高中英语-Unit2_Working_the_landAqAAqH
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Unit2 Working the land
Warming Up, Pre-reading, Reading
重点词语及短语解析
1.consider v.t.考虑,思考;顾及,体谅;认为,觉得;后接名词、代词、动名词、宾语从句;宾补是形容词、名词、不定式等。
We are considering going to Beijing.
我们正考虑着去北京。
We must consider the feelings of others.
我们必须顾及他人的感情。
Don’t consider yours elf clever.不
要自以为聪明。
注意:(1)不用进行时;(2)宾补是名词时,名词前可加as或to be; 宾补是形容词时前可加to be。
词语拓展
considerable adj. 值得考虑的,相当多(大)的;
considerably adv.
considerate adj. 为他人着想的,体谅的,体贴的;
He is considerate to his students.
他对学生体贴入微。
It was considerate of you not to play the piano while the baby was sleeping.
婴儿睡觉时你不弹钢琴,真是想得周到。
2.research n. 研究
do his research做研究工作;
be engaged in research从事研究;
busy with research work忙于研究工作;
carry out a research (or researches) into the cause of cancer做癌症之起因的研究工作
v.i. research into sth. 从事对某事的研究
3.struggle v.i.抗争;奋斗;斗争;努力;挣扎
Liz struggled fiercely with her attacker.
莉兹同攻击她的人进行激烈的搏斗。
She is struggling to bring up a family on a very low income
她靠着非常微薄的收入艰难地供养一家人。
n. 挣扎
With a struggle,he controlled his feelings.
他费了好大的劲才控制住自己的感情。
Police examined the body but found no signs of a struggle
警察检查了尸体,但没有发现搏斗的痕迹。
词语拓展
struggle against ( with) …与……斗争;
struggle for…为取得……而奋斗;struggle for sb.为某人而奋斗;
struggle for the freedom for slaves为奴隶的自由而斗争;
struggle to do sth.努力做某事;
struggle to one’s feet挣扎着站起来
4.disturb vt. (1) 打扰,使不安【同:bother, interrupt, worry】
Please do not disturb me.
请别打扰我。
(2) 弄乱【同:confuse】
Don’t disturb the papers on my desk.
不要乱动我桌子上的文件。
(3)扰乱
He was charged with disturbing the public.
他的罪名是扰乱社会治安。
(4)使不安
That letter disturbed him greatly.
那封信使他很不安。
5.expand
(1) vt.扩张;扩大;发展
Why not try to expand your story into a novel?
你怎么不把你的短篇小说扩展成长篇呢?
As children grow older they expand their interests and become more confident.
随着儿童的成长,他们的兴趣会变得更广泛,人也会变得更自信。
(2) vi.张开;展开;增长
The petals of the flowers expanded in the sunshine.
花瓣在阳光下展开了。
His face expanded in a smile of welcome.
他喜笑颜开地表示欢迎。
Water expands as it freezes.
水结冰时会膨胀。
词语拓展
expand on/upon详细说明
expand in.在……方面膨胀
expand into.扩展成为……,膨胀成……
expansion n.扩展;扩大;发展
expansive adj.扩张性的;有膨胀力的
词语辨析
expand/extend/spread
(1) expand展开,扩大,不仅指尺寸的增加,还可指范围和体积的扩大。
Metals expand when they are heated.金属受热会膨胀。
(2) extend伸出,延伸,指空间范围的扩大,以及长度、宽度的朝外延伸,也可指时间的延长。
The hot weather extended to Odtober.炎热的天气一直持续到十月份。
(3) spread伸开,传播,一般指向四面八方传播,如传播(疾病),散布(消息)等。
The fire soon spread to the nearby buildings.火势不久就波及到了附近的建筑物。
6.circulate
(1)vi.流通;循环;传播
Blood circulates through the body.
血液在人体内循环。
In many buildings hot water circulates through pipes to keep rooms warm
在许多建筑物中,用热水在管道中循环的方法来保持室内的温度。
.
(2)vt. 散布;传播:
Those who circulate false news are to blame.
散布流言者将受到责备。
词语拓展
circulation n.循环;流行;发行
7.be satisfied with 对……感到满意;
be pleased with; be happy with; be content with
词语拓展
satisfy vt.满足,满意,使……满意/满足
satisfy sb.使某人满意
satisfy one’s need(for)满足某人(对……)的需要
satisfied adj. 感到满意的,满足的;
be satisfied t hat.…对……感到满意的
satisfying ad.令人满意的
satisfactory adj. 令人满意的;
satisfaction n.满意,高兴;令人满意的事
to one’s satisfaction
to the satisfaction of sb.使某人满意的是
with satisfaction满意地
express one’s satisfaction with sb. /sth.
对某人/某物表示满意
8.rid…of 使自由;解除;免除:rid oneself of debt还清债务;rid the house of mice清除屋内的老鼠
词语拓展
get rid of去掉,除去,摆脱
remind sb. of sth.让某人想起某事
inform sb. of sth.通知某人某事
rob sb. of sth.抢劫某人某物
cheat sb. of sth.骗取某人某物
9.thanks to (=because of) 由于,多亏
Thanks to your help, we were successful.
由于你的帮助,我们成功了。
It was thanks to your timely help that we accomplished the task on time.
多亏你及时帮忙我们才按时完成任务。
词语辨析
thanks to/due to/owing to/because of
(1) thanks to介词短语,只能作状语,多用于褒义。
Thanks to your advice,much trouble was saved.
由于您的建议省了许多麻烦。
(2)due to意为“因为,由于”,可以作表语或状语,不可位于句首。
be due to do sth.表示“被安排去做某事”。
The accident was due to careless driving.
交通事故是由粗心大意的驾驶造成的。
Mr. Hill will be due to lecture twice tomorrow.
希尔先生明天被安排演讲两次。
(3)owing to意为“由于”,多用作状语,作状语时常用逗号隔开。
Owing to his carelessness,Tom failed in the exam.
汤姆考试不及格是由他的粗心大意引起的。
(4)because of语气最强,多用于表示直接原因。
一般放在主句之后,有时也可放在主句之前。
Because of his tiredness,he does not want to go with us.
因为他很疲劳,他不想和我们一起去。
10.equip vt. 装备,配备
equip oneself for a task 使自己准备好去做一项工作;
equip soldiers with weapons用武器装备士兵
词语拓展
equipment n. 设备、准备(总称)
a piece of equipment一件设备
a set of equipment一套设备
注意:变现在分词、过去分词时要双写p, 即equipping equipped。
11.feed
(1)vt. 喂;饲养
feed sheep with grass=feed grass to sheep喂羊草
(2)vi.食,吃:
Sheep feed on grass.
绵羊以草为主食。
The cows are feeding in the grassland.
牛在草地上吃草。
(3)n.一餐;一顿:have a feed
词语拓展
feeding place喂食处
be fed up with因多而厌烦、不满
feeder n.奶瓶,奶嘴
句子解析
Although he is one of China’s most famous scientists, Yuan Longping considers himself a farmer, for he works the land to do his research Indeed,
尽管袁隆平是中国最著名的科学家之一,他仍然自认为是个农民,因为他实实在在地在与土地打交道,在做他的研究工作。
(1)although, though, as引导的让步状语从句不与but连用。
注意:as让步状,顺序必倒装;形、副、名、动原,必放as前;名词若为单,前边不用冠。
Clever as he is, he is lazy.
他虽聪明,但很懒。
Child as he is, he knows a lot.
尽管他是个孩子,但知道的却很多。
Try as he might yesterday, he failed.
昨天尽管他做出了努力,但还是失败了。
Though还可以放在句尾,用逗号隔开,表示转折。
He is hardworking, his English is poor, though.
他虽勤奋,但英语仍然很差。
(2)for为并列连词,引导的句子必须放在后边,用逗号隔开,对前边进一步解释说明。
转果为因就用for, 句子放后钱逗号。
It must have rained, for the ground is wet.
肯定小过雨了,因为地是湿的。
(地湿是下雨的结果)。
Indeed, his sunburnt face and arms and his slim, strong body are just like those of millions of Chinese farmers, for whom he has struggled for the past five decades.
的确,他那被太阳晒得黝黑的脸庞和手臂,以及他那瘦削而又结实的身体,就跟其他千百万的中国农民一样,过去五十年来,他一直在努力帮助他们。
(3)indeed adv. 在句中做状语:A friend in need is a friend indeed.患难朋友才是真朋友。
(4)those代替前边出现的可数名词复数,但必须有后置定语,尤其是of引导的后置定语;that 代替前边出现的可数名词单数或不可数名词,但必须有后置定语,尤其是of引导的后置定语:
China’s population is larger than that of Japan.
中国的人口比日本多。
Learning about language
重点词语及短语解析
1.in the sun在太阳下
Farmers always spend too much time working in the sun.
农民常常在太阳下劳作好长时间。
2. be free of免于
The children under 12 are free of tickets.
十二岁以下儿童免票。
3. be known to sb.为某人所熟知
Zhou Jielun is well known to young people.
周杰伦为青年人所熟知。
词语拓展
be known as +职业名词,作为……而著名;
be known for sth.因……而著名:He is well -known as a teacher for his English.
4.prefer to do sth.更喜欢做某事
He prefers to stay at home rather play in the park.
他宁愿呆在家里也不愿到公园里玩。
词语拓展
prefer doing A to doing B= prefer to do A rather than do B宁愿做A而不愿做B;
prefer A to B 喜欢A 胜过喜欢B
preference n.偏爱
5. provide 提供
My parents provide me with my clothing and food.
我的父母跟我提供吃和穿。
词语拓展
provide sb. with sth.= provide sth. for sb.;
6 be related to 与有关
Our happy life is closely related to the party’s correct leadership.
我们的幸福生活与党的正确领导密切相关。
7. abroad adv.在国外
He has just come back from abroad.
他刚从国外回来。
词语拓展
go abroad 出国
at home and abroad在国内外
单元语法解析
动词的ing形式
1.动名词有两种时态和语态。
动名词的主动语态,表示动名词中的词与其逻辑主语之间存在主谓关系,即主动关系。
(1)一般式(doing):表示动名词中的动作与谓语动作同时或之后发生,或者没明确时间先后。
He is interested in playing chess.
他对下棋感兴趣。
There seems to be no hope of her succeeding.
她好象没有成功的希望。
(2)完成式(having done):表示动名词动作发生在谓语动作之前。
I remember having been taken to Beijing before.
我记得以前我被带到北京(去玩)过。
2.动名词的否定结构,not doing , not 前还可再加形容词性物主代词或名词所有格。
His not coming to school today made his teacher very angry .
今天他没来上学,这使得老师非常生气。
3.动名词的复合结构:在动名词前加上形容词性物主代词或名词所有格,这种结构作宾语时,可用代词宾格代替形容词性物主代词,名词所有格可变成普通格(即省去’s)。
Can you imagine man living on the moon ?
你能想象到人类在月球生活的情景吗?
4.动名词的功能。
(1)作主语:动名词作主语时,谓语用单数。
如果动名词结构复杂且长时,常用it作形式主语。
Reading stories is one of my favorites.
看小说是我的爱好之一。
It’s no use crying over spilt milk .
为已经发生而无法补救的事而懊悔是没有用的。
(可换成It’s useless crying …)
It’s no good not remembering English words.
不记英语单词是没有好处的。
注意:no use, no good作补语时,后边也用动名词。
I find it no use crying over split milk.
(2) 作宾语。
下列动词,可接动名词作宾语。
consider, dislike, feel like, enjoy, appreciate, escape, avoid resist 抵抗,can’t help(禁不住), can’t stand(忍不住), can’t bear(忍不住), risk, forbid, allow, permit, delay耽搁,deny(否认),mind, suggest, admit承认。
I much appreciate your giving me the chance.
我非常感激你给我这次机会。
He admitted having broken the window.
他承认他打烂了玻璃窗。
The thief escaped being caught by the police.
小偷逃脱了警察的抓捕。
She dislikes being laughed at.
她不喜欢被别人嘲笑。
Hearing the interesting story,I could not help laughing.
听了那个有趣的故事,我禁不住大笑起来。
(3) 作表语。
动名词作表语时,主语常是无生命的名词或what引导的名词性从句,主语常可以与表语对换位置,但在进行时态中的现在分词不能与主语对换位置。
My job is teaching English .=Teaching English is my job.
我的工作就是教英语。
What he likes most is playing computer games .
他最喜欢的事情是打电脑游戏。
(4) 作定语。
动名词可作定,表示用途和作用。
动名词作定语表示用途,而现在分词作定语表示动作正在进行或性质特征。
Let’s do a guessing game .
咱们做一个猜字游戏吧。
I like swimming in that swimming pool .
我喜欢在那个游泳池里游泳。
Let the sleeping dog lie.
(现在分词)别惹事生非。
5.使用动名词的短语或句型。
(1)介词to 短语后:
be used to(习惯于),look forward to(盼望),pay attention to(注意),devote…to(献身于),be devoted to(致力于),get down to(着手),turn to(开始),prefer doing A to doing B , lead to(导致,引起),admit to (承认,常用于被动),in addition to(除……之外还),see to(注意做到,处理),agree to(同意做法、观点等),stick to (坚持),similar to(与……相似),be accustomed to(习惯于),object to (反对),refer to(参考),come near to(几乎要),get close to(接近,几乎要)。
(2)其他短语或介词后:
give up(放弃),put off(推迟),insist on(坚持),persist in(坚持,多表示固执),depend on(依靠),rely on(依靠),think about(考虑),care about(关心),set about(着手),go about 着手),take up(从事,开始干),feel like(想要做),be worth(值得),be worthy of (值得),thank you for, be grateful(感激)to sb. for , be thankful to sb. for, apologize to sb. for(因……而向某人道歉),make an apology to sb. for, criticize sb. for(批评),blame sb. for(责备),scold sb. for(责备),punish sb. for(惩罚),praise sb. for(表扬),excuse sb. for (原谅),be busy , keep busy , spend money / time(in), waste money/time(in), have trouble/problem/difficulty (in), have fun in(玩得开心),have a good / have a wonderful time (in), what / How about ,there is no point in doing做……是没有什么意义的。
(3)六种句型:
①No +动名表“不行”
No smoking here .
此处不许抽烟。
No parking here.
禁止停车。
②There is no +动名,表示“无法……或不可能”。
There’s no knowing where they have gone .
无法知道他们去哪里了。
There’s no stopping of him. 谁也无法阻止他。
③It’s no good / use + 动名,表示“干……没有好处没有用”。
It’s no use crying over split milk .
为已发生而无法补救的事而懊悔是没用的。
④It’s a waste of time / money +表示动作已发生。
It’s a waste of money buying those books too much for you .
买了那些你看不懂的书简直是浪费金钱。
注意:It is a waste of money/time to do sth.to do 表示动作还没有发生。
⑤do +动名表示“室内行”
do some reading读书, do some cooking做做饭, do some running跑跑步, do some sewing做缝纫活, do some shopping购购物
⑥go +动名表示“室外行“
go outing去郊游, go sight-seeing去观光, go shopping去购物, go swimming去游泳, go skating去滑冰, go hiking去远足
6.动名词的复合结构
(1)带有逻辑主语的动名词称为动名词的复合结构。
当动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时,要在动名词前加物主代词或名词所有格,这便构成了动名词的复合结构。
其中物主代词(名词所有格)是逻辑上的主语,动名词是逻辑上的谓语。
动名词的复合结构在句中可作主语、宾语、表语等。
Her coming late made her teacher angry.
她的迟到使她的老师很生气。
Jim’s being careless caused a lot of trouble in his work.
吉姆的粗心给他的工作惹了不少麻烦。
What's troubling the village school is its not having enough book for the children.
困扰这个学校的问题是学生们没有足够的书。
(2)在口语中,如果动名词的复合结构作宾语,其中的物主代词常用人称代词宾格,名词所有格常用名词普通格来代替,但在句首作主语时不能这样来代替。
Can you imagine him cooking at home?
你能想像他在家做饭的样子吗?
The father insisted on his son's./his son going to college.
爸爸坚持要求儿子上大学。
Mary’s being absent made her friend upset.
玛丽的缺席使她的朋友很沮丧。
(3) there be的动名词的复合结构为there being。
What’s the chance of there being a storm tomorrow?
明天有暴风雨的可能性有多大?
7. 动名词的主动形式表被动含义。
(1)need、want、require、demand后常接动名词,动名词表被动含义。
All cars require serving regularly.
所有汽车都需要定期检修。
(2)worth 后接动名词时,主动表被动。
A world without thieves is well worth seeing.
《天下无贼》很值得一看。
=It’s well worth seeing A world without thieve s.但:①The work is worthy of being done / to be done .
这项工作值得一做。
(该用被动就用被动)。
②It’s worth while visiting / to visit the museum .
值得参观那个博物院。
Using Language
重点词语及短语解析
1. chemical adj. 化学的
词语拓展
chemicals n.化学品;chemistry n. 化学;chemist n. 化学家,药剂师
2. production n.
(1)生产;制造
the production of cars 汽车的制造
(2)产物;生产品
This is a production of great value and interest.
这是很有价值、利润优厚的产品。
词语拓展
produce vt 生产;producer n. 生产者;reproduce vt. 再生产;product n. 产品;by-product n.副产品;
productive adj能生产的,肥沃的:productive land肥沃的土地
3. bacteria 细菌(复数)
bacterium 细菌(单数)
4. build up 逐步建立
He has built up his excellent business.
他逐渐使得他的生意兴隆起来。
Take exercise to build up your body.
锻炼身体,增强体质。
词语拓展
build vt. (p.t. and p.p.built.)构筑,建筑,建造
Birds build nests.
鸟筑巢。
build n.体格:a man of powerful build体格强健的人
rebuild vt. 重建building n. 大楼,建筑
5.lead to 导致,引起,通向:
Hard work will lead to success.
努力就会成功。
All the roads lead to Rome.
条条大路通罗马。
词语拓展
(1)lead v.t.(p.t. and p.p. led) 指导,引导,牵引,领导
Our guide led us through a series of caves.
我们的向导引导我们穿过一连串的洞穴。
lead sb. in (out ,back, into, out of)领某人进来(出去,回去)
lead sb. by the nose牵着某人的鼻子走,完全控制某人
lead the way领路
lead… a life过……的生活
The party is leading us in building socialism. 党正领导我们建设社会主义。
(2)led by =under the leadership of 在……的领导下(在句中做状语)
Led by our party, we have made great progress in all the fields.在党的领导下,我们在各行各业都取得了很的进步。
(3)leader 领导人
(4)leadership n. 领导
6. nutrition n.营养,滋养
This food provides all the nutrition your dog needs.
本食品有你的狗所需要的一切营养。
词语拓展
nutritional adj. = nutritious adj.有营养的
nutritionist n.营养学家
7. focus
(1) n. 焦点,中心,调焦装置,兴趣所在:
The focus on my camera is not working well.
我的照相机上的调焦装置有毛病。
Tonight our focus will be on the volleyball match between China and America.
今晚我们最为关注中国女排和美国女排之间的比赛。
Her beauty makes her the focus of attention.她长得漂亮,很引人注目。
(2) v.t. focus sth. on把……集中于之上
Please focus your minds on the following problems.
请集中考虑下列问题。
词语拓展
8. reduce v.t. 缩减,减少,降低:
reduce volume, quantity, pressure, speed缩小体积、减少数量、降低压力、减低速度
词语拓展
reduce sth. from…to…把某物从……减少到:
She has reduced her weight from 55 kilograms to 50 kilograms.
她把重量从55公斤减少到50公斤。
reduce sth. by…把某物减少了
reduce sb. from… to … 把某人从……降到
reduction n. 减少
reducible adj. 可减少的,可降低的
9. keep vt.
(1)保存,收藏
She keeps her necklace in a jewel case
她把项链存放在珠宝盒里。
(2)(在某些状况下)使、令、让
He kept the doors open.
他让门开着。
That will keep you busy for some time.
那会使你忙一段时间。
(3)遵守,履行
I am always keeping my promise.
我总是信守诺言的。
That watch keeps good time.
那块表走得很准。
(4)饲养,抚养
She likes peeping pets.
她喜欢养宠物。
(5)保持,维持
She kept silent.
她保持沉默。
(6)经营,管理
He keeps a supermarket.
他经营着一家超市。
词语拓展
keep sb. doing 让某人一直做
My parents keeps me doing my homework on weekends.
周末,爸爸妈妈总是让我一直做作业。
keep sb. from doing 阻止某人做
You should keep him smoking.
你应阻止他抽烟。
keep from 戒掉,避免
He has decided to keep from smoking.
他已决定把烟戒掉。
keep on doing继续,不断做
The child kept on crying because of pain.
那个孩子因为疼痛而不停地哭。
keep to sth.固守
Keep to the right.靠右走。
keeper n. 看护人,监护人,管理人
keep in touch with sb.与某人保持联系
句子解析
1. With these discoveries, some farmers and many customers are beginning to turn to organic farming.
由于有了这些发现,一些农民和许多消费者都开始转向有机农业。
1)With these discoveries介词短语作原因状语;
2)are beginning to turn to organic farming,begin用于进行时或者后边是表示思维的动词时,
其后必须接动词不定式。
t is beginning to get dark.
天逐渐黑了。
I am beginning to understand.
我逐渐明白了。
3)turn to organic farming, turn to转向,求助于,向……转
It was too late and there was nobody to whom we could turn to in the street. 天太晚了,街上找不到我们可求助的人。
I often turn to my dictionary for unknown words.
我经常在字典中查不会的词。
作者:陶继红黄利军谢东华
责任编辑:夏永超
文字编辑:燕楠。