必考现在完成时知识点
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必考现在完成时知识点
考点名称:现在完成时
现在完成时:
过去发⽣并且已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果,过去某⼀时间开始并⼀直持续到现在的动作或状态。
基本结构:主语+have/has+动词的过去分词
句式:
1. 否定句式:现在完成时的否定句式是“haven't (hasn't)+过去分词...”。
如:I have not seen the movie yet. 我还没看这部电影。
2. ⼀般疑问句:Have(Has)+主语+过去分词...?如:
—Have you finished the work?你已经做完这项⼯作了吗?
—Yes, I have. 是的,我已经做完了。
(No, I haven't. 不,我还没有做完。
)
3. 特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+have(has)+主语+过去分词...?如:
How many times have you been to the Great Wall?你去过长城⼏次?
提⽰:肯定句中有some, already时,改为否定句或疑问句时通常要分别改为any, yet。
如:I have already finished my homework. 我已经完成了我的作业。
→I haven't finished my homework yet. (否定句)
→Have you finished your homework yet? (⼀般疑问句)
现在完成时常见两种句型:
①for短语
②It is+⼀段时间+since从句
现在完成时特点:
1. ⾮持续性动词的完成时的肯定式不能与时间段连⽤,若要⽤时间段状语,则应换成相应
的持续性动词或状态动词。
例如:He has left.
He has been away for an hour.
2. have/has been to 表⽰曾经去过某地,但现在不在那;have/has gone to表⽰现在
已去某地,现在不在这。
例如:He has been to Canada, but now he is working in our company.
Mr. Li in not at home. He has gone to Shanghai.
3. 完成时的肯定式常⽤already,⽽否定式和疑问式常⽤yet,但若already⽤于疑问句时,
表⽰⼀种出乎意外的惊讶。
例如:Have you read it already?
现在完成时和⼀般过去时区别:
现在完成时和⼀般过去时都表⽰在过去完成的动作。
但现在完成时强调的是这⼀动作与现在的关系。
如对现在产⽣的结果或影响等,
⽽⼀般过去时只表⽰动作在过去某⼀时刻发⽣,不表⽰和现在的关系。
⽐较: I have lost my new book. 我把新书丢了。
(现在还未找到)
I lost my new book yesterday. 我昨天把新书丢了。
(昨天丢的,现在找到与否没说明)
have been(to)与have gone( to)的区别:
have been(to)表⽰“去过某地(现在已经回来了)”,可⽤于各⼈称;
have gone(to)表⽰“去某地了(说话时某⼈不在当地)”,常⽤于第三⼈称,
前者可与once ,never ,several times等连⽤,后者则不能。
如:They have been to Beijing twice.他们去过北京两次。
He has gone to Beijing. 他去北京了。
现在完成时注意事项:
1.如单纯表⽰⼀段时间,或强调⼀段时间,虽有since⼀词,也不必⽤完成时。
如:
It is two years since his father died. =His father has been dead for two years.他⽗亲去世已有三年了。
2.终⽌性动词现在完成时的否定式,已变成⼀种可以延续的状态,因此可以和表⽰⼀段时
间的状语连⽤。
如:
I haven't left here since 1997.⾃从1997年以来,我⼀直没有离开过这⼉。
3..现在完成时不能单独与准确时间连⽤,(如表⽰过去的时间状语)
如:yesterday(morning、afternoon),last(morning、afternoon)等,除⾮与for,since 连⽤.
4.不能与when连⽤.
现在完成时的⽤法:
1.表⽰动作发⽣在过去某个不确定的时间,但对现在留下了某种影响和结果。
常被just、
already、yet 等副词修饰。
如:
-Have you had lunch yet?
-Yes, I have. I've just had it.
2.表⽰从过去某⼀时刻开始⼀直持续到现在的动作或状态。
这个动作可能刚停⽌,可能仍
然在进⾏。
常带有for和since等表⽰⼀段时间的状语。
如:
He has taught here since 1981
他⾃1981年就在这⼉教书。
(可能还要继续教)
I haven't seen her for four years.
我有四年没见到她了。
3.表⽰说话前发⽣过⼀次或多次的动作,现在成为⼀种经验,⼀般译为汉语“过”。
常与twice, ever, never, three times等时间状语。
如:
I have been to Beijing twice.我去过北京
4. 现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连⽤,如:
now, up to these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, just, today, up to present, so far等:Peter has written six papers so far.
Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom.
There has been too much rain in San Francisco this year.
The friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries have been enhanced in the past few years.
Up to the present everything has been successful.
5.现在完成时往往同表⽰不确定的过去时间状语连⽤,如:
already(肯定),yet(否定,疑问),just, before, recently, still, lately, never等:He has already obtained a scholarship.
I haven't seen much of him recently (lately).
We have seen that film before.
Have they found the missing child yet?
6.现在完成时的"完成⽤法"
现在完成时的"完成⽤法"指的是动作发⽣在过去某⼀时刻并已结束,但该动作对现在产⽣了影响,与现在情况具有因果关系。
例如:
He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了。
(动作结束于过去,但说明的是现在的情况--灯现在不亮了。
)
现在完成时"完成⽤法"的特点是动作不延续,因此:
该时态只能与表⽰不定的过去时间状语(如:already,yet,before,recently等)、频度时间状语(如:never,ever,once 等)、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语(如:this morning / month /year...,today等)连⽤。
例如:Have you found your pen yet?你已找到你的钢笔了吗?
7.现在完成时的"未完成⽤法"
现在完成时的"未完成⽤法"指的是动作开始于过去某⼀时刻,⼀直延续到现在,或可能还要继续下去。
例如:He has lived here since 1978.⾃从1978年以来,他⼀直住在这⼉。
(动作起始于1978年,⼀直住到现在,可能还要继续住下去。
)
I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部队已经呆了五年多了。
(动作开始于5年前,⼀直延续⾄今,有可能还要继续下去。
)
此种⽤法的句中常需⼀个表⽰⼀段时间的状语(由since或for引导),或表⽰与现在时刻相连的时间状语(如:up to now,so far)等。
例如:I have heard nothing from him up to now.到⽬前为⽌我没有他的任何消息。
注意:现在完成时的未完成⽤法只适⽤于延续性动词,不可⽤于终⽌性动词,即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。
如:come,go,arrive,leave,join,become,die等。
8.⼀段时间+has passed +since从句
主语+have / has been+since短语
例如:He has been in the League for three years.
或It is three years since he joined the League. 他⼊团已三年了
9. 现在完成时常和短语"up to now /till now", "so far" (意思是从过去某⼀确定的时间⼀直延续到现在)连⽤。
Up to/till now he's read many story books. ⾄今他已读过好多故事书。
I've been to New York three times so far. ⾄今我已到纽约去过三次。
has gone (to),has been (to),has been (in) 的区别
has gone to:去了没回
has been to :去过
has been in:呆了很久
—How long have you been like this?—______.
A.Since last month
B. Last month ago
C. Last month before
D. Last month。