chap3-fundamentalconcepts(e)
北京大兴区2022~2023学年高一下学期期中英语检测试卷含解析
考查动词词义辨析。句意：我愿意做任何能点燃我内心同样热情的事情，我不理会别人的看法。A. think思考；B. weigh称重；C. ignore不理会；D. balance平衡。根据上文“I’ll do anything that ignites that same enthusiasm in me”可知，只要能激发我的热情，我就会去做任何事，我不理会别人怎么想。故选C。
【3题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：然后辅导员抓住它，开始传递它。A. telling讲述；B. passing传递；C. playing演奏；D. placing放置。根据上文“Then the counselor caught it”及下文“When the slug made it way to me, my___4___took over and I decided to lick it.”可知，辅导员抓住鼻涕虫，开始在组员中传递它。故选B。
大兴区2022~2023学年度第二学期期中检测
高一英语（答案在最后）
第一部分知识运用(共两节，30分)
第一节完形填空(共10小题;每小题1.5分，共15分)
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
When I was eight years old, I spent a few weeks of the summer at a Girl Scout camp called Camp Redwing — a place where the scenery was beautiful. My friends and I were all excited about the day’s creek hike.
AAA-ISO 9000-2015基础与术语(E)
© ISO 2015Quality management systems — Fundamentals and vocabularySystèmes de management de la qualité — Principes essentiels et vocabulaireINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO 9000Fourth edition 2015-09-15Reference number ISO 9000:2015(E)ISO 9000:2015(E)ii© ISO 2015 – All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT© ISO 2015, Published in SwitzerlandAll rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCh. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland Tel. +41 22 749 01 11Fax +41 22 749 09 47copyright@ --`,,,``,`````,,``,,,``,`,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---ISO 9000:2015(E)Contents Page Foreword (iv)Introduction (v)1 Scope (1)2 Fundamental concepts and quality management principles (1)2.1 General (1)2.2 Fundamental concepts (2)2.2.1 Quality (2)2.2.2 Quality management system (2)2.2.3 Context of an organization (2)2.2.4 Interested parties (2)2.2.5 Support (2)2.3 Quality management principles (3)2.3.1 Customer focus (3)2.3.2 Leadership (4)2.3.3 Engagement of people (5)2.3.4 Process approach (6)2.3.5 Improvement (6)2.3.6 Evidence-based decision making (7)2.3.7 Relationship management (8)2.4 Developing the QMS using fundamental concepts and principles (9)2.4.1 QMS model (9)2.4.2 Development of a QMS (9)2.4.3 QMS standards, other management systems and excellence models (10)3 Terms and definitions (10)3.1 Terms related to person or people (10)3.2 Terms related to organization (11)3.3 Terms related to activity (13)3.4 Terms related to process (15)3.5 Terms related to system (16)3.6 Terms related to requirement (18)3.7 Terms related to result (20)3.8 Terms related to data, information and document (23)3.9 Terms related to customer (25)3.10 Terms related to characteristic (26)3.11 Terms related to determination (27)3.12 Terms related to action (29)3.13 Terms related to audit (30)Annex A (informative) Concept relationships and their graphical representation (33)Bibliography (47)Alphabetical index of terms (49)© ISO 2015 – All rights reserved iiiISO 9000:2015(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see /directives). Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see /patents).Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: /iso/foreword.html. The committee responsible for this document is Technical Committee ISO/TC 176, Quality management and quality assurance, Subcommittee SC 1, Concepts and terminology.This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO 9000:2005), which has been technically revised.iv© ISO 2015 – All rights reservedISO 9000:2015(E)IntroductionThis International Standard provides the fundamental concepts, principles and vocabulary for quality management systems (QMS) and provides the foundation for other QMS standards. This International Standard is intended to help the user to understand the fundamental concepts, principles and vocabulary of quality management, in order to be able to effectively and efficiently implement a QMS and realize value from other QMS standards.This International Standard proposes a well-defined QMS, based on a framework that integrates established fundamental concepts, principles, processes and resources related to quality, in order to help organizations realize their objectives. It is applicable to all organizations, regardless of size, complexity or business model. Its aim is to increase an organization’s awareness of its duties and commitment in fulfilling the needs and expectations of its customers and interested parties, and in achieving satisfaction with its products and services.This International Standard contains seven quality management principles supporting the fundamental concepts described in 2.2. In 2.3, for each quality management principle, there is a “statement” describing each principle, a “rationale” explaining why the organization would address the principle, “key benefits” that are attributed to the principles, and “possible actions” that an organization can take in applying the principle.This International Standard contains the terms and definitions that apply to all quality management and QMS standards developed by ISO/TC 176, and other sector-specific QMS standards based on those standards, at the time of publication. The terms and definitions are arranged in conceptual order, with an alphabetical index provided at the end of the document. Annex A includes a set of diagrams of the concept systems that form the concept ordering.NOTE Guidance on some additional frequently-used words in the QMS standards developed by ISO/TC 176, and which have an identified dictionary meaning, is provided in a glossary available at: http://www.iso. org/iso/03_terminology_used_in_iso_9000_family.pdf--`,,,``,`````,,``,,,``,`,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---© ISO 2015 – All rights reserved v--`,,,``,`````,,``,,,``,`,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---Quality management systems — Fundamentals and vocabulary1 ScopeThis International Standard describes the fundamental concepts and principles of quality management which are universally applicable to the following:— organizations seeking sustained success through the implementation of a quality management system;— customers seeking confidence in an organization’s ability to consistently provide products andservices conforming to their requirements;— organizations seeking confidence in their supply chain that product and service requirements willbe met;— organizations and interested parties seeking to improve communication through a commonunderstanding of the vocabulary used in quality management;— organizations performing conformity assessments against the requirements of ISO 9001;— providers of training, assessment or advice in quality management;— developers of related standards.This International Standard specifies the terms and definitions that apply to all quality management and quality management system standards developed by ISO/TC 176.2 Fundamental concepts and quality management principles2.1 GeneralThe quality management concepts and principles described in this International Standard give the organization the capacity to meet challenges presented by an environment that is profoundly different from recent decades. The context in which an organization works today is characterized by accelerated change, globalization of markets and the emergence of knowledge as a principal resource. The impact of quality extends beyond customer satisfaction: it can also have a direct impact on the organization’s reputation.Society has become better educated and more demanding, making interested parties increasingly more influential. By providing fundamental concepts and principles to be used in the development of a quality management system (QMS), this International Standard provides a way of thinking about the organization more broadly.All concepts, principles and their interrelationships should be seen as a whole and not in isolation of each other. No individual concept or principle is more important than another. At any one time, finding the right balance in application is critical.INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 9000:2015(E)© ISO 2015 – All rights reserved1N o r e p r o d u c t i o n o r n e t w o r k i n g p e r m i t t e d w i t h o u t l i c e n s e f r o m I H SISO 9000:2015(E)2.2 Fundamental concepts2.2.1 QualityAn organization focused on quality promotes a culture that results in the behaviour, attitudes, activities and processes that deliver value through fulfilling the needs and expectations of customers and other relevant interested parties.The quality of an organization’s products and services is determined by the ability to satisfy customers and the intended and unintended impact on relevant interested parties.The quality of products and services includes not only their intended function and performance, but also their perceived value and benefit to the customer.2.2.2 Quality management systemA QMS comprises activities by which the organization identifies its objectives and determines the processes and resources required to achieve desired results.The QMS manages the interacting processes and resources required to provide value and realize results for relevant interested parties.The QMS enables top management to optimize the use of resources considering the long and short term consequences of their decision.A QMS provides the means to identify actions to address intended and unintended consequences in providing products and services.2.2.3 Context of an organizationUnderstanding the context of the organization is a process. This process determines factors which influence the organization’s purpose, objectives and sustainability. It considers internal factors such as values, culture, knowledge and performance of the organization. It also considers external factors such as legal, technological, competitive, market, cultural, social and economic environments. Examples of the ways in which an organization’s purpose can be expressed include its vision, mission, policies and objectives.2.2.4 Interested partiesThe concept of interested parties extends beyond a focus solely on the customer. It is important to consider all relevant interested parties.Part of the process for understanding the context of the organization is to identify its interested parties. The relevant interested parties are those that provide significant risk to organizational sustainability if their needs and expectations are not met. Organizations define what results are necessary to deliver to those relevant interested parties to reduce that risk. Organizations attract, capture and retain the support of the relevant interested parties they depend upon for their success.2.2.5 Support2.2.5.1 GeneralTop management support of the QMS and engagement of people enables:— provision of adequate human and other resources;— monitoring processes and results;2 © ISO 2015 – All rights reservedISO 9000:2015(E)— determining and evaluating of risks and opportunities;— implementing appropriate actions.Responsible acquisition, deployment, maintenance, enhancement and disposal of resources support the organization in achieving its objectives.2.2.5.2 PeoplePeople are essential resources within the organization. The performance of the organization is dependent upon how people behave within the system in which they work.--`,,,``,`````,,``,,,``,`,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---Within an organization, people become engaged and aligned through a common understanding of the quality policy and the organization’s desired results.2.2.5.3 CompetenceA QMS is most effective when all employees understand and apply the skills, training, education and experience needed to perform their roles and responsibilities. It is the responsibility of top management to provide opportunities for people to develop these necessary competencies.2.2.5.4 AwarenessAwareness is attained when people understand their responsibilities and how their actions contribute to the achievement of the organization’s objectives.2.2.5.5 CommunicationPlanned and effective internal (i.e. throughout the organization) and external (i.e. with relevant interested parties) communication enhances people’s engagement and increased understanding of:— the context of the organization;— the needs and expectations of customers and other relevant interested parties;— the QMS.2.3 Quality management principles2.3.1 Customer focus2.3.1.1 StatementThe primary focus of quality management is to meet customer requirements and to strive to exceed customer expectations.2.3.1.2 RationaleSustained success is achieved when an organization attracts and retains the confidence of customers and other relevant interested parties. Every aspect of customer interaction provides an opportunity to create more value for the customer. Understanding current and future needs of customers and other interested parties contributes to the sustained success of the organization.2.3.1.3 Key benefitsSome potential key benefits are:— increased customer value;© ISO 2015 – All rights reserved 3ISO 9000:2015(E)— increased customer satisfaction;— improved customer loyalty;— enhanced repeat business;— enhanced reputation of the organization;— expanded customer base;— increased revenue and market share.2.3.1.4 Possible actionsPossible actions include:— recognize direct and indirect customers as those who receive value from the organization;— understand customers’ current and future needs and expectations;— link the organization’s objectives to customer needs and expectations;— communicate customer needs and expectations throughout the organization;— plan, design, develop, produce, deliver and support products and services to meet customer needs and expectations;— measure and monitor customer satisfaction and take appropriate actions;— determine and take action on relevant interested parties’ needs and appropriate expectations that can affect customer satisfaction;— actively manage relationships with customers to achieve sustained success.2.3.2 Leadership2.3.2.1 StatementLeaders at all levels establish unity of purpose and direction and create conditions in which people are engaged in achieving the organization’s quality objectives.2.3.2.2 RationaleCreation of unity of purpose and the direction and engagement of people enable an organization to align its strategies, policies, processes and resources to achieve its objectives.2.3.2.3 Key benefitsSome potential key benefits are:— increased effectiveness and efficiency in meeting the organization’s quality objectives;— better coordination of the organization’s processes;— improved communication between levels and functions of the organization;— development and improvement of the capability of the organization and its people to deliver desired results.--`,,,``,`````,,``,,,``,`,,,-`-`,,`,,`,4 © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved2.3.2.4 Possible actionsPossible actions include:— communicate the organization’s mission, vision, strategy, policies and processes throughout the organization;— create and sustain shared values, fairness and ethical models for behaviour at all levels of the organization;— establish a culture of trust and integrity;— encourage an organization-wide commitment to quality;— ensure that leaders at all levels are positive examples to people in the organization;— provide people with the required resources, training and authority to act with accountability;— inspire, encourage and recognize the contribution of people.2.3.3 Engagement of people2.3.3.1 StatementCompetent, empowered and engaged people at all levels throughout the organization are essential to enhance the organization’s capability to create and deliver value.2.3.3.2 RationaleIn order to manage an organization effectively and efficiently, it is important to respect and involve all people at all levels. Recognition, empowerment and enhancement of competence facilitate the engagement of people in achieving the organization’s quality objectives.2.3.3.3 Key benefitsSome potential key benefits are:— improved understanding of the organization’s quality objectives by people in the organization and increased motivation to achieve them;— enhanced involvement of people in improvement activities;— enhanced personal development, initiatives and creativity;— enhanced people satisfaction;— enhanced trust and collaboration throughout the organization;— increased attention to shared values and culture throughout the organization.2.3.3.4 Possible actionsPossible actions include:— communicate with people to promote understanding of the importance of their individual contribution;— promote collaboration throughout the organization;— facilitate open discussion and sharing of knowledge and experience;— empower people to determine constraints to performance and to take initiatives without fear;© ISO 2015 – All rights reserved 5— recognize and acknowledge people’s contribution, learning and improvement;— enable self-evaluation of performance against personal objectives;— conduct surveys to assess people’s satisfaction, communicate the results and take appropriate actions.2.3.4 Process approach2.3.4.1 StatementConsistent and predictable results are achieved more effectively and efficiently when activities are understood and managed as interrelated processes that function as a coherent system.2.3.4.2 RationaleThe QMS consists of interrelated processes. Understanding how results are produced by this system enables an organization to optimize the system and its performance.2.3.4.3 Key benefitsSome potential key benefits are:— enhanced ability to focus effort on key processes and opportunities for improvement;— consistent and predictable outcomes through a system of aligned processes;— optimized performance through effective process management, efficient use of resources and reduced cross-functional barriers;— enabling the organization to provide confidence to interested parties related to its consistency, effectiveness and efficiency.2.3.4.4 Possible actionsPossible actions include:— define objectives of the system and processes necessary to achieve them;— establish authority, responsibility and accountability for managing processes;— understand the organization’s capabilities and determine resource constraints prior to action;— determine process interdependencies and analyse the effect of modifications to individual processes on the system as a whole;— manage processes and their interrelations as a system to achieve the organization’s quality objectives effectively and efficiently;— ensure the necessary information is available to operate and improve the processes and to monitor, analyse and evaluate the performance of the overall system;— manage risks which can affect outputs of the processes and overall outcomes of the QMS.2.3.5 Improvement2.3.5.1 StatementSuccessful organizations have an ongoing focus on improvement.6 © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved N o r e p r o d u c t i o n o r n e t w o r k i n g p e r m i t t e d w i t h o u t l i c e n s e f r o m I H S2.3.5.2 RationaleImprovement is essential for an organization to maintain current levels of performance, to react to changes in its internal and external conditions and to create new opportunities.2.3.5.3 Key benefitsSome potential key benefits are:— improved process performance, organizational capability and customer satisfaction;— enhanced focus on root cause investigation and determination, followed by prevention and corrective actions;— enhanced ability to anticipate and react to internal and external risks and opportunities;— enhanced consideration of both incremental and breakthrough improvement;— improved use of learning for improvement;— enhanced drive for innovation.2.3.5.4 Possible actionsPossible actions include:— promote establishment of improvement objectives at all levels of the organization;— educate and train people at all levels on how to apply basic tools and methodologies to achieve improvement objectives;— ensure people are competent to successfully promote and complete improvement projects; --`,,,``,`````,,``,,,``,`,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---— develop and deploy processes to implement improvement projects throughout the organization;— track, review and audit the planning, implementation, completion and results of improvement projects;— integrate improvement consideration into development of new or modified products and services and processes;— recognize and acknowledge improvement.2.3.6 Evidence-based decision making2.3.6.1 StatementDecisions based on the analysis and evaluation of data and information are more likely to produce desired results.2.3.6.2 RationaleDecision-making can be a complex process and it always involves some uncertainty. It often involves multiple types and sources of inputs, as well as their interpretation, which can be subjective. It is important to understand cause and effect relationships and potential unintended consequences. Facts, evidence and data analysis lead to greater objectivity and confidence in decision making.2.3.6.3 Key benefitsSome potential key benefits are:— improved decision making processes;© ISO 2015 – All rights reserved 7— improved assessment of process performance and ability to achieve objectives;— improved operational effectiveness and efficiency;— increased ability to review, challenge and change opinions and decisions;— increased ability to demonstrate the effectiveness of past decisions.2.3.6.4 Possible actionsPossible actions include:— determine, measure and monitor key indicators to demonstrate the organization’s performance;— make all data needed available to the relevant people;— ensure that data and information are sufficiently accurate, reliable and secure;— analyse and evaluate data and information using suitable methods;— ensure people are competent to analyse and evaluate data as needed;— make decisions and take actions based on evidence, balanced with experience and intuition.2.3.7 Relationship management2.3.7.1 StatementFor sustained success, organizations manage their relationships with relevant interested parties, such as providers.2.3.7.2 RationaleRelevant interested parties influence the performance of an organization. Sustained success is more likely to be achieved when the organization manages relationships with all of its interested parties to optimize their impact on its performance. Relationship management with its provider and partner networks is of particular importance.2.3.7.3 Key benefitsSome potential key benefits are:— enhanced performance of the organization and its relevant interested parties through responding to the opportunities and constraints related to each interested party;— common understanding of objectives and values among interested parties;— increased capability to create value for interested parties by sharing resources and competence and managing quality related risks;--`,,,``,`````,,``,,,``,`,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---— a well-managed supply chain that provides a stable flow of products and services.2.3.7.4 Possible actionsPossible actions include:— determine relevant interested parties (such as providers, partners, customers, investors, employees or society as a whole) and their relationship with the organization;— determine and prioritize interested party relationships that need to be managed;8 © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved— establish relationships that balance short-term gains with long-term considerations;— gather and share information, expertise and resources with relevant interested parties;— measure performance and provide performance feedback to interested parties, as appropriate, to enhance improvement initiatives;— establish collaborative development and improvement activities with providers, partners and other interested parties;— encourage and recognize improvements and achievements by providers and partners.2.4 Developing the QMS using fundamental concepts and principles2.4.1 QMS model2.4.1.1 GeneralOrganizations share many characteristics with humans as a living and learning social organism. Both are adaptive and comprise interacting systems, processes and activities. In order to adapt to their varying context, each needs the ability to change. Organizations often innovate to achieve breakthrough improvements. An organization’s QMS model recognizes that not all systems, processes and activities can be predetermined; therefore it needs to be flexible and adaptable within the complexities of the organizational context.2.4.1.2 SystemOrganizations seek to understand the internal and external context to identify the needs and expectations of relevant interested parties. This information is used in the development of the QMS to achieve organizational sustainability. The outputs from one process can be the inputs into other processes and are interlinked into the overall network. Although often appearing to be comprised of similar processes, each organization and its QMS is unique.2.4.1.3 ProcessesThe organization has processes that can be defined, measured and improved. These processes interact to deliver results consistent with the organization’s objectives and cross functional boundaries. Some processes can be critical while others are not. Processes have interrelated activities with inputs to deliver outputs.2.4.1.4 ActivityPeople collaborate within a process to carry out their daily activities. Some activities are prescribed and depend on an understanding of the objectives of the organization, while others are not and react to external stimuli to determine their nature and execution.2.4.2 Development of a QMSA QMS is a dynamic system that evolves over time through periods of improvement. Every organization has quality management activities, whether they have been formally planned or not. This International Standard provides guidance on how to develop a formal system to manage these activities. It is necessary to determine activities which already exist in the organization and their suitability regarding the context of the organization. This International Standard, along with ISO 9004 and ISO 9001, can then be used to assist the organization to develop a cohesive QMS.A formal QMS provides a framework for planning, executing, monitoring and improving the performance of quality management activities. The QMS does not need to be complicated; rather it needs to accurately© ISO 2015 – All rights reserved 9。
chatglm 原理
ChatGPT的基本原理解析概述ChatGPT是一种基于预训练和微调的transformer模型，它使用大量的对话数据进行训练，以生成语义一致的对话回复。
它的核心思想是以语言模型为基础，通过自回归的方式逐词生成对话回复。
自回归语言模型自回归语言模型（Autoregressive Language Model）是一种用来预测序列中下一个词的概率分布的模型。
它假设当前的词依赖于前面已经生成的词。
形式化地说，给定一个输入序列X={x1,x2,...,x t}，自回归语言模型的目标是估计条件概率P(x t|x<t)，其中x<t={x1,x2,...,x t−1}。
例如，在对话生成任务中，给定用户的输入“你好，还有什么菜推荐吗？”，模型需要生成一个合理的回复，比如“我们推荐的特色菜是红烧肉和麻婆豆腐”。
Transformer模型Transformer是一种基于自注意力机制（Self-Attention）的深度神经网络模型，它在许多自然语言处理任务中取得了令人印象深刻的效果。
与传统的循环神经网络（RNN）相比，Transformer更容易并行计算，使得训练速度更快。
Transformer模型包括编码器和解码器两部分，其中编码器负责将输入序列映射到一组连续的向量表示，解码器在此基础上生成输出序列。
自注意力机制自注意力机制能够在不同位置之间建立关联并为每个位置分配注意力权重。
在自注意力机制中，查询（query）、键（key）和值（value）是通过对输入序列的线性变换得到的，通过计算查询与键的相似度来分配注意力权重，并使用注意力权重对值进行加权求和以得到表示序列的上下文。
具体地，给定输入序列X={x1,x2,...,x n}，通过线性变换将其映射为查询Q、键K 和值V。
则自注意力得分矩阵A可以通过计算查询和键之间的相似度得到，每个元素a ij表示x i对x j的注意力权重。
通过将矩阵A与值V相乘，并对结果进行归一化，可以得到上下文表示C。
额叶执行功能的测量
·862·主国缸左医堂整堂塑!生!旦星!Z鲞筮!翅￡堕!』曼!丛丑型丛型墅i z驰!出!!坚：必：!!：盟!：!·讲座·额叶执行功能的测量周振和袁国桢程灶火执行功能(E xecuti ve Functions)是一种重要的高级认知加叶损害的评价具有很高的灵敏度。
目前，在科研领域中，超过工过程，是个体在行为活动过程中，将不同的认知加工过程进70％的研究人员应用威斯康星卡片分类测验测量大脑的执行行灵活整合以及协同操作的功能，包括注意和抑制、任务管理、功能。
Heaton于1981年在原来基础上重新设计了WCST，被称计划、监控以及编码等。
多种神经心理评估方法应用于对大脑作Heaton版本．目前一致认为该版本为标准版本。
执行功能的测量，如用于测量能力的河内塔实验、测量抑制控具体测验程序为：被试者参照预先呈现的四张印有不同符制的反肜不反应任务以及Stroop色词干扰测验(Stroop Col or号或几何图形标示的图片，被试的任务就是把接下来呈现出的Word Interference Test)、测量认知灵活性的威斯康星卡片分类印有不同符号或几何图形标示的图片与四张图片中的一张归测验(Wisconsin Car d Sorting Test，WCST)以及连线测验(Trial为一类。
每一次归类，均及时得到反馈。
被试者根据反馈来修making test，TMT)、评估语词流畅性的语音词语流畅作业(Pho-正自己的归类方式，找到正确的方法。
常用的分析指标包括：n e m i c Ve rb al Fl ue nc y Test)等，WCST、语音词语流畅作业以及完成分类数、错误分类数、持续性错误分类数、持续性错误分类Stroop色词干扰测验是常用于测量执行功能的工具。
对重度额百分数、持续性与非持续性应答数、完成第一个分类所需应答叶损害的被试者进行抽象推理与词语流畅作业时，患者作业成数以及概念化水平。
定量构效关系
三维定量构效关系（3D-QSAR）
3D-QSAR是以配体和靶点旳三维构造特征为基础, 探索 生物活性分子旳三维构象性质，精确地反应生物活性 分子与受体相互作用旳能量变化和图形，更深刻地揭 示药物—受体相互作用旳机理。
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三维定量构效关系（3D-QSAR）
将已知一系列药物旳理化参数和三维构造参数与药效拟 合出定量关系，再以此关系预测新化合物旳活性，进行 构造旳优化和改造。
基本根据是药物在体内旳运转和与受体旳相互作用为药物分 子与生物大分子之间旳物理和化学作用。当药物由给药部位 到达作用部位，需经过若干生物膜，药物到达作用部位表面 旳浓度高下，必然影响生物活性旳强弱。
8
3.2.二维定量构效关系研究措施（2D-QSAR）
1. Hansch-Fujita措施
Hansch分析以为，给药后，药物在体内经历随机运营到达
19
3.2.二维定量构效关系研究措施（2D-QSAR）
试验值和预测值得散点图
20
3.2.二维定量构效关系研究措施（2D-QSAR）
试验值和预测值旳残差
21
3.2.二维定量构效关系研究措施（2D-QSAR）
Williams plot
22
3.2.二维定量构效关系研究措施（2D-QSAR）
模型旳偶尔性验证
d)生物活性强度 生物活性强度是指在要求时间内到达一样效应旳药物浓度 或剂量。例如半有效剂量ED50，半致死量LD50和半克制 浓度IC50等。若C为等效浓度，则生物活性强度也可用1/c 或lg(1/c)表达。c越小，1/c或lg（1/c）越大，则活性越强。 为便于比较，浓度和剂量都用物质旳量表达。
31
2. 计算机构造自动评价措施 (CASE）
ChatGPT技术中的随机性和确定性处理方法
ChatGPT技术中的随机性和确定性处理方法ChatGPT是一种用于生成自然语言对话的技术，它基于人工智能模型，可以根据输入的问题或指令产生相应的回答。
然而，在ChatGPT的回答中常常会存在一定程度的随机性，这意味着相同的输入可能会得到不同的输出。
随机性在一些情况下可以提供创造性和多样性，但在其他情况下可能导致不一致性和误导。
因此，处理ChatGPT技术中的随机性和确定性成为一个重要的任务。
在ChatGPT技术中，随机性通常源于模型的结构和训练过程。
ChatGPT模型是通过对大量的文本数据进行训练得到的，训练过程中会考虑到文本中的随机性和变异性。
这使得模型能够更好地适应不同的对话场景和语境。
然而，由于数据量的限制和训练过程中的随机性，模型在生成回答时可能会出现不确定性。
为了处理ChatGPT技术中的随机性，研究人员和开发者们提出了一系列方法。
其中一种方法是基于有限制的采样。
在这种方法中，模型在生成回答时会基于一定的概率分布进行采样，以保持一定的随机性。
然而，为了增加输出的确定性，可以通过调整概率分布的参数或者限制采样的范围来减小随机性的影响。
另一种处理随机性的方法是采用贪婪搜索。
在贪婪搜索中，模型会选择具有最高概率的回答作为最终的输出，而不考虑其他可能性。
这种方法可以有效地减小随机性的影响，产生比较确定的回答。
然而，贪婪搜索可能会导致模型过于保守，缺乏创造性和多样性。
除了上述方法，研究人员还提出了一种称为“温度控制”的技术。
温度控制可以调整采样过程中的概率分布，从而控制生成回答的随机性。
较高的温度值会增加随机性，而较低的温度值则会减少随机性。
通过调整温度值，我们可以在随机性和确定性之间找到一个平衡点。
处理ChatGPT技术中的随机性和确定性还有其他一些思路和方法。
例如，可以结合传统的规则和逻辑方法来对模型的输出进行过滤和修正，以确保回答的准确性和一致性。
此外，可以根据实际应用的需求和场景的特点，采用不同的处理方法和策略。
1995-2010英语专八汉译英及参考答案1
1995-2010英语专八汉译英及参考答案1CHINESE TO ENGLISH乔羽的歌大家都熟悉。
但他另外两大爱好却鲜为人知，那就是钓鱼和喝酒。
晚年的乔羽喜爱垂钓，他说：“有水有鱼的地方大都是有好环境的，好环境便会给人好心情。
我认为最好的钓鱼场所不是舒适的、给你准备好饿鱼的垂钓园，而是那极其有吸引力的大自然野外天成的场所。
”钓鱼是一项能够陶冶性情的运动，有益于身心健康。
乔羽说：“钓鱼可分三个阶段：第一阶段是吃鱼；第二阶段是吃鱼和情趣兼而有之；第三阶段主要是钓趣，面对一池碧水，将忧心烦恼全都抛在一边，使自己的身心得到充分休息。
”ENGLISH TO CHINESEEffort is the gist of it. There is no happiness except as we take on life- engaging difficulties. Short of the impossible, as Yeats put it, the satisfaction we get from a lifetime depends on how high we choose our difficulties. Robert Frost was thinking in something like the same terms when he spoke of “The pleas u re of taking pains”. The mortal flaw in the advertised version of happiness is in the fact that it purports to be effortless.We demand difficulty even in our games. We demand it because without difficulty there can be no game. A game is a way of making something hard for the fun of it. The rules of the game are an arbitrary imposition of difficulty. When someone ruins the fun, he always does so by refusing to play by the roles. It is easier to win at chess if you are free, at your pleasure, to change the wholly arbitrary roles, but the fun is in winning within the rules. No difficulty, no fun.乔羽的歌大家都熟悉。
chatglm3 模型推理架构
chatglm3 模型推理架构全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：在近年来，随着人工智能技术的迅速发展，深度学习模型在各个领域取得了显著的成果，成为推动智能技术进步的关键。
在自然语言处理领域，chatglm3 模型是一种非常先进的模型，能够实现自然、流畅的对话交互，具有较高的模型推理能力。
chatglm3 模型推理架构是一种基于大规模预训练模型的对话生成模型，能够实现自动对话生成、情感分析、情感生成等多种功能，拥有广泛的应用价值。
一、chatglm3 模型推理架构的基本原理chatglm3 模型推理架构的基本原理是基于大规模预训练模型和生成式对话生成模型相结合的模型架构。
在预训练阶段，chatglm3 模型通过大规模文本数据的无监督训练，学习到语言的语法、语义等知识，形成模型的表示能力。
在对话生成阶段，chatglm3 模型通过生成式模型结构，根据用户输入的对话内容，主动生成回复，实现自然而流畅的对话。
chatglm3 模型推理架构的关键技术包括注意力机制、编码器-解码器结构、序列到序列模型等。
在注意力机制方面，chatglm3 模型通过对输入序列的不同位置进行不同权重的关注，提高模型在长文本处理中的效果。
在编码器-解码器结构方面，chatglm3 模型通过编码器将输入序列映射到隐层表示，再通过解码器将隐层表示映射到输出序列，实现对话生成的任务。
在序列到序列模型方面，chatglm3 模型将对话生成任务看作序列到序列的映射问题，通过优化模型参数，实现对话生成效果的优化。
二、chatglm3 模型推理架构的应用案例chatglm3 模型推理架构在实际应用中有着广泛的应用场景，例如智能客服、智能助手、情感分析等领域。
在智能客服领域，chatglm3 模型可以实现自动回复用户问题、处理投诉、提供服务等功能，提高客户服务效率。
在智能助手领域，chatglm3 模型可以实现与用户的自然对话交互，帮助用户完成任务、获取信息等。
Fundamental Concepts and Recent Trends In Screw Design
Typical Performance
4.5”, 30L/D Extruder Resin: LLDPE (25%) / LDPE (75%) Blend Screw: DSB Type II Mix
3 0 0 0 -3 5 0 0 p s i @ b re a k e r p l a te 600 500 OUTPUT (KGS/HR) 400 300 200 100 0 0 20 40 60 80 S CREW S P EED ( RP M) 100 120
Screw Designs for Cast Film Applications
Barrier Type I
• Designed for engineering resins and some polyolefins including Ho-PP, Co-PP, HDPE • Generally high intensity, though exact design will vary based on process requirements
– – – – 28:1 - 32:1 L/D Shallow Metering Depth 4:1 Compression Ratio (CR) Single mixing section (Egan or UCC)
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chatgpt的基本概念
chatgpt的基本概念ChatGPT是一种基于人工智能技术的对话生成模型，它能够模拟人类的对话方式进行交流。
它的基本概念是通过深度学习算法，将大量的对话数据进行训练，从而使其能够理解并生成自然流畅的对话内容。
ChatGPT的核心是一个深度神经网络模型，它由多个层次的神经网络单元组成。
这些神经网络单元通过学习对话数据中的模式和规律，从而能够预测下一个可能的对话内容。
通过不断迭代训练，模型可以逐渐提高对话生成的准确性和流畅度。
在训练过程中，ChatGPT使用了一种称为“自回归”的生成方式。
它通过将前面生成的对话内容作为输入，预测下一个可能的对话内容。
这种方式使得模型能够根据上下文生成连贯的对话，使得对话内容更加自然。
为了提高ChatGPT的生成效果，研究人员还引入了一种称为“注意力机制”的技术。
这种技术可以使模型更加关注对话中重要的部分，从而提高生成的准确性和连贯性。
通过注意力机制，ChatGPT可以根据上下文中的关键信息来生成合适的回复，使得对话更加有逻辑性。
ChatGPT的应用领域非常广泛。
它可以用于智能客服系统，帮助用户解答问题和提供服务。
它还可以用于虚拟助手，帮助用户完成各种任务，如日程安排、提醒等。
此外，ChatGPT还可以用于教育领域，辅助学生学习和解答问题。
然而，尽管ChatGPT在对话生成方面取得了很大的进展，但它仍然存在一些挑战和限制。
首先，由于模型是通过训练数据学习得到的，它可能会受到数据偏差的影响，导致生成的对话内容不准确或有偏见。
其次，由于模型是基于统计学习的方法，它可能无法理解某些复杂的语义和逻辑关系，导致生成的对话内容不够准确和连贯。
为了解决这些问题，研究人员正在不断改进ChatGPT的模型和训练方法。
他们致力于提高模型的鲁棒性和可解释性，使其能够更好地理解和生成对话内容。
此外，他们还在探索如何引入人类监督和强化学习等方法，以提高模型的生成效果和适应性。
总之，ChatGPT是一种基于人工智能技术的对话生成模型，它通过深度学习算法和自回归生成方式，能够模拟人类的对话方式进行交流。
电化学电子英文教案 Chapter 1
o
Eo—standard electrode potential
1.2 Electrical double layer
Significance of electrical double layer
1.
Experiment methods
indirect methods: electrocapillarity （电毛细法） differential capacity（微分电容法）
Chapter 1
Fundamentals of Electrochemistry
1.1 Fundamental concepts 1.2 Electrical double layer 1.3 Irreversible electrode processes 1.4 Electron transfer and electrochemical polarization 1.5 Mass transport and concentration polarization
All real electrochemical processes are irreversible electrode processes Kinetics of electrode process
1. Characteristics of electrode process
(1) Basic steps of electrode process electrode reaction
3.
Electronic conductors and ionic conductors
(1) Electronic conductors (the first conductors)
腾讯对话机器人
Knowledge
Understanding
Generation
Planning
• Structured • Unstructured • Real world
• Annotation • Semantics • Matching
2
User Interests
• Predefined ontology • Automatically extracted tags • User behavior based user interests • …
Technology
Recommendation system
News characteris2cs
Environmental characteris2cs
User characteris2cs
Context characteris2cs
Ar$cle score Score(u,d)=f(class,topic,tag,2me,…)
Linear Model
Shallow CNN of (J&Z 15)
Deep Pyramid CNN (J&Z 17)
2
Example: Tencent Verticle Search Applications
Internet
Mobile
Science
Jack Ma
Robin Li
iPhone
NASA
Basketball
Kobe
Lakers
User
Classification + tag
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chatglm3 模型推理架构
chatglm3 模型推理架构全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：Chatglm3模型是一种基于图神经网络的推理框架，它能够有效地对图结构数据进行推理和预测。
在这篇文章中，我们将详细介绍Chatglm3模型的架构和工作原理。
Chatglm3模型的架构主要包括三个部分：图卷积网络、关系建模和图分类器。
下面我们将逐一介绍这三个部分的功能和作用。
首先是图卷积网络，它是Chatglm3模型的核心组件。
图卷积网络是一种专门用于处理图结构数据的深度学习模型，它能够有效地学习节点之间的联系和特征表示。
在Chatglm3模型中，图卷积网络负责从图数据中提取特征，并将这些特征传递给下一个部分进行处理。
接下来是关系建模部分，它用于学习节点之间的关系和共现模式。
在Chatglm3模型中，关系建模部分通过学习节点之间的邻接关系和特征相似性来构建节点之间的图结构。
这样一来，模型就能够更好地理解节点之间的联系，并从中提取有用的信息。
最后是图分类器，它用于对图结构数据进行分类和预测。
在Chatglm3模型中，图分类器通过将图卷积网络提取到的特征输入到分类器中进行处理，以实现对图数据的分类和预测任务。
通过这三个部分的协同工作，Chatglm3模型能够对图结构数据进行高效的推理和预测。
除了以上三个部分，Chatglm3模型还采用了一些先进的技术和方法来进一步提升模型的性能。
模型可以使用注意力机制来提高节点之间的信息交流效率，还可以采用自监督学习技术来对模型进行无监督的预训练，从而提升模型的泛化能力。
第二篇示例：chatglm3模型是一种用于推理和生成对话的架构，它在自然语言处理领域具有广泛的应用。
本文将对chatglm3模型的架构进行详细介绍，并探讨其在对话生成任务中的应用。
chatglm3模型采用了一种深度学习方法来生成对话，其核心思想是将对话生成的任务建模为一个序列到序列的问题。
具体来说，chatglm3模型使用编码器-解码器结构来进行对话生成。
Chapter 1. Fundamental Elements
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Introduction to Electronic Systems
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Inside a conductor Some es in conductors are not bound to particular atom but are free to move from atom to atom. These conduction es may be imagined as gas particles in a box. In a metal the conduction es move against a crystal lattice background of atomic sites. Their “collision” with each other and the lattice is the source of resistance (to be described)
d dq P qV V IV dt dt
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Introduction to Electronic Systems
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Introduction to Electronic Systems
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In an ideal current source, current is independent of voltage. I
chatglm概况大意
ChatGLM概况大意ChatGLM是一种先进的自然语言生成模型，它是基于GLM（Generalized Linear Model）的启发式方法来构建的。
该模型在生成对话应答方面表现出色，并且尤其适用于各种在线聊天机器人和智能助手。
GLM模型简介GLM是一种广义线性模型，通过建立自变量与因变量之间的线性关系来解决回归和分类问题。
与传统的线性回归模型相比，GLM允许使用非线性函数来处理数据，从而提高模型的预测能力。
ChatGLM的原理ChatGLM首先训练一个基本的GLM模型，该模型可以生成一些基本的对话回复。
然后，通过迭代训练的方式，不断优化模型来提高对话回复的质量。
在训练过程中，ChatGLM会收集大量的对话样本，并对每个对话进行人工评估，以确定生成回复的质量。
ChatGLM模型的核心思想是，通过最大化基于评估的奖励函数来改进生成的回复。
这个奖励函数是用来衡量回复质量的指标，例如语义相关性、语法准确性和流畅度等。
通过不断调整模型的参数，使生成的回复尽可能地接近人类生成的回复。
ChatGLM的应用ChatGLM在多个领域都有广泛的应用。
其中最常见的就是在线聊天机器人和智能助手。
ChatGLM可以根据用户的提问或输入，生成符合语境并准确回答用户问题的对话回复。
这种模型能够实时处理大量的对话，并且可以学习和适应不同的用户偏好和语言风格。
ChatGLM还可以用于在线客服系统中，为用户提供快速的解答和支持。
当用户提出问题时，ChatGLM可以立即生成相应的回答，提供帮助并解决问题。
这样可以极大地提高客户满意度，同时减轻人工客服的压力。
此外，ChatGLM还可以在智能家居、虚拟助手和语音识别系统等应用中发挥重要作用。
它可以与其他技术结合，实现更加智能和人性化的交互体验。
结论ChatGLM是一种基于GLM的自然语言生成模型，具有出色的对话回复能力。
它可以广泛应用于在线聊天机器人、智能助手和客户支持系统等领域，为用户提供快速、准确和个性化的回答。
认知语言学talmy三分法和二分法
认知语言学talmy三分法和二分法认知语言学是一门研究语言与认知之间关系的学科。
在该领域中，研究人员经常使用分类方法来分析人类对语言和思维的认知方式。
Talmy是一位著名的认知语言学家，他提出了一种分类方法，被称为三分法和二分法。
Talmy的三分法是指他将语言知识分成了三个部分：语义、语法和形式。
他认为，这三个部分相互作用，共同构成了人类语言的基础。
语义是指语言中的意义系统，语法则涉及如何组织词汇和句子，而形式则涉及听觉和口语产生和接收的方式。
这种三分法能够帮助研究人员更深入地了解语言与思维之间的关系。
在Talmy的理论中，三分法被用到了名词短语（NP）的分析中。
他将NP分为三个层次：核心（core）、限定（limiting）和修饰（modifying）。
核心是指一个名词词组中最重要的成分，通常是由一个名词构成。
限定和修饰则是为核心提供信息的成分。
限定成分（determiners）可以表示数量、所有权及区别等概念，而修饰成分（modifiers）可以描述大小、颜色和形状等特征。
通过这种三分法，研究人员可以更好地理解名词短语的组成和功能。
此外，Talmy还提出了一种二分法，用于分析动词短语（VP）。
他将VP分为两个层次：内含（coerced）和附着（enveloping）。
内含动词短语由一个核心动词和一个宾语构成，而附着动词短语则由一个核心动词和一个附加成分构成，如副词或介词短语。
通过二分法，研究人员可以更准确地分析动词短语的结构和意义。
Talmy的三分法和二分法为认知语言学研究提供了一种有效的框架。
通过将语言知识分成不同的层次，研究人员可以更系统地分析语义、语法和形式之间的相互作用。
此外，这些分类方法还为语言教学和语言翻译等实际应用提供了参考依据。
总之，Talmy提出的三分法和二分法为认知语言学的发展做出了重要贡献。
通过这些分类方法，研究人员能够更好地理解语言与思维之间的关系，并深入分析语言知识的不同层次。
ChatGPT科普介绍ppt
知识的准确性
✓ ChatGPT的回答可能
✓ ChatGPT的回答可能
存在错误或不准确的
受到训练数据的限制，
信息
无法涵盖所有领域
12
34
✓ ChatGPT的回答可能
✓ ChatGPT的回答可能
受到语言和文化差异的
受到模型本身的限制，
影响，导致理解偏差
无法处理某些复杂问题
对话场景的限制
01
语言理解能力有限，可能无法理解某些复杂或模糊的表述
ChatGPT能够不断学习和优化，提高自身的推理 能力和准确性。
高效的回复生成
基于大量数据 的训练，能够 快速生成准确 的回复
具备自然语言 处理能力，能 够理解用户的 意图和上下文
能够自动学习 和优化，不断 提高回复质量 和效率
支持多种语言 和领域，能够 满足不同用户 的需求
ChatGPT的局限性
智能写作：帮助用户快速生成文章、 02 报告、邮件等文本内容
智能教育：为学生提供个性化学习 03 建议，辅助教师进行教学
智能搜索：为用户提供更准确、更 0 4 相关的搜索结果，提高搜索效率
ChatGPT的优势
强大的语言理解能力
能够理解自
1 然语言并生 成对应的回 复
能够处理多
3 种语言，包 括中文、英 文等
回复思路清
2 晰，逻辑严 密，推理精 确
能够处理各种
4 类型的问题， 包括常识问题、 学术问题等
准确的逻辑推理
ChatGPT能够理解自然语言并生成对应的回复， 回复思路清晰，逻辑严密，推理精确。
ChatGPT能够根据上下文进行推理，理解用户的 意图，并给出准确的回答。
ChatGPT能够处理复杂的问题，给出合理的解决 方案。
chatgpt文献思路
chatgpt文献思路
ChatGPT是GPT-3模型的一个变体,可以用于自然语言处理任务,包括对话生成和文本生成。
以下是一些ChatGPT文献思路:
1. 研究背景和相关工作:了解ChatGPT的研究背景和相关工作,包括对话系统、文本生成、人工智能助手等。
2. 确定问题和目标:明确ChatGPT的具体问题和目标,例如自然语言对话、文本生成等。
3. 数据集和验证方法:选择适合问题和目标的合适的数据集和验证方法,例如使用公开数据集,使用测试集评估模型性能等。
4. 模型设计和训练:在确定数据集和验证方法后,设计合适的模型结构和训练方法,使用已有的模型进行替换或扩展,例如使用Transformer或GPT等模型。
5. 模型评估和优化:使用测试集评估模型的性能,并针对性地优化模型,例如通过调整参数、改进数据预处理等方式。
6. 实际应用和探索:将模型应用于实际场景,例如使用ChatGPT 与用户进行自然语言对话,生成文本等,并进行实验和探索,例如对比不同模型的性能、探索新的问题和目标等。
7. 持续研究和发展:持续探索ChatGPT的应用场景和潜力,并不断改进模型性能和实现方式,例如引入新的神经科学技术、改进数据预处理方法等。
ChatGPT人工智能对话的心理学研究
ChatGPT人工智能对话的心理学研究人工智能（Artificial Intelligence，简称AI）在近年来取得了长足的发展，其中包括语言模型的突破性进展。
ChatGPT作为这一领域的代表之一，在对话系统方面表现出了其强大的能力和潜力。
然而，与人进行对话的AI系统也带来了一些心理学上的研究挑战。
本文将探讨ChatGPT人工智能对话的心理学研究。
ChatGPT的背景和特点首先，介绍一下ChatGPT的背景和特点。
ChatGPT是OpenAI公司在大规模语言模型GPT-3基础上研发的一个对话系统。
它通过训练机器学习模型来学习自然语言处理，并根据用户的输入进行相应的回复。
ChatGPT模型使用了很大量的数据进行预训练，具备了广泛的词汇和语义理解的能力，使得其在对话中表现出了一定的智能水平。
ChatGPT的心理学研究应用ChatGPT在心理学研究中的应用也日益受到关注。
首先，研究人员可以利用ChatGPT与受试者进行对话，以探索人机交互的心理过程。
通过分析用户在对话交流中的行为和回应，研究人员可以了解人们与ChatGPT进行对话时的认知和情感过程。
其次，ChatGPT还可以被用来模拟心理学实验中的典型情境，如社交互动和情感调节等。
因为ChatGPT具备广泛的词汇和语义理解能力，它可以模拟各种不同的情境，并根据用户的输入做出相应的反应。
这使得研究人员可以在控制变量的情况下，探索不同环境对人类心理过程的影响。
此外，ChatGPT还可以在临床心理学和心理治疗中发挥作用。
例如，在心理咨询的过程中，ChatGPT可以提供一个“虚拟治疗师”的角色，与患者进行对话，帮助患者表达情绪和思想，并提供一定的心理支持。
这对于一些可能因为各种原因而无法面对面咨询的患者来说，是一种有益的补充和选择。
心理学研究的挑战与问题在这些应用背后，也存在着一些心理学研究的挑战与问题。
首先，ChatGPT只是模拟了人的对话过程，并不能真正理解语言背后的意义和情感。
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System Analysis & Design chapter 3 fundamental Concepts of SA&D
Yang YI, Ph.D
Computer Science Department, SYSU
issyy@
Tel:86-20-88165988
2010-4-241
Chapter 2 Best Practices of Software Engineering agenda
Methodology of objected oriented based system
analysis & design
2010-4-242
Discussion
•What is your perception of object
technology?
•What do you perceive as object
technology’s strengths? Its weaknesses?•Why are you making the shift to object
technology?
2010-4-243
What Is Object Technology?
• A set of principles (abstraction, encapsulation, polymorphism) guiding software construction,
together with languages, databases, and other tools that support those principles.
–(Object Technology –A Manager’s Guide, Taylor,
1997.)
2010-4-244
The Strengths of Object
Technology
•Reflects a single paradigm
•Facilitates architectural and code reuse •Reflects real world models more closely •Encourages stability
•Is adaptive to change
2010-4-245
Differences Between OO and Structured Design Object-orientation (OO)•Melds the data and data flow process together early in the lifecycle
•Has a high level of encapsulation •Promotes reuse of code differently •Permits more software extensibility
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A Formal Definition of Object
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An object has state
•State is a condition or situation during the life
of an object, which satisfies some condition, performs some activity, or waits for some event.
•The state of an object normally changes over time.
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An object has behavior
•Behavior determines how an object acts and reacts.•The visible behavior of an object is modeled by a set of messages it can respond to (operations that the object can perform).
2010-4-24
9
对象可唯一识别
•即使对象有相同的特性，还是能识别每个不同的对象
Professor “J Clark”teaches Biology Professor “J Clark”
teaches Biology
2010-4-2410
Basic Principles of Object
Orientation
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What Is Abstraction?
•The essential characteristics of an entity that distinguishes
it from all other kinds of
entities.
•Defines a boundary relative to the perspective of the viewer. •Is not a concrete
manifestation, denotes the
ideal essence of something.
2010-4-2412
What Is Encapsulation ?•Hides implementation
from clients.•Clients depend on interface.
•
Improves Resiliency
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What Is Modularity?
•Breaks up
something complex
into manageable
pieces.
•Helps people
understand complex
systems.
2010-4-2416
What Is Hierarchy ?
2010-4-2418
Review(1)
•What is an object?
•What is an attribute? An operation?
•What are the four principles of object orientation?
Describe each.
–What Is Abstraction?
–What Is Encapsulation ?
–What Is Modularity?
–What Is Hierarchy ?
2010-4-2419
Representing Objects in the UML 2010-4-2420
2010-4-2421
2010-4-2423
销售
事务
技术
Discussion
•What is an activity diagram and why would you use one?
•What is the difference between an activity and an action?
•What is a partition?
•What are the different types of interaction diagrams?
•What is a combined fragment?
•What are some examples of interaction operators?
2010-4-2426
Discussion
•What is generalization? What inheritance?•What is package? Why use packages?•Define polymorphism. Provide an example of polymorphism.
2010-4-2427
Assignments
•Group, 4-5 persons each, one team leader (PM)
•Prepare a software system,
–whose scale is suitable for your future work in
our course;
–from next week, you are gonna to be asked to present or demonstrate your jobs in following
course time
•Problem statement
2010-4-2428。