考研英语语法 关系代词详解附译

考研英语语法关系代词详解附译文
指人的关系代词：who, whom, whose, that 的用法：
(1) 作主语(who, that )
Those who are going to play in the match are to meetat the gate at 1:30 after lunch.
那些参加比赛的人午饭后1：30在大门口集合。

在本句中，先行词是those;关系代词who引导定语从句，同时代替先行词在从句中担任动词are going to play 的主语。

The man who/that is talking with Mr. Wang is a famousdoctor. 正在和王先生说话的那个人是一个有名的医生。

在本句中，先行词是the man; 关系代词who/that引导定语从句，同时代替先行词在从句中担任动词is talking的主语。

这个复合句可以还原成两个句子：The man is a famous doctor. He istalking with Mr. Wang.
(2) 作宾语包括作介词宾语(whom, that )。

此种情况下的关系代词可以省略;
This is just the man (whom/that) I want for the job.这正是我要的做这份工作的人。

在本句中，先行词是the man；关系代词whom/that引导定语从句，同时代替先行词在从句中担任动词want 的宾语。

Is he the manager (whom/that) you are looking for?
他是你在找的那位经理吗?
(3) 当关系代词紧跟介词作介词宾语时，不能用that，也不能省略，
如：
The book from which I got a lot of usefulinformation was written by a famous scientist.
我从中得到许多有用信息的那本书是一位著名科学家写的。

Who is the boy with whom you were talking a momentago.
你刚才和他说话的那个男孩是谁?
I know the young couple from whose house the music iscoming.
►指物的关系代词which和that的用法：
1. 作主语
This is the instruction manual which/that tells youhow to operate the computer.
这是那本教你如何操作计算机的说明手册。

2. 作宾语包括作介词宾语。

此种情况下的关系代词可以省略：
The chair (which /that) you broke yesterday is nowbeing repaired.
你昨天弄坏的那把椅子现在正在修理。

The film (which/that) I saw last night was about asoldier who fought in WWII.
我昨天晚上看的那部电影是关于一个在二战中打过仗的士兵的。

(本句有两个定语从句。

)
This is the bike for which I paid $ 100.
这就是我花了100美元买的那辆自行车。

The car (which/that) he went in was a black Cadillac.
他坐在里面走了的那辆汽车是一辆黑色的卡迪拉克。

The accounts of the company, (which/that) I’ve been paying great attention to, are in balance.
我一直非常注意的公司账目，是保持平衡的。

3.whose 和of which 指代人或事物，作定语。

of which 可用whose 代替;
The car whose lights (of which the lights/the lightsof which) were all broken was my father’s.
那辆所有的灯都破了的汽车是我父亲的。

例：
His house of which the windows (the windows ofwhich /whose windows) were all broken was a depressing sight.
他那所有窗户都坏了的房子真是目不忍睹。

That is the book whose cover (of which the cover/thecover of which ) was broken.
这就是那本封皮破了的书。

4.关系代词的格应与它在从句中充当的成分一致。

特别要注意插入语，
如：
Peter is the one who everybody believes will failto bring off the contract. Peter 是那个人人都认为不能完成合同的人。

(everybodybelieves 是插入语)
At the election I voted for the man whom I believedto be the most suitable.
在选举的时候我投了我认为最合适的那个人的票。

5.关系代词作从句的主语时，从句的动词必须和先行词的人称和数一致：
例：These are the operating instructions that/which arewritten in English 。

这就是用英文写成的使用说明
Are you staying at the white house which/that isnewly completed and which /that has 15 bedrooms, 3 kitchens and 4 toilets?
你是住在那幢刚刚竣工、有15个卧室、3个病房和4个卫生间的白色房子里吗?
So far as I know, there are many VIPs who are goingto attend the reception.
就我所知有很多达官贵人将出席这个招待会。

6.非限定性定语从句不用that，只用who(whose, whom)和which 代表人和物;
例：Her brothers, both of whom work in America, ringher up every week。

她的兄弟们——两个人都在美国工作——每个星期都给她打电话。

The buses, most of which were already full, weresurrounded by an angry crowd，
那些公共汽车——大多已经坐满了人——被一群愤怒的人围着。

That tower block, which cost five million dollars tobuild, has been empty for five years.
那个塔楼空着已经5年了。

建它花了500万美元。

Cricket, which I know very little about, is a verypopular sport in England。

板球是英格兰非常流行的体育活动，我对它知之甚少。

The accounts of the company ,which I’ve been paying great attention to, are in balance.
公司的账目是保持平衡的。

我一直非常注意这些账目。

7.关系副词(=介词+关系代词)：
例：I shall never forget the day when (=on which) wefirst met. 我永远也不会忘记我们第一次见面的那一天。

The rain came at a time when (=at which) it was notneeded. 雨下得不是时候。

This is the computer where (=by/on which) he hasstolen
top-secret documents.
这就是他用来盗窃绝密文件的计算机。

Here is the place where (=at which) the murder tookplace.
这就是谋杀发生的地方。

He didn’t give any reason why(=for which) I had been fired. 他没给任何解雇我的理由
This is the house in which (=where) my parents usedto live. 这就是我父母以前住过的房子。

注意事项：
(1)在非正式场合，that有时可用来代替关系副词或相当于关系副词的“介词+which”，而且经常全部省略，
如：In all the years that (=when/during which) I was atcollage
在我读大学的那些年里
the reason that(=why/for which)he is not happy
他不高兴的理由
The direction(that)(=in which )the heavenly bodiesmove can’t be changed.
天体运行的方向是不可改变的。

He is unpopular because people don’t like the offensive way (that)(=in which) he talks.
他不受欢迎的原因是他说话的方式让人讨厌。

(2)是用关系代词还是用关系副词：
关系词(包括关系代词和关系副词)是学习英语定语从句的关键。

用关系代词还是用关系副词，一要看关系词在从句当中作什么成分; 二要看关系词所代表的是人、物、时间、地点还是原因; 三要看所引导的是限定
性定语从句还是非限定性定语从句。

所以同样的先行词会有不同的关系词，这是因为关系词在从句当中担当的作用不同而决定的。

如：This is the room where/in which we’ll celebrate the New Year.
这是我们将要在里面庆贺新年的房间。

(充当地点状语)
This is the room(that /which)we’ll celebrate the New Year in.
这是我们将要在里面庆贺新年的房间。

(充当介词宾语，可省略。

)
This is the room which /that will be used for thecelebration of the New Year.
这是那个将要被用来庆贺新年的房间。

(充当主语)
This is the room (which/that) we’ll use for the New Year dinner party.
这是我们将要用来举行新年晚宴的房间。

(充当宾语，可省略。

)
The reason (that /which) he had given was not soundenough.
他给的理由不够充分。

(充当宾语，可省略)
The reason why/for which he had done that was notsound enough.
他做那件事的理由不够充分。

(充当原因状语)
This is the house where she lives.这是她住的房子。

【比较：This is the house (that/which) she has bought. 这是她买的房子。

This is the house that/which I’ve told youis extremely expensive.这就是我和你说过极其昂贵的那幢房子。

】
I met him in the year when I was first in Xi’an.
我刚到西安的那年遇到了他。

That is the reason why he did not come that morning.
那就是那天上午他没来的原因。

(3)定语从句中的时态。

如果主句是一般将来时或过去将来时，从句的动作与主句的同时发生，那么该从句要用一般现在时表示一般将来时、用一般过去时表示过去将来时。

例：Anyone who/that touches the wire will get anelectric shock.
任何碰这根电线的人将受到电击。

(不用will touch)
I would give her anything that she asked for.
她要什么我就给她什么。

(不用would ask)
The first person who/that opens the door will get ashock.
第一个开门的人将被吓一跳。

(不用will open)
There will be a special price for anybody who ordersa suit in the next two weeks.
任何人在下两周内定做套装都将享受优惠价格。

(不用willorder)
但是，如果从句和主句的动作在将来不同的时间发生，则两部分都要用来将来时，
如：
Those who will go abroad for training next yearwill start learning English tomorrow.
那些明年出国受训的人员，将从明天开始学习外语。

注：①先行词有最高级形容词修饰时，常用that，而不用which：
例：Edison was one of the greatest inventors that everlived.
爱迪生是曾经有过的最伟大的发明家之一。

This is the best film that I’veever seen.
这是我曾经看过的最好的电影。

She was the greatest woman that/who has ever lived.
她是曾经有过的最伟大的女人。

②先行词有
the same, the very, the first, the last,all,no, the only, much, little, none, any, every等时，常用that, 而不用which：
例：He was the first man that we saw in the village.
他是我们在那个村子里看到的第一个人。

There is little that is interesting.
没什么令人感兴趣。

I still remember the first time that we met.
我仍然记得我们第一次见面的时候。

I’ll do anything (that) I canto help you.
我将尽一切可能帮助你。

Everything that can be done has been done.
能做的一切都做了。

God bless this ship and all that sail in her.
愿上帝保佑此船和所有乘此船航行的人。

All that I can say is thank you very much.
我能说的是(千言万语变成一句话)：非常感谢你。

③当先行词既有人又有物时，用that，不用which，
如：We were deeply impressed by the workers and theirworking conditions that we had visited.
我们参观过的工人及他们的工作条件留下了深刻印象。

We listened to him talk about the men and books thatinterested him。

我们听他谈论他感兴趣的人物和书籍。

④在same和such之后，定语从句用as引导，
如：Let’s discuss only suchquestions as concern us.
让我们只讨论与我们有关的问题。

I’ve never heard such storiesas he tells.
我从来没听说过他讲的这种故事。

I shall be surprised if he does this in the same wayas I do.
如果他做这件事的方法和我一样，那就奇怪了。

She works in the same office as I do.
她和我在同一个办公室工作。

She wears the same kind of clothes as her sisterdoes.
她姐妹俩穿同样的衣服。

He’s wearing the same dressas he wore at Mary’s wedding. 他穿着与他在Mary的婚礼上穿的一样的衣服。

This is the same watch as I have lost.
这块表和我丢的那块一样。

I’ve never seen such kind ofpeople as they are.
我从来没见过像他们这样的人。

I’ve never seen such kindpeople as they are.
我从来没见过象他们这样厚道的人。

I want the same shirt as my friend’s.
我要一件跟我朋友一样的衬衫。

Such machines as are used in our workshop are made inchina.
我们车间使用的这种机器是中国制造的。

但是，如果从句和主句的动作在将来不同的时间发生，则两部分都要用来将来时，
as 引导非限定性定语从句既可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后，用来修饰整个句子。

当as在从句中作主语时，后面常接下列句型。

如：as is known, as issaid, as is reported，as is announced 等。

例如：As we all know, Mr. Wang is a good teacher.
As is known to all, the earth revolves round the sun.
He is tired, as you can see.
As I expected, he didn’tbelieve me.
As 引导非限定性定语从句时与which的区别：当主句和从句语义一致时，用as; 反之，用which。

如：He made a long speech, as was expected.
He made a long speech, which was unexpected.
Tom drinks a lot every day, which his wife doesn’t like at all.
但是，如果从句和主句的动作在将来不同的时间发生，则两部分都要用将来时，
注：⑤在“介词+关系代词”的结构中，也可用复杂介词，如：bymeans of (用，依靠)，as a result of(作为结果)等：
例：
I have three children, one daughter and two sons, allof whom graduated from the same university .
我有三个孩子：一个女儿、两个儿子，他们都毕业于同一所大学。

The police, in whom I have great confidence, aretrying to find out who did it.
我对警察有极大的信心，他们正在努力寻找是谁做的这件事。

This is the part of the river in which I like toswim.
(in which=where)
我喜欢在这条河里面游泳，这就是(我喜欢游的)那个地方。

The man from whom you bought the house is my uncle.
你从他那里买下房子的那个人是我叔叔。

This is the desk by means of which he jumped over thewall.
这就是他用来跳过墙去的那张桌子。

She was running a fever, as a result of which shefailed in the exam.
她当时正发烧，所以考试失败了。

He is the man from whose house the picture wasstolen.
他就是那个家里的画被偷了的人。

注：⑥一个先行词后面可以跟一个以上的定语从句，这种现象叫双重关系从句：
例：Here are some words which are often used but whichare very confusing.
这里有些常用但非常混乱的词。

He is the only person that I can find who is able tosolve the problem.
他是我能找到的唯一解决这个问题的人。

但是当介词放在从句末尾时，作为介词宾语的关系代词可以用that 并且可以省略。

如上头两句可改为：
The book (that /which) I got a lot of informationfrom was written by a famous scientist.
Who is the boy (that/whom) you were talking with amoment ago?
副词可修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语及整个句子。

例句：
Andrew, my father's younger brother, will not beat the picnic, much to the family's disappointment. (1997年第3题)
分析：该句是简单句，其中副词much修饰介词短语tothe family’s disappointment。

译文：我父亲的弟弟安德鲁不会参加野餐，这令全家人非常失望。

一、副词的分类
1. 时间副词，如now, yesterday,today, ago, then, lately, soon, shortly, immediately, finally, recently,before, tomorrow。

例句: Americans today don't place a very high value onintellect. (选自2004年Text 4)
分析：该句是简单句。

译文：现在美国人不重视智力。

2. 地点副词，如here, there, above,below, downstairs, upstairs, home, somewhere, everywhere, elsewhere, down, up,anywhere 等。

例句：
Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses'convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared thesame view of doctors. (选自2002年Text1)
分析：该句是复合句，两个which引导的定语从句分别修饰anexample和a story，前一个which引导的定语从句为非限制性定语从句，起补充说明作用。

译文：比如说，在一次护士大会上，我听到了一个能很好地发挥幽默效果的故事，因为所有的听众都对医生持有相同的看法。

3. 程度副词，如fairly, rather,very, almost, too, quite, enough, so, much。

例句:
She had clearly no intention of doing any work,although she was very well paid.(1997年第34题)
分析：该句是复合句，although后面跟的是让步状语从句。

译文：虽然付给她的报酬丰厚，但她无意去工作。

4. 频率副词，如sometimes, often,usually, always, frequently, constantly, rarely, seldom, never, occasionally。

例句：
In addition, the designer must usually selectfurniture or design built-in furniture, according to the functions that need tobe served.
分析：该句是简单句，其中builtin意为“内嵌式的”。

在方式状语中，that need to be served为定语从句，修饰the functions。

译文：此外，根据需要满足的功能，设计者通常必须选择家具或设计内嵌式家具。

5.方式副词，表示动作发生或进行的方式，如quickly，fast，slowly，suddenly，carefully，well, properly, roughly, angrily,rudely。

例句：
You would be shocked if the inside of yourbedroom were suddenly changed to look like the inside of a restaurant.
分析：该句是复合句，if引导的从句表示与现在相反的虚拟语气。

译文：如果你的卧室内部突然变得和饭店内部一样，你可能会大吃一惊。

6.疑问副词，如when, where，how，why, who。

例句：
So where are the headlines warning of gloom anddoom this time? (选自2002年Text 3)
分析：该句是特殊疑问句。

动词warn的ing形式作headlines的后置定语，表示一种主动关系。

译文：那么这次警告人们经济萧条到来的头版新闻又在哪儿呢?
7.关系副词，如when，where，why。

例句：
Yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of afew oil firms today could recreate the same threats to competition that werefeared
nearly a century ago in the U.S., when the Standard Oil Trust was brokenup.
分析：该句是复合句，主句是it is hard to imagine...。

其中，it是形式主语，真正的主语是to imagine that...tocompetition; that were feared nearly a century ago in the U. S.是定语从句修饰the same threats; when the Standard Oil Trust was broken up是非限制定语从句修饰a century ago。

译文：然而，目前几家石油公司的合并是否再次给竞争带来威胁难以预料。

因为美国一个世纪前曾由于合并引发了一场竞争危机，造成了标准石油托拉斯的解体。

8.连接副词，如therefore, then,however, otherwise, hence, so, moreover, yet, consequently, besides,nevertheless, when, where, why, how。

例句：
It is generally recognized, however, that theintroduction of the computer in the early 20th century, followed by theinvention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed theprocess, although its impact on the media was not immediately apparent. (选自2002年Use of English)
分析：该句是复合句，其中it是形式主语，真正的主语是thatthe introduction of the computer in the early 20th century。

followed by the invention of the integrated circuit during the1960s作定语修饰the introduction。

although its impact on the media...是一个让步状语从句。

译文：然而，人们普遍认为，20世纪初出现的计算机以及随后在20世纪60年代发明的集成电路尽管对传媒的影响没有立即显现出来，但却彻底改变了发展进程。

9.否定副词，如rarely，seldom，hardly，scarcely，never。

例句：The magazine cover showing an attractive motherholding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstandsthis week. (选自2011年Text 4)
分析：该句是简单句。

其中，分词短语showing an attractive mother holdinga cute baby和holding a cute baby分别作后置定语，修饰cover和mother。

译文：展现“魅力妈妈怀抱可爱宝宝”的杂志封面并非本周报摊上唯一对“圣母与圣子”形象的描述。

例句：
Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of20, demands calories and nutrients —notably, protein —to feed expanding tissues. (选自2008年Text 3)
分析：该句是复合句，主干部分是Growth demands calories and nutrientsto feed expanding tissues。

which rarely continues beyondthe age of 20是修饰主语growth的非限制性定语从句。

后面的破折号起补充说明作用。

译文：20岁后很少有人再继续长高，长高需要热量和营养，特别是蛋白质，以满足身体组织生长的需求。

二、副词的位置
1.修饰形容词、副词，副词常置于它们之前(enough除外)。

例句：
The mechanisms at work are manifest in thetendency for such physical activity to utilize the potentially harmfulconstituents of the stress response. (2000年第14题)
分析：该句是简单句，其中不定式to utilize the potentially harmfulconstituents of the stress response作状语表示目的。

译文：在此起作用的机制显然有此倾向，即这种身体活动会利用应激反应中的潜在有害因素。

例句：
The newly-built Science Building seemssubstantial
enough to last a hundred.
分析：该句是简单句，其中副词enough作定语修饰形容词substantial。

译文：新建的科学大楼看上去很坚固，一百年也坏不了。

2.修饰实义动词时，副词常置于该动词后或该动词宾语后面。

例句：
The solution works only for couples who areself-employed, don't have small children and get along well enough to spendmost of their time together. (1999年第8题)
分析：该句是复合句，主句部分为the solution works
only for couples, 而who are selfemployed，...是修饰couples的定语从句。

译文：这一解决办法只适用于那些自谋职业、没有小孩子而且大部分时间待在一起和睦相处的夫妻。

3.频率副词和否定副词一般取中间位置，置于实义动词之前、系动词be 或第一个助动词之后。

例句：
As for the influence of computerization, nowherehave we seen the results more clearly than in the US, which really havesurprised us all.
分析：该句是复合句，which really have surprised us all是一个非限制性定语从句修饰the results，主句中nowhere置于句首引起倒装。

译文：就计算机化的影响而言，其结果在美国比在其他任何地方都明显，这真使我们惊奇不已。

例句：
Naturally he will try to borrow money at a lowrate of interest, but loans of this kind are not frequently obtainable. (选自2000年Cloze Test)
分析：该句是一个由but连接的并列句。

译文：他自然会努力去获取低息贷款，但这种贷款并不是经常能贷到的。

4.有些副词修饰整个句子，常置于句前，并用逗号与句子的其他成分隔开。

例句：
Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed insuch institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessarypart of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. (2007年第46题)
分析：该句是简单句，句子的主干部分是legal learning has been viewedas...rather than...。

译文：长久以来，法律知识在这类学校里一直被视为律师们所专有的，而不是一个受教育者的知识素养的必要组成部分。

例句：
Instead, the new habits we deliberately pressinto ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads. (选自2009年Text 1)
分析：该句是复合句，主干部分是the new habits create parallelpathways。

we deliberately press into ourselves是省略了关系代词的定语从句，修饰主语the new habits。

短语press into的
意思是“逼迫，挤入”。

另一定语从句that can bypass those old roads 修饰主句的宾语parallelpathways，that作从句的主语。

译文：相反，我们有意培养的新习惯会形成平行的路径以避开那些原有习惯的轨道。

5.几个副词连在一起，顺序一般为方式副词+地点副词+时间副词(或把时间副词置于句首)。

例句：
Jane lived isolatedly方式inthe town地点for ten years.时间
6.疑问副词常置于句首。

例句：
Why do so many Americans distrust what they readin their newspapers? (选自2001年Text3)
分析：该句是复合句，what引导的宾语从句作distrust的宾语。

译文：为什么那么多的美国人不相信自己在报刊上看到的东西呢?
三、副词的特殊情况
1. 英语中有些副词有两种形式：一种与形容词形式相同，一种形式是以ly结尾，但其意义和用法有所不同，如：
clean完全地cleanly干净地
close接近地closely紧密地(表抽象概念)
free免费地，随意地freely率直地
hard努力hardly几乎不
high高highly高度地，非常
late迟，晚lately近来
pretty相当，颇prettily漂亮地
fair公平fairly公正地;相当
most最，颇mostly主要地，多半地
just刚才，正好justly公正地
direct直接地directly直接地，坦率，马上
例句：
Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people havedevised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring,burdensome, or just plain nasty. (选自2002年Text 2)
分析：该句是复合句，其中that is dangerous，boring，burdensome，orjust plain nasty是定语从句，修饰work。

译文：自从人类具有了独创性以来，人们发明了越来越精巧的工具来应付那些危险、枯燥、繁重或者仅仅是令人讨厌的工作。

例句：
The American dream is most plausible during theperiods of productivity and wealth generated by American capitalism. (1999年第25题)
分析：该句是简单句，generated by American capitalism为过去分词作后置定语，修饰the periods。

译文：在美国的资本主义带来生产率的提高与财富增加的那段时期，美国梦是最有可能实现的。

例句：
"In the general population today, at thisgenetic, environmental level, we've pretty much gone as far as we can go, ”says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright StateUniversity. (选自2008年Text 3)
分析：引号内的句子是简单句，主句部分是we’ve pretty much gone as far as we can go，介词短语in the general populationtoday和at this genetic...在句中作状语。

译文：怀特州立大学的人类学家威廉·卡梅隆·查姆利指出：“在今天的一般人群中，在这种基因和环境水平上，我们已经达到了我们所能达到的高度。

”
2.以ly结尾的词大部分是副词，但以下由名词+ly构成的词却是形容词，如：
brotherly scholarly(学者风度的)heavenly(天堂的)
homely friendly masterly(高明的)
likely lovely costly
childly quarterly(按季度的)manly
leisurely(从容不迫的，悠闲的)
例句：
Replies show that compared with other Americans,journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, ownMercedeses, and trade stocks, and they're less likely to go to
church, dovolunteer work, or put down roots in a community. (选自2001年Text 3)
分析：该句是复合句，其中分词短语compared with other Americans 作状语表示比较，谓语动词show后有由and连接的两个并列宾语从句。

译文：结果表明，与其他美国人相比，记者更有可能居住在质优价高的地段，有仆人、奔驰车及股票。

他们不大可能去做礼拜、当志愿者或在普通社区居住。

四、副词的比较级与最高级
副词的比较级与最高级的变化规则和用法与形容词的变化相同，但在副词的最高级前可省掉定冠词the。

例句：
Those forced to exercise their smiling musclesreacted more enthusiastically to funny cartoons than did those whose mouthswere contracted in a frown, suggesting that expressions may influence emotionsrather than just the other way around.(选自2011年Use of English)
分析：该句是复合句，主干部分是Those...reacted more enthusiasticallyto funny cartoons than did those...，其中did代替
了与主句相同的谓语部分reacted enthusiastically to funny cartoons，正常语序为...than those...did。

另外，分词短语forced toexercise their smiling muscles作后置定语，修饰主语those; whosemouths were contracted in a frown是一个定语从句，修饰句中的第二个those;suggesting that...是分词短语作状语，表示结果，相当于which引导的一个非限制性定语从句。

译文：那些被迫锻炼笑肌的人比那些嘴形收缩得犹如紧皱的眉毛般的人对滑稽的卡通动画的反应更为强烈，这表明表情也可以影响情绪而非只能是情绪影响表情。

例句：The people who've been hurt the worst are thosewho've stayed too long. (选自2011年Text 2)
分析：该句是复合句，主句的主干部分是The people are those，两个定语从句who've been hurt the worst 和who’ve stayed too long分别修饰先行词the people和those。

译文：受伤害最深的就是那些待得太久的人。

例句：Among other students in his class, he studies(the) hardest.
译文：他在班上学习最刻苦。

五、易混淆的副词和形容词
(一)such，so
such是形容词，如such+a(an)+单数可数名词，或such+不可数名词或可数名词的复数;so是副词，如so+形容词+a(an)+单数名词。

注意：在so+形容词+a(an)+单数名词这一结构中名词不可改为复数形式。

如so beautiful girls就是错误形式，应改为：such beautiful girls。

另外such，so都可接that从句，形式为such...that/so...that，称之为结果状语从句。

例句：Only a decade earlier, such an act would haverequired legislative approval in Virginia. (选自2008年Text 4)
分析：该句是简单句，主干部分是such an act would have requiredlegislative approval in Virginia, would have required表示与过去事实相反的推测，only a decade earlier在句中作状语，表示时间。

译文：要是再早上10年，这种举动必须获得弗吉尼亚州立法委的批准。

例句：The newly described languages were often sostrikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and
SoutheastAsia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapair of fabricating their data.(2004年第43题)
分析：该句是复合句，that引导一结果状语从句，短语accusesb. of sth.意为“指责、指控某人某事”。

译文：这些新近被描述的语言与已经得到充分研究的欧洲和东南亚地区的语言往往差别显著，以至于有些学者甚至指责Boas和Sapair编造了材料。

例句：Such standardized tests may not assess all theimportant elements necessary to succeed in school and in life. (选自2007年Text 2)
分析：该句是简单句，其中形容词短语necessary to succeed in school andin life作定语修饰elements。

译文：这些标准化测试并不能测出在学校和生活中取得成功所必需的重要因素。

例句：The discussion was so prolonged and exhaustingthat at intervals the speakers stopped for refreshments. (1996年第26题)
分析：该句是复合句。

译文：讨论是那样的冗长而乏味，以至于发言的人不时地停下来喝点饮料。

(二)very，much
very修饰形容词原级和副词; much(或very much)修饰动词、形容词或副词的比较级和最高级。

例句：Ted had told me that he always escaped being finedas he had got a very fast sport car.
分析：该句是复合句，其中being fined是动名词一般式的被动式，在句中作谓语动词escape的宾语。

译文：泰德告诉我，因为他有一辆速度很快的赛车，所以总是能逃脱罚款。

例句：Mercury's velocity is so much greater than theEarth's that it completes more than four revolutions around the Sun in the timeit takes the Earth to complete one. (1996年第20题)
分析：该句是复合句，so...that是一个表结果的句子结构，time后是一个省略了关系词which(或that)的定语从句。

译文：水星的周转速度要比地球快得多，以至于在地球绕太阳转一圈的时间内，水星能绕太阳转四圈多。