “AirPlay” button in the iOS Control Center or in the iTunes app on personal computers, and select a S onica s peaker t o s tream t o. DLNA1.Ensure t hat y our d evice i s o n t he s ame n etwork a s S onica.2.Open an app that is DLNA compliant, start playing a song in the app andselect a Sonica speaker to cast to. DLNA casting support will vary for different d evices a nd a pps.SettingsOverview1. Bluetooth – T oggle B luetooth.2. Aux In – Adjust the settings for Auxiliary p layback.3. Sound Optimization – Select presets for different rooms and speaker p ositions.4. Sleep Timer – Set up a timer tostop playback after a certainamount o f t ime.5. Advanced Settings – Adjustspeaker lights and reset allspeakers.6. Night Mode – Change thebackground color within theapp t o b lack o r w hite.7. About – Find versioninformation about the app andupdate the firmware versionsfor s peakers a nd t he a pp.1 2 3 5 64 7 BluetoothTo pair a speaker to a Bluetooth device, activate Sonica’s pairing mode by tapping t he and buttons o n t he s peaker s imultaneously, o r b y s etting Pairing M ode t o O N u nder S ettings w ithin t he a pp. W hen P airing M ode i s s et to ON, the Bluetooth status indicator will flash white for two minutes, then the speaker can be paired with a Bluetooth device. When the speaker is in pairing mode, enable Bluetooth on your device and pair it with the speaker; the Bluetooth status indicator will become solid white when it has been paired and connected successfully. Sonica will deactivate its pairing mode after two minutes if it does not successfully pair a speaker with a Bluetooth device.For Bluetooth devices that are already paired with a speaker, enable Bluetooth o n y our p ortable d evice a nd c hoose S onica u nder p aired d evices t o connect, a nd s tart s treaming. Aux I nAux In settings include “Auto Playback” and Aux-‐In Devices with Gain Settings.1.When “Auto Playback” is enabled, Sonica will automatically play themusic f rom t he A ux-‐In w henever y ou p lug a n A ux-‐In d evice.2.Gain Settings help prevent your speakers from being too loud or tooquiet. Select the gain level best for your device. Suggestions for which gain m ode t o c hoose a re p rovided f or L ow a nd H igh g ain m odes. Sound O ptimization1. Tap “Guide Me” for recommended sound optimization presets byanswering a f ew q uestions a bout y our r oom s ize a nd s peaker l ocation. 2. Tap “Recommended O ptimization” t o a pply t he r ecommended p reset t oyour s peaker. Sleep T imer1.Set up the sleep timer by selecting your desired speaker and setting acountdown t ime, t hen t ap “Start” t o i nitiate t he t imer.2.The selected speaker will stop playing when the countdown ends. Tocancel t he t imer, g o b ack t o t he S leep T imer p age a nd t ap “Cancel”. Status L ED I ndicator S ettings1.You can turn the speaker status indicator and mood light on and off bytoggling t he “Status L ED I ndicators” s witch.2.You can also change the display mode of the mood light to Breathe(which m akes t he l ight f ade i n o r o ut) o r C onstant (which m akes t he l ight remain l it).3. Enter the Color page to change the color of the mood light. There arenine a vailable c olors t o c hoose f rom.4. Enter t he B rightness p age t o c hange t he b rightness o f t he m ood l ight.5. If you want to apply these indicator light settings to other speakers, tap“Apply These Settings to Other Speakers” at the bottom of the previous page a nd s elect t he s peakers y ou’d l ike t o u se t he n ew l ight s ettings.1.Reset Network Connections: This reconfigures a Sonica speaker’snetwork to the pre-‐setup status. This can also be accomplished by pushing and simultaneously.2.Reset All Settings: This will reset all settings to default on a Sonicaspeaker w ithout e rasing i ts d ata.3.Reset F actory D efaults: T his w ill e rase a ll t he s ettings a nd d ata s tored o nall Sonica speakers and the app, such as your playlists, speaker name, and a ccount i nformation.To reset speakers, select a speaker or group of speakers in the first step, tap on o ne o f t he t hree r eset f unctions, a nd t ap O K i n t he p rompt w indow.Firmware is the system software that controls the features and functions of your Sonica Wi-‐Fi speakers. When you open the Sonica app, it will automatically prompt you to upgrade when a new version of the firmware is available. To ensure the best user experience, we strongly encourage you to upgrade t o t he l atest f irmware v ersion w hen a vailable.There a re t wo w ays t o u pgrade t he s peaker’s f irmware:1.Via Network – Sonica will automatically download and install firmwareupdates f rom t he i nternet a fter y ou c onfirm t he u pgrade.2.Via USB – You can download the firmware files from the OPPO Digitalwebsite to a USB drive to upgrade your Sonica. Please follow the instructions o n t he f irmware d ownload w eb p age.3.Enter “About” – “Check For Speaker Updates”, and the system willautomatically detect new firmware on the network or flash drive and prompt y ou t o u pgrade. Upgrading t he A ppWhen you open the Sonica app, it will automatically prompt you to upgrade when a new version of the Sonica app is available. To ensure the best user experience, we strongly encourage you to upgrade the app whenever a new version i s a vailable.1.Enter “About T his A pp” a nd t ap “Check f or A pp U pdates”.2.A prompt will alert you if there is an upgrade available or if yoursoftware i s u p t o d ate.。
icefestival英语作文
icefestival英语作文English:Attending an ice festival is a truly magical experience. The intricateice sculptures, the colorful lights illuminating the ice, and the festive atmosphere create a sense of wonder and awe. The skill and artistry involved in creating these sculptures is truly impressive, and walking through the festival grounds feels like stepping into a winter wonderland. The chilly air and crunch of snow underfoot only add to the enchanting ambiance. Whether it's sliding down ice slides, taking a carriage ride through the ice sculptures, or simply admiring the beauty of the works of art, there is something for everyone to enjoyat an ice festival. It's a fantastic way to embrace the winter season and create lasting memories with friends and family.中文翻译:参加冰雪节是一次真正神奇的体验。
精美的冰雕、五彩斑斓的灯光照亮冰雪、浓厚的节日氛围让人感受到一种惊奇和敬畏之感。
介绍滑冰的装备英语作文
介绍滑冰的装备英语作文Title: An Overview of Ice Skating Equipment。
Ice skating is a graceful and exhilarating sportenjoyed by people of all ages around the world. To glide effortlessly across the ice, skaters rely on specialized equipment tailored to enhance performance and ensure safety. In this essay, we will delve into the essential equipment required for ice skating.1. Ice Skates:The most fundamental piece of equipment for ice skating is the ice skates themselves. Skates consist of a boot attached to a blade. These blades are typically madeof high-quality steel, meticulously sharpened to create a fine edge. The boot provides ankle support and comfort,while the blade enables skaters to glide smoothly acrossthe ice. Skates come in various styles and designs,catering to different skating disciplines such as figureskating, speed skating, and ice hockey.2. Protective Gear:Safety is paramount in ice skating, especially for beginners and those attempting more advanced maneuvers. Protective gear includes:Helmet: A helmet is essential, particularly for beginners and children learning to skate. It protects the head from impact in the event of a fall or collision.Padded Clothing: Elbow and knee pads help cushion falls and prevent injuries to joints and bones.Wrist Guards: Wrist guards are crucial forprotecting the wrists from fractures or sprains, which are common injuries in skating.3. Apparel:Skaters should wear appropriate clothing that allowsfor ease of movement while providing warmth and comfort. Common apparel for ice skating includes:Tights or Leggings: These provide warmth and allow skaters to move freely without restriction.Layered Clothing: Depending on the temperature of the rink, skaters may need to layer clothing to stay warm while avoiding overheating during vigorous activity.Gloves: Gloves or mittens help keep hands warm and protect them from the cold ice surface.4. Accessories:Several accessories enhance the skating experience and aid in performance:Blade Guards: Blade guards are covers that protect the skate blades when walking off the ice. They prevent damage to the blades and help maintain sharpness.Skate Bag: A skate bag provides a convenient way to transport skates and other equipment to and from the rink.Towel: Skaters often bring a towel to wipe off excess moisture from the ice or to dry off after skating.5. Maintenance Equipment:Proper maintenance of skates is essential for optimal performance and safety. Maintenance equipment includes:Skate Sharpening Kit: Skaters may invest in a skate sharpening kit to sharpen their blades at home or rely on professional sharpening services offered at many rinks.Laces: High-quality skate laces ensure a secure fit and are less likely to break during use.Boot Dryer: A boot dryer helps to dry out skates after use, preventing moisture buildup and prolonging the life of the skates.In conclusion, ice skating equipment encompasses a range of items designed to enhance performance, ensure safety, and provide comfort for skaters of all levels. By investing in high-quality equipment and maintaining it properly, skaters can enjoy the beauty and excitement of ice skating to the fullest.。
制冰操作流程英语版
制冰操作流程英语版English Composition:Title: The Ice Making ProcessIce is an essential commodity in various industries, from food and beverage to medical and scientific research. The process of making ice is a fascinating blend of science and technology. Here is an overview of the standard ice-making operation process:Step 1: Quality Water SourceThe first step in the ice-making process is to ensure a high-quality water source. Clean and filtered water is essential to produce clear and pure ice.Step 2: Water FiltrationOnce the water is collected, it is passed through a filtration system to remove any impurities or contaminants that may affect the quality of the ice.Step 3: Ice Making MachinesThe filtered water is then directed into an ice-making machine. There are various types of machines, such as cube ice makers, flake ice machines, and nugget ice producers, each designed for specific applications.Step 4: Freezing ProcessInside the machine, the water is distributed into specific molds or onto a freezing surface. The temperature is then lowered to below the freezing point, typically around 0°C (32°F), causing the water to solidify into ice.Step 5: Harvesting the IceOnce the ice has reached the desired size or thickness, it is harvested. In some machines, this is done mechanically, while in others, it is done through a manual process.Step 6: Storage and HandlingThe harvested ice is then stored in a designated area, ensuring that it remains clean and uncontaminated. Proper handling and storage are crucial to maintain the quality of the ice until it is used.Step 7: Quality ControlFinally, the ice undergoes quality control checks to ensure it meets the required standards for size, clarity, and purity. This may involve visual inspection, weight checks, and testing for impurities.Step 8: DistributionAfter passing quality control, the ice is ready for distribution to various end-users, such as restaurants, hotels, hospitals, or research facilities.In conclusion, the ice-making process is a meticulous operation that requires careful attention to detail at every step to ensure the production of high-quality ice.Chinese Translation:标题：制冰操作流程冰是在各种行业中必不可少的商品，从食品和饮料到医疗和科学研究。
NuMaker-ETM-M487用户手册说明书
M -m UARM ® Cortex ®-M32-bit MicrocontrollerNuMaker-ETM-M487User ManualNuMicro ®M480 SeriesThe information described in this document is the exclusive intellectual property ofNuvoton Technology Corporation and shall not be reproduced without permission from Nuvoton.Nuvoton is providing this document only for reference purposes of NuMicro microcontroller based systemdesign. Nuvoton assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions.All data and specifications are subject to change without notice.For additional information or questions, please contact: Nuvoton Technology Corporation.Table of Contents1Overview (5)1.1Introduction to NuMaker-ETM-M487 Board (5)1.2M487 Series MCU Features (6)NuMaker-ETM-M487 Board Features (7)1.32NuMaker-ETM-M487 Board Overview (8)2.1View (8)Arduino UNO Compatible Interface (9)2.2Pin Assignment for Extended Connectors (11)2.32.4System Configuration (16)2.4.15V Power Source (16)2.4.2 3.3V Power Source (16)2.4.3USB Connectors (17)2.4.4Arduino UNO Compatible Interface Connectors (17)2.4.5Extended Connectors (17)2.4.6Push-Buttons (17)2.4.7LEDs (17)2.4.8Power Connectors (17)2.4.9ETM Connectors (17)2.5Nu-Link-Me (18)2.6ETM Interface (18)2.7PCB Placement (19)3NuMaker-ETM-M487 Schematics (20)3.1Nu-Link-Me (20)3.2M487JIDAE (21)3.3Power Supply (22)3.4Arduino UNO Compatible Interface (23)Extended Interface Connectors (24)3.53.6USB 2.0 HS OTG and USB 1.1 FS OTG (25)4REVISION HISTORY (26)List of FiguresFigure 1-1 NuMaker-ETM-M487 Board (5)Figure 2-1 Front View of NuMaker-ETM-M487 Board (8)Figure 2-2 Arduino UNO Compatible Interface (9)Figure 2-3 M487JIDAE Extended Connectors (11)Figure 2-4 Front Placement (19)Figure 2-5 Rear Placement (19)Figure 3-1 Nu-Link-Me Circuit (20)Figure 3-2 M487JI8AE Pin Assignment (21)Figure 3-3 Power Circuit and Configurations (22)Figure 3-4 Arduino UNO Compatible Interface (23)Figure 3-5 Extended Interface Connectors (24)Figure 3-6 USB HS OTG and FS OTG Circuits (25)M-mUList of TablesTable 2-1 Arduino UNO Interface Mapping with M487JIDAE GPIO (10)Table 2-2 Extended Connector JP1 Interface with M487JIDAE GPIO (12)Table 2-3 Extended Connector JP2 Interface with M487JIDAE GPIO (13)Table 2-4 Extended Connector JP3 Interface with M487JIDAE GPIO (14)Table 2-5 Extended Connector JP4 Interface with M487JIDAE GPIO (15)Table 2-6 Optional Function of Nu-Link-Me (18)Table 2-7 Pin mapping of ETM Connector (18)1 OVERVIEWThis user manual is aimed to give users a fast introduction to the use NuMaker-ETM-M487 board todevelop their own application and show how to use the ETM interface to trace their code.1.1Introduction to NuMaker-ETM-M487 BoardThe NuMaker-ETM-M487 is a development board based on an ARM®Cortex®-M4 microcontroller(MCU) – M480 series which has very rich peripherals.The NuMaker-ETM-M487 also provides user many useful and powerful learning materials for how todevelop and verify the application programs through the peripherals and interfaces on MCU and thisboard.Furthermore, this board also provides an Arduino UNO compatible interface for user to develop thespecific function with any of Arduino modules or kits. Regarding to the Arduino, user can link directly tothe Wikipedia website: /wiki/Arduino to get more detailed introductions.The NuMaker-ETM-M487 board consists of M487 Platform and Nu-Link-Me ICE Bridge. Figure 1-1shows the NuMaker-ETM-M487 board.NUMAKER-ETM-M487 USER MANUAL M-m UFigure 1-1 NuMaker-ETM-M487 BoardThe left portion of this board is the M487 Platform that includes the target chip M487 MCU whichembedded ARM®Cortex®-M4 core with DSP extensions and a Floating Point Unit (FPU) and the otherrelated on-board application parts and connectors.The right portion of this board is a Nu-Link-Me ICE Bridge based on the SWD (Serial Wire Debug)interface connected with the target chip, allowing user to program the application code to the flash oftarget chip through the USB port from PC Host. NuMaker-ETM-M487 also provides standard 20-pinARM Cortex-Debug+ETM connector, let user to use ETM interface to trace and debug.M487 Series MCU Features1.2●M487JIDAE in LQFP144 package●ARM® Cortex®-M4 core running up to 192 MHz with DSP extensions and FPU (FloatingPoint Unit)●Built-in LDO for wide operating voltage ranged from 1.8 V to 3.6 V●512 Kbytes Flash●160 Kbytes SRAM●External Bus Interface (EBI)●GPIO●Peripheral DMA (PDMA)●Timer●PWM and BPWM●Quadrature Encoder Interface (QEI)●WDT and WWDT●RTC●UART●Smart Card (ISO-7816-3) Host Interface●I2C●SPI●SPIM●I2S●Universal Serial Control Interface (USCI)●USB 2.0 High-Speed OTG / Host / Device●USB 1.1 Full-Speed OTG / Host / Device●CAN 2.0●Ethernet MAC●SD Host●Cryptographic Accelerator●CRC●ADC●DAC●ComparatorM -m UNuMaker-ETM-M487 Board Features1.3● On board Nu-Link-Me ICE Bridge (Mass storage as USB Disk drive) for drag and drop programming● Arduino UNO compatible interface ● M487 extended interface connectors ● USB 2.0 High-Speed OTG / Host / Device ● USB 1.1 Full-Speed OTG / Host / Device● Three push-buttons: one is for reset and the other two are for user-defined ● Four LEDs: one is for power indication and the other three are for user-defined ●ARM Cortex-Debug+ETM connector2 NUMAKER-ETM-M487 BOARD OVERVIEW2.1ViewFigure 2-1 shows the main components and connectors from the front side of NuMaker-ETM-M487 board.The following lists components and connectors from the front view:●Target Chip: M487JIDAE (U1)●Nu-Link-Me ICE Bridge: ICE Controller NUC12SRE3DE (ICEU2), USB connector (ICEJ)to PC Host●Arduino UNO compatible interface connectors (NU1, NU2, NU3, NU4 and NU5)●M487 extended interface connectors (JP1, JP2, JP3 and JP4)●USB: USB 2.0 High-Speed OTG connector (CON1) and USB 1.1 OTG connector (CON2)●Push-buttons (SW2, SW3)●LEDs (LEDR, LEDY and LEDG)●3VCC connector (J1) and GND connector (J2)Figure 2-1 Front View of NuMaker-ETM-M487 BoardArduino UNO Compatible Interface2.2Figure 2-2 shows the Arduino UNO compatible interface.NUMAKER-ETM-M487 USER MANUAL M-m UFigure 2-2 Arduino UNO Compatible InterfaceTable 2-1 Arduino UNO Interface Mapping with M487JIDAE GPIOPin Assignment for Extended Connectors2.3The NuMaker-ETM-M487 provides the M487JIDAE target chip onboard and extended connectors(JP1, JP2, JP3 and JP4) for LQFP144-pin. The Figure 2-3 shows the M487JIDAE extendedconnectors.NUMAKER-ETM-M487 USER MANUAL M-m UFigure 2-3 M487JIDAE Extended ConnectorsTable 2-2 Extended Connector JP1 Interface with M487JIDAE GPIOTable 2-3 Extended Connector JP2 Interface with M487JIDAE GPIONUMAKER-ETM-M487 USER MANUAL M-m UTable 2-4 Extended Connector JP3 Interface with M487JIDAE GPIOTable 2-5 Extended Connector JP4 Interface with M487JIDAE GPIONUMAKER-ETM-M487 USER MANUAL M-m USystem Configuration2.42.4.1 5V Power Source●ICEJ:USB connector in Nu-Link-Me to program code and supplies 5V power from PCHost.●CON1: USB 2.0 High-Speed OTG connector on NuMaker-ETM-M487 board to supply 5Vpower from PC Host.●CON2: USB 1.1 OTG connector on NuMaker-ETM-M487 board to supply 5V power fromPC Host .●NU1.8: VDD5V pin on NuMaker-ETM-M487 board to supply 5V power from external powersource.2.4.23.3V Power Source●ICEU1:The voltage regular converts the 5V source to 3.3V and supplies it to NuMaker-ETM-M487 board.●U4: The voltage regular converts the 5V source to 3.3V and supplies it to NuMaker-ETM-M487 board.M-mU2.4.3 USB Connectors● ICEJ: USB connector (ICE) in Nu-Link-Me that connects to a PC ’s USB Host port to program code and supply power.● CON1: USB 2.0 High-Speed connector (OTG) on NuMaker-ETM-M487 board for USB OTG application use.● CON2: USB 1.1 connector (OTG) on NuMaker-ETM-M487 board for USB OTG application use.2.4.4 Arduino UNO Compatible Interface Connectors● NU1, NU2, NU3, NU4 and NU5: Arduino UNO compatible pins on the NuMaker-ETM-M487 board.2.4.5 Extended Connectors● JP1, JP2, JP3 and JP4: Extended connectors interface pins on the NuMaker-ETM-M487 board.2.4.6 Push-Buttons● SW1: Reset button to reset the target chip on NuMaker-ETM-M487 board. ● SW2, SW3: Only for application use.2.4.7 LEDs● POWER: The power LED indicates that the NuMaker-ETM-M487 board is powered. ● LEDR, LEDY and LEDG: Only for application use.2.4.8 Power Connectors● J1: 3VCC connectors on the NuMaker-ETM-M487 board. ● J2: GND connectors on the NuMaker-ETM-M487 board.2.4.9 ETM Connectors● ETM1: Standard 20-pin ARM Cortex-Debug+ETM connector to trace and debug.Nu-Link-Me2.5NuMaker-ETM-M487 features a Nu-Link-Me ICE debugger and programmer, it provide user to program M487JI8AE and debug their application via SWD interface, or it can emulate a USB pen driver when connect to the PC, user can update their firmware by pulling bin file to the pen driver. Nu-link-Me can also emulate a virtual COM port, user can log or print debug message via it. Refer Table 2-6 to enable or disable optional function of Nu-Link-Me.Table 2-6 Optional Function of Nu-Link-MeETM Interface2.6NuMaker-ETM-M487 features a standard 20-pin ARM Cortex-Debug+ETM connector and provides access to SWD and ETM (Embedded Trace Macrocell) signals. The Table 2-7 shows the pin mapping of ETM connector.Table 2-7 Pin mapping of ETM ConnectorNUMAKER-ETM-M487 USER MANUALM -m UPCB Placement2.7Figure 2-4 and Figure 2-5 show the front and rear placement of NuMaker-ETM-M487 board.Figure 2-4 Front PlacementFigure 2-5 Rear Placement3 NUMAKER-ETM-M487 SCHEMATICS3.1Nu-Link-MeNuMaker-ETM-M487Figure 3-1 Nu-Link-Me Circuit3.2M487JIDAENUMAKER-ETM-M487 USER MANUAL M-m UFigure 3-2 M487JI8AE Pin AssignmentPower Supply3.3Figure 3-3 Power Circuit and ConfigurationsNUMAKER-ETM-M487 USER MANUALM-mUArduino UNO Compatible Interface3.4Figure 3-4 Arduino UNO Compatible InterfaceExtended Interface Connectors3.5 ArrayFigure 3-5 Extended Interface ConnectorsUSB 2.0 HS OTG and USB 1.1 FS OTG3.6NuMaker-ETM-M487Figure 3-6 USB HS OTG and FS OTG CircuitsNUMAKER-ETM-M487 USER MANUAL M-m U4 REVISION HISTORY2018.07.04 1.00 1. Initially issued.1. Corrected header number of Uno Interface.2019.04.02 1.012. Corrected the comment of Table 2-6.M -mUImportant NoticeNuvoton Products are neither intended nor warranted for usage in systems or equipment, any malfunction or failure of which may cause loss of human life, bodily injury or severe property damage. Such applications are deemed, “Insecure Usage”.Insecure usage includes, but is not limited to: equipment for surgical implementation, atomic energy control instruments, airplane or spaceship instruments, the control or operation of dynamic, brake or safety systems designed for vehicular use, traffic signal instruments, all types of safety devices, and other applications intended to support or sustain life.All Insecure Usage shall be made at customer’s risk, and in the event that third parties lay claims to Nuvoton as a result of customer’s Insecure Usage, custome r shall indemnify the damages and liabilities thus incurred by Nuvoton.。
抗结冰涂层相关英文书籍
抗结冰涂层相关英文书籍以下是几本涉及抗结冰涂层的相关英文书籍：1. "Anti-Ice Coatings: Fundamentals, Design Strategies and Applications" edited by Sam Zhang and Juntao Liang- This book provides an extensive overview of the fundamentals, design strategies, and applications of anti-ice coatings. It covers topics such as ice adhesion, icephobicity, and various types of anti-ice coating technologies.2. "Icephobicity: From Research to Commercialization" edited byTien-Chien Jen- This book focuses on the research and commercialization of icephobic coatings. It includes discussions on ice adhesion, icephobic mechanisms, and the development of icephobic materials for various applications.3. "Anti-Icing Materials and Coatings" edited by Juntao Liang and Sam Zhang- This book explores various anti-icing materials and coatings, including superhydrophobic coatings, superhydrophobic surfaces, and icephobic coatings. It covers topics such as ice adhesion, ice repellency,and the performance evaluation of anti-icing materials.4. "Advances in Anti-Icing Coating Technology" edited by Guanlin Xie- This book provides an overview of the latest advances in anti-icing coating technology. It includes discussions on anti-icing mechanisms, development methods, and performance evaluation of anti-icing coatings.5. "Ice Accretion and Icing Technology" by Rolf L. M. J. Lassens and Claus Joergensen- While not solely focused on anti-ice coatings, this book provides a comprehensive introduction to ice accretion and icing technology. It covers topics such as ice formation, ice adhesion, and various methods to mitigate ice formation on surfaces, including the use of coatings.Remember to check the availability and reviews of these books before purchasing or accessing them, as their relevance and comprehensiveness may vary.。
交互式连通性建立(ICE)系列之概要介绍
交互式连通性建立（ICE）系列之概要介绍分类：系统运维本文概要性的介绍了ICE的基本原理和工作过程。
对地址收集、地址交换以及连通性检查做了宏观介绍。
是学习研究ICE基础性文章。
1. Introduction（介绍）RFC3264[4]基于为多媒体会话建立连接的目的，定义一个两阶段交互的SDP消息。
请求/应答机制在SIP[3]等协议中也得到应用。
使用请求/应答机制的协议难于通过NAT。
因为它们的目的是建立一个媒体包的流程，它们往往是通过它们的消息携带IP地址，而这对于通过NAT[4]是存在问题的。
协议还探索在两个参与者之间创建一个直接流程，所以，在它们之间不存在应用层仲裁者。
这样就降低了媒体时延，减少包丢失，并减少运行开销。
但是，这对于穿越NAT来说是很困难的。
一个完全的解决这个问题的方法将在本规范中给出。
提出了众多解决方案来允许这些协议操作通过NAT，它们包括ALGs(Application Layer Gateways)、Middlebox Control Protocol[15]、STUN (Simple Traversal of UDP through NAT[13])、TURN(Traversal Using Relay NAT)、RSIP(Realm Specific IP[17][18])、symmetric RTP等。
不幸的是，这些技术在用于某些网络拓扑结构是都有某些利与弊。
以至于我们只能根据不同的接入方式来应用不同的方案，所以未能很好地解决All- NAT与Efficiency的问题，同时还会给系统引入了许多复杂性和脆弱性因素。
所以我们目前需要一种综合的足够灵活的方法，使之能在各种情况下对 NAT/FW的信令穿透问题提供最优解。
本规范提供一个用于通过基于请求/应答模型的信令协议为媒体流建立连接的解决方案。
称为Interactive Connectivity Establishment或ICE。
Ice Pro
Installation, Operation and Service ManualIce Pro ™ DB1000 Series Automatic Ice Bagging and Dispensing SystemOrder parts online Table of contentsWelcome to FollettFollett ice dispensers enjoy a well-deserved reputation for excellent performance, long-term reliability and outstanding after-the-sale support. To ensure that this dispenser delivers that same degree of service, we ask that you take a moment to review this manual before beginning the installation of the dispenser. Should you have any questions or require technical help at any point, please call our technical service group, (877) 612-5086 or +1 (610) 252-7301.Before you beginAfter uncrating and removing all packing material, inspect the equipment for concealed shipping damage. If damage is found, notify the shipper immediately and contact Follett Corporation so that we can help in the filing of a claim, if necessary.Check your paperwork to determine which model you have. Follett model numbers are designed to provide information about the type and capacity of Follett ice dispensing equipment. Following is an explanation of the different model numbers in the DB1000 series.SpecificationsElectricalEach icemaker and dispenser requires separate circuit. Equipment ground required.Standard electrical - 220V, 60Hz, 1 phase, Max. fuse – 5 amps, 15 amp circuit. Cord and plug provided.PlumbingDrain 1" PVC FPT for hopper drainNote: Drains should be hard piped and insulated. Maintain at least 1/4" per foot (1cm per 31cm run) slope on drain line runClearance and access informationDoor entry Installation sites must have an unobstructed path to installation locationwith door openings no less than 34.25" (870mm)Service Clearance A minimum of 12" (305mm) to left of unit is necessary for serviceIce typeDispenser can accommodate most cube/cubelet ices up to 1" square or Chewblet ice (made by Horizon ice machines).Crushed, flake, or nugget ice cannot be used. Use of these ices can jam dispenser and void warranty. For questions about ice compatibility, call Follett’s technical service group toll free at (877) 612-5086 or+1 (610) 252-7301.Icemaker weight limitIcemaker(s) mounted on thin top may not exceed 800 lbs (364kg)Icemaker(s) mounted on thick top may not exceed 1300 lbs (590kg)Container sizesStandard unit accommodates bag sizes up to 20 lbs (9kg) / 27.35" (696mm)Standard dispense chute compatible with carts and containers up to 29.5" (750mm) highOptional 6.5" (166mm) leg extension kit may be purchased to allow for up to 36" (915mm) high cartsand bags up to 40 lbs (18kg) and 33.85" (860mm) highBag pinsBag pins may be adjusted to accommodate bag hole centers from 5" (127mm) to 10" (254mm)Dimensions and clearancesNotesSpecial top required for icemakers weighing more than 800 lbs (364kg). Adds an additional 2.125" (54mm) to height. Contact factory.Add 2" (51mm) to depth and 10 lbs (4.5kg) to shipping weight when drain pan accessory used.InstallationDoor EntrySome disassembly may be necessary to gain access through door openings with a width of 34.25" (850mm) to 45.5" (1156mm). Note: Disassembly is NOT necessary for gaining entry through door openings larger than 45.5" (1156mm)1. Remove lower splash panel with four screws (Fig. 1.1).2. Detach the following plugs from the left side of control box:a)Window interlock J26 (Fig. 2.1) b) Control J21 (Fig. 2.2) c) PCB power J22 (Fig. 2.3) d) Auger motor J24 (Fig. 2.4)(model DB1000SA only)3. Remove control panel cover by lifting and detaching hook andloop tape (Fig. 3.1).4. Remove lower cover with two thumbscrews, one from eachside (Fig. 3.2).1234Fig. 45. Remove transfer case with two latches (Fig. 4.1).6. Remove ice deflection plate by lifting up (Fig. 4.2).7. Remove auger by lifting up (Fig. 4.3).8. Remove auger tube by lifting up. Note position of locating sloton lower end for reinstallation (Fig. 4.4).9. Remove blower duct by loosening thumb screw, rotating clip(Fig. 5.1) and lifting up (Fig. 5.2).12Fig. 510. Remove control box/fan motor mounting assembly with twoscrews (Fig. 6).Fig. 6Locating unitA minimum of 12" (305mm) to the left of the unit must be unobstructed for service clearance (see dimensions and clearances).Leg extension accessory1. Raise unit off feet.2. Remove each standard foot channel with four carriage bolts(Fig. 9.1).3. Remove foot insert and cap insert from standard foot channel.4. Align each accessory extension foot channel to the eightholes of leg.4. Use the four carriage bolts removed in step 2 and four carriagebolts supplied with leg extension accessory to attach eachextension channel to the eight holes of each leg (Fig. 9.2).6. Place foot insert and cap insert into extension foot channel.5. Verify each leg is in fully retracted position prior to loweringunit on feet.6. Follow leveling instructions below.LevelingLeveling the unit is important for the proper operation of anytop mounted icemaker. The dispenser is shipped with the legs in the fully retracted position. Each leg may be adjusted independently by turning clockwise to lower the leg or counterclockwise to raise the leg.Utility connectionsDrainDrain connection is made to the 1" FPT PVC fitting (Fig. 10). Leavea minimum of 1/4" per foot (1cm per 31cm run) slope on drain linerun. Insulate the entire run length to prevent condensation fromforming on outside of drain line.Note: Avoid excessive tightening force when connectingto this fitting.Note: Do not apply excessive heat if any sweating of fittings is necessary. Heat conduction through metal may meltthreads in plastic drain.ElectricalMake electrical connections in accordance with local and NECcodes. Each icemaker and dispenser requires separate circuit.Equipment ground required.Standard electrical – 220V, 60Hz, 1 phase. Max. fuse – 5 amps,15 amp circuit. Cord and plug provided.Foot pedalThe foot pedal is installed to the dispenser at the factory. Remove packaging and place on floor near bag stand on front of dispenser.Fig. 9 Fig. 10Review operation procedures with appropriate operations person. Give manual to appropriate operations person.OperationHow the dispenser worksFollett’s Ice Pro bagging and dispensing system is available in manual or semi-automatic ice dispensing and bagging configurations. The semi-automatic model includes a blower to puff bags open for high volume, hands-free dispensing, bag holder pins for use with wicketed bags and programmable dispense timer.Ice is stored above a dispense auger in the dispenser storage area. An automatic agitation cycle keeps the ice from congealing by periodically activating the agitator. When the start button is pressed, the dispense motor is activated. This causes the auger assembly in the storage area to move ice to the dispense chute where it drops by gravity into a container.System overviewModel DB1000SA – Semi-automatic ice bagging and dispensing system controls Model DB1000 – manual ice dispensing system controlsControl functionsHold down to dispenseStopPress to stop timed dispenseServiceAgitator removal1. Remove all ice from dispenser.2. Disconnect power to dispenser and icemaker.3. Remove window from upper ice storage section.4. Remove connection pin from left side of agitator bar (Fig. 20).5. Move agitator bar toward left dispenser wall (Fig. 21.1) whilepulling out the right side from bearing (Fig. 21.2).6. Push right side of agitator bar toward rear right corner of bin(Fig. 22.1) while pulling out the left side from the drive shaft (Fig. 22.2).7. Position pin end of agitator in window frame and spiral clockwiseout opening (Fig 23).Fig. 22Fig. 23If problems persist after following this basic troubleshooting guide, call Follett’s technicalservice department at (877) 612-5086 or (610) 252-7301.Troubleshooting guideBefore calling for service1. Check that ice is in the dispenser and that congealed cubes are not causing a jam.2. Check that circuit breaker and switches are in ON position.3. Check that window is on securely. If ajar, dispenser will not operate.4.Check that all drains are clear.Ice Pro, SmartCART, and T otes are trademarks of Follett Corporation.Chewblet and Follett are registered trademarks of Follett Corporation, registered in the US.。
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Alvin R. Lebeck
Informed Caching Environment
16
Better Block Sizes (pegwit & ijpeg)
• Insight: Implicit prefetch of larger blocks hurts performance • WordMode/BlockMode annotations • WordMode annotated references bring in only a word and not the whole block • 12% improvement • Design dynamically reallocates space in cache
P $
Memory
Alvin R. Lebeck
Informed Caching Environment
3
Informed Caching Environment
• Augment conventional cache with set of sophisticated mechanisms • Exploit information from program to improve cache management, thus overall performance
swim
Optimal TAGs
tomcatv
turb3d
wave
Cycle Overheads - Experiments
• Statically scheduled processors
– – – – – ATOM based 21164 issue policies Perfect branch prediction Ideal memory system No inter-block dependencies
Alvin R. Lebeck
Informed Caching Environment
10
TAG Coverage
14
Number of Instructions (Billions)
12 10 8 6 4 2
Optimal TAGs =
•Integer benchmarks have shorter basic blocks with fewer memory references
Alvin R. Lebeck
Informed Caching Environment
2
Current Caches Are Naive
• Hardware Managed • Use naive history of past references to manage content • No information from Program!
0110 0010 1010
Annotation Register tag ld add add sw ld ld beq 10110110001010100000000 r1, 0(r2) r3, r4 r2, #2 r1, 8(r2) r1, 16(r2) r2, r6 r2, label
1011 0110 0010 1010 0000 0000
Alvin R. Lebeck
Informed Caching Environment
14
Utilizing Annotated Memory References
• Code inspection and manual insertion of annotations • CProf tool to give insights of code operation • Multimedia applications
Instructions, TLB, HW gadgets
• How to exploit the information?
New mechanisms, HW gadgets
Alvin R. Lebeck
Informed Caching Environment
6
What Information?
Very fast, 1ns clock, Multiple Instructions per cycle P $ SRAM, Fast, Expensive, Small
Memory
DRAM, Slow, Big, Cheap
=> Cost Effective Memory System (Price/Performance)
Informed Caching Environment
13
Dynamically Scheduled Processor
Cycle Overhead (%)
2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00
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Informed Caching Environment
Alvin R. Lebeck
Computer Science Department Duke University /ari/ice alvy@
Cache Memory Review
Without annotations With annotations
Normalized Execution Time
100 80 60 40 20 0
4-way issue, OoO processor 64 RUU, 32 LSQ entries 8KB, 32 Byte block, Direct Mapped
• Pointer Chasing
– Push data up to processor
Alvin R. Lebeck
Informed Caching Environment
8
Annotated Memory References
• New instruction (TAG) • New hardware register -- the annotation register
12
Statically Scheduled Processor
Cycle Overhead (%)
2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5
• All memory references annotated
– 4 bits/annotation; Tag coverage of 6
• Cycle overhead
– Bits are extracted to annotate references
• TAG instruction provides annotations for the next several memory references
– We can TAG 6 refs
• TAG required for each basic block
– epic, ijpeg, pegwit
• Assume small simple cache
Alvin R. Lebeck
Informed Caching Environment
15
Better Block Replacement (epic)
• Insight: some blocks should be retained even if LRU block • Retain/Release annotations • A block marked Retain cannot be replaced unless Released • Bypass cache if no replacement candidate • 17% improvement • Would need 32-way associativity
• Locality
– Temporal: reuse same data items – Spatial: use nearby data – Use for cache replacment or fetch size
• Latency tolerance in dynamically scheduled processors (e.g., Alpha 21264)
Alvin R. Lebeck Informed Caching Environment 11
compress
gcc
go
total memory references 6
ijpeg
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m88ksim
perl
vortex
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TAGs required
mgrid
su2cor
– Integer Codes: 0% to 0.85% – Floating Point Codes: 0% to 2%
compress
gcc
go
ijpeg
li
m88ksim
perl
vortex
applu
fpppp
hydro2d
mgrid
su2cor
swim
tomcatv
turb3d
wave5
Alvin R. Lebeck
• Annotated memory references to convey information
– Can annotate either instruction (PC) or data (effective address) – New Instruction, Compiler or programmer inserted – Hardware Gadgets