(完整版)托福综合写作经验大总结,推荐文档

1.时态要用对。

passage和lecture里面表示作者说一类含义的统统用
一般现在时。

2.文章整体结构要完整并符合要求。

前面要有总起的introductory sentence，该句的主要是概括
reading和lecture有观点冲突。

【The reading passage’s author is convinced there were several reasons why the rise of factories occurred in England, yet the professor disagrees that they were the main reason why factories became successful】
3.中间的正文展开要按照lecture的顺序，一点一点逐一与reading
对应地展开。

to begin with, in addition, as a final point, to conclude 先说reading的观点，再说原因；然后是转折，说lecture的观
点，并说原因。

最后的结尾可要可不要。

开头和结尾段首尾呼应比如disagree ，后面有refutation
段内一方有多个理由或者观点需要展开时，要有逻辑，比如在
claim/declare 等词前面加上first/next/also等。

4.主要语言的丰富性，同一种意思用多种不同的表达方式，并且，
千万不要照抄passage的原文。

比如，the rise of factories began = the rise of factories
occurred
spread throughout the world = became successful
those without any land = landless people
have the ability to do sth. = have the capability to do sth.
= be able to do sth.
5.表示认为的：the author claims/believes/notes / argues /points out
/states/insists/mentions/asserts/maintains/declares/ is convinced that或者the point brought up 引用：cites that
6.表示lecturer反对的用法：
the lecturer counters by insisting that ……= the lecturer
counters the points made by the reading, whose author thinks
that ……=the lecturer disagrees and claims that=To argue
assertion that……= in contrast to the against the reading’s
reading’s argument that……, the professor says= to respond
to the reading’s claim that…，the professor says …
on the contrary = in contrast
7.一些比较好的用法：
lay the foundation of
the prevalence of sth.
ascribe to 归因于
enable 使得【比make要地道些】
8.承认：the lecturer acknowledges that
9.both the reading and the lecture mention that ……
10.developed muscles in their stomach. To argue against the
reading’s assertion that……
11.sb. be responsible for sth.= blame sb. for sth. 模板：
Introductio n While the reading asserts that _________________________________________, the lecturer provides evidence/reasons contrary to this assertion and believes _________________________________________________________________.
Body 1 First, in response to the accusation that________________
since_________________________________, the lecturer says
that________________________________________________________________. [适用于解释比较少的正文段]
She/He believes that _____________________________________________.
Body 2 The reading also points out
that_____________________________________________________________, However, lecturer disagrees and first states
that_______________________________________.
He next declares that __________________________________________.
Body 3 Finally, according to the reading _________________________.
On the contrary, the lecturer is convinced that ________________________. Also he believes that _____________________________________________.
Conclusion In short, while the reading brings up several reasons to______________, the lecturer provides refutations and his/her own theory about ______________________.
OR
In short, the reading is skeptical/not approved of _______________; however, the professor fully believes ___________________________.
对于一些两者都提到或者lecturer承认的事实，可以用：
Both the reading and the professor mentions____________________.
Although the reading mentions_____________, the lecturer still claims _______________. Although the lecturer acknowledges that _____________, he/she does regard _______________ as the reason of _________________________.
常用的逻辑关系词组：【内容来自杜昶旭老师的托福阅读讲义】
否定
?明显的否定关系特色词汇：
no, not, none, nor, neither, never, deny
?隐含的否定关系特色词汇：
fail to , lack (of), absent from, refuse, ignore, remove, few, little
因果
?明显的因果关系特色词汇：
因为：because, because of, since, for ,as, due to ,owing to, in that,
所以：so, so that, therefore, thereby, hence, thus, as a result, consequently ?隐含的因果关系特色词汇：
导致[A★B：因为A所以B，前因后果]：cause, lead to, result in, give rise to, produce,
render, engender, make, enable, support, stimulate, spark, spur, motivate, push,
encourage, prompt, be responsible for,
由…而来[C★D：C由D而来，前果后因]：come from, result from, originate from,
initiate from, derive from, stem from, be attributed to, be responsible to
反映，体现[E★F：E反映F，E是现象/结果,F 是本质/原因]：reflect，represent，
demonstrate, suggest, imply, show, epitomize
考虑到，依赖于[★G,H /H, ★G]: given, considering, in view of, on account of,
according to, rely, depend on, resort to, thanks to
比较
?明显的比较关系特色词汇：
比较级：er/more
同级比较：as……as
?隐含的比较关系特色词汇：
表示变化：increase/decrease/decline/
enlarge/swell/expand/widen/inflate/magnify/broaden
shrink/reduce/deflate/narrow/diminish
create/destroy
develop/improve/meliorate/ameliorate/progress/perfect/better
degrade/debase/impair/worsen/deteriorate
continue/remain
差异：same/different
超越：exceed/better/cap/beyond/surpass/transcend/excel/overshadow
最高级
?明显的最高级特色词汇：
-est/most
?隐含的最高级特色词汇：
自身含有最高级含义：maximum/minimum/outstanding/top/super/favorite
否定+比较=最高级：few islands are more remote than these
程度较深的词：surprising/amazing/extremely/beautiful[惊艳的]
superior= greater/higher/better
inferior =subordinate/secondary/lower/worse/lesser。