2023年中考英语语法笔记:形容词与副词

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2023年中考英语语法笔记:形容词与副词
形容词(Adjective)
一.概念理解:用来修饰或描写名词或代词,表示人或事物的性质、特征、状态的词,称为形容词,英语中常用adj,表示。

二.形容词的句法功能:形容词可在句中作定语、表语或宾/主语补足语等。

例:1).Beijing is a beautiful city.(定语)
2).I’m very glad to meet you.(表语)
3).We felt very excited at the exciting news.(表语;定语)
4).The news made us happy. Who left the door open?
We found it very interesting to read English novels. (宾语补足语)
5).They were made angry by what he said. (主语补足语)
** “the+形容词”表一类人或事物,可作主语或宾语
例:1).The rich must help the poor. 2).The young have different ideas on it from the old.
注意:1.少数形容词,如:little, live [laiv](活的), elder, eldest,only,wooden,woolen 等以及复合形容词
(English-speaking,kind-hearted,man-made,take-away)等只能作定语,不能做表语。

例:1) It’s a nice little house.不说The house is little.但可说The house is small.
2) Although old, he is still very much alive.(不用live)
3) My brother is three years older than me.(不用elder)
4) His eldest brother is a famous doctor.(不用oldest)
5) New Zealand is an English-speaking country.
2.少数形容词:afraid,awake,asleep,alive,alike,alone,ill,well,worth,glad,unable
等只作表语,不做定语。

例:1).Don’t be afraid. 2).The twins are alike.
3).He is awake to the difficulty. 4).She is ill (sick).
5).This book is (well) worth reading.(不可用very,而用well修饰)
6).He is alone at home, but he never feels lonely.
注意:可说She ‘s a sick woman.而不能说She’s an ill woman.
三.1.形容词在句子中的位置:
作定语时,一般放在所修饰的名词之前。

如有两个以上的形容词修饰名词时,先后位置由他们和被
修饰的名词的关系密切程度而定。

一般,关系最密切者最靠近名词:
例:1).She is a clever girl. 2).It’s a high and modern building.
2.当形容词所修饰的词是由some, any, every, no等构成的不定代词时,要放
在其后:
例:1) I have something new to tell you.2)We asked someone friendly for help.
表示长、宽、高、深及年龄的形容词,应放在相应的名词后修饰:
例:1).The street is 35 metres wide. 2).a hole 10 metres deep
*** 注意:也可用a 35-metre-wide street a 21-year-old man的表达形式注意:below, above, nearby, else, alone等形容词作定语时,一般放在被
修饰词的后面:
例:1)They saw the girl crying on the chair below.2)He works in the factory nearby .
3.用在宾语后面做宾语补足语:
例:1).We must keep our classroom clean. 2).I think it difficult to study physics.
4. enough和possible等词,既可放在名词前,又可放在名词后:
例:We have enough time/time enough to do the work.
5.作表语放在系动词后:
例:He is alone at home,but he doesn’t feel lonely.
注意:friendly,lovely,lonely,well(身体好)等常为形容词而非副词。

四.形容词的排列顺序:
当有一个以上的名词修饰语时,往往有较固定的次序。

限定词一般放在首位,其它修饰语则常根据其与名词的亲疏关系依次排列。

例:1).a weak small old man (冠词+描绘形容词+特征形容词)
2).a tall clever young Chinese soldier(冠+描绘+特征+专有+名词)
注意:修饰名次的词语次序大致为:
限定词-------数词------描绘形容词------特征形容词------颜色------类属------用途+名词
(冠/代等) (短前长后) (大小形状新旧年龄等) (专有或材质)(含动名词)
the last four beautiful big new blue Spanish wooden houses 五.形容词比较等级的构成与用法:
1.(1)规则变化:
注:1) 以y结尾的独立词根词,变y:dry, easy, early, hungry, angry等。

以y结尾的派生词,前面加more或most:slowly, quickly, 等。

2)有些单音节词比较等级常用more和most,如glad, fond, shy(或shyer, shier; shyest, shiest), like,tired;
有些单音节词则用-er和-est或more和most皆可, 如free, clear.
有些双音节词亦如此,如secure, cruel, pretty, lively等(real只可用more和most)。

※当代英语似有多用more和most的趋势。

(2)不规则变化:
2.(1)原级的用法:
A.一般陈述或由very, quite, too, rather, so, pretty等表程度的副词修饰。

注意:quite / rather / such + a / an + adj. +n. 的结构。

B.两者比较,程度相等,即“A和B一样”(A=B),用:
1)as+原级形容词+as I think science is as important
as maths.
2)as+原级形容词+a/an+名(单)+as John is as clever a boy as
Jack.
3)as +many/few/much/little+名(复数/不可数)+as Is there as much water in this
glass as in that one?
C.表示两者不同,即“A不如B”(A<B),用:
1)not as/ so+原级+as =less+原级+than / no more +原级+than
My English is not as/so good as yours. He is not as/so clever as I thought. D.表示倍数“A是B多少倍”,用:half/twice/three---times as +原级+as
You’re not half as clever as you think you are.
This room is four times as large as that one.=---four times larger than---.
(2)比较级的用法:
A.两者相比,表“A比B更---”,用“比较级+than”后出现于or句型。

The earth is bigger than the moon. Who is more careful, Ann or Kate?
B.为表程度大小,比较级前可用many, much, a lot, even, far, still, a little/bit等来
修饰。

My brother is much older than I. That job is far more difficult than this one.
**注意:使用比较结构时,比较对象的一致性:
Her hair is longer than her sister’s. (不能用her sister)
The life in the city is better than that in the countryside. (不能用in the
countryside)
(3)最高级的用法:
表多者之间的比较,表“最------”,前面应加the,后常带of/among或in表范围的短语(of/ among整体与部分为同类词;in整体与部分为不同类词)。

1. This is the biggest factory in the city.
2. This story is the most
interesting of the three.
3. He is the tallest among us all.
4. Who is the oldest, LiLei,
LinTao or Kate?
5. Which is the best player, A, B or C?
** 特殊表达方式:
1.比较级+and+比较级:表“越来越------”(多音节多用more and more+原级)
When spring comes, the days are getting longer and longer.
Tianjin is becoming more and more beautiful.
2.the+比较级---,the+比较级---:表“越------就越------”
The more, the better.
The more you read, the more knowledge you’ll get.
The harder she studies, the happier she feels.
3.比较级+than+any other+单/复数名词=比较级+than+the other+复数名词:
**用比较级表最高级的意义(同一范围)
He is taller than any other boy(s) /the other boys in his class. =He is the tallest boy in his class.
**注意:Shanghai is larger than any city in Japan.(不属同一范围内不用other)
4.序数词+最高级(表顺序排列):
Changjiang River is the third longest river in the world. (没有用first情况)
5.one of+最高级+复数名词:表“最------之一”
This is one of the most interesting films that I’ve ever seen.
6.the+比较级:表“(两者中)比较------的那个”
The older of the two men is my brother. Which is the larger country, Canada or America?
7.prefer A to B (=like A better than B):
I prefer apples to pears. She prefers skating to skiing.
** a / an +最高级:表“非常/很------”,而非最高级意
This is a most important meeting.
副词(Adverb)
一.概念理解:用来修饰动词、形容词、其它副词或全句,说明时间、地点、程度或方式等概念或表示行为特征或性状的词,称为副词,英
语中常用adv.或ad.表示
二..副词的分类:
1.时间副词always,just,soon,then,ago,later,early,just now,so far,last night等。

2.地点副词there,above,around,away,inside,home,downstairs等。

3.方式副词:hard,well,badly,slowly,happily,quickly,softly等。

4.程度副词:quite,much,still,almost,deeply,nearly,widely,so等。

5.否定副词:no,not,hardly,never,nor,neither,seldom等。

6.频度副词:always,usually,oftensometimes,seldom,ever,generally等。

7.疑问副词:how,why,where,when,howmuch/ long/ soon等(用于疑问句)。

8.关系副词:how,why,where,when,等(用于定语从句)。

9.连接副词:yet,so,however,then,otherwise(否则)等。

三.副词的句法功能:
1.副词在句中作状语,用来修饰谓语动词、形容词、其它副词或全句。

例:1).She sings well.(动词) 2).My answer is quite easy.(形容词)
3).He is going on too slowly(副词)4).Luckily,I have passed the exam.(全句)
5).It snowed heavily last night.(动词) 6.She is terribly clever.(形容词)
2.副词在句中作定语,放在所修饰词的后面。

例:1).The teachers here are very kind to me.
2).I met an old friend on my way home.
3).The clouds above began to get thicker.
3.副词在句中作表语,系动词后,常表位置:in, on, back, down, up, off, away, out,
over, abroad, upstairs等
例:1).I must be off(离开). 2).The film has been on for half an hour.
3).She’s still abroad(在国外). 4).When will you be back?
4.副词在句中作宾语补足语。

例:1).When we came into his room,we found him out.2).Let me in.I know he is in.四.副词的构成:
1.一般在形容词词尾加-ly,构成副词:usual–usually, polite-politely, safe–safely, brave–bravely, slow–slowly
2.以辅音加-le收尾的形容词,去掉e再加-y:
例:simple–simply,terrible – terribly,comfortable–comfortably, possible-possibly able – ably, true – truly
3.以y结尾的形容词,变y为再i加-ly:
例:easy –easily,happy – happily lucky – luckily, angry – angrily **但:dry – dryly, full – fully
4.副词与形容词同形:hard, late,high,straight,deep,early,far,fast,last,long等。

5.特殊变换:例:good – well, many – much,such - so
注意:1.本身即副词:very,almost,often,rather,always,sometimes,seldom等。

2.lonely, friendly,lovely,silly,timely,orderly等本身是形容词,而非副词。

3.hardly(几乎不)/nearly(将近)不是hard/near的副词转换形式
4.词形变换不同,表达意义也不同:
far- farther-farthest(常表具体的距离远近,形象意义)
far –further-furthest(常表程度的加深或延展,抽象意义)
deep既是形容词,也是副词,常用于表示具体的“深”。

例:dive deep
deeply是副词,常用于表程度或情感的“深度”。

例:She is deeply moved at this moving story.
wide既是形容词,也是副词,常用于表示具体的“宽”。

widely是副词,常用于表示程度的“广泛”。

例:English is the most widely used in the world.
五.副词在句子中的位置:
1.多数位于其所修饰的动词之后。

例:1).We’re living happily. 2).He runs fast. 3).The ground must be watered well when it’s dry.
2.时间、地点、方式副词一般放在句末。

例:1).I heard him singing over there. 2).He drove the car carefully.
3.频度副词一般放在be动词、情态动词及第一个助动词之后,实意动词前。

例:1).He is never late for school. 2).You must always remember this.
3).He will always be with us. 4).Do you usually go to school on foot?
*** 注意:有时为了加强语气,频度副词也可放在句首。

例:Usually, they play football after school.
4.程度副词修饰动词时,同于频度副词;修饰形容词或副词时,一般前置。

例:1).That’s quite early. 2).I nearly missed the bus.
*** 但:enough等修饰形容词或副词时,须后置
例:1).He ran fast enough to catch the bus. 2).He is not well enough to go to school.
5.否定副词与频度副词类同。

例:1).I’m never late for school. 2).We can hardly finish it on time.
6.疑问副词放在特殊疑问句句首。

例:1).Where were you born?
2).Why do you think it is important to pay attention to the ecosystem of our world?
7.关系副词引导定语从句时,位于主从句之间。

例:1).Tell me the reason why you did it. 2).Do you remember the day when I bought the book for you?
8.不定副词somewhere等的修饰(定)语要后置。

例:It’s cold here,I want to go somewhere warm. Would you like to go somewhere else?
***注意:同时存在时间状语和地点状语时,时间状语一般放在后面。

例:1).He watched TV in his room on Sunday.
2).They arrived in Beijing at 8 o’clock last Monday.
六.副词的比较等级的构成与用法:
(一).A.规则变化(规则与形容词相同)
例:fast -faster -fastest early -earlier -earliest carefully-more carefully-most carefully
B.不规则变化
(二).副词比较等级用法与形容词类似,但副词比较等级一般作状语,最高级的定
冠词可省略。

A.原级:
例:1).Lin Tao jumps quite far.(不表比较或由very,so,too,quite,rather,pretty修饰)
2).She loves her school as much as her own home. (as+原级+as结构)
Please water the flowers as well/often as possible.
3).She doesn’t get up as/so early as you (do). (not as/so+原级+as结构)
4).He can read twice as fast as I can. (倍数+as+原级+as)
B.比较级:
例:1)She writes better than I (me). (比较级+than ---)
2)Who listens more carefully,Li Lei or Li Tao?(带or形式的特殊问句)
3)I hope you will do it much more carefully next time. (much,far, even, a bit,
a little等修饰比较级)
4)Our country is developing much more quickly than ever before.
5)Which do you like better, this one or that one?
6)Which do you prefer,the green one or the white one?(prefer表比较级意)
C.最高级:
例:1)He listened to the teacher(the) most carefully in class.
2)They all came early but she came (the )earliest of all.
3)Of all the boys he speaks English (the) best.
4)Which do you like best, pears, apples or oranges?
***特殊表达方式:
1. The birds fly higher and higher.(比较级+and+比较级,表“越来越------”) They walk more and more slowly.(more+and+more+多音节原级词)
2. The more you practice, the better you will write. (the+比较级---,the+比较级--) The harder you work, the more you will learn.
The more he spoke, the more excited he was. (越-----,越------:倒装句) 3. He runs faster than any other boy(s)/the other boys in his class.
He runs (the) fastest in his class.(比较级表最高级意义)
(比较级+than+any other+单数/复数名词或the other+复数名词/the others)
4. Kate jumped the second longest in her class.(序数词+最高级,表排列顺序)
5. He studies as hard as he can. (as….as one can,表“尽某人所能”)
=He studies as hard as possible. ( as…as possible (尽可能------)。

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